Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indian gangs'

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Simons, Anna. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Commando Raids, Terrorism, Street Gangs, Law Enforcement Tactics, Indian Wars. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80). Also available in print.

Urban street gang characteristics and crimes are present on American Indian reservations. The research on American Indian gangs has focused on the reservations with minimal attention paid to their interaction with American Indian gang members in the urban setting. Examining this interaction is of particular importance since Census 2000 figures indicate that 64 percent of American Indian/Alaskan Natives reside in the urban areas. If we are to continue building the knowledge base about American Indian gangs, then any exploration of Native gangs must include American Indians in the urban setting. This is the first study to focus on urban Indian gangs.The purpose of this study was to explore the extent and nature of American Indian involvement in contemporary street gangs with a secondary goal of assessing the influence of a gang impacted metropolitan area on Native gangs on the reservations. For this study, forty-two metropolitan areas in the U.S. were chosen as well as reservations with a tribal police department and sheriff's departments whose jurisdiction was inclusive of, or adjacent to, the metropolitan and/or tribal areas. A survey instrument methodology was employed.The literature on American Indian gang members alleged that urban Indian gang members only joined other established ethnic gangs. This study found that urban Indian youth have formed their own gangs with criminal participation running the gamut as other gangs. However, the levels of participation and severity are lower than other street gangs. Results also found no correlation between distance or exposure to an urban center and the presence of gangs on the reservations. It appears that it is an adoption of a 'gang mentality' that is occurring as opposed to a physical exposure to other gang members.Fortunately, the levels of American Indian gang involvement are still lower than established street gangs, particularly in the area of gang violence. This fact makes this a timely opportunity for strengthening prevention and intervention efforts towards lessening the lure of the 'gang life' for American Indian youth, both in the urban and reservation settings, before they too become entrenched in the destructive gang lifestyle.

Le 13 juin 2008, à Uttarkashi, dans le nord de l’Inde, un ancien professeur d’ingénierie environnementale d’une des plus grandes écoles d’ingénieur du pays (IIT Kanpur), et ancien faut-fonctionnaire de l’agence centrale de l’environnement, G. D. Agrawal, entame une grèvede la faim pour dénoncer ce qu’il considère comme le développement incontrôlé de centrales hydro-électriques sur la rivière Bhagirathi, l’une des deux sources du Gange. Cette mobilisation rappelle celle menée depuis les années 1980 par un professeur en ingénierie hydraulique de l’Université Hindoue de Bénarès et grand prêtre du temple de Sankat Mochan,Veer Bhadra Mishra, lequel dénonce la pollution du fleuve et les échecs des politiques gouvernementales cherchant à la réduire. À partir de l’étude détaillée de ces deux mouvements, cette thèse vise à analyser l’hégémonie de l’ingénierie publique sur la gestion des fleuves en Inde et la capacité de mouvements issus de la profession à la remettre en cause.En cela, ce travail participe à éclairer, d’une part, le poids de la puissance publique dans la structuration de la profession en Inde et, d’autre part, l’évolution des modes de gestion publique et la place des ingénieurs dans les politiques de développement dans une conjoncture de libéralisation économique. Cette thèse décrit ainsi la transformation des positions sociales,des pratiques de travail et du rapport à la puissance publique des ingénieurs, en mettant enévidence différentes stratégies de critique, de maintien ou de résistance
On June 13th, 2008, in Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand), a former professor of environmentalengineering at one of the country's leading engineering schools (IIT Kanpur), and formermember-secretary of the Central Pollution Control Board, G. D. Agrawal, began a hungerstrike to condemn the uncontrolled development of hydroelectric projects on the BhagirathiRiver, one of the two sources of the Ganges. This mobilization shares many similarities withthe one carried out since the 1980s by Veer Bhadra Mishra, a professor of hydraulicengineering at the Banaras Hindu University and Mahant of the Sankat Mochan temple, whodenounced the pollution of the river and the failures of government policies aimed at reducingit. Based on a detailed study of these two movements, this thesis analyses the hegemony ofpublic engineering on river management in India and the ability of movements coming fromthe profession to challenge it. In this respect, this work helps to shed light on the weight of theState in the structuring of the profession in India, on the evolution of public management andon the place of engineers in development policies in a context of economic liberalisation. Thisthesis thus describes the transformation of engineers' social positions, work practices andrelationship to the State, by highlighting different strategies of criticism, continued influenceor resistance

The Landsat programme, which started in 1972, initiated an era of space-based Earth observation relevant to the study of large river systems through the provision of spatially continuous, synoptic and temporally repetitive multi-spectral data. Free access to the Landsat archive from mid-2008 has enabled the scientific community to reconstruct the Earth’s changing surface and, in particular, to reconstruct the planform dynamics of the world’s largest rivers. The present research reconstructs the planform dynamics in the lower reaches of one of the Asian mega-rivers, the River Ganga-Padma (Ganges), from 1972-2010 using the Landsat archive. The research based on sequential river planform maps generated from the time series revealed a periodic pattern of evolution of the river system over the study period which began by means of meandering at four locations. The meander bends increased in sinuosity until chute cut-offs were triggered, returning the river to a state similar to that at the beginning of the sequence. This periodic pattern is constrained by natural and artificial hard points, and by the Farakka Barrage, meaning that the observed cyclic pulsing is likely to continue into the future. The characteristics and dynamics of meandering rivers have been the subject of extensive research, though the mechanisms involved are still not completely understood. Presently, availability of archival satellite sensor data at regular and frequent intervals for almost four decades presents a great potential for increasing our understanding of the natural processes of meander growth. Though early research indicates that meander growth can be explained by instability of alternate bars in a straight channel, but research based on field data and simulation models have shown that instability of river meanders is an inherent property and the meanders reach a critical value of sinuosity when cut-offs occur and then the complex system undergoes an self-adjusting process. The meander dynamics of the lower reaches of the Ganga-Padma system has been studied in the context of threshold response of a complex system. A conceptual model was developed based on spatial information from the sensor data and quantitative information on river metrics to explain the behaviour of the river system including evidence for self-organising criticality and the attempts of the river to reach dynamic equilibrium. The meandering channel pattern with a tendency of braiding of the river Ganga-Padma were explained based on existing empirical models as well as models based on mobility number and channel stabilization criterion. The threshold for chute cut-off was explored and subsequently the conditions for soft avulsion / branching were studied which showed that the condition for chute cut-off in the Ganga-Padma system is not due to bankfull flow velocity and the super elevation of flow at the centreline of channel but may be due to lack of vegetation stabilization on the Ganga-Padma floodplain. The effect of tectonics and meandering in the moderately paced avulsion of the Ganga-Bhagirathi system to the present Ganga-Padma system was modelled in the present research. It was found that gradient advantage and bend upstream of bifurcation does not result in modelled avulsion as observed in small and medium rivers and large rivers in tectonically inactive regions. A tectonic uplift results in a modelled avulsion period consistent with historical observations. It was found that backwater effect and high sediment mobility keep both bifurcated channels active to attain an anabranching pattern. The backwater effect was found to play an important role for sustaining the anabranch planform of many of the largest rivers of the world.

In December 2012 a brutal gang rape occurred in New Delhi India that would inspire protests and social outrage over how women are viewed in not just India, but across the world. Playing a large role in raising awareness of this rape and the issue of women’s rights was the globalized media. When the case initially broke, it was treated as mundane news, but after large international media outlets began reporting on it, people began to take notice to not only that particular gang rape, but the historical trend of rape that India and many other countries have. The purpose of this project is to follow the development of news reports with the reactions of the general public and government officials and identify how the media influences how the people and the government will react.

Major rivers in developing countries around the world are heavily loaded with pollutants. According to the UN Water Statistics around 2 million tons of waste is dumped into rivers daily. In the developing countries 70 % of the industrial waste is diverted into the water courses without treating daily. In particular in Asia where more than half of the world population is living, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) estimates that five major rivers in Asia aid over 870 million people are the most endanger in the world. In India over the past 50 years the population and economic growth leads to increasing pressure on the water recources. It is expected that the population of India would be 1.4 billion by 2024. Till today wide range of research is being undertaken on the pollution problem of Ganga River. Many scientists and NGOs are trying to study the condition of Ganga water by measuring metals, chemical pollutants, coli form bacteria…etc. Government of India has officially launched Ganga Action Plan (GAP-1) during April 1985 and GAP-2 in February 1991to reduce the pollution of Ganga River. Even though lot of research is going on to decrease the pollution load, no significant change has occurred. The main aim of this project is to identify gaps in current efforts and to suggest measures to sustainably resolve the problem. There are six highly polluted cities on the bank of the river with different type of pollution loads they are Rishikesh, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna and Calcutta. Out of the all the cities Varanasi has a distinctive pollution fill to the river over the belt of the river that you can find a lot of dead bodies flowing on the river. On March 4th 2010, the Government of India approved to implement "Mission Clean Ganga" project to control the pollution sources on Ganga River in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarkhand and West Bengal. Government has approved highest budget to Varanasi, 490.90 Crore Indian Rupees which clearly emphasizes how severally the water is polluted in Varanasi. This situation inspires me to concentrate on Varanasi in my project. During this project I visited Varanasi to study the current situation in collaboration with Sankat Mochan Foundation, a NGO organization whose aim is "Not A Drop Of Sewage In Ganga In The Religious Bathing Area Around It".

A foreign country's positive or negative image in the U.S. media can influence public attitudes toward that country. The way U.S. media covers sex crimes from countries like India and Pakistan has a direct effect on the global image of these countries. This qualitative content analysis examined the coverage of two rape victims, Jyoti Singh Pandey and Mukhtar Mai in two mainstream U.S. newspapers, the New York Times and the Washington Post. Frames identified in the study include cultural differences, nationality and male patriarchy. The results revealed that while U.S. media was sensitive to both victims, Indian culture was portrayed in a favorable light than Pakistani culture. This study recommends that reporters and newsrooms need to be sensitive in reporting foreign cultures and refrain from perpetuating cultural stereotypes through reporting. The study also recommends developing training and understanding methodology when covering sex crimes so that journalists are aware of the rape myths and narratives that trap them into unfair coverage.

Millions of people rely upon the Ganges River as a source of water provision and a site of disposal for sewage, solid waste, agricultural runoff and industrial effluent. The river is also a goddess in the Hindu pantheon who is worshipped for her purificatory powers, despite water quality levels that fall far short of standards for use in bathing, washing, and drinking. In recent years, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have formed to oppose both pollution of the river and the failure of state-run pollution abatement programs. They are joined by an increasingly frequent number of seemingly spontaneous protests held during the large Kumbh Mela festival gatherings at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Led by priests, sadhus and religious leaders, these protestors refuse to participate in the ritual bathing that is central to river worship until local and state officials take action to improve water quality at the site. These events indicate that the politics surrounding pollution abatement in the Ganges River Basin (GRB) are changing and that civil society organizations are struggling to gain greater representation and influence in the processes that shape pollution abatement and water use management in the GRB. This dissertation investigates the growing debate around pollution and pollution abatement in the Ganges River Basin and interprets the struggle over pollution abatement and river water management as a struggle over meaning in which various groups attempt to influence the context and context of local environmental knowledge(s). The research compares abatement efforts, civil society activity, and the "pollution knowledge" and water use practices of water users in three urban centers in the central GRB. An analysis of archival data, policy documents, a survey of water users, and interviews with government officials, NGO leaders and members, and other local scientists and activists conducted during fieldwork in 2008 and 2009. Discussion centers on the meta-discursive productions surrounding public participation and popular "awareness" as precursors to public participation in decisionmaking and policy-making processes. Findings indicate that water users in the GRB are well aware of pollution in the river and that many users exhibit a degree of cognitive dissonance in their pollution knowledge, indicating that a disconnection may exist between the knowledge that guides opinion and the knowledge that guides water use activity. Anti-pollution social movement organizations are found to employ methods and tactics that reflect local contexts of environmental degradation and pollution production, but which ultimately aim to reproduce broads shifts in the ideas, values, and power relations associated with water quality and water use in the Basin. Discussion considers the politics of upstream/downstream relations in shaping pollution abatement measures and the occurrence of "missing movements", or the absence of anti-pollution civil society activity. Research findings contribute to literature on the role of environmental knowledge in shaping the “politics of meaning” around which ideological struggles over natural resource use, access, and conservation are waged.

This thesis sets out to develop a beginning of a philosophy of water by considering philosophical implications of ecological crises currently happening along the waters of the Ganges River. In my first chapter, I give a historical account of a philosophy of water. In my second chapter, I describe various natural and cultural representations of the Ganges, accounting for physical features of the river, Hindu myths and rituals involving the river, and ecological crises characterized by the pollution and damming of the river. In my third and final chapter, I look into the philosophical implications of these crises in terms of the works of the contemporary philosopher Bruno Latour.

Climate change is affecting several environmental factors and together with socio-economic changes put high pressure on water resources. Climate change manifest itself through increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns and intensities, with knock-on effects on hydrologically-relevant parameters such as water flows, evapotranspiration rates, glacial melt etcetera, all of which have already been observed in the recent past and are predicted to continue in the future. India has the world’s second largest population. The majority of the population live in rural areas and are dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fishery. The Indian-Himalayan region supplies 600 million people with water, thus future climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle in the area are of great interest and concern. In order to cope with these predicted impacts, there is a need to adapt to the changing climate. This study combines data analyses from a hydro-climatic modelling campaign (carried out externally to this thesis), a literature review on climate change effects on agriculture and opportunities to adapt to these effects and participatory methods bringing stakeholders and scientists together in order to co-create adaptation options that are suitable to minimise short- and long-term climate change impacts on the water flows of the Ganges and hence agriculture in the region. The study concentrates on two districts in the Indo-Gangetic Plain that are characterised by their high dependency on the farming sector: Uttarkashi (upstream Ganges, Uttarakhand) and Patna (downstream Ganges, Bihar). The analysis of hydro-climatic data based on a modelling campaign focussed on three climate variables that are of significance for agriculture: precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration. To characterise future climates, four climate change projections based on IPCC’s representative concentrations pathways (RCPs) have been chosen: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5. The impacts of these scenarios on the above listed three climate variables are analysed over three time periods: 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100, with a special focus on the monsoon months from June to October, as this is the main crop (rice) growing season. The results from the hydro-climatic modelling indicate that the maximum, minimum, and average temperature will be increasing over the next century in both districts. An increase in evapotranspiration can be seen for both districts, with a few exceptions for RCP scenarios 2.6, 6.0 and 8.5 in April and May in Patna, and for all RCP scenarios in April, May and June in Uttarkashi. An increase in maximum and average precipitation can be seen for most RCP scenarios and future time periods (e.g. of exceptions in average precipitation: RCP 4.5 and 8.5 in June and July in the period 2011-2040) during the monsoon period in Patna. Similarly, in Uttarkashi maximum and average precipitation increases for all three time periods and RCP scenarios during the monsoon months of September and August (only for RCP scenarios 2.6 and 8.5). For the remaining months, the precipitation patterns show great variability for all scenarios and both regions. The literature review resulted in a table of adaptation options, where nine out of 63 were considered as transformational adaptation, and enabled identification of possible climate change impacts on agriculture in the two districts. The minimum temperature could result in more severe and intense hailstorms in the future for both districts. The increase in temperature could lead to a prolonged growing season in Uttarkashi, whilst the increase in average and maximum temperature in Patna could lead to heat-stress for the crops. Furthermore, the increase in average and maximum precipitation could lead to more severe and intense natural disasters e.g. landslides in Uttarkashi and floods in Patna. Moreover, the increase in average evapotranspiration combined with the decrease in average precipitation during some months could lead to an increasing need of irrigation. Two workshops were held in the region with the aim to bring together researchers and stakeholders (e.g. famers) in order to jointly discuss 1) the suitability of hydrological modelling data for preparing the agriculture sector to a changing climate, and 2) suggest suitable adaptation options based on researchers’ and stakeholders’ knowledge and experience. Information from the first workshop was obtained by a workshop report, whilst information from the second workshop was obtained from the author’s own participation. The result from the workshop showed that the farmers had several suggestions of suitable adaptation options e.g. implementation of irrigation system and improved access to credit. It also showed that the farmers already adapted to climate change e.g. usage of short- and long duration variations of rice and sowing date adjustment. The combination of these results informed the suggestions for adaptation options for the two districts, namely the development of disaster reduction plans and early warning systems for weather extremes, as well as a diversification of agriculture and more generally livelihoods. In addition, indirect adaptation measures suggested for both districts included insurance schemes against yield failure, improved access to credit schemes, and right/fair market prices. Specific measures for each district were also suggested e.g. heat-tolerant crops in Patna and implementation or irrigation systems in Uttarkashi.
Klimatförändringarna påverkar åtskilliga miljöfaktorer och tillsammans med socioekonomiska förändringar sätter de stort tryck på vattenresurser. Klimatförändringar manifesterar sig i stigande temperaturer och ändrade nederbördsmönster och nederbördsintensitet, med påföljande effekter på hydrologiskt relevanta parametrar så som vattenflöden, evapotranspirationsvärden, smältande glaciärer etcetera, vilka alla är effekter som redan observerats och är förutspådda att fortsätta under innevarande århundrande. Befolkningen i Indien är näst störst i världen. Större delen av befolkningen i Indien bor på landsbygden och är beroende av klimatkänsliga sektorer så som jordbruk, fiske och skogsbruk. Indiska Himalaya förser 600 miljoner människor med vatten, framtida effekter på den hydrologiska cykeln, orsakade av klimatförändringarna i området, är därför av största intresse. För att kunna hantera de framtida effekterna orsakade av klimatförändringarna är det viktigt att implementera klimatanpassningsstrategier. Den här studien kombinerar data analyser från en hydro-klimatisk modelleringskampanj (som är genomförd externt till det här arbetet), litteraturstudie över effekter på jordbruk orsakade av klimatförändringar och möjligheter att anpassa sig till dessa förändringar, samt involverar preferenser och kunskaper från intressenter inom det aktuella området för att kunna identifiera lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier. Studien har ett huvudfokus på klimatanpassning för jordbruksområden i två distrikt i Indien: Uttarkashi (uppströms Ganges, Uttarakhand) och Patna (nedströms Ganges, Bihar). Analysen av hydro-klimatisk data, baserad på en modelleringskampanj, fokuserar på tre klimatvariabler som är av betydelse för jordbrukssektor: nederbörd, temperatur, och evapotranspiration. För att kunna karakterisera framtida klimat har IPCCs fyra representativa koncentrationsvägar (RCPs) tagits hänsyn till: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, och RCP 8.5. Effekterna av dessa scenarier på de tre ovan listade klimatvariablerna är analyserade över tre framtida tidsperioder: 2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100, med ett speciellt fokus på monsunperioden från juni till oktober. Resultatet från analysen av hydro-klimatisk data indikerar en ökning under århundrandet i minimal, maximal, och genomsnittlig temperatur i båda distrikten. En ökning i evapotranspiration för båda distrikten kunde också identifieras, med några få undantag för RCP 2.6, 6.0 och 8.5 i april och maj i Patna, samt för alla RCP scenarier i april, maj och juni för Uttarkashi. Trender i nederbörd visar en ökning i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd för nästan alla scenarier under monsunperioden i Patna (exempel på scenarier där den genomsnittliga nederbörden inte ökar är RCP 4.5 och 8.5 i juni och juli under perioden 2011-2040). En ökning i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd identifierades i september för alla RCP scenarier och framtidsperioder, samt i augusti för RCP 2.6 och 8.5 i Uttarkashi. Kvarvarande månader visar på stor variabilitet i nederbörd för alla scenarier i båda distrikten. Litteraturstudien resulterade i en tabell med klimatanpassningsstrategier, där nio av 63 ansågs vara transformerande, samt identifierade möjliga effekter på jordbruket i de två distrikten orsakade av klimatförändringar. Ökningen i minimal temperatur kan leda till mer allvarliga och intensifierade hagelstormar i framtiden. Temperaturökningen kan i Uttarkashi leda till förlängd odlingssäsong medan ökningen i genomsnittlig och maximal temperatur kan leda till värmestress på grödorna i Patna. Vidare gäller att ökningen i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd kan leda till mer allvarliga naturkatastrofer i framtiden som exempelvis jordskred i Uttarkashi och översvämningar i Patna. Ökningen i evapotranspiration kombinerat med minskningen i genomsnittlig nederbörd under vissa månader skulle kunna leda till ett ökat bevattningsbehov. Två ”worskhops” anordnades i regionen med målet att sammanföra forskare och intressenter (exempelvis bönder) för att gemensamt diskutera 1) lämpligheten av användandet av hydrologiskt modellerad data för att förbereda jordbruket på klimatförändringar, och 2) föreslå lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier baserat på forskarnas och intressenternas kunskap och erfarenheter. Informationen från den första workshopen erhölls genom en workshoprapport, medan informationen i den andra workshopen erhölls genom författarens eget deltagande i workshopen. Resultatet från workshopen visade på att bönderna hade flertalet egna föreslag vad gäller lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier så som exempelvis implementerande av bevattningssystem och ökade kreditmöjligheter. Bönderna hade även börjat anpassa sig till klimatförändringar genom exempelvis ha lång- och korttids variationer av ris samt att de hade flyttat på datumet för sådden. Kombinationen av hydro-klimatisk data, litteratur och intressentpreferenser och kunskap möjliggjorde förslag på klimatanpassningsstrategier i de två distrikten. Strategier för att reducera skador på grödor och jordbruksmark orsakade av extrema händelser, varningssystem som varnar i ett tidigt skede, och diversifiering av försörjning är direkta klimatanpassningsstrategier som identifierades för båda distrikten. Försäkringslösningar, ökade kreditmöjligheter, och ett rättvist marknadspris var indirekta anpassningsstrategier som identifierats för båda distrikten. Även specifika anpassningsstrategier för respektive distrikt har identifierats, där exempelvis värme-tåliga grödor identifierades som viktigt för Patna och implementering av bevattningssystem identifierades som extra viktigt för Uttarkashi.

L'époque contemporaine se caractérise par une omniprésence de la technique, qui soulève des inquiétudes croissantes. Ce constat a conduit nombre de chercheurs à interroger les relations que la technique et la société entretiennent. Dans le sillage de ce questionnement, cette recherche vise à examiner en quoi les techniques sont parties prenantes des changements anthropiques à l'oeuvre, qu'ils soient d'ordre social, politique, culturel, religieux, environnemental, législatif. Pour ce faire, cette thèse étudie, à partir d'une approche ethnographique, les modalités d'existence de dispositifs urbains d'assainissement dans le cadre du Ganga Action Plan, lequel vise la dépollution du Gange. Ces modalités d'existence sont analysées à partir des chroniques des projets urbains se déroulant dans deux villes indiennes, Kanpur et Varanasi, et des controverses suscitées par leur mise en oeuvre. Cette thèse démontre que les objets techniques et les activités qui leur sont liées, tout en confortant des règles déjà en place, en instituent de nouvelles, ce qui ne va pas sans susciter des résistances tant d'ordre social que politique.

Bangladesh and India share 54 transboundary rivers. Despite that, the transboundary water management between these two countries is heavily concentrated on the Ganges river basin, in which, mode of cooperation is still based on physical sharing of water. The study is developed on the argument that Bangladesh and India need a shift of focus in their current mode of transboundary water management from physical sharing of water to sharing of benefits derived from the use (and non-use) water in order to foster transboundary water cooperation in the Ganges river basin. Based on a single-case study, the research work aims to explore the scope of benefit-sharing in the transboundary water cooperation in the Ganges river basin and how benefit-sharing can be facilitated between these two countries. The findings show that the water negotiation in the Ganges basin would become much more complicated in the future, primarily due to the growing gap between the demand and the availability of water. The adverse impact of climate change will further deteriorate the situation. Besides, the changing nature of India’s domestic politics and the growing internal conflict between its provincial states will weaken the Indian central government’s authority to manage transboundary water resources jointly. Therefore, in the future, Bangladesh and India would find it difficult to elicit a positive-sum outcome from any water negotiation in Ganges river if they still focus on the volumetric allocation of water. The study suggests that inland navigation and water transit, multipurpose storage dam projects and joint management of the Sundarbans can be the potential areas for benefit-sharing in the Ganges basin. The study stresses the importance of shifting the policy outlook and developing institutional arrangements between Bangladesh and India to introduce and facilitate benefit-sharing in the Ganges river basin that will help to share benefits equitably, hence foster cooperation.

Mon travail de thèse est une édition traduite et commentée du livre XV de la Géographie de Strabon.L'introduction replace l'Inde et la Perse de Strabon dans la tradition géographique grecque. Un commentaire philologique, historique et géographique illustre de façon linéaire les principaux intérêts du texte
My PhD is an edition, translation and commentary of Book XV of Strabo's Geography. The introduction deals with the place of Strabo's India and Persia within Greek geographical tradition. A philological, historical and geographical commentary is following the text

I årtionden – om inte århundraden – har människan nyttjat naturen efter bästa fantasi och förmåga. Jorden har dränerats på jakt efter mineraler och mark, och slaggprodukterna har slängts i drivor som i sin tur stoppat naturens normala flöde. År 2017 skedde ett lagligt initiativ för att stoppa denna fortgående kränkning av naturen; en flod fick juridiska rättigheter enligt lag. Beslutet fattades på Nya Zeeland till förmån för floden Whanganui. En dryg vecka senare omfattades de indiska floderna Ganges och Yamuna av samma juridiska rättigheter. Hur gestaltades rapporteringen om flodernas juridiska rättigheter i media? Syftet med denna uppsats är att problematisera denna gestaltning och utröna hur den – i likhet med annan journalistik – kan antas bidra till att etablera läsarens verklighetsbild, och i detta fall; hennes syn på naturen. För undersökningen tillämpas en kvalitativ kritisk diskursanalys på ett urval artiklar ur fem olika internationella medier. Med hjälp av det analysschema som applicerats på materialet ska olika gestaltningstendenser utrönas. Det teoretiska ramverket består av journalistisk etik (socialt ansvar och Levinas ansvarsmoral) samt gestaltningsteori.  De mest signifikanta vinklar som uppträdde i studiens resultat gjorde bruk av mänskliga öden-gestaltning, konfliktgestaltning samt ansvarsgestaltning. Trots att rapporteringen i sig består av ett nyanserat material, antar rapporteringen till syvende och sist en periodisk karaktär, vilken måste påstås avsmalna ämnet hellre än att bredda diskursen om naturens egenvärde.

Le Cénozoïque est marqué par une instabilité climatique et l’accélération des surrections continentales. Ces phénomènes engendrent une augmentation de la production sédimentaire, transférée par les fleuves vers le domaine marin profond. Les façades nord et ouest de l’océan Indien voient se mettre en place quatre des plus grands systèmes sédimentaires au monde : le Gange-Brahmapoutre, l’Indus, le Zambèze et le système tanzanien. Ce travail vise à comprendre les forçages agissant sur la sédimentation et l’architecture de deux des principaux systèmes turbiditiques de l’océan Indien (système tanzanien et du Gange-Brahmapoutre), pour ensuite les comparer avec leurs plus proches voisins (respectivement le Zambèze et l’Indus). Nos principaux résultats, basés sur une approche multiproxy dans les deux zones, mettent en évidence plusieurs points : (1) l’évolution tectono-sédimentaire de la marge tanzanienne au cours du Cénozoïque a mené au développement d’un système turbiditique majeur et atypique, dont la morphologie moderne atteste de l’importance de l’activité tectonique sur sa construction ; (2) le système du Gange-Brahmapoutre enregistre une activité sédimentaire polyphasée, en lien principalement avec les variations du niveau marin. Ce système est capable d’enregistrer les variations de nombreux forçages, influençant à la fois les bassins versants et le domaine marin. Le fonctionnement sédimentaire et l’architecture des systèmes turbiditiques ont révélé une grande diversité selon le contexte géodynamique et physiographique des façades étudiées. La nécessité d’intégrer l’ensemble des forçages (agissant depuis le bassin versant jusque dans le domaine marin profond) dans l’étude de l’activité sédimentaire d’un système turbiditique apparait essentielle de nos jours
Cenozoic is marked by climatic instability and accelerating continental uplifts. Increasing sediment yield is generated, buffered and transferred by river to the deep sea. Four of the major turbidite systems in the world are located on the northern and the western margins of the Indian Ocean: the Ganges-Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Zambezi and the Tanzanian systems. This work aims to understand forcings affecting sedimentation and morphology of two main turbidite systems (Tanzanian system and Ganges-Brahmaputra system) and results have been compared with their nearest neighbors (respectively Zambezi and Indus). Based on a multiproxies approach in both area, our main results are as follows: (1) during Cenozoic, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tanzania margin led to the development of an atypical turbidite system wherein morphology attest of a strong structural control; (2) the Ganges-Brahmaputra system has a sedimentary activity mainly forced by sea level variations. This turbidite system records variations in many forcings impacting sedimentation from the catchment to the deep sea. Turbidite system activity and architecture revealed a strong variability mainly linked to the geodynamic and physiographic context of each studied margin. It appears necessary to integrate all forcings (affecting both the catchment and the deep sea) in the study and the understanding of sedimentary activity in a turbidite system

Chemical weathering of silicate rock consumes atmospheric CO2 and supplies the oceans with cations, thereby controlling both seawater chemistry and climate. The rate of CO2 consumption is closely linked to the rate of CO2 outgassing from the planetary interior, providing a negative feedback loop essential to maintaining an equable climate on Earth. Reconstruction of past global temperatures indicates that a pronounced episode of global cooling began ~50 million years ago, coincident with the collision of India and Asia, and the subsequent exhumation of the Himalayas and Tibet. This has drawn attention to the possible links between exhumation, erosion, changes in silicate weathering rates, and climate. However, many of the present-day weathering processes operating on the continents remain debated and poorly constrained, hampering our interpretations of marine geochemical archives and past climatic shifts. To constrain the controls on silicate weathering, this thesis investigates the lithium (Li) isotopic composition of river waters, suspended sediments and bed load sediments in the Alaknanda river basin, forming the headwaters of the Ganges. Due to the large fractionation of Li isotopes in the Earth’s surface environment, Li is sensitive to small changes in silicate weathering processes. As a consequence of the pronounced gradients in climate (rainfall and temperature) and erosion across the basin, the river waters show large variations in their Li isotopic composition (δ7Li), ranging from +7.4 to +35.4‰, covering much of the observed global variation. This allows a detailed investigation of the controls on Li isotope fractionation, and by extension silicate weathering. The Li isotopic composition is modelled using a one-dimensional reactive transport model. The model incorporates the continuous input of Li from rock dissolution, removal due to secondary mineral formation, and hydrology along subsurface flow paths. Modelling shows that the Li isotopic variations can be described by two dimensionless variables; (1) the Damköhler number, ND, which relates the silicate dissolution rate to the fluid transit time, and (2) the net partition coefficient of Li during weathering, kp, describing the partitioning of Li between secondary clay minerals and water, which is primarily controlled by the stoichiometry of the weathering reactions. The derived values of the controlling parameters ND and kp, are investigated over a range of climatic conditions and on a seasonal basis, shedding light onto variations in the silicate weathering cycle. In a kinetically limited weathering regime such as the Himalayan Mountains, both climate and erosion exert critical controls the weathering intensity (the fraction of eroded rock which is dissolved) and the weathering progression (which minerals that are being weathered), and consequently the fractionation of Li isotopes and silicate weathering in general. Modelling of the Li isotopic composition provides an independent estimate of the parameters which control silicate weathering. These estimates are then used to constrain variables such as subsurface fluid flux, silicate dissolution rates, fluid transit times and the fraction of rock which is weathered to form secondary clay minerals. The simple one-dimensional reactive transport model therefore provides a powerful tool to investigate the minimum controls on silicate weathering on the continents.

The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.

This thesis examines the applicability of the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) model of Integrated River Basin Management to the Ganges Basin by utilising the lessons from the Mekong experience of adopting the MDB model. The Ganges is one of the major rivers in the world and the sharing of its water has long been an issue of dispute between the riparian countries. Fragmented and uncoordinated upstream management of the Ganges has caused serious ecological and economic loss in the downstream environment posing a threat to future sustainability of river resources. Cooperation among the riparian countries of the Ganges in order to embrace an integrated and basin-wide management approach is rapidly becoming more important. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) is a concept widely advocated in different forums for managing the river basins of the world and is adopted in many transboundary river basins. The Australian example of managing the Murray-Darling Basin is considered as a model in the field. The Murray-Darling Basin Commission is well known internationally as a good example of a multi-jurisdictional water management institution. Similar river basin institutions are also evolving in other regions such as the Mekong River Commission for the management of the Mekong River in South-East Asia. The countries sharing the Ganges could learn lessons from the Murray-Darling and Mekong experiences and adopt a basin-wide approach for the better management of the Ganges. However, the policy transfer from a developed country to a developing country context is a challenging process. The highly pertinent contextual differences in social, economic, political, environmental and hydrological settings of the three cases need to be carefully addressed. The research critically examines these factors in the Murray-Darling, Mekong and the Ganges contexts, identifies the similarities and differences between them and attempts to understand the influence/s of these in the policy transfer or policy development process. This research adopted multiple-case studies involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. The cases of the Murray-Darling and Mekong were studied to understand the process and to utilise the lessons learned for the institutional development towards integrated and basin-wide approach for the Ganges. The study analyses the interview results from the experts in the relevant fields to get an insight of different issues and also to collect their opinions. The responses from the stakeholder interviews in Bangladesh were analysed to understand their perspective in this regard. The thesis concludes that adoption of the Murray-Darling Basin model of integrated management needs modification in the Ganges context and recommends a specific institutional structure for the basin-wide management of the Ganges. The thesis contributes to an area of knowledge in recent times by providing a greater understanding of the Integrated River Basin Management in a multi-jurisdictional context. It critically examines the issues in policy transfer from a developed to a developing country focussing on a little studied but significant international river basin, the Ganges. It is hoped that this thesis will contribute towards better policy options for the sustainable management of the international river system.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2008

博士
中國文化大學
中山與中國大陸研究所中山學術組
101
Economic aid has become a much more important phenomenon in international community since the end of World War II, especially with humanitarian element being put emphasized after 1990s.To some extent, the foreign assistance under Liberalism can also witness this humanitarian trait. Due to Japan’s unique destiny, such as peace constitution, national security by U.S. protection, economic miracle and soaring environmental consciousness, all of them contribute her to following the international assistance trend definitely. Though specific demand and supply usually dominate over foreign bilateral aid, the Indo-Japan aid relations can not afford to ignore human factor as well. Basically speaking, it is easy for the two countries to establish amiable friendship, which is benefited either from lacking historical antagonism or having Buddhism and economic connection. Their facing communal expectation of so called “China Peaceful Rise” and the U.S. containment - engagement strategy toward China nowadays are the additional pluses. On the other hand, reducing the pollution of Ganga (Ganges) River has important political implications both for India in international and domestic levels, because via improving efforts she is not only able to facilitate positive relations with her neighbors but also can raise the welfare of her compatriot women and poor. In reality, Japan has her distinctive cultural root on mutual assistance, and Japanese civil society that is deeply influenced by postwar Western civilization has also probably developed quite maturely enough to carry out cooperation. The successful experience of Kojima Bay might just exemplify this kind of collaborative governance by government and general public. However, India is subject to a rapid copy of it. As from my inference, the successful governance of Ganga will depend upon long-term and continuous endeavor, with human approach and from perseverant standpoint being indispensable. Japanese ODA about the issue has roughly met the requirements so far. Moreover, her performance also concerns with the image of a powerful state and the opportunity over international tremendous water market. Compared with other foreign aid to the same Ganga area, Japan distinguishes her diplomatic aid from others by not excessively criticizing interior affairs as Dutch did, not withdrawing capital as British took different beliefs to respond. Since India also desires to rise as a powerful country in the new century, she must not ignore human factor while learning the foreign aid methodology. Key Words: Japanese ODA, Japan-Indo environmental diplomacy, Ganga Action Plan, Yamuna Action Plan, Ganges, Yamuna