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Freng, Adrienne, Taylor Davis, Kristyn McCord, and Aaron Roussell. "The New American Gang? Gangs in Indian Country." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 28, no. 4 (September 6, 2012): 446–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986212458193.
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Goodall, Heather. "Contract gangs: race, gender and vulnerability." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v7i3.4509.
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While violence directed at Indian students in Australian cities has been highlighted in the Indian and Australian press, far less attention has been paid to the violence directed at Indians in rural areas. This has most often involved Indians employed in contract labour in seasonal industries like fruit or vegetable picking. This article reviews various media accounts, both urban and rural, of violence directed at Indians from 2009 to 2012. It draws attention to the far longer history of labour exploitation which has taken place in rural and urban Australia in contract labour conditions and the particular invisibility of rural settings for such violence. Racial minorities, like Aboriginal and Chinese workers, and women in agriculture and domestic work, have seldom had adequate power to respond industrially or politically. This means that in the past, these groups been particularly vulnerable to such structural exploitation. The paper concludes by calling for greater attention not only to the particular vulnerability of Indians in rural settings but to the wider presence of racialised and gendered exploitation enabled by contract labour structures.
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Bell, James, and Nicole Lim. "Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country." American Indian Quarterly 29, no. 3 (2005): 626–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2005.0077.
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Shankar, D., M. S. Geshina Ayu, and K. Mohammad Rahim. "Profile of Indian gangs in Malaysia: A qualitative study among Indian Ex-Gangsters." International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine 21, no. 3and4 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2018.00025.6.
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Dipesh Kumar, K. C. "Fake Indian currency racket in Nepal’s Terai." Journal of Money Laundering Control 20, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2016-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to attempt to analyse the trend of trafficking of fake Indian currency notes (FICN), which is organised in nature. It accounts the trend of the smuggling of FICN through the route of Nepal and emerging routes as a consequence of the extension and strength of the criminal gangs. Design/methodology/approach The author utilized the governmental and non-governmental reports besides journalistic reports related to the intention of fake currency trafficking to analyse the ground reality and vested interests of such crime. Findings Though the open border of Nepal with India is exaggerated as the reason behind the cross-border crimes, such as smuggling of FICN, this paper has falsified the biased perception of labelling the borderline as a crime zone. It finds an outcome of the FICN smuggling that turns the Indo–Nepal border areas as a covert battlefield of organised criminal gangs as well as secret agencies of regional powers. Research limitations/implications Due to ethical issues and limitations of research works on the topic, the descriptive analysis that could be carried out was limited. Practical implications The negative findings of the crime are implacable, in keeping in mind before establishing a good policy related to development and security of Nepal, especially the Terai region. Social implications The paper highlights social problems and challenges in the Terai region of Nepal that enforced the people residing in that area towards the fake currency racket. Hence, it urged to solve the social problems to curb the financial crime such as counterfeit notes trafficking in the region. Originality/value This study is the latest research describing and disclosing the fact behind fake currency trafficking and its consequences.
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Obert, Jonathan. "Inlaws, Outlaws, and State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Oklahoma." Social Science History 45, no. 3 (2021): 439–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.13.
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AbstractWhile much of the federal Department of Justice’s policing bureaucracy was in retrenchment from the 1880s and 1890s, the Indian Territories was the site of some of the most aggressive policing in the nation’s history. Specifically, a series of reforms in US-Indian relations permitted a high level of federal involvement in policing and the management of local order. Using original demographic data on US deputy marshals and criminal gangs active in the Indian Territories, as well as an analysis of media coverage of Oklahoma crime, this article shows that this explosion of state-building was due, in part, to the ways in which kinship rules in Oklahoma allowed racially ambiguous inhabitants to be castigated as “outlaws.” This, in turn, opened up space for the federal marshal apparatus—which was primarily white—to expand its role as the purveyors of local law and order in a manner that had never been possible in the South.
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French, Laurence Armand, and Richard F. Rodriguez. "Identification of Potential Aggressive Behavior in Rural At-Risk Minority Youth: A Community Response." Rural Special Education Quarterly 17, no. 3-4 (September 1998): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870598017003-403.
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School violence has emerged as a critical issue in the U.S. today. While the focus was traditionally on urban school and gangs, recent shootings in suburban and rural schools has brought attention to non-urban school settings. This is a study of a rural, multicultural state with a high at-risk youth population. New Mexico has the highest Hispanic population (38%) as well as a high American Indian representation (22 different tribes). Ranking high in youth violence, substance abuse, poverty, teen pregnancies, and with a significant school drop-out rate, a multicultural intervention effort was initiated to address this phenomenon. The program involves cutlural-centric approaches involving families, schools, and the juvenile justice system.
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Patel, Avanish Bhai. "Factors affecting fear of crime: a study of elderly in a district of Uttar Pradesh." Working with Older People 23, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-05-2019-0009.
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Purpose Fear of crime is an emerging social problem in Indian society that has a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. In the view of this fact, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors such as (prior victimisation, vulnerability and incivility) which contribute their role in bringing fear of crime among the elderly. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method approach has been applied in this paper. This study has been designed as an exploratory lead-in to a planned wider study into rural–urban context as possible factors in shaping the victimisation experience. The study has been conducted from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 elderly living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Findings The study found that elderly have been victimised by known persons as compared to unknown persons. Further, the study found that immediate neighbourhood was swarming with loiters, unruly teenagers, gangs, beggars and alcoholic people walk in the society which have significantly impact on the elderly and give threat in neighbourhood. Originality/value This is an original work of researcher.
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Quint, Sharon. "“‘Cause You Talkin’ about a Whole Person”: A New Path for Schooling and Literacy in Troubled Times and Spaces." Journal of Literacy Research 28, no. 2 (June 1996): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969609547924.
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Hey, the school yard is a good place to hang with all kind. I belong to a gang and I make a little cash on the side, if you know what I'm sayin'. I can't read so good but that ain't my fault. I used to go to school every day. I be sittin' at some desk that too short for my knees to bend and the chair too high for the desk. I tell the teacher and she tell me to be quiet. So I be quiet just sittin' there lookin' at the back of somebody's head. The teacher be sayin' something' about the way the Mayflower people survive and the kind a tent the Indian live in. What am I supposed to do about it? The buildin' I live in don't have heat or hot water so the Indian tent ain't no different except it be cooler in summer. One day the teacher say to write a paper about how life be different from the time a the early settlers, so I do. The next day she give it back to me with a red pen mark all over it. She say she want me to learn to speak English. I thought I was. I thought I be sayin' somethin' about how hard life is for me just like it be for the Mayflower people. I got to deal with the freezin' winter and no food and people hackin' and coughin' in my face at home. I got to deal with attacks from other gangs, you know. The only thing I learned that day is how to look like a fool in front of the class who be laughin' when the teacher read my paper out loud. I never went back after that. So what? School never teach me how to live today and I don't care how they live a hundred year ago … The only thing school teach me is how to feel stupid and I got my father for that.
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Rehman, Sharaf N. "Om Puri: The man who presented the real faces of the subcontinent of India." Asian Cinema 31, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ac_00028_7.
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The Indian film industry continues to turn out between 1600 and 2000 films every year, making it the largest movie-producing country in the world. Yet, it would be a challenge for an average European or American moviegoer to name a film actor from the Indian subcontinent. Naming the films may be easier. For instance, millennials may be able to name Slumdog Millionaire (2008), Generation X crowd may mention Gandhi (1982) and the older audiences may recall The Party (1968) and Ganga Din (1939) as movies about the Indians and India. It was not until the movie Gandhi that Indian actors were allowed to play as Indians. Sam Jaffe and Abner Biberman played as Indians in Ganga Din; Peter Sellers was the Indian actor in The Party, and Shirley MacLaine was the Princess Aouda in Around the World in 80 Days (1956). It is reasonable to assume that many film viewers may be unfamiliar with Om Puri, an actor who played in over 325 films in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States, and made films in English, Bengali, Punjabi and Tamil languages. Om Puri passed away in 2017. His name may be unfamiliar, but his face and his work as an actor will remain unforgettable. Between Gandhi (1982) and Viceroy’s House (2017), Puri acted in two dozen films in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. This article discusses Puri’s work in popular Hindi cinema, in Indian Parallel Cinema, and European and North American films.
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Mitra, Sangita, and Mahua Roy Chowdhury. "Possible range decline of Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Platanistidae) in Indian Sundarban." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 13 (November 26, 2018): 12738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3746.10.13.12738-12748.
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Recent survey reports and observations from rivers in southern West Bengal (India) indicate the extirpation of Ganges River Dolphin (GRD) from the Indian Sundarbans. The present study undertaken during 2011–16 reviews the possible factors accountable for the disappearance of this obligatory freshwater cetacean from the major waterways of the Sundarbans, India and conclude that it is due to reasons of anthropogenic and geo-climatic origin. Sundarbans, the largest contiguous mangrove forest on earth encompassing almost 10,000km2 of India and Bangladesh is located at the head of the Bay of Bengal within 21.533–22.666 0N and 88.083–89.850 0E, of which 62% lies within Bangladesh and 38% in India (Spalding et al. 2010). The landscape is a network of mudflats and islands at the deltaic mouth of the rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna created by accumulated sediments carried by the snow-fed Himalayan rivers and their tributaries along with anastomosing tidal water channels. Historic reports reveal the occurrence of GRD in the Sundarbans waters of both India and Bangladesh (Anderson 1879). Current data, however, confirms the disappearance of Platanista gangetica but there is continued occurrence of Orcaella brevirostris in the Indian part of the estuary. Analysis of causative factors in light of existing evidence validates the potential extirpation of Platanista from the majority of the Sundarbans in India, except for its persistence in only the westernmost segment in the lower reaches of river Hooghly as confirmed by this study. The present study also records the habitat preferences and limiting factors affecting GRD distribution, and maps the decline of its range.
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CORRITORE, CARLY. "A Vedic Approach to Environmental Injustice: An Exploration into the Nature of the Ganga and Interconnected Consciousness." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 5 (January 15, 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v5i0.59.
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Nature has traditionally been a vital complement of human life in Indian tradition. The sacred river Ganges holds deep spiritual and mythological symbolism and has earned the reverence and worship of Indians for centuries. Now there is a mentality developing in India in which new hierarchies of values are being created and traditional teachings and core ethics are compromised. The current scenario in India speaks of a disconnection from ancient intrinsic values of the interconnected roles of humans and nature. By using the Ganges as a case study this study will explore the shift and renewal of the spiritual essence of the interconnection. In an attempt to understand the shift of values, this study will examine the human-nature relationship given in Vedic philosophy and core values and ethics existing in this interconnectedness. The study will investigate how and why the relationship between human beings and nature has changed, what ethics and values have been undermined, and how the ethics necessary for coexistence can be rediscovered and renewed today.
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Bhargava, Devendra Swaroop. "Nature and the Ganga." Environmental Conservation 14, no. 4 (1987): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900016829.
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The Ganga's unique and numerous virtues appear to be based on myths, but the reasons for its importance are traceable to scientific premises. The Ganga, symbolizing Indian culture and civilization, is regarded by the Hindus as the holiest amongst the rivers, and it is the Indo-Gangetic plain's most significant river owing to its mighty basin and course, and extraordinarily high self-purifying powers. The Ganga originates from Gangori in the Uttrakhand Himalayan glacier as an upland stream, emerges as a river of the plains at Rishikesh, and, after traversing almost the entirety of India from West to East, finally merges into the Bay of Bengal.
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Gupta, LN, Ram Avtar, Ameerjeet Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Emmanuel Mutisya, Geetha Mohan, and GS Gupta. "Assessment of Ganges River Water Quality at Allahabad: A case study for the event of Magha Mela." International Journal of Life Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i3.9303.
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Considering Ganga River as one of main Holy River in India, millions of people throng to the river to have a holy dip, Aachman (Mouthful of holy water) and cleanse themselves of sins. Magh Mela is a great festival to take place in bank of Triveni (Sangam) at Allahabad and runs more than one and half month, when millions of pilgrims from different regions in India go there for taking a holy bath in Sangam of Ganga. Thus, the bathing in the river during Magh Mela leads to high pollution of the river in comparison to other days such as normal bathing days. This study focused on the water quality status from some selected physico-chemical parameters of River Ganges and the impact of Magh Mela as well as the variation in the river’s flow rate. Results indicate that the pollution load was alarmingly high and the flow of the Ganga had been very poor. Further, the study found that the water was not fit for bathing during the 2012 Magh Mela. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i3.9303 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.8(3): 2014: 8-14
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Belair-Gagnon, Valerie, Smeeta Mishra, and Colin Agur. "Reconstructing the Indian public sphere: Newswork and social media in the Delhi gang rape case." Journalism 15, no. 8 (December 19, 2013): 1059–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884913513430.
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In recent years, a growing literature in journalism studies has discussed the increasing importance of social media in European and American news production. Adding to this body of work, we explore how Indian and foreign correspondents reporting from India used social media during the coverage of the Delhi gang rape; how journalists represented the public sphere in their social media usage; and, what this representation says about the future of India’s public sphere. Throughout our analysis, Manuel Castells’ discussion of ‘space of flows’ informs our examination of journalists’ social media uses. Our article reveals that while the coverage of the Delhi gang rape highlights an emerging, participatory nature of storytelling by journalists, this new-found inclusiveness remains exclusive to the urban, educated, connected middle and upper classes. We also find that today in India, social media usage is rearticulated around pre-existing journalistic practices and norms common to both Indian reporters working for English-language media houses and foreign correspondents stationed in India.
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Williams, Jessica M. "The challenge of multilateralism on the Ganges River." Water Policy 22, no. 2 (March 24, 2020): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.178.
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Abstract The Ganges River is traditionally governed bilaterally, with India at the centre of interactions. Bilateralism is arguable leveraged to India's advantage on a national and transboundary level. This is problematic as issues such as climate change require holistic and basin-wide solutions. Initiatives such as China's Belt and Road strategy are challenging Indian hegemony and pushing for multilateralism. The implications of this for transboundary water governance are investigated through discourse and the concept of discourse inertia. This shows how India is seeking to leverage its position in the sub-region through bilateralism and discursive tactics in response to China's increasing influence.
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Palasinski, Marek, Lening Zhang, Sukdeo Ingale, and Claire Hanlon. "Gangs in Asia: China and India." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (July 7, 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p141.
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<p>The problem of gang crimes dates back to the first cities founded thousands of years ago. Its traces can be even discerned in the draconian Hammurabi code of ancient Mesopotamia. To various extents and in many different forms, including muggings, pickpocketing, prostitution and turf wars, it has also plagued ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman cities, giving ruling classes nightmares and heavily curbing the frequency of their evening walks. Today’s cities across the world continue to be afflicted by them. Although today’s gangs differ, in the increasingly globalized and interconnected world, they also share many characteristics, which have been explored in great depth and with a particular focus on the ‘Western’ culture. This relatively short review will cover the issue of gang crime in the rising superpowers of China and India. Given the scarcity of available data, it will be limited, but it is hoped that it will inspire further focus on these places that tend to be undeservingly ignored in the academic discourse of the West.</p>
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RAGHAVAN, RAJEEV, NEELESH DAHANUKAR, and RALF BRITZ. "The type locality of Tor mosal (Hamilton, 1822) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)." Zootaxa 4317, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.3.12.
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Hamilton (1822) described Cyprinus mosal, now assigned to the genus Tor, from the ‘Kosi’, a tributary of the Ganges. The fact that two Gangetic tributaries with the name Kosi exist, has resulted in confusion in the Indian ichthyological literature and beyond regarding the type locality of Hamilton’s T. mosal. A critical review of Hamilton’s treatise on the fishes of the Ganges, as well as several other works by and on Hamilton, revealed that T. mosal was collected in and described from the Kosi (=Koshi), a Gangetic tributary that originates in the northern slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibet Autonomous Region and drains the southern slopes of Nepal and Bihar (India); and not from the more western Gangetic tributary by the same name flowing through Ramnagar in Uttarakhand State, India.
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Dayma, Yogender. "Trade and Urbanisation in Early Medieval Southern Karnataka: As Reflected in the Western Ganga Inscriptions." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620922411.
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The present study is an attempt to reconstruct the condition of trade and urbanisation under the Western Gangas (c. fourth to early eleventh century ce), the founders of the first indigenous state in southern Karnataka. Primarily based on the inscriptions issued by them, the study tries to trace the processes leading to the emergence of urban centre under the Western Gangas. It is argued that the Western Ganga rule did not coincide with any phase of decline in trade and commerce, as argued by the proponents of Indian Feudalism model. The state under the Western Gangas contributed to the process of urbanisation in a number of ways. The state restructured the economy of the territories under its control by promoting agrarian expansion, creating new networks of revenue collection and its redistribution. The demand for the goods and services created by the state and its agents, particularly religious establishments, necessitated their movement at intra-regional and inter-regional levels, and thus resulted in the expansion of the already existing centres of exchange as well as the creation of new ones. In other words, the process of urbanisation in the region may be attributed to the processes related to agrarian growth and the emergence of a complex indigenous power structure. The argument has been substantiated with the help of the study of urban centres, namely Perura, Kovalalapura, Manyapura, and Talavanapura.
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Jadhav, Swapna. "MANOHAR MALGONKAR - “THE INDIAN KIPLING”." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i2.2016.2813.
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Manohar Malgonkar a versatile Indian fictional writer represents the life of pre independent and of post independent India that has left heavy memories of events which changed our nation’s history and society in the most profound ways. His novels “ Distant Drum” (1960), “Combat of Shadows “(1962),” The Princes” (1963), “A Bend in the Ganges” (1964), and “The Devil's Wind” (1972) witness a wonderful knock of weaving plots of singular originality. His themes such as the army life, the aristocracy, commonality, partition of India, violence, sex, hunting, betrayal and revenge actually provides scope to find out the depth of Human relationships.“There is no exaggeration in calling him “INDIAN KIPLING”.
Malgonkar has similarities with R.K. Narayan. Both are contemporary Indian fiction writers in English and have experimented with the English language. He finds India under the pressures of modern education and industrialization changing its virtues and reminds us to overcome the evil factors. As a contemporary of writers such as Mulk Raj Anand and Khushwant Singh, it is a fact that Malgonkar’s contribution to the genre we refer to today as Indian Writing in English remains largely unacknowledged.
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Anwary, Afroza. "Intersection of Sexual Violence against Women and Sectarian Agendas in India." Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/generos.2018.3368.
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ABSTRACTUsing on-line newspaper reports, this paper examines how the narratives and counter narratives of the highly publicised gang rape of Pandey in 2012 reproduce rape myths. Using thematic analysis techniques, this research examines how gang rape is used in sectarian agendas in India. It demonstrates that the responses of government, the main opposition political party, and prominent leaders of Hindu nationalist forces to rape cannot be separated from the intersection of gender, misogynist culture and politics. Findings indicated that violated women’s bodies became a space for political debates between a conservative, opposition political party’s claims about Indian traditions and the government of India. These findings have important implications if we want to challenge rape myths that obscure the need for social and political transformation to stop rape. The highly publicised rape of Pandey marked a turning point for the anti-rape movement in India.
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Alam, Mohammad Ayaz. "A Note on “Metal Distribution and Short-Time Variability in Recent Sediments from the Ganges River towards the Bay of Bengal (India)” by Bonnail et al. (2019)." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020061.
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A careful reading of Bonnail et al. (2019)’s work points out some issues in the description of the Ganges River, e.g., describing it in a way that gives impression to the readers unfamiliar with the Indian rivers that it flows by the national capital New Delhi, after reading “it receives inputs from highly populated cities of India, including New Delhi and …”. However, as a matter of fact, it is not the Ganges, but the Yamuna River, a tributary of the Ganges, that passes through the National Capital Region of Delhi. Moreover, authors identify the studied river as the Ganges, whereas it is one of the distributaries of the Ganges called Hooghly (anglicized version of its local name Hugli). They have referred to the seasonality of the studied river; however, the flow of the studied (Hooghly) river is controlled by a barrage on the Ganges River. Moreover, Hooghly River receives input from its own tributaries; viz., Mayurakshi and Damodar, flowing through highly mineralized and coaliferous areas of Jharkhand state of India. Bonnail et al. (2019) have attributed the contamination of the river sediments to anthropogenic activities alone, by not evaluating likely natural sources. A correction factor for the underestimated total organic carbon (TOC) content obtained using Walkley-Black method should have been applied before using TOC values for factor analysis to overcome the underestimation issue with this method. This work intends to serve as a compendium, rather than a critique, to otherwise commendable work by Bonnail et al. (2019).
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van der Vat, Marnix, Pascal Boderie, Kees Bons, Mark Hegnauer, Gerrit Hendriksen, Mijke van Oorschot, Bouke Ottow, et al. "Participatory Modelling of Surface and Groundwater to Support Strategic Planning in the Ganga Basin in India." Water 11, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122443.
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The Ganga Basin in India experiences problems related to water availability, water quality and ecological degradation because of over-abstraction of surface and groundwater, the presence of various hydraulic infrastructure, discharge of untreated sewage water, and other point and non-point source pollution. The basin is experiencing rapid socio-economic development that will increase both the demand for water and pollution load. Climate change adds to the uncertainty and future variability of water availability. To support strategic planning for the Ganga Basin by the Indian Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation and the governments of the concerned Indian states, a river basin model was developed that integrates hydrology, geohydrology, water resources management, water quality and ecology. The model was developed with the involvement of key basin stakeholders across central and state governments. No previous models of the Ganga Basin integrate all these aspects, and this is the first time that a participatory approach was applied for the development of a Ganga Basin model. The model was applied to assess the impact of future socio-economic and climate change scenarios and management strategies. The results suggest that the impact of socio-economic development will far exceed the impacts of climate change. To balance the use of surface and groundwater to support sustained economic growth and an ecologically healthy river, it is necessary to combine investments in wastewater treatment and reservoir capacity with interventions that reduce water demand, especially for irrigation, and that increase dry season river flow. An important option for further investigation is the greater use of alluvial aquifers for temporary water storage.
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van Oosterhout, K. Aaron. "Confraternities and Popular Conservatism on the Frontier: Mexico’s Sierra del Nayarit in the Nineteenth Century." Americas 71, no. 1 (July 2014): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2014.0092.
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I’ve passed two frightful years due to this same gang, and was even robbed by them,” wrote the priest Dámaso Martínez on September 29, 1857. “I suffered all of this, but did not think my own life was in danger. Today, this is not the case. … I believe the Indians have sold my life to them.During the nine months prior to the writing of this report to the Guadalajara See, the parishioners of Santa Maria del Oro had presented a series of demands for money in the priest’s possession. Some 400 pesos had been gained from the forced sale of their lay brotherhood’s property, and they wanted the money so they could buy back the land. By August 1857, however, the parishioners’ attempts at legitimate reclamation, through both ecclesiastical and civil channels, had ended in disappointment. Rumors had long circulated that these Indian parishioners were allied with a prominent gang leader in the region, Manuel Lozada. Thus it likely came as little surprise when Martinez found himself huddled in his church in late September as Lozada’s gang ringed the town, accompanied by the town’s prominent Indians, and demanded that the priest and the local magistrate come out and surrender. Martinez was rescued only by the intervention of state troops, who scattered Lozada’s gang and allowed the priest to flee.
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Sharma, Dinesh C. "Ganges Uproots People in Indian State." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 8 (October 2005): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868656.
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Rahman, Md Mamunur, Shingo Hosoishi, and Kazuo Ogata. "Phylogenetic Position of the Western Bangladesh Populations of Weaver Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Sociobiology 64, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1153.
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Weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina is distributed from India through SE Asia to North Australia including many tropical western pacific Islands. A recent phylogenetic study of O. smaragdina revealed the central Bangladesh population as SE Asian mainland clade despite of its geographical proximity to India. However, the sample analyzed was limited and the geographical border between the two groups has not been presented. In this study, several samples collected from western parts of Bangladesh have been used to examine the phylogenetic position. A total of 20 O. smaragdina colonies were sampled from 12 Districts during 2013 to 2014. Their haplotype and phylogenetic relationships were determined by analyzing mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene (Cytb) of 606 bp and Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of 775bp. Bayesian analysis inferred that the western parts of Bangladesh were occupied by Indian type, which is the first record in the country. The present study suggested that, although the Ganges river has no border effect, both Indian type and SE Asian types occur in Bangladesh.
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Sharafat, Shazia. "Delhi Rape Case." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (December 8, 2012): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v6i1.414.
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A twenty-three years old female medical student was gang raped on December 16, 2012 in a public bus in Delhi, India. The woman, whose name was not revealed due to Indian laws, was taken to the Safdarjang Hospital where she had gone through multiple surgeries and was placed on ventilation. She was sent to Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore on December 26 for the transplantation of her damaged organs but unfortunately she was died while undergoing emergency treatment on December 29.
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Kunze, Andrew. "“They Were Talking about Themselves”." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 47, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.34692.
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Michael Altman’s Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu offers a major contribution to the history of Hinduism in America, as it revises the standard “Transcendentalist-Theosophist-Vivekananda-1965” trajectory with a critical eye toward the nationalist and orientalist discourses of formative episodes from the Colonial era up to Chicago’s World Parliament (xvii). Altman’s genealogical approach presumes no essence or definition of ‘Hinduism,’ which both suits his source materials and serves his interest in classification quite well. Throughout this history, a rich set of examples shows how ‘hazy notions’ of Indian religion variously served as discursive foils and straw-men against white, Protestant American identity¬–from scathing missionary accounts of barbaric ‘Juggernaut’ worship (30), to the racial hierarchies in American geography schoolbooks (59), Thoreau’s Walden Pond as a River Ganges (86), and the Indian-derived, but not Hindu, ‘wisdom religion’ of the Theosophical Society (109). As Altman convincingly argues, when white, Protestant Americans talked about religion in India, “they were not really talking about religion in India. They were talking about themselves” (xxi), and thereby constituting their own racial, national, and religious identities (140).
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Trautmann, Thomas R. "Megasthenes on the Military Livestock of Chandragupta and the Making of the First Indian Empire." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000074.
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AbstractMegasthenes was an eyewitness to the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, maker of the first India-wide empire (from ca. 321 BCE). The army with which he made that empire depended largely upon the supply of men, horses, elephants, and oxen, a sector which may be called military livestock. Megasthenes’ account of this large sector of government expense and the policies under which it operated gives important testimony about the causes of Chandragupta's success, namely the maintenance of a royal monopoly of horses, elephants, and arms, payment of the soldiers in peacetime and war, the demilitarization of the farmers, and the separation of the soldiers from the land. Over the long run of Indian history, from the Mauryan Empire to the present, the environmental roots of the political order lay in the complementary distribution of horse and elephant country, to the dry west and humid east of a line running down the middle of the Subcontinent; that is, respectively, the valleys of the Indus and the Ganga. The dominating power of India has always had its capital in elephant country, the valley of the Ganga, in cities from Pataliputra (Patna) to Kanauj to Delhi, in a position from which to control the eastward flow of horses and the westward flow of elephants to other states.
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Chandra, Sulekh, Arendra Singh, Praveen Kumar Tomar, and Adarsh Kumar. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Various River Water in India." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2011): 1546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/430232.
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Physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from various rivers in India. Water samples under investigations were collected from Krishana Vijaywada, Gomti Lucknow, Hoogali Kolkata, Ganga Kasi, Mahanadi Katak, Cauveri river Tiruchirapalli station during (July - August) seasons in the year 2009. The different sites show significant enrichment with Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Ca and Mg indicating input from industrial sources. The observed values of different physicochemical characteristics like pH, temperature, turbidity, total hardness (TH), iron, chloride, total dissolved solids(TDS), Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, F- total alkalinity (TA), COD, BOD, phosphate, FRC (Free residual chlorine), total silica and hydrazine of samples were compared with standard values recommended by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS).
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Duncan, Emily M., Alasdair Davies, Amy Brooks, Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, Brendan J. Godley, Jenna Jambeck, Taylor Maddalene, et al. "Message in a bottle: Open source technology to track the movement of plastic pollution." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242459.
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Rivers worldwide are now acting as major transport pathways for plastic pollution and discharge large quantities of waste into the ocean. Previous oceanographic modelling and current drifter data have been used to predict the movement and accumulation of plastic pollution in the marine environment, but our understanding of the transport and fate through riparian systems is still largely unknown. Here we undertook a proof of concept study by applying open source tracking technology (both GPS (Global Positing System) cellular networks and satellite technology), which have been successfully used in many animal movement studies, to track the movements of individual plastic litter items (500 ml PET (polyethylene terephthalate) drinks bottles) through the Ganges River system (known as the Ganga in India and the Padma and Meghna in Bangladesh, hereafter known as the Ganges) and the Bay of Bengal. Deployed tags were successfully tracked through the Ganges river system and into the Bay of Bengal marine system. The “bottle tags” were designed and built (e.g. shape, size, buoyancy) to replicate true movement patterns of a plastic bottle. The maximum distance tracked to date is 2845 km over a period of 94 days. We discuss lessons learnt from the development of these plastic litter tags, and outline how the potential widespread use of this open source technology has the ability to significantly increase understanding of the location of accumulation areas and the timing of large inputs of plastic pollution into the aquatic system. Furthermore, “bottle tags” may act as a powerful tool for stimulating social behaviour change, informing science-based policy, and as valuable educational outreach tools for public awareness.
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Srivastava, V. K. "Indian Rivers Pollution—Critical Analysis: Ganga Action Plan." Indian Chemical Engineer 52, no. 2 (August 5, 2010): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2010.497284.
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Sharma, D. N., and V. Tare. "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION USING SSEBop METHOD WITH SENTINEL -2 AND LANDSAT-8 DATA SET." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-563-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) parameters is essential for understanding crop water requirements and to find out the ground water recharge. In situ data collection procedures are generally adopted to measure the parameters required to find ET. Latest remote sensing technologies accompanied by newly launched satellite datasets can supplement the field data collection and analysis by finding out some of the parameters such as land surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), albedo, emissivity, etc. The Upper Ganga Canal Command Area (UGC) lying between two rivers Ganga and Yamuna situated between two states, namely Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in North India is selected as the study area for this research work. Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) method is used to derive high resolution (10m) ET map for the Upper Ganga Canal Command Area. Sentinel-2 multi spectral images were used to derive land use, land cover (LU/LC) maps, NDVI, albedo, etc. Downscaled Landsat 8 images were used to derive land surface temperature of the command area. Meteorological data retrieved from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration. ET map of the study area was generated using the above estimated parameters. Further, validation of the obtained ET values was accomplished by gridded ET data obtained from IMD.</p>
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Pun, S. B. "World Bank’s 2012 Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment: A View from Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 12 (October 28, 2013): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9025.
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The World Bank’s 2012 Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment (GSBA) is an interesting but contentious document with a wealth of information. The basin has a population of 656 million; and 47 percent of Indians, 576 million, live in this basin. Nepal’s three bordering States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal with a population of 199, 104 and 91 million respectively have a staggering combined population of 385 million, far greater than that of the USA. The Ganges basin has the world’s highest population density and, as a consequence, poverty level borders that of Sub-Sahara. This is India’s Hindu cow belt where water is increasingly getting scarce.With the strategic resource, water, getting scarce in the Ganges, the Bank’s GSBA has some startling findings: storages in Nepal store ‘significantly little’ water, so flood control in India is ‘very limited’. Storages in Nepal can ‘double lean season flows’, but agricultural productivity in India is ‘currently very low’ from such augmented flows. The Bank believes that ‘hydropower and trade’ is ‘significant’ and negotiation ‘simpler than previously thought’. The Bank recommends that Nepal push her hydropower development on a fast track. Many believe it is not the ‘significant’ power trade that counts. What really counts is whether or not the traded Energy will be at a Significant Rate. By pushing Nepal’s significant hydropower, the Bank is advocating a policy whereby India avail free lean season water stored in Nepal’s fertile valleys submerged for perpetuity. I n the Bank’s opinion, as India’s agricultural productivity is currently very low and flood control very limited, Nepal’s downstream benefits are also very low. Nepal is, thus, very disappointed with the Bank’s such Indo-centric GSBA report.Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVol. 12, 2013, JanuaryPage: 6-12DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9025Uploaded Date : 10/28/2013
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Sen, Satadru. "Policing the Savage: Segregation, Labor and State Medicine in the Andamans." Journal of Asian Studies 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 753–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659118.
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The penal colony that the british established in the Andaman Islands at the end of the 1850s was originally intended as a place of permanent exile for a particular class of Indian criminals. These offenders had, for the most part, been convicted by special tribunals in connection with the Indian rebellions of 1857–58. As the British vision of rehabilitation in the Andamans evolved, the former rebels were joined in the islands by men and women convicted under the Indian Penal Code. In the islands, transported criminals were subjected to various techniques of physical, spatial, occupational, and political discipline (Sen 1998). The slow transition from a convicted criminal to a prisoner in a chain gang, to employment as a Self-Supporter or a convict officer in the service of the prison regime, to life as a free settler in a penal colony was in effect a process by which the state sought to transform the criminal classes of colonial India—the disloyal, the idle, the elusive and the disorderly—into loyal, orderly, and governable subjects.
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White, Aaronette, and Shagun Rastogi. "Justice by Any Means Necessary: Vigilantism among Indian Women." Feminism & Psychology 19, no. 3 (July 23, 2009): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353509105622.
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Through an analysis of news reports and documentary footage on the Gulabi Gang and ethnographic reports on the Mahila Aghadi, both of India, we illustrate how women who engage in violent forms of justice-seeking require us to expand social psychological concepts of retributive and restorative models of justice, women's agency, and community organizing. Our grassroots feminist analysis in an Indian context integrates: (1) feminist definitions of punishment and ethical violence; (2) research on perceptions of justice and moral convictions; and, (3) the feminist and liberatory roles that women's and poor people's movements play in the reorganization and recovery of individual and community values.
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Sands, Philippe. "Bangladesh–India: Treaty on Sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka." International Legal Materials 36, no. 3 (May 1997): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900016120.
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The Bangladesh–India Treaty on sharing the waters of the Ganges River and the India–Nepal Treaty on sharing the waters of the Mahakali River [36 I.L.M. 531 (1997)] are intended to bring to an end long–running differences between India and her neighbors over the entitlement to water flows following the construction by India of barrages on the Ganges and Mahakali Rivers. The treaties establish long–term water discharge regimes of 30 and 75 years respectively, focusing on the utilization of waters rather than their conservation.
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Iqbal Mir, Javaid, Uttam Kumar Sarkar, Om Prakash Gusain, and Arvind Kumar Dwivedi. "Length-weight relationships of the Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from six drainages of Ganga basin, India." UNED Research Journal 7, no. 1 (June 5, 2015): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v7i1.864.
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The Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita, is a geographically widespread and economically important food fish species in tropical freshwater of India and adjacent countries. We studied the lengthweightrelationships of 1 033 specimens collected from the main channel of Ganga river and its five major drainages from March 2009 to July 2012. The length of males ranged from 16 to 92cm (females: 16to 94cm). The growth is allometric positive (b>3) for males, females and pooled sexes. The coefficient of determination (r2) in males ranged from 0,978 to 0,989 and for females from 0,958 to 0,985. Data from field populations are scarce and our results will be useful in the management and conservation of L. rohita populations in its natural range.
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Del Bello, Lou. "Indian scientists race to map Ganges river in 3D." Nature 560, no. 7717 (August 2018): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05872-w.
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Sarkar, U. K., A. Dabas, G. E. Khan, V. K. Dubey, R. Kumar, A. K. Mishra, A. Pal, S. P. Singh, and J. K. Jena. "Redescription, new distribution record, DNA sequence and length-weight relationship of the Eel-loach Pangio pangia (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) in the River Ganges Basin, India." UNED Research Journal 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v5i1.250.
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The Eel-loach Pangio pangia has never been reported from East India in the River Ganges. In August, 2011, we collected a total of 39 individuals of this species during fish diversity explorations in River Ganges at Narora. This is the first record for Uttar Pradesh (North India). We present additional diagnostic features and description for this species previously known only from very old descriptions generally based on preserved specimens. Additionally, a molecular signature of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region between 5,8S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes was sequenced and submitted to NCBI (Accession No. JQ619873). The length-weight relationship showed allometric growth as b value of overall length-weight relation was 2,71 at p<0,00 which, ranged from 2,65 to 2,76. The substantial threats and issues regarding unawareness of this understudied fish species are highlighted to help sustaining fish biodiversity in India. KEY WORDSNew distribution, Pangio pangia, length weight relationship, River Ganges, India.
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Alavi, Seema. "The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid Thanah 1780–1830." Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 1 (February 1993): 147–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016097.
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Historians have generally explained the consolidation of Company power in terms of the superior fiscal base which it came to acquire in north India. Bayly argues that in the eighteenth century the ‘commercialisation of royal power’, begun under the Mughals, extended to meet the needs of military organization and growing bureaucratizationof the numerous small polities that succeeded the Mughals. He argues that in this perio Indian merchant capital was redeployed in the search for greater control over labour productivity through control over revenue collections of all sorts; and the unified merchant class met in the new qasbahs and the small permanent markets (ganjs) attached to them. It was here that theinfrastructure for Europea trade in, and ultimate dominion over, India was constructed.1 The efficiency and wide scale on which the Company could exercise and extend the pre-colonial practice of military fiscalism2 has provided another explanation for the dominant position it came to occupy more specifically, in south India.3 Yang highlights the role ofthe Indian elite in facilitating the Company's revenue collection and thereby contributin to its political dominance and stability in the Saran district of Bihar. He constructs a model of'limited Raj', to explain the a free flow of revenue. He analyses the dynamics ofthis 'limited Raj' by explaining its functioning at the lowest level where the power of the colonial state tapered off and the landholders' system of control took over. Yang argues that these two control systems collectively sustained British rule in the region.4 More recently the Company's superior power in north Indian politics has been explained in terms of its exclusive right to violence. R. Mukherjee, analysing the 1857 mutiny, arguesthat 'British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meti meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shatteredthat monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonised
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Malik, Davendra Singh. "Population dynamics and conservation management of Himalayan mahseer (Tor species) in riverine aquatic ecosystem in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand (India)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i1.163.
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The mahseer, an Indian carp (Tor species) known as ‘Sport fish’ continues to be decimated by the large scale natural and anthropogenic factors and categorized as threatened fishes in India. The present research data revealed that total species richness of 33 and 24 number of fish species were identified in river Ganga and Yamuna respectively. The size group of mahseer (400-460mm) recorded as a dominant size of catch composition and contributed about 36.8% and 42.6% based on different sampling sites in river Yamuna and Ganga respectively. The populations of Tor tor, T. putitora have shown a decreasing trend at very alarming rate and influenced the sex ratio, maturity size and natural breeding condition. Only 12.5 to 14.8% mahseer female brooders have shown maturity phase or emenable to release ova during particular breeding seasons. The fecundity of mature female fish brooders ranged from 2500-4500 no. of eggs during July-August. The current status of mahseer fishery may be attributed to the over exploitative nature in riverine system. ‘In situ and Ex-situ” breeding techniques should be practiced for enhancement of viable population size of mahseer species to restore the genetic loss under mahseer conservation programme in aquatic ecosystem of Himalayan region.
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Viswanathan, Balasubramaniyan. "The Indian Kattalio Game: mapping the counterfeit currency network in India." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-07-2014-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the counterfeit currency network in India. This research is an endeavour to bring out various layers which act as source, collection and distribution points in a counterfeit currency network in India. This paper also deals with the fake currency network and its linkages to terrorism. Design/methodology/approach Methodology adopted is a descriptive one which conducts a content analysis on materials derived from secondary sources supported by information from primary source data acquired through the Right to Information Act. Findings This paper argues that the existing measure of calculating the incidence of counterfeit notes per million is understated by the relevant stakeholders in India. This measure changes drastically when other factors such as high denomination notes and police seizures are taken into account, which has not been attempted, though it is duly acknowledged by the stakeholders. This paper has attempted to map the locations in India which act as ingress, distribution and circulation points based on evidentiary data derived from the seizure records. This paper also highlights the fact that criminal gang-operated networks of fake currency are compartmentalised, while the networks operated by terror groups are de-compartmentalised. Practical implications In the process, this paper attempts to enlighten stakeholders like law enforcement agencies, banking regulators and counter terrorism community on the penetration levels of the fake Indian currency note (FICN) networks in India and the need to target these important nodes or points or layers to break up the FICN network. This also highlights fund-raising mechanisms of terror groups, where FICN acts as the main funding resource for groups like the Indian Mujahideen for carrying out low-cost terror attacks. Originality/value The key findings of this research lie in its originality of presentation of facts in a systematic fashion.
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Ho, Selina. "‘Big brother, little brothers’: comparing China's and India's transboundary river policies." Water Policy 18, S1 (October 4, 2016): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.103.
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Hydro-hegemons can provide both positive and negative forms of leadership, the former leading to cooperative outcomes and the latter to conflict in transboundary river basins. What constrains hydro-hegemons and under what conditions do they cooperate? This paper examines China's and India's hydro-hegemonic behavior, using case studies of the Mekong and the Ganges, respectively. As a positive hydro-hegemon, China cooperates multilaterally with other Mekong riparians, while India takes a limited sovereignty view by sharing water with Bangladesh and Nepal in the Ganges. China and India behave as dominant hydro-hegemons when they engage in resource capture strategies, such as water diversion projects and unilateral dam-building activities. The regional context and domestic politics of hydro-hegemons constrain their behavior, and determine the forms of positive and negative leadership they provide. When strong multilateral mechanisms already exist in the regional context, hydro-hegemons are more likely to cooperate multilaterally. This explains why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong while India rejects multilateralism in the Ganges. Domestic considerations also explain why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong but avoids water-sharing discussions. In India's case, electoral politics account for the eventual signing of the Ganges and Mahakali treaties after decades of negotiations.
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Tummala-Narra, Pratyusha, Aruna Bewtra, and Salman Akhtar. "The celluloid ganges: an annotated filmography of the Indian diaspora." International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 2, no. 3 (September 2005): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps.5.
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Mehsud, Muhammad Imran, Azam Jan, and Tariq Anwar Khan. "War or Peace on the Rivers of South Asia?" Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.1.21.
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The renowned water expert, John Briscoe, predicted a bleak future for India-Pakistan water relations across the Indus attributing it to Pakistan’s downstream anxieties vis-à-vis upstream regional hegemon-India. Do the other co-riparian states of India share the same bleak future across the South Asian rivers of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna or are the water relations across these rivers peaceful as compared to the Indus? To answer this question, this study first explores India-Pakistan water disputes on the Indus and then analyses India-Bangladesh water disputes on the Ganges and Brahmaputra, India-Nepal, India-Bhutan, and Pakistan-Afghanistan water relations. The methodology adopted for this study is descriptive, historical, and analytical in its nature. The study concludes that India has not only failed to adopt a conciliatory approach towards Pakistan on the Indus but has generated mistrust amongst other neighbouring countries over water sharing due to its hegemonic hydro-behaviour. It recommends that India should adopt a conciliatory approach to have peaceful relations across the rivers of South Asia.
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Choudhary, Sunil K., Brian D. Smith, Subhasis Dey, Sushant Dey, and Satya Prakash. "Conservation and biomonitoring in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India." Oryx 40, no. 2 (April 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000664.
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From March 2001 to December 2003 eight direct count surveys in an upstream direction were conducted for Ganges river dolphins Platanista gangetica gangetica in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, a c. 60 km long segment of the middle Ganges River in Bihar, India. The mean number of dolphins recorded during upstream surveys was 119.4±SD 31.8 (range 88–174), with an encounter rate of 1.8 dolphins km−1 (range 1.4–2.8). During these surveys a rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife was also documented, including the Indian smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata, gharial Gavialis gangeticus, a variety of freshwater turtles, and 135 water bird species. An assessment of fisheries documented 76 fish species of which 43% were caught exclusively in monofilament gill nets, a gear known to kill dolphins by entanglement. Eight new records of fishes preyed upon by Ganges river dolphins were identified from the stomach contents of two dolphin carcasses (Setipinna brevifilis, Osteobrama cotio cotio, Puntius sophore, Crosochelius latius, Mystus cavasius, Heteropneustus fossilis, Macrognathus pancalus, Sperata seenghala). These fishes and other species previously recorded in the diet of the dolphins composed 33.3% of the total catch sampled in 2001–2003. Interviews of 108 fishing households revealed that literacy rates were low (29.9%) and almost 50% earned less than USD 411 per year. The most important conservation actions that could be taken are for national and state governments to establish civil control and promote the development of community-based fishing cooperatives. These cooperatives could enjoy ownership rights to certain river segments in exchange for employing sustainable fishing techniques that are less injurious to dolphins.
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Rashid, Harunur, Yang Wang, and Alexandra T. Gourlan. "Impact of Climate Change on Past Indian Monsoon and Circulation: A Perspective Based on Radiogenic and Trace Metal Geochemistry." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030330.
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The Indian summer monsoon (ISM), one of the dramatic illustrations of seasonal hydrological variability in the climate system, affects billions of lives. The ISM dominantly controls the northern Indian Ocean sea-surface salinity, mostly in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, by the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Irrawaddy-Salween rivers outflow and direct rainfall. In the past decade, numerous studies have used radiogenic neodymium (εNd) isotopes of seawater to link Indian subcontinent erosion and the ensuing increase in discharge that results in changes in the north Indian Ocean sea surface. Here we synthesized the state of the ISM and ocean circulation using the neodymium and hafnium isotopes from north Indian Ocean deep-sea sediments. Our data suggest that the Bay of Bengal and north Indian Ocean sea-surface conditions were most likely modulated by changes in the ISM strength during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. These findings contrast to the hypothesis that suggests that the bottom water neodymium isotopes of the northern Indian Ocean were modulated by switching between two distant sources, namely North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic bottom water. Furthermore, the consistency between the neodymium and hafnium isotopes during the last glacial maximum and Holocene suggests a weak and dry ISM and strong and wet conditions, respectively. These data also indicate that the primary source of these isotopes was the Himalayas. Our results support the previously published paleo-proxy records, indicating weak and strong monsoons for the same periods. Moreover, our data further support the hypothesis that the northern Indian Ocean neodymium isotopes were decoupled from the global ocean neodymium budget due to the greater regional influence by the great Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Irrawaddy-Salween discharge draining the Indian subcontinent to the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
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Rajaguru, Sharad, Bhaskar Deotare, Kaushik Gangopadhyay, Malay Sain, and Sheena Panja. "Potential geoarchaeological sites for luminescence dating in the Ganga Bhagirathi-Hugli delta, west Bengal, India." Geochronometria 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-011-0041-6.
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Abstract Archaeological studies in the upper and lower part of the Ganga-Bhaghrathi-Hugli delta were taken up to understand the nature of site formation and human adaptation in a dynamic fluvial zone. This aspect has been neglected in Indian archaeology. However archaeological dating using typological information, has an error margin of a couple of centuries and hence, is of limited use. We suggest that high resolution chronology using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating can be quite effective in the study of archaeology and human environment relationship in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD).
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Irfan, Samra. "A Quest for “Justice” in Capital Punishment: A Socio-Legal Study of the Nirbhaya Gangrape Case." IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies 6, SI (January 22, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijcs.6.si.07.
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The December 16, 2012 gang rape case in India’s capital ignited fierce discussion on women’s rights, safety measures as well as the punishment for the rapists. A major question stemming from this case and elaborated in this paper is: is capital punishment for a rapist an effective measure, as a form of “justice” for the victim? The paper concludes that capital punishment should be abolished even for gruesome crimes like rape and it further raises the question whether capital punishment can serve as a reform tool for the existing and oftentimes dysfunctional criminal system in India. Through a thorough analysis of Mukesh & Another Vs State of NCT of Delhi and others (known as the Nirbhaya gang rape case), the paper explores capital punishment for the rapist from a socio-legal and cultural perspective. The case particularly becomes important as, along with other issues, it is concerned with the question of rights of the victim vis-à-vis the rights of the offender. In other words, the paper delves deeper into the conflict between the victims’ interests and the right of the offender in the justice system by examining who is responsible for what and to what extent. Taking a human rights approach, the paper examines the human rights jurisprudence in India as well as in international laws. Further, it maps the social and historical perspective revolving around rape victimhood and gender along with arguments that have been predominant for and against capital punishment, particularly for rapists in an Indian context.