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Chaudhary, Ajay. "Freedom of Choice under Indian Contract Act: A Critical Evaluation." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 4 (June 1, 2018): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57405.
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Shashi, Gauri. "Introspection of Necessaries Contract for Minor Under the Indian Contract Act." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i09.008.
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Swaminathan, Shivprasad. "The Will Theorist’s Mailbox: Misunderstanding the Moment of Contract Formation in the Indian Contract Act, 1872." Statute Law Review 39, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmw029.
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Ashtaputre, Shrirang, Manasi Joglekar, and Asyaffa Ridzqi Amandha. "Enforceability of Restrictive Covenants in Employment Contracts: Comparing India and Indonesia." Law Research Review Quarterly 8, no. 3 (August 4, 2022): 403–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v8i3.57644.
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In contemporary times, one of the fundamentals that bind and guide any professional relationship is a contract and throughout the negotiations, the parties to it try to assert their interests for ensuring gains. In this process, quite often, several clauses are inserted for ensuring greater exploitation without greater investments and this is witnessed quite often in India and Indonesia, especially in employer-employee contracts. Referred to as restrictive covenants, the Indian Courts have often interpreted the Indian Contract Act 1872 in a progressive fashion, duly preventing the employee from being reduced to a bonded labourer, on numerous occasions. But this does not mean that in all the situations, such covenants are impermissible—the extent to which an employer can restrict the employee for maintaining confidentiality andprotecting trade secrets among other things is what is largely determined by the Courts. Furthermore, in Indonesian context, the contract law stipulated not only in Article 1313 Indonesian Civil Code, but also in various acts such as Indonesian Emplopyment Act 2003 and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Work Agreements for Certain Time, Outsourcing, Working Time and Rest Time, and Termination of Employment. Discussing and comparing the stance of the Indian Judiciary and Indonesian contract system on such restrictive covenants, the Authors, through the medium of this paper seek to shed light on the extent to which they are enforceable and, in the circumstances, where they are valid. In a nutshell, the Authors seek to warn the employers to refrain from engaging in such practices which are likely to harm the principles of humanism enshrined in the Constitution and alert the employee of the scope of their duties towards the employer.
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Ram Mohan, M. P., Promode Murugavelu, Gaurav Ray, and Kritika Parakh. "The doctrine of frustration under section 56 of the Indian Contract Act." Indian Law Review 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2019.1709774.
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Choung, Yong Hwan. "최근 인도 중재화해법 개정의 “사기와 부패”의 적용." Korea Association for Corruption Studies 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2022.27.3.219.
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Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act was enacted in 1996 to accept a modern type of arbitration process in India. After 3 times of amendment in 2015, 2019 and 2021, the Act has taken a primary and dominant regulation to govern the arbitral proceedings in India. In the 2021 amendment, it contains the terms of “fraud” and “corruption” in section 36 of the Act. When the arbitral process was reduced or effected by fraud or corruption relate to the arbitration clause in the contract or the making of the arbitral award, it automatic stay as a pending case based on the party’s challenge. Even the law minister mentioned that India wanted to become a hub of arbitration center in Asia during the 2015 amendment, the recent amendment causes to retrogress of previous efforts in India. There are pros and cons in the 2021 amendment of Arbitration law. It simply realize that certain arbitration clause or arbitral award might be effected by types of fraud or corruption. Then, the Indian judiciary could prevent being induced these kinds and protect the arbitral parties. However, the recent amendment allows the court can intervene the arbitral proceedings by an application of “fraud or corruption” in arbitration. Because the section 36 in the Act is regulating the domestic arbitral award, the foreign investors might want to arbitrate their dispute in international arbitral institution outside of India.
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Upadhyay, Saman Narayan. "Legal Consequences of a Minors Agreement in India." Business Law Review 35, Issue 4 (August 1, 2014): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2014023.
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Our daily life is surrounded by agreements, whether we realize it or not. From breakfast to supper we make a number of agreements, irrespective of our ability to do so. For example, the transfer of property through sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, or gift, the formation of partnerships and companies, performing arbitration, mediation, negotiation and conciliation, registering patents, copyrights, intellectual properties, the execution of negotiable instruments, insurances and various services. When the agreement is made by a competent person then it is recognized and protected by law; while in the case of an incompetent party (particularly a minor) it lacks such recognition and protection by law (vide sections 10 and 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872). A minor's agreement stands void ab initio (Mohiri Bibee, 1903 PC), hence a minor is discharged from the contractual obligations. But under several laws, such as the TPA, the Sales of Goods Act, the Partnership Act, the Companies Act and the Insurance Laws etc. a minor is allowed to be a beneficiary through the contract created thereunder. Though the Indian Contract Act, 1872, does not allow a minor directly to be a beneficiary, even through judicial pronouncements, this gap has been filled. On the contrary the situation is not clear where this minor is fraudulent. Accordingly the consequence of a minor's agreement in terms of nature and effects is not clear under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, or under the Specific Relief Act, 1963. This legislative gap under the Act of 1872was what attracted to the author to do the analytical research deploying doctrinal research methodology applying null hypothesis. This article has been divided into sections. Under section 2 the formal introduction of agreement and contract is discussed with its essentials, section 3 concerns the legislative gap pertaining to the consequences of a minor's agreement, section 4 examines the fulfilment of the legislative gap through judicial pronouncement and section 5 contains the conclusion with suggestions.
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Swaminathan, Shivprasad. "De-inventing the Wheel: Liquidated Damages, Penalties and the Indian Contract Act, 1872." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 6, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxy001.
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Klesert, Anthony, and Larry Benallie. "Commentary: Indians and Anthropologists." Practicing Anthropology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.16.2.nm382t2776584100.
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With the passage of legislation such as the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), as well as amendments to the Historic Preservation Act and proposed revisions to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), it is increasingly clear that contract archaeologists and applied ethnographers must take into account Native American perceptions of significance when working on Indian lands or with Indian remains. This applies to both prehistoric sites and historic ones, as well as to the discovery, evaluation, and treatment of sacred places (including what Park Service Bulletin 38 refers to as "Traditional Cultural Properties"). It also applies off-reservation as well as on Indian lands. This changing legal environment will have a tremendous impact on the conduct of fieldwork for both ethnography and archaeology; the implications are only beginning to be understood.
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M. Chauhan, R. Prajapati, and S. Rao. "A study of merger & acquisition on the performance of a firm: An evidence of Indian companies across diversified industries." Prayukti – Journal of Management Applications 02, no. 02 (2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52814/pjma.2022.2202.
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Merger and acquisition is not a new concept in the business world. The first wave of mergers took place between 1803-1904. India has appeared as one of the most favored emerging market destinations for M&A deals over the last decades(Gupta,2014) due to the growing opportunities and availability of resources. In the past two years, the Indian market witnessed a lot of turbulence due to GST (Good and Service tax), demonetization, and presently due to the outbreak of global pandemic Covid-19. In India, mergers and acquisitions are being governed by the Companies Act, 2013 for the general framework, Indian Contract Act, 1872 for contract and rights of the parties, the Specific Relief Act, 1963 for remedies on breach of contract. In this paper, five companies were chosen from different industries to check the effect of mergers using six financial parameters which are: Current Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, Price to Earnings Ratio, Earnings per Share, Debt to Equity Ratio, and Asset Turnover Ratio. The study period ranges from 2011 to 2021. Shapiro-Wilks test was done to check the normality of the data and Wilcoxon Paired Sign-Rank Test was computed for dataset not following a normal distribution. Paired sample T-test was used to check the existence of positive or negative impact post-merger. This paper strives to find out the prevailing scenario of M&A worldwide and also to know the overall performance of the selected companies post-merger. Through this paper, we come to know that merger and acquisition is not always a good option. The majority of the companies faced a significant amount of loss after the merger. The findings directed varied results.
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Nair, Manjusha. "Differences in Workers' Narratives of Contention in Two Central Indian Towns." International Labor and Working-Class History 79, no. 1 (2011): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000323.
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AbstractContract work in India, though legally regulated by a 1970 Act, is widespread and mostly unrecognized. With the implementation of neoliberal policies in India since the 1990s, contract work has become the norm. There are now few spaces in which contract workers can get redress through the legal system. Using oral history narratives of contract workers' participation in a labor movement, this article shows how narratives of contention differ in the rendering of agency, success, and future, between one group of contract workers employed in the 1970s in a state-owned mine and another employed in the 1990s in an industrial area owned by private and foreign capital. The evidence for the article is ethnographic, collected in Chhattisgarh region in central India. This article suggests that these workers' narratives show the transformation in practices of citizenship, resistance, and militancy in India over time. Such differences are essential in understanding phenomena like the resurgence of the Maoist movement in Chhattisgarh.
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Warne, Donald. "Policy Issues in American Indian Health Governance." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, S1 (2011): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00564.x.
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Perhaps the most significant law affecting the provision of health services to the American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population is the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (ISDEAA, PL 93-638). This Act allows tribes to assume the management and control of health care programs from Indian Health Service (IHS) and to increase flexibility in health care program development. Under ISDEAA, tribes have the option to contract or compact with IHS to deliver health services using pre-existing IHS resources (formula-based shares tables determine funding for various IHS sites), third party reimbursements, grants, and other sources. Typically, tribes develop their own non-profit health care corporations to provide services to their community, and as a result are eligible for grants and other types of funding not available to federal agencies like IHS.
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SWAMINATHAN, Shivprasad. "Eclipsed by Orthodoxy: The Vanishing Point of Consideration and the Forgotten Ingenuity of the Indian Contract Act 1872." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 12, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2017.5.
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AbstractThe definition of consideration in Section 2(d) of the Indian Contract Act 1872 substantially anticipated the far-reaching reforms to the orthodox doctrine of consideration that were proposed by the English Law Revision Committee (1937). These included making enforceable, through the doctrine of promissory estoppel, promises without consideration in the traditional sense that were meant to and did induce reliance; making enforceable a promise to perform a pre-existing duty; and making binding a promise to keep an offer open. The pivots of the definition in Section 2(d) were: a ‘subjective’ conception of consideration on which value was to be measured by the desire of the contractors alone, as opposed to an external standard; a concomitant purging of the traditional requirements of benefit and detriment; and the recognition of induced reliance as a form of consideration. The definition was designed to mark the vanishing point of consideration without having to formally abolish it. This design, however, went awry as courts and scholars in India projected the orthodox English model of consideration, replete with benefit and detriment, and external standards of value, upon this provision. Consequently, an ingenious piece of draftsmanship came to be eclipsed by orthodoxy.
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Setya, Ashwini Kumar. "Being Legally Sound in the COVID-19 Era." Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 11, no. 01 (March 2020): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712080.
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AbstractAll the three Indian gastroenterology societies (Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India, Indian Society of Gastroenterology, and Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver) jointly recommend to consider only emergency and urgent endoscopy procedures for the next 1 month or till the current threat due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is over.Two laws that are penal in nature are now applicable in the current pandemic, namely the Epidemics Diseases Act 1897 and the Indian Penal Code 1860. No act of an endoscopist should be seen to be in contravention of any of the aforementioned laws, and the sections thereunder as provisions of the Indian Penal Code can be attracted in the current scenario for spreading an infectious disease either knowingly (Section 270) or unknowingly or negligently (Section 269).Section 4 of the Epidemics Disease Act 1897 gives legal protection to every person who has acted under this Act or the directions issued under this Act subject to only one condition, that is, the act must have been done in good faith.Though the hospitals are obliged to ensure personal safety of its staff legally, morally and ethically, because of the huge gap in demand and supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), it is advisable to arrange PPE on one’s own to first protect oneself and then, by extension, to prevent the spread to others. The dictum is “take care of yourself.” Self-preservation is a supreme law.In the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions, certain additional information, to be agreed upon by the patient, needs to be incorporated in the consent. It should be incorporated in the consent that:• While all the necessary precautions are being taken, there is a finite though small risk that the patient may contract the infection from the hospital.• He/she indemnifies the hospital and the endoscopist against any such liability arising out of any action taken while doing the procedure.• Furthermore, to protect the patient him/herself, he/she agrees to get the preprocedural test for COVID-19 as well as bear the additional cost of the PPE used by the endoscopist and support staff.Several of those who have undergone an endoscopy would require a follow-up consultation. As it is difficult to have physical interaction, teleconsultation may be done as per the telemedicine practice guidelines issued by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
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Dubey, Maitreyee, and Shikha Dimri. "Effect of pandemic on performance of contracts and remedies to the cases of breach." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (November 19, 2021): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1813.
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There would hardly be any walk of life which has gone unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its effect on the performance of contracts has also attracted legal questions and practical balancing of interests. In deciding whether a sum stipulated to be paid in case of breach of contract is liquidated damages or penalty to secure performance of the contract, intention of party is an important factor in determining but not always controlling one. Substantially, remedies are given by actions in cases of performance of contracts. The nature of the contract determines the kind of remedies. The article demonstrates the structure of damages, penalty-default theory as derived from Hadley v. Baxendale. It also analyses the effects brought in by the Covid-19 pandemic over the award of damages. By this article, the authors aim to analyze the two most crucial aspects of the Indian Contract Act ie. Performace, frustration, and award of damages. The article attempts to scrutinize the dimensions and ways in which these words can be interpreted and applied. In this paper, the author will rely on critical and comparative analysis. For certain empirical demands of the topic, already published data and information will be relied on and acknowledged.
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Varsha Singh. "Arbitration Agreement and its Construction: An Analytical Study." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 4, no. IV (June 30, 2020): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v4n4.02.
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The primary objective of this paper is to analyze how arbitration has evolved as an alternative to dispute resolution apart from regular and cumbersome court proceedings. The researcher has further dealt with the relevance of an arbitration clause in the contract. How one need to be cautious while drafting an arbitration agreement. In this paper researcher has extensively discussed the essential elements of an arbitration agreement and when an agreement will be considered to satisfy the provisions lay down under section 7 of the Arbitration Act, 1996. The researcher has also traced down the trend followed in India while interpreting the existence of valid arbitration agreement. The relevance of words may and shall use in the agreement and what impact it has on the validity of the contract. In this paper researcher has confined her discussion to the importance drafting arbitration agreement in Indian context and has not extended her research to other jurisdictions.
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Khan, Mr Afroz. "Suicide Clause in Various Life Policies in India." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 1, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v1i1.1.
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Life insurance policy is a contract between the policy holder (assured) and the insurer (insurance company), where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (a “premium”) upon the death of the insured person. In return, the policy holder agrees to pay a stipulated amount (at regular intervals or in lump sums). In nutshell, life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; common examples are claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion. Suicide means a wilful and intentional act on the part of the self-destroyer. It includes every act of self-destruction. Policies of life insurance contain conditions by which the liability of the insurer is modified and limited in case of suicide by the assured. Where there is such a clause in a policy, the insurer can avoid the policy. The position in England and in India is different on this issue. In England suicide is a crime and hence no money is payable if a person commits suicide while in a sane state of mind. On the other hand if the assured was insane at the time of committing suicide, the sum due can be recovered by his legal representatives. Under the Indian law, suicide in itself is not an offence, and as such a policy cannot be avoided on the ground of suicide, unless the policy otherwise provides. Suicide will, however, not affect the rights of assignee, if the policy holder had assigned the policy for valuable consideration. The burden of proving suicide is upon the insurers and where the cause of death is not known, the presumption is against suicide and the policy cannot be avoided. This same is followed in India. According to this approach, the claim would be barred on a contractual level because the assured cannot be the author of his own loss, and on a broader level, because the law will not allow him to benefit from his own criminal acts. This paper examines the development of law and policy in relation to claims on life insurance policy where the assured or insured has committed suicide after the commencement of the policy and the effect of suicide clause in life insurance contract. Is that the present practice of insurance companies to insert suicide clause in life policies, indirectly promotes commercial suicide in cases of intentional suicides.
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White, Sophie. "“To Ensure that He Not Give Himself Over to the Indians”: Cleanliness, Frenchification, and Whiteness." Journal of Early American History 2, no. 2 (2012): 111–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187707012x649567.
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In 1739, when the voyageur Jean Saguingouara entered into a contract for a trip from the Illinois Country to New Orleans and back, he negotiated for his laundry costs to be paid on arrival in New Orleans. This was an unusual contractual clause that was especially significant for the fact that Saguingouara was half-French and half-Indian, and had been brought up by an officer of noble origin legally married to an Indian woman convert. Saguingouara’s insistence on a laundry clause signaled his performance of European standards of cleanliness (premised on the act of changing into laundered linen rather than washing the body) rather than indigenous ones. This concept of cleanliness is also crucial for understanding how colonists apprehended indigenous bodies and how they rationalized differences in skin color. Bodily care practices helped construct identity and whiteness, revealing how racialization depended on material culture.
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Kumar, Mal Dipak, Samrat Chakraborty, and Biswajit Mukherjee. "FEEBLE REGULATORY AFFAIRS WEAKEN THE BACKBONE OF INDIAN DRUG INDUSTRIES." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 2, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v2i4.10.
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India is emerging as a global outsourcing power house in almost all fields including Drugs and Pharmaceutical sector.Now it becomes a hub to conduct clinical trials and contract researches. Pharmaceutical industry currently opts fortotal quality management as primary criteria to prevent sub-standard products which do not fall under officialspecifications. However, there are many areas where immediate regulatory measures are desired. Central DrugsStandard Control organization (CDSCO) is the prime regulatory authority for the purpose of enforcement accordingto the Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and Rules 1945, with its amendments. There is no established system formonitoring the Physician’s samples as it generally moves from medical representatives to patients via medicalprofessionals. Fixed dose combinations are approved by Drug Controller General of India without proper doseschedule and indications. Metered dose inhaler is presented without dose counter, so that user cannot read how manydoses remain. The capacity of CDSCO/the licensing authority/ controlling authority at both national and state levelneed to be matched with Pharmaceutical Industry in term of man power, infrastructure and training to provide safeand effective drugs to the patients. In the present review, those areas have been highlighted along with some possiblesolutions such as more stringency and uniformity in drug regulatory policies, use of software to identify duplicate andmisbranded medicines, speedy functioning of drug regulatory authorities etc.
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Mahajan, Varun. "Structural changes and trade competitiveness in the Indian pharmaceutical industry in product patent regime." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-12-2016-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to present structural changes and trade competitiveness in Indian pharmaceutical industry in pre and post product patent regime. The study shows the impact of product patent on market structure, ownership, trade, revealed comparative advantage, R&D and mergers and acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on secondary data and extensive relevant conceptual and empirical literature review. Findings The study finds that this oligopoly Indian dominant pharmaceutical industry has many challenges ahead such as in R&D expenditure, patent expiration of many major drugs manufactured in Ireland, growing competition in generic global market, bulk drugs dependence on China, rise in the number of M&As, rising costs of new drug discovery and tightening safety and efficacy testing requirements. The smaller firms are likely to act as the contract manufacturers for medium and bigger companies at a lower value chain. The Normalised Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index was calculated for top exporters of pharmaceutical. It was found that NRCA index of IPI has shown deterioration from 1996 to 2005 and thereafter, improvement except in the year 2009. Switzerland, Belgium and Ireland are the top three countries in NRCA index, which are followed by Germany, the UK and France. Originality/value It attempts to capture recent trends in market structure, comparative advantage indices, R&D, trade, M&A and ownership, especially in new IPR regime. There is a dearth of studies providing detailed analyses of India’s comparative advantage vis-a-vis other leading exporters of pharmaceutical products in the world. The paper would be of value to practitioners and scholars interested in structural changes of IPI, especially in product patent regime. The findings have significant implications for managers and government for future policymaking.
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Ritz, Philipp. "Pitfalls to Avoid When Drafting Arbitration Clauses in India-Related Contracts." ASA Bulletin 27, Issue 4 (December 1, 2009): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2009065.
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Parties to India-related contracts cannot trust that model arbitration clauses suggested by arbitral institutions are as effective in India as in other jurisdictions. This article gives an overview of the relevant cases of the Indian Supreme Court in this context and shows how parties should best draft arbitration clauses to shield arbitrations from the negative consequences of these judgments, including by reference to certain specific provisions of the Indian Arbitration Act.
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Raviya, Divya, and Dilip Mevada. "A SOCIO LEGAL STUDY ON CRIMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATE OF GUJARAT." VIDYA - A JOURNAL OF GUJARAT UNIVERSITY 1, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v1i1.79.
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The criminal justice system is incredibly expensive, complicated, and becoming increasingly crucial. When the impoverished are unable to approach the temple of justice, it is an indirect denial of justice to the weaker members of society. So, in these days, the courts have taken the lead and extended a helping hand to victims in order to get justice. At the moment, the judicial delivery system is evolving in order to provide relief to the general public. The researcher has researched this issue to determine what is necessary in today's society to get justice, and what the demands of this study are, and is attempting to convey from his or her own point of view. A socio-legal study is an examination of the link between society and the law. Criminal administration of justice is defined as "one's own activity and the structure of police and courts for the justice system in the discovery, investigation, anxiety, consultation, and trial of individuals accused of crime." The administration of justice is dependent on the personnel activities of the police, the public, and the court, for the victim to receive justice. The government has enacted several significant laws, such as the Indian Penal Code, cyber law, the Contract Act, and procedural law, such as the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Law of Evidence. However, the execution of these laws is contingent on these conditions. The three branches of government are the police, the public, and the judiciary. Everyone has been living according to their constitutional rights; no one can infringe on the rights of others since our constitution is based on democracy. And the basic core of our constitution is nature, distinctive features, preamble, fundamental rights, guiding principles, obligations, and so on.
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Banerjee, Soham, and Nikhil Suresh Pareek. "Enforceability of Share Transfer Restrictions in India: Momentous Regulatory Shift." Business Law Review 35, Issue 3 (June 1, 2014): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2014015.
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This paper focuses on the enforceability of share transfer restrictions under the ambit of company contracts including, inter alia, preemptive rights such as 'right of first refusal', or' tag-along' or 'dragalong' rights contained in shareholders' agreements or articles of association. With the enactment of the Indian Companies Act 2013 company law jurisprudence in India is set to take an efficacious leap as it addresses not only corporate governance issues but also introduces sweeping changes which, though sine qua non to rights of shareholders, have been consistently denied in India.
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Deepak, Girish. "Restrictive Covenants: The Lack of an Effective Remedy in India." Christ University Law Journal 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.11.2.
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Grant of damages in case of restrictive covenants is an important issue plaguing commercial contracts in India. This paper attempts to explore the best possible practices to resolve this issue, through a detailed analysis of various Indian and Foreign case laws. Various sections of the Specific Relief Act 1963, deal with the necessary remedies to protect parties against contractual breaches such as section 38, which allows for Specific Performance and section 42 for Injunctions in the case of Negative Covenants, it curiously excludes the latter from eligibility for damages under section 40 of the Act. This has led to a scenario wherein, while breach of positive covenants (“agreement to do something or perform an obligation”) are remedied through grant of damages; negative (restrictive) covenants (“agreement not to do something”) have no similar remedy, leaving parties only entitled to nominal damages. The argument supporting this discrimination is that damages cannot be quantified in the case of breach of negative covenants, however, developments in the common law jurisprudence have found a unique solution. The landmark decision of the House of Lords in the Wrotham Park case, supported by subsequent decisions has crystallized certain principles to be followed in this regard. It is time India also adopted these changes to adhere to International best practices, given our recent push towards foreign investment.
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Fiehn, Alina, Birgit Quack, Helmke Hepach, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Susann Tegtmeier, Matthew Toohey, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger. "Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 11 (June 8, 2017): 6723–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017.
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Abstract. Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. When transported to the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise on RV Sonne in the subtropical and tropical west Indian Ocean in July and August 2014, we measured the VSLSs, methyl iodide (CH3I) and for the first time bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), in surface seawater and the marine atmosphere to derive their emission strengths. Using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART with ERA-Interim meteorological fields, we calculated the direct contribution of observed VSLS emissions to the stratospheric halogen burden during the Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, we compare the in situ calculations with the interannual variability of transport from a larger area of the west Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere for July 2000–2015. We found that the west Indian Ocean is a strong source for CHBr3 (910 pmol m−2 h−1), very strong source for CH2Br2 (930 pmol m−2 h−1), and an average source for CH3I (460 pmol m−2 h−1). The atmospheric transport from the tropical west Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere experiences two main pathways. On very short timescales, especially relevant for the shortest-lived compound CH3I (3.5 days lifetime), convection above the Indian Ocean lifts oceanic air masses and VSLSs towards the tropopause. On a longer timescale, the Asian summer monsoon circulation transports oceanic VSLSs towards India and the Bay of Bengal, where they are lifted with the monsoon convection and reach stratospheric levels in the southeastern part of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This transport pathway is more important for the longer-lived brominated compounds (17 and 150 days lifetime for CHBr3 and CH2Br2). The entrainment of CHBr3 and CH3I from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon is lower than from previous cruises in the tropical west Pacific Ocean during boreal autumn and early winter but higher than from the tropical Atlantic during boreal summer. In contrast, the projected CH2Br2 entrainment was very high because of the high emissions during the west Indian Ocean cruise. The 16-year July time series shows highest interannual variability for the shortest-lived CH3I and lowest for the longest-lived CH2Br2. During this time period, a small increase in VSLS entrainment from the west Indian Ocean through the Asian monsoon to the stratosphere is found. Overall, this study confirms that the subtropical and tropical west Indian Ocean is an important source region of halogenated VSLSs, especially CH2Br2, to the troposphere and stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon.
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Singh, Manoj Kumar, and Ashish K. Dash. "Local Area Development through Hydropower Project: A Case Study of Parbati Hydro-electric Project Stage-III (520MW) in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh India." International Journal of Community Development 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11634/233028791503892.
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Hydropower is considered as renewable, cheap and pollution free source of energy in comparison to conventional source of energy. The major river system and topographical variation in Indian Himalayan Region(IHR) offer huge hydroelectric potential because of available net head and water discharge. Efforts are being made for sustainable harnessing of hydroelectric potential of IHR to meet the gap between demand and supply of electricity. Most of these hydropower sites are located in remote hilly terrain of IHR with limited infrastructure like access road, market, hospital etc. For timely execution of hydro power projects(HPPs), infrastructure development is required by project proponent at a faster pace. Like any other developmental projects, establishing of HPPs are also associated with some pros and cons however, the benefits of hydro-projects in terms of infrastructure facility such as road, bridge for proper connectivity, job prospects in construction works, market, civic facilities, source of cheap and clean electricity play a pivotal role in socio-economic development of particular region and nation as well.Present study has been conducted for Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage-III (520MW) constructed on river Sainj in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India. All the Project components are located in Sainj valley of Kullu district, a part of Beas basin in North-western Himalaya. The objective of study is to assess and evaluate the Local area development (LAD) in Sainj valley following the start of construction of Parbati HE Project-III in the Year 2006 by NHPC Limited (a Government of India Enterprise-miniratna). The assessment of local area development is based on comparison of baseline data of Sainj area prior to start of construction of project and data available during construction phase of project followed by reviewing of Govt. policy for Local Area Development Fund (LADF) in project affected area and consultation with people from project affected gram-panchayats located in the vicinity of construction sites to know their perception about the role of Parbati hydroelectric Project Stage-III in local area development of Sainj valley. The result of study shows that there is substantial increase in developmental activities in and around the project area due to the construction of Parbati HE Project-III. Particularly, infrastructural development (road-bridge) led to improvement in communication and accessibility of villages (Manham, Banau, Sapangini,Talara) in Sainj valley, better transport facility for horticulture products of farmers in Sainj valley to nearby market located on NH-21. The prospects of job opportunities in Project construction works, ancillary activities and in petty contract works also improved. Implementation of community development Schemes of NHPC led to availability of additional medical facilities, educational facility in Govt. Schools and development of socio-cultural aspects (Crematorium, melaground, toilets,watersupply etc) in Sainj valley are attributed to the construction of Parbati HEP-III. During construction phase of the project, in compliance to Govt. policy for LADF @ 1.5% of project cost allocated for execution of developmental works resulted in source of specific fund for development opportunity in Project affected area(PAA) in the valley and nearby areas. Out of total LADF for PAA, 60% was shared equally among three project affected gram-panchayats and remaining 40% among 04 gram-panchayats for taking-up developmental works by resolution of Gram-Shaba and local area development Committee(LADC). Also, during operational phase of Project, the provision of LADF @ 1% share of free power and revenue equivalent to 12% share of free power to State Govt. of Himachal Pradesh from Parbati HEP-III on annual basis through-out the life span of project are continuous source of financial gain from Parbati HEP-III which will act as a stimulus for development.
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Murugesan, Rukmini, and V. Manohar. "Financial Literacy - A Determinant of Investment in Health Insurance." Shanlax International Journal of Commerce 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/commerce.v8i3.2009.
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The financial set-up of a rustic plays a key role in economic development. Since independence Asian nation leaders area unit is going to eradicate impoverishment and switch India into a spirited, self –reliant global economy and embedded financial literacy needs in every citizen’s life. India is historically a rustic of avid savers. Indians are suffering from financial stress like under insurance, debt trap, insufficient retirement fund, and low return on investment due to weak financial literacy, which shows an impact on health and wellness. For financial inclusion and inclusive growth: Financial literacy and financial inclusion are twin pillars where fiscal inclusion act as the supply side of proving financial services and financial literacy act as demand facet creating public familiar that what they must obtain. The literature confirms that there is a strong link between financial literacy, the use of financial services, and consumer welfare. Life-insurance and pension funds, especially in developing societies, in contrast to that of short-term bank loans, long-term funding to provide important contributions to the country’s economy. These conditions are that the presence of a good insurance system to fulfill all of the expectations, and create a competitive insurance market, citizens-rights and protect the interests, increase the confidence in their system. The creation of welfare awareness and demand will solely be achieved with a healthy legal infrastructure.
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Sivaprakash, P., and S. Kanchana. "A Study on Statutory Provisions for Construction Safety in India." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0011.
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Abstract There are about 8.5 million workers employed in the construction sector in India. Construction workers constitute a major portion of the unorganized labour and are characterized by their casual nature of employment, temporary relationship with the employer, prolonged and uncertain working hours, lack of safety and health measures, and inadequacy of basic amenities and welfare facilities. There are many legislation clauses providing safeguards for contract workers in India. Construction safety has been made legally enforceable after the enactment of The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act in 1996 and the Central Rules in 1998. This paper details various statutory provisions for construction safety in India with specific reference to the BOCW Act, Central Rules, and State Rules.
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Vorobyeva, M. A. "Concentration and Diversification of Production by Example of Major Indian Business groups." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-137-143.
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The goal of this work is to show that in contrast with the dominating economic concept, that concentration and expansion of production in one or several neighboring industries is the natural and economically reasonable mechanism for business growth, there is an alternative model of big business development, such as the industrial diversification. In this paper we analyze the phenomenon of big capital diversification on example of Indian business groups. We assume that diversification appears to be a necessary, and sometimes the only possible way of big business development amid imperfect market competition, inherent in emerging markets. We show that the main feature of big business formation in India, due to some conditions of colonial and postcolonial development, is that capital concentration was not accompanied by industrial concentration. The factors which condition the absence of industrial concentration in the Indian business groups are: the activity of managing agencies and other specifics of primitive capital accumulation, state regulations and licensing policy, state limitations on the scale of production, tough Monopoly Act, various market distortions etc. The paper also postulates that heterogenic industrial structure predetermines organizational and managerial forms big business takes. It resumes that industrial diversification enables big business to better adjust to market and legal imperfections as well as to hedge transnationalisation risks. As a business strategy diversification is common not only to India, but to other big vibrant rapidly developing economies. The success of Asian and Latin American business groups and conglomerates is worthy of a comprehensive investigation to adopt their experience in Russia.
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Höpner, F., F. A. M. Bender, A. M. L. Ekman, P. S. Praveen, C. Bosch, J. A. Ogren, A. Andersson, Ö. Gustafsson, and V. Ramanathan. "Vertical profiles of optical and microphysical particle properties above the northern Indian Ocean during CARDEX 2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 1045–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1045-2016.
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Abstract. A detailed analysis of optical and microphysical properties of aerosol particles during the dry winter monsoon season above the northern Indian Ocean is presented. The Cloud Aerosol Radiative Forcing Experiment (CARDEX), conducted from 16 February to 30 March 2012 at the Maldives Climate Observatory on Hanimaadhoo island (MCOH) in the Republic of the Maldives, used autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAV) to perform vertical in situ measurements of particle number concentration, particle number size distribution as well as particle absorption coefficients. These measurements were used together with surface- based Mini Micro Pulse Lidar (MiniMPL) observations and aerosol in situ and off-line measurements to investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol particles.Air masses were mainly advected over the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula. The mean surface aerosol number concentration was 1717 ± 604 cm−3 and the highest values were found in air masses from the Bay of Bengal and Indo-Gangetic Plain (2247 ± 370 cm−3). Investigations of the free tropospheric air showed that elevated aerosol layers with up to 3 times higher aerosol number concentrations than at the surface occurred mainly during periods with air masses originating from the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This feature is different compared to what was observed during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) conducted in winter 1999, where aerosol number concentrations generally decreased with height. In contrast, lower particle absorption at the surface (σabs(520 nm) = 8.5 ± 4.2 Wm−1) was found during CARDEX compared to INDOEX 1999.Layers with source region specific single-scattering albedo (SSA) values were derived by combining vertical in situ particle absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients calculated with Mie theory. These SSA layers were utilized to calculate vertical particle absorption profiles from MiniMPL profiles. SSA surface values for 550 nm for dry conditions were found to be 0.94 ± 0.02 and 0.91 ± 0.02 for air masses from the Arabian Sea (and Middle East countries) and India (and Bay of Bengal), respectively. Lidar-derived particle absorption coefficient profiles showed both a similar magnitude and structure as the in situ profiles measured with the AUAV. However, primarily due to insufficient accuracy in the SSA estimates, the lidar-derived absorption coefficient profiles have large uncertainties and are generally weakly correlated to vertically in situ measured particle absorption coefficients.Furthermore, the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) for the northern Indian Ocean during the dry monsoon season was calculated to determine equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations from particle absorption coefficient measurements. A mean MAE of 11.6 and 6.9 m2 g−1 for 520 and 880 nm, respectively, was found, likely representing internally mixed BC containing particles. Lower MAE values for 880 and 520 nm were found for air masses originating from dust regions such as the Arabian Peninsula and western Asia (MAE(880 nm) = 5.6 m2 g−1, MAE(520 nm) = 9.5 m2 g−1) or from closer source regions as southern India (MAE(880 nm) = 4.3 m2 g−1, MAE(520 nm) = 7.3 m2 g−1).
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Prasad More, Anuradha. "Colossal Insurance Sector of India." International Review of Business and Economics 2, no. 1 (2018): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.2.1.6.
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Insurance sector has its roots in the Indian economy since 1818 when the first insurance company Oriental Life insurance was established at Calcutta [now Kolkata]. Even the reference can be found in the form of marine adventure trade loans and carrier’s contracts. Industry started taking shape during the British reigning. Since then the insurance industry has undergone the various reforms/changes. Enactment of Insurance Act 1938, nationalization of Life insurance sector in the year 1956, General insurance Sector in the year 1972 and again with the recommendation of Malhotra Committee Report insurance sector reopened for private players in the year 1999. Setup of IRDAI to regulate and develop Insurance Industry and to secure financial stability of the insurance sector was an added incentive too. Various efforts by the IRDAI and the Government of India such as digital channels for marketing, launching of various social scheme such as PMFBY, PMSBY, PMJBY, RSBY for increasing the penetration of insurance segment specially in rural and social sector of India. Still getting insured is the priority for the entrepreneur and professionals only. Hence it is need of an hour to think about the reasons for low penetration of insurance and the ways to foster incessant growth!
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Tara, Malsawmdawngzuali. "The status of Elateridae (Coleoptera) in India." Science Vision 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.21.01.04.
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Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota. It is estimated that a quarter of all described species in the world belongs to this order. The family Elateridae or click beetles is the ninth-largest family under this order. Wireworms are the larval stage of this family and they play a role in the ecosystem as they are omnivorous and act as pests. There are over 800 species of elaterids recorded from the Indian Subcontinent under eight subfamilies. India is rich in floral and faunal diversity and insect diversity in particular constitute about 6% of all identified insects in the world with a large number being endemic species. But in contrast to its extreme species richness, there is comparatively very little knowledge about this family of beetles when compared to other families. And as such, there is still a lot of potential to study its ecology and diversity. It is also because of this same reason that review of the status of the elaterid family is being done as a prequel to the actual field study.
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Sarangi, Chandan, Sachchidanand Tripathi, Mithun Krishnan, Ross Morrison, Jonathan Evans, and Lina M. Mercado. "Observations of aerosol–vapor pressure deficit–evaporative fraction coupling over India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 5 (March 17, 2022): 3615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3615-2022.
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Abstract. Northern India is a densely populated subtropical region with heavy aerosol loading (mean aerosol optical depth or AOD is ∼0.7), frequent heat waves, and strong atmosphere–biosphere coupling, making it ideal for studying the impacts of aerosols and the temperature variation in latent heat flux (LH) and evaporative fraction (EF). Here, using in situ observations during the onset of the summer monsoon over a semi-natural grassland site in this region, we confirm that strong co-variability exists among aerosols, LH, air temperature (Tair), and the vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Since the surface evapotranspiration is strongly controlled by both physical (available energy and moisture demand) and physiological (canopy and aerodynamic resistance) factors, we separately analyze our data for different combinations of aerosols and Tair/VPD changes. We find that aerosol loading and warmer conditions both reduce sensible heat (SH). Furthermore, we find that an increase in atmospheric VPD tends to decrease the gross primary production (GPP) and, thus, LH, most likely as a response to stomatal closure of the dominant grasses at this location. In contrast, under heavy aerosol loading, LH is enhanced partly due to the physiological control exerted by the diffuse radiation fertilization effect (thus increasing EF). Moreover, LH and EF increases with aerosol loading even under heat wave conditions, indicating a decoupling of the plant's response to the VPD enhancement (stomatal closure) in the presence of high aerosol conditions. Our results encourage detailed in situ experiments and mechanistic modeling of AOD–VPD–EF coupling for a better understanding of Indian monsoon dynamics and crop vulnerability in a heat stressed and heavily polluted future India.
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Mahalingam, Ramaswami, and Joel Rodriguez. "Culture, Brain Transplants and Implicit Theories of Identity." Journal of Cognition and Culture 6, no. 3-4 (2006): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853706778554968.
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AbstractUsing a brain transplant paradigm (BT), we examined the role of culture and status (privileged group membership) on beliefs about social and personal identity among Indians (Brahmins and Dalits, N = 202) and American participants (N = 114). Participants were presented a vignette about a hypothetical BT between members of two different ethnic groups and asked the following two questions: (a) whether a BT would change how the recipient would act; (b) whether the BT would change the social identity of the recipient. Americans believed that the BT recipient would act as the ethnicity of the donor. By contrast, Brahmin participants believed that a Brahmin recipient of a Dalit (formerly treated as "untouchables") brain would act like a Dalit but a Dalit who received a BT from a Brahmin would not act like a Brahmin. Both Americans and Indians believed that the social identity (the caste, race or ethnic identity) of a person would not be changed by a brain transplant. The role of culture and social status in affecting various implicit theories of identities are discussed.
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Kahlon, Neena Rosey, and Ravi Inder Kaur. "Disinheritance of Daughters: Saving Tradition or Rejecting Modernity." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1584.
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Disinheritances of daughters from ancestral property is a well-established social fact as strong as the recognition of their legal right to inheritance; constitutionally and legally. Law, seen as potent tool for social change, attempt to provide equal and dignified claim to daughters Vis a Vis sons, but law does not operate in vacuum. The socio-cultural space regulates it functioning and nature and extent of delivery. However the explicit as well as implicit performance of Hindu Succession Act 1956 (as amended in 2005) within the Indian social space questions the underlining patriarchal structures of Indian society in particular and the larger goal of women emancipation in general. To this end, disinheritance of daughters at once disclose the intricately enmeshed issues of law, society and gender rights to fore front. The present paper is theoretical and attempts to conceptualize the larger issue of disinheritance of daughters within the contrast of tradition and modernity. The paper revolves around how socially non-invocation of inheritance rights confirms to traditional social structure while claiming these rights seems to be a modern phenomenon. The analysis revealed that the process of social change in India has been dominantly gendered and legally backed gender rights have few takers socially. Gendered Socialization, stigmas attached to independence of women and above all the overarching illusion of saving tradition and rejecting modernity emerges out to be the root causes for disinheritance of daughters from ancestral property.
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Nair, Vijayakumar S., Venugopalan Nair Jayachandran, Sobhan Kumar Kompalli, Mukunda M. Gogoi, and S. Suresh Babu. "Cloud condensation nuclei properties of South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 5 (March 16, 2020): 3135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3135-2020.
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Abstract. Extensive measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations in the South Asian outflow to the northern Indian Ocean were carried out on board an instrumented research vessel, as part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) during the winter season (January–February 2018). Measurements include a north–south transect across the South Asian plume over the northern Indian Ocean and an east–west transect over the equatorial Indian Ocean (∼2∘ S), which is far away from the continental sources. South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean is characterized by the high values of CCN number concentration (∼5000 cm−3), low CCN activation efficiency (∼25 %) and a steep increase in CCN concentration with the increase in supersaturation. In contrast, low CCN concentration (∼1000 cm−3) with flat supersaturation spectra was found over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The CCN properties exhibited significant dependence on the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the aerosol number size distribution, and CCN activation efficiency decreased to low values (<20 %) at the time of new-particle formation events over near-coastal and remote oceanic regions. The analysis of the activation efficiencies for the “similar” aerosol size distributions over the northern Indian Ocean indicated the primary role of aerosol number size distribution on CCN activation efficiency. The dependence of CCN properties and activation efficiency on size-segregated aerosol number concentration, especially during the ultrafine (<100 nm) particle events, is investigated in detail for the first time over the region.
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Sharma, Amit, Narendra Ojha, Andrea Pozzer, Kathleen A. Mar, Gufran Beig, Jos Lelieveld, and Sachin S. Gunthe. "WRF-Chem simulated surface ozone over south Asia during the pre-monsoon: effects of emission inventories and chemical mechanisms." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 23 (December 5, 2017): 14393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14393-2017.
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Abstract. We evaluate numerical simulations of surface ozone mixing ratios over the south Asian region during the pre-monsoon season, employing three different emission inventories in the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) with the second-generation Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM2) chemical mechanism: the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research – Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (EDGAR-HTAP), the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment phase B (INTEX-B) and the Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS). Evaluation of diurnal variability in modelled ozone compared to observational data from 15 monitoring stations across south Asia shows the model ability to reproduce the clean, rural and polluted urban conditions over this region. In contrast to the diurnal average, the modelled ozone mixing ratios during noontime, i.e. hours of intense photochemistry (11:30–16:30 IST – Indian Standard Time – UTC +5:30), are found to differ among the three inventories. This suggests that evaluations of the modelled ozone limited to 24 h average are insufficient to assess uncertainties associated with ozone buildup. HTAP generally shows 10–30 ppbv higher noontime ozone mixing ratios than SEAC4RS and INTEX-B, especially over the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), central India and southern India. The HTAP simulation repeated with the alternative Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) chemical mechanism showed even more strongly enhanced surface ozone mixing ratios due to vertical mixing of enhanced ozone that has been produced aloft. Our study indicates the need to also evaluate the O3 precursors across a network of stations and the development of high-resolution regional inventories for the anthropogenic emissions over south Asia accounting for year-to-year changes to further reduce uncertainties in modelled ozone over this region.
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Shi, Zhengguo, Xiaoning Xie, Xinzhou Li, Liu Yang, Xiaoxun Xie, Jing Lei, Yingying Sha, and Xiaodong Liu. "Snow-darkening versus direct radiative effects of mineral dust aerosol on the Indian summer monsoon onset: role of temperature change over dust sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 1605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1605-2019.
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Abstract. Atmospheric absorptive aerosols exert complicated effects on the climate system, two of which are through their direct radiative forcing and snow-darkening forcing. Compared to black carbon, the snow-darkening effect of dust on climate has been scarcely explored till now. When depositing in snow, dust can reduce the albedo of snow by darkening it and increasing the snowmelt. In this study, the snow-darkening effect of dust, as well as the direct radiative effect, on the Indian summer monsoon are evaluated by atmospheric general circulation model experiments. The results show that the snow-darkening and direct radiative forcing of dust both have significant impacts on the onset of the Indian monsoon, but they are distinctly opposite. The snow-darkening effect of dust weakens the Indian monsoon precipitation during May and June, opposite to black carbon. The surface temperature over central Asia and the western Tibetan Plateau becomes warmer due to the dust-induced decrease in snow cover, which leads to a local low-level cyclonic anomaly as well as an anticyclonic anomaly over the Indian subcontinent and Arabian Sea. This circulation pattern allows air currents penetrating into the Indian subcontinent more from central Asia but less from the Indian Ocean. In contrast, the direct radiative forcing of dust warms the low troposphere over the Arabian Peninsula, which intensifies moisture convergence and precipitation over the Indian monsoon region. The upper tropospheric atmospheric circulation over Asia is also sensitive to both effects. Compared to previous studies which emphasized the temperature over the Tibetan Plateau, our results further highlight an important role of surface/low tropospheric temperature changes over dust source areas, which can also significantly modify the response of summer monsoon. Thus, links between the climatic impact of dust and complicated thermal conditions over Asia are of importance and need to be clarified accurately.
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Kotwal, Ashok, and Kate Power. "Eating words: a discourse historical analysis of the public debate over India’s 2013 National Food Security Act." On the Horizon 23, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-05-2015-0019.
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Purpose – This paper aims to provide a situated critical discourse analysis of the public debate around India’s 2013 National Food Security Act (NFSA), describing its rhetorical characteristics and the context within which it has taken place. Design/methodology/approach – Using Wodak’s (2001) Discourse Historical Approach (DHA), the authors examine media coverage of the NFSA, attending to perspectivization, intensification and mitigation and representational and argumentational strategies. The authors also consider this coverage in light of its intratextual, intertextual, situational and wider socio-political and economic contexts. The corpus consists of 29 English-language Indian newspaper and magazine articles, published in print and online between 2011 and 2014. Findings – This paper explains the rhetorical purchase of the term “food security” in contemporary Indian public policy debates by comparing the leftist, right wing and centrist arguments. Research limitations/implications – Owing to the detailed qualitative analysis presented here, the corpus is necessarily limited in size. Newspaper articles contributed by one of the authors were omitted from the study. Originality/value – The DHA claims to be an interdisciplinary framework, but relatively few studies involve true cross-disciplinary research. By contrast, this study relies on close collaboration by scholars active in economics and applied linguistics – thus, demonstrating both the potential for, and the value of, working coherently across academic disciplines. Also, unlike most DHA studies, which interrogate dominant discourses, this paper compares diverse discourses competing for influence.
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Chandra, Naveen, Sachiko Hayashida, Tazu Saeki, and Prabir K. Patra. "What controls the seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over different regions in India?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 20 (October 24, 2017): 12633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12633-2017.
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Abstract. Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers for its critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry in the troposphere, and the water vapor budget in the stratosphere. It is estimated that up to about 8 % of global CH4 emissions occur from South Asia, covering less than 1 % of the global land. With the availability of satellite observations from space, variability in CH4 has been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface observation network. The satellite observation of the columnar dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) is an integrated measure of CH4 densities at all altitudes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Here, we present an analysis of XCH4 variability over different parts of India and the surrounding cleaner oceanic regions as measured by the Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT) and simulated by an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). Distinct seasonal variations of XCH4 have been observed over the northern (north of 15° N) and southern (south of 15° N) parts of India, corresponding to the peak during the southwestern monsoon (July–September) and early autumn (October–December) seasons, respectively. Analysis of the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to XCH4 using ACTM suggests that a distinct XCH4 seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and a contribution of the partial CH4 column in the upper troposphere. Over most of the northern Indian Gangetic Plain regions, up to 40 % of the peak-to-trough amplitude during the southwestern (SW) monsoon season is attributed to the lower troposphere ( ∼ 1000–600 hPa), and ∼ 40 % to uplifted high-CH4 air masses in the upper troposphere ( ∼ 600–200 hPa). In contrast, the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over semi-arid western India is attributed mainly ( ∼ 70 %) to the upper troposphere. The lower tropospheric region contributes up to 60 % in the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over the Southern Peninsula and oceanic region. These differences arise due to the complex atmospheric transport mechanisms caused by the seasonally varying monsoon. The CH4 enriched air mass is uplifted from a high-emission region of the Gangetic Plain by the SW monsoon circulation and deep cumulus convection and then confined by anticyclonic wind in the upper tropospheric heights ( ∼ 200 hPa). The anticyclonic confinement of surface emission over a wider South Asia region leads to a strong contribution of the upper troposphere in the formation of the XCH4 peak over northern India, including the semi-arid regions with extremely low CH4 emissions. Based on this analysis, we suggest that a link between surface emissions and higher levels of XCH4 is not always valid over Asian monsoon regions, although there is often a fair correlation between surface emissions and XCH4. The overall validity of ACTM simulation for capturing GOSAT observed seasonal and spatial XCH4 variability will allow us to perform inverse modeling of XCH4 emissions in the future using XCH4 data.
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GOODING, PHILIP. "ISLAM IN THE INTERIOR OF PRECOLONIAL EAST AFRICA: EVIDENCE FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA." Journal of African History 60, no. 2 (July 2019): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853719000495.
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AbstractMost histories of East Africa's precolonial interior only give cursory attention to Islam, especially in histories of present-day west-central Tanzania and the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Most converts to Islam in this context are usually viewed as ‘nominal’ Muslims. This article, by contrast, builds on recent scholarship on other regions and time periods that questions the conceptual validity of the ‘nominal’ Muslim. New converts necessarily questioned their social relationships, ways of living, and ritual practices through the act of conversion. On the shores of Lake Tanganyika, new converts were observable through the act of circumcision, dietary restrictions, abidance by some of Islam's core tenets, and the adoption and adaptation of certain phenomena from East Africa's Indian Ocean coast and islands. Interior populations’ conversion to Islam was bound up with broader coast-interior material, cultural, and religious exchanges.
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Rawat, Charan. "Arbitrate and Violate - A Critique of the Foundation Laid by the Delhi High Court in the Case of NTT DoCoMo Inc. vs. Tata Sons Limited." ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 413–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.7-3-8.
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The decision of the Delhi High Court in the matter of NTT DoCoMo Inc vs Tata Sons Limited and the settlement thereof in the year 2017 has attracted significant attention from all stakeholders. The case involves an analysis of the foreign direct investment policy and the regime regarding foreign investments in India and exits of foreign investors from companies in India. The dispute involves an interplay of interpretation of contracts and the role of the Reserve Bank of India. While the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 does not permit “assured returns” to a foreign investor at the time of its exit, it appears that the arbitral tribunal, and the DHC took a favoured view when it came to NTT DoCoMo Inc. The decision of the DHC, upholding the foreign arbitral award for a contract that was in obvious violation of FEMA was quite startling. Unfortunately, this rationale was also used by the Supreme Court in the case of Vijay Karia & Others vs Prysiman Cavi E Sistemi SLR & Others, which further compounds this issue. The Apex Court accepted the view of DHC in the NTT Docomo case, and held that a violation of the provisions of the FEMA does not result in a “breach of public policy of India”. This paper aims to analyse and critiq the decisions taken by the arbitral tribunal, DHC and the Supreme Court in the case of NTT DoCoMo Inc vs Tata Sons Limite and Vijay Karia & Others vs Prysiman Cavi E Sistemi SLR & Others. Besides legality, these two cases also raise serious concerns regarding the quality of corporate governance of companies and the professional ethics of legal advisory services, which has been discussed further in this paper. In the author’s view, RBI, as a custodian of the foreign currency reserves and implementer of FEMA, is best placed to interpret the regulations and operational guidelines issued under FEMA. The decision in these two cases, where the parties have used the international arbitration clause to bye-pass the laws of India, has now provided a template for parties to enter into contracts with a deliberate intention to bypass the provisions of the law, and indulge in unethical practices. The paper tries to elucidate how these cases have set an incorrect precedent as regards assured returns in India. Keywords: “assured returns”, “international arbitration”, “Tata - NTT Docomo Dispute”, “pricing guidelines”
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Kim, Yong Sun, and Alejandro H. Orsi. "On the Variability of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Fronts Inferred from 1992–2011 Altimetry*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 12 (November 26, 2014): 3054–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0217.1.
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Abstract Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts, defined as water mass boundaries, have been known to respond to large-scale atmospheric variabilities, especially the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Distinct patterns of localized variability in meridional front displacements during 1992–2011 are derived from the analysis of satellite sea surface height data. Major basin-scale differences are found between the southeast Pacific (150°–90°W) and the southeast Indian (75°–150°E) sectors of the ACC. Frontal positions in the southeast Pacific show large year-to-year meridional fluctuations, attributed mostly to ENSO and in part SAM, and no apparent seasonal cycles or long-term trends. In contrast, summer (winter) frontal locations in the southeast Indian extend farther to the south (north) of their long-term mean distribution. A southward drift of ACC fronts is indicated over the Indian sector during the past two decades. This long-term shift is not directly related to the atmospheric variabilities, but this is most likely in response to changes in large-scale ocean circulation, in particular to the poleward expansion of the Indian subtropical gyre. The existence of these localized, contrasting variability patterns suggests that a circumpolar-averaging analysis could possibly smooth out a local climate signal, with an emphasis on a basin-scale investigation for climate studies in the Southern Ocean.
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Kompalli, Sobhan Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh, Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy, Trupti Das, Ramasamy Boopathy, Dantong Liu, et al. "Seasonal contrast in size distributions and mixing state of black carbon and its association with PM<sub>1.0</sub> chemical composition from the eastern coast of India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (April 2, 2020): 3965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3965-2020.
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Abstract. Over the Indian region, aerosol absorption is considered to have a potential impact on the regional climate, monsoon and hydrological cycle. Black carbon (BC) is the dominant absorbing aerosol, whose absorption potential is determined mainly by its microphysical properties, including its concentration, size and mixing state with other aerosol components. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the regional aerosol hot spots with diverse sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but still the information on the mixing state of the IGP aerosols, especially BC, is limited and a significant source of uncertainty in understanding their climatic implications. In this context, we present the results from intensive measurements of refractory BC (rBC) carried out over Bhubaneswar, an urban site in the eastern coast of India, which experiences contrasting air masses (the IGP outflow or coastal/marine air masses) in different seasons. This study helps to elucidate the microphysical characteristics of BC over this region and delineates the IGP outflow from the other air masses. The observations were carried out as part of South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) collaborative field experiment during July 2016–May 2017, using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) that uses a laser-induced incandescence technique to measure the mass and mixing state of individual BC particles and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) to infer the possible coating material. Results highlighted the distinctiveness in aerosol microphysical properties in the IGP air masses. BC mass concentration was highest during winter (December–February) (∼1.94±1.58 µg m−3), when the prevailing air masses were mostly of IGP origin, followed by post-monsoon (October–November) (mean ∼1.34±1.40 µg m−3). The mass median diameter (MMD) of the BC mass size distributions was in the range 0.190–0.195 µm, suggesting mixed sources of BC, and, further, higher values (∼ 1.3–1.8) of bulk relative coating thickness (RCT) (ratio of optical and core diameters) were seen, indicating a significant fraction of highly coated BC aerosols in the IGP outflow. During the pre-monsoon (March–May), when marine/coastal air masses prevailed, BC mass concentration was lowest (∼0.82±0.84 µg m−3), and larger BC cores (MMD > 0.210 µm) were seen, suggesting distinct source processes, while RCT was ∼ 1.2–1.3, which may translate into higher extent of absolute coating on BC cores, which may have crucial regional climate implications. During the summer monsoon (July–September), BC size distributions were dominated by smaller cores (MMD ≤ 0.185 µm), with the lowest coating indicating fresher BC, likely from fossil fuel sources. A clear diurnal variation pattern of BC and RCT was noticed in all the seasons, and daytime peak in RCT suggested enhanced coating on BC due to the condensable coating material originating from photochemistry. Examination of submicrometre aerosol chemical composition highlighted that the IGP outflow was dominated by organics (47 %–49 %), and marine/coastal air masses contained higher amounts of sulfate (41 %–47 %), while ammonium and nitrate were seen in minor amounts, with significant concentrations only during the IGP air mass periods. The diurnal pattern of sulfate resembled that of the RCT of rBC particles, whereas organic mass showed a pattern similar to that of the rBC mass concentration. Seasonally, the coating on BC showed a negative association with the mass concentration of sulfate during the pre-monsoon season and with organics during the post-monsoon season. These are the first experimental data on the mixing state of BC from a long time series over the Indian region and include new information on black carbon in the IGP outflow region. These data help in improving the understanding of regional BC microphysical characteristics and their climate implications.
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Wang, T., H. J. Wang, O. H. Otterå, Y. Q. Gao, L. L. Suo, T. Furevik, and L. Yu. "Anthropogenic agent implicated as a prime driver of shift in precipitation in eastern China in the late 1970s." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2013): 12433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12433-2013.
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Abstract. Observation shows that eastern China experienced an interdecadal shift in the summer precipitation during the second half of the 20th century. The summer precipitation increased in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, whereas it decreased in northern China. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model and multi-ensemble simulations to show that the interdecadal shift is mainly caused by the anthropogenic forcing. The rapidly increasing greenhouse gases induce a notable Indian Ocean warming, causing a westward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and a southward displacement of the East Asia westerly jet (EAJ) on an interdecadal timescale, leading to more precipitation in Yangtze River valley. At the same time the surface cooling effects from the stronger convection, higher precipitation and rapidly increasing anthropogenic aerosols contribute to a reduced summer land–sea thermal contrast. Due to the changes in the WPSH, the EAJ and the land–sea thermal contrast, the East Asian summer monsoon weakened resulting in drought in northern China. Consequently, an anomalous precipitation pattern started to emerge over eastern China in the late 1970s. According to the model, the natural forcing played an opposite role in regulating the changes in WPSH and EAJ, and postponed the anthropogenically forced climate changes in eastern China. The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature is crucial to the response, and acts as a bridge to link the external forcings and East Asian summer climate together on a decadal and longer timescales. Our results further highlight the dominant roles of anthropogenic forcing agents in shaping interdecadal changes of the East Asian climate during the second half of the 20th century.
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D, Malmarugan. "Impact of Corporate Governance Policies of India on Industrial Management in India: A review of MNC’s in India." Technoarete Transactions on Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ttassh/01.01.a001.
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Corporate Governance serves as a major area in the growth and development of businesses in a country. With proper laws of corporate governance in place, any chance of issues pertaining to business functions can be solved. India has a robust set of corporate governance rules and regulations, which can be termed as one of the most important aspects of the corporate structure of the country. A visit into the various norms associated with the same and its impacts on the MNCs operating in the country has been undertaken here. It clearly highlights the business environment of India and shows its advantages and flaws. Keyword : Corporate Governance, MNC, industrial management, governance policies, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
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Hörmann, Christoph, Holger Sihler, Steffen Beirle, Marloes Penning de Vries, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner. "Seasonal variation of tropospheric bromine monoxide over the Rann of Kutch salt marsh seen from space." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 20 (October 21, 2016): 13015–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13015-2016.
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Abstract. The Rann of Kutch (India and Pakistan) is one of the largest salt deserts in the world. Being a so-called "seasonal salt marsh", it is regularly flooded during the Indian summer monsoon. We present 10 years of bromine monoxide (BrO) satellite observations by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) over the Great and Little Rann of Kutch. OMI spectra were analysed using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) and revealed recurring high BrO vertical column densities (VCDs) of up to 1.4 × 1014 molec cm−2 during April/May, but no significantly enhanced column densities during the monsoon season (June–September). In the following winter months, the BrO VCDs are again slightly enhanced while the salty surface dries up. We investigate a possible correlation of enhanced reactive bromine concentrations with different meteorological parameters and find a strong relationship between incident UV radiation and the total BrO abundance. In contrast, the second Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument (GOME-2) shows about 4 times lower BrO VCDs over the Rann of Kutch than found by OMI and no clear seasonal cycle is observed. One reason for this finding might be the earlier local overpass time of GOME-2 compared to OMI (around 09:30 vs. 13:30 LT), as the ambient conditions significantly differ for both satellite instruments at the time of the measurements. Further possible reasons are discussed and mainly attributed to instrumental issues. OMI additionally confirms the presence of enhanced BrO concentrations over the Dead Sea valley (Israel/Jordan), as suggested by former ground-based observations. The measurements indicate that the Rann of Kutch salt marsh is probably one of the strongest natural point sources of reactive bromine compounds outside the polar regions and is therefore supposed to have a significant impact on local and regional ozone chemistry.
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Miyama, Toru, Julian P. McCreary, Debasis Sengupta, and Retish Senan. "Dynamics of Biweekly Oscillations in the Equatorial Indian Ocean*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 827–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2897.1.
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Abstract Variability of the wind field over the equatorial Indian Ocean is spread throughout the intraseasonal (10–60 day) band. In contrast, variability of the near-surface υ field in the eastern, equatorial ocean is concentrated at biweekly frequencies and is largely composed of Yanai waves. The excitation of this biweekly variability is investigated using an oceanic GCM and both analytic and numerical versions of a linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model in which solutions are represented as expansions in baroclinic modes. Solutions are forced by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds (the model control runs) and by idealized winds having the form of a propagating wave with frequency σ and wavenumber kw. The GCM and LCS control runs are remarkably similar in the biweekly band, indicating that the dynamics of biweekly variability are fundamentally linear and wind driven. The biweekly response is composed of local (nonradiating) and remote (Yanai wave) parts, with the former spread roughly uniformly along the equator and the latter strengthening to the east. Test runs to the numerical models separately forced by the τx and τy components of the QuikSCAT winds demonstrate that both forcings contribute to the biweekly signal, the response forced by τy being somewhat stronger. Without mixing, the analytic spectrum for Yanai waves forced by idealized winds has a narrowband (resonant) response for each baroclinic mode: Spectral peaks occur whenever the wavenumber of the Yanai wave for mode n is sufficiently close to kw and they shift from biweekly to lower frequencies with increasing modenumber n. With mixing, the higher-order modes are damped so that the largest ocean response is restricted to Yanai waves in the biweekly band. Thus, in the LCS model, resonance and mixing act together to account for the ocean's favoring the biweekly band. Because of the GCM's complexity, it cannot be confirmed that vertical mixing also damps its higher-order modes; other possible processes are nonlinear interactions with near-surface currents, and the model's low vertical resolution below the thermocline. Test runs to the LCS model show that Yanai waves from several modes superpose to form a beam (wave packet) that carries energy downward as well as eastward. Reflections of such beams from the near-surface pycnocline and bottom act to maintain near-surface energy levels, accounting for the eastward intensification of the near-surface, equatorial υ field in the control runs.
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Ryoo, J. M., D. W. Waugh, and A. Gettelman. "Variability of subtropical upper tropospheric humidity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 10 (May 20, 2008): 2643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2643-2008.
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Abstract. Analysis of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements for five years shows significant longitudinal variations in the winter subtropical upper tropospheric relative humidity (RH), not only in the climatological mean values but also in the local distributions and temporal variability. The largest climatological mean values occur over the central-eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans, where there is also large day-to-day variability. In contrast, there are smaller mean values, and smaller variability that occurs at lower frequency, over the Indian and western Pacific oceans. These differences in the distribution and variability of subtropical RH are related to differences in the key transport processes in the different sectors. The large variability and intermittent high and low RH over the central-eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans are due to intrusions of high potential vorticity air into the subtropics. Intrusions seldom occur over the eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans, and here the subtropical RH is more closely linked to the location and strength of subtropical anticyclones. During northern winter there are eastward propagating features in the subtropical RH in this region that are out of phase with the tropical RH, and are caused by modulation of the subtropical anticyclones by the Madden-Julian Oscillation.
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Sontakke, Sadanand D., Manoj S. Patil, Govindhaswamy Umapathy, K. Ramachandra Rao, and Sisinthy Shivaji. "Ejaculate characteristics, short-term semen storage and successful artificial insemination following synchronisation of oestrus in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 6 (2009): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08291.
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The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a small (20–30 kg) Indian antelope that is listed on Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Studies were undertaken to develop assisted reproductive technologies, such as synchronisation of oestrus and non-surgical AI, to support the conservation and genetic management of this Indian antelope. Semen characteristics, testosterone levels and the feasibility of short-term cold storage of semen were investigated. Furthermore, different oestrous synchronisation protocols (norgestomet implants and prostaglandin injections) were evaluated for successful AI, defined as the birth of live young. Norgestomet ear implants and i.m. administration of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) resulted in successful pregnancies in two of five inseminated females, but both had twin pregnancies that were delivered prematurely. In contrast, two injections of prostaglandin 11 days apart were effective in synchronising oestrus in the blackbuck. Transcervical AI in oestrous-synchronised animals 72 and 96 h after the second prostaglandin injection resulted in successful pregnancies in four of six inseminated females (67%) and resulted in the delivery of three live fawns. These studies demonstrate the potential application of AI technology for the conservation of endangered ungulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the synchronisation of oestrus and successful non-surgical AI in blackbuck.