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Journal articles on the topic 'Indian Prehistory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Whittaker, William E. "Determining the Age of GLO-mapped Trail Networks." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 40, no. 2 (2015): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599914.

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Abstract Between 1833 and 1861, the Government Land Office (GLO) mapped almost 11,000 km of trails in Iowa. It is unknown if substantial portions of this GLO-mapped trail system predate the arrival of Euro-Americans; it is possible they were established in prehistory and used into the historical period. This Geographical Information Systems study compares a sample of archaeological sites within 1 km of the GLO trails in northern Iowa with a control sample. It was expected that GLO trails would be more common near Late Prehistoric sites if much of the GLO trail system was established before Euro-American arrival. Analysis indicates a relationship between GLO-mapped trails and Late Prehistoric, early historic Indian, and early historic Euro-American sites. Statistically, the connection between GLO trails and early historic Euro-American sites is by far the strongest; however, biases in the data suggest the association between Late Prehistoric and early historic Indian sites and GLO trails is underestimated.

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2

Dethloff, Henry C., and R. Douglas Hurt. "Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present." American Historical Review 94, no. 5 (1989): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906516.

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Unrau, William E., and R. Douglas Hurt. "Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present." Western Historical Quarterly 20, no. 1 (1989): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968477.

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4

Chauhan, Parth R., and Rajeev Patnaik. "Inter-disciplinary perspectives on Indian paleoanthropology and prehistory." Quaternary International 269 (August 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.028.

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5

Matthews, Christopher N. "History to Prehistory: an Archaeology of Being Indian." Archaeologies 3, no. 3 (2007): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11759-007-9024-x.

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6

Yarnell, Richard A., and R. Douglas Hurt. "Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present." American Indian Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1990): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185033.

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7

Blanchard, Kendall, and R. Douglas Hurt. "Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present." Ethnohistory 37, no. 1 (1990): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/481946.

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8

Hughes, J. Donald, and R. Douglas Hurt. "Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present." Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (1988): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1901547.

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Nanda, Serena. "North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present:North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present." American Anthropologist 104, no. 1 (2002): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.1.350.

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10

Paddayya, K. "Writing Indian prehistory and history and the societal dimension." Studies in People’s History 2, no. 2 (2015): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448915600944.

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11

Avick, Biswas, JANA SHRESTHA, and BISWAS RUPA. "Controversy related to 'Typology' in Indian Prehistory: A Report." Annals of Anthropological Research & Reviews 3, no. 2 (2024): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10887922.

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12

RAJAGOPAL, ARVIND. "The Emergency as Prehistory of the New Indian Middle Class." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 5 (2011): 1003–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x10000314.

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AbstractRecent accounts of the National Emergency of 1975–1977 concur that the deviations it represented, while genuine, did not represent any fundamental change on the part of the Indian state, and that the period offers little distinct insight on the post-independence period as a whole. This paper seeks to argue, to the contrary, that the Emergency was a watershed in post-independence history. With its ban on dissent and suspension of constitutional rights, the Emergency sought to suppress all political disturbances to governance. By doing so, it forefronted the problems of postcolonial politics in at least three respects. First, the Emergency demonstrated that coercion was inextricably combined with consent in state-led development. Second, this led to a heavy reliance on practices of communication to redefine coercion and to stage popular consent. Third, in the process, the boundaries of the political were reinforced, emphasizing the friend/enemy difference fundamental to politics. Governance in the aftermath of the Emergency placed an overt reliance on consent over coercion, but in ways that are themselves significant. Categories of culture and community, and related forms of social distinction, gained in importance over earlier developmental distinctions premised on an authoritarian relationship between state and the people. The change meant a shift away from the Nehruvian focus on the economy as the crucial arena of nation-building, involving labour as the key modality of citizenship. Instead, culture and community became the categories that gained political salience in the period of economic liberalization. The mass media were central to this redefinition of the political, multiplying in size and reach, and acquiring market-sensitive forms of address couched in the rhetoric of individual choice. These events, I suggest, are critical to understanding the formation of the new middle class in India, as a category that increasingly defines itself through cultural and consumerist forms of identity, and is less identified with the state.

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Sahoo, S., A. Singh, G. Himabindu, et al. "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 4 (2006): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507714103.

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14

Srinivasan, Sharada. "GODDESS WORSHIP AND THE DANCING FORM: EXPLORING RITUAL IN INDIAN PREHISTORY AND SOUTH INDIAN ANTIQUITY." Lietuvos archeologija Lietuvos archeologija T. 47 (December 31, 2021): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386514-047007.

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The Indian subcontinent has been one of the regions of the world where the worship of goddesses has been amongst the most longstanding. The seminal work of Marija Gimbutas on the Neolithic and Copper Age settlements of southeastern Europe and particularly her explorations into the feminine forms of the period as possible expressions of Goddess worship have implications for the material culture of the Indian subcontinent in ways that have perhaps not been adequately addressed. Equally, insights into some of the surviving trajectories of rituals and iconographies of goddess worship might serve to throw more light on enigmatic aspects of archaeological finds including from the Neolithic, not just in the context of the subcontinent but elsewhere in antiquity. The paper also sets out to explore the place of the dancing form in ritual particularly with respect to goddess worship, which emerged as a more distinctive feature of Indian antiquity than in many other parts of the world. Keywords: Goddess, Neolithic, Harappan, South India, Dance, Ritual.

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15

Wallace, Douglas C., and Antonio Torroni. "American Indian Prehistory as Written in the Mitochondrial DNA: A Review." Human Biology 81, no. 5-6 (2009): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/027.081.0602.

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16

Fowler, Melvin L. ": Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present . R. Douglas Hurt." American Anthropologist 91, no. 3 (1989): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00530.

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17

CUCH, FORREST S. "Ute Indian Arts and Culture: From Prehistory to the New Millennium." Utah Historical Quarterly 70, no. 1 (2002): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45062705.

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Wallace, Douglas C., and Antonio Torroni. "American Indian Prehistory as Written in the Mitochondrial DNA: A Review." Human Biology 81, no. 5-6 (2009): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2009.a381865.

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19

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. "Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume I: Prehistory--Archaeology of South Asia (review)." Asian Perspectives 42, no. 2 (2003): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2003.0032.

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20

Loma, Aleksandar. "*Rěc', *slovo, *besěda: Etymology and semantic prehistory." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864199l.

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Common Slavic words *r?c', *slovo and *bes?da all came to express, in different Slavic languages, the linguistic notion of 'word, speech', but each of those apparent synonyms has a (pre)history of its own. That of *r?c' is the least complicated: as a verbal noun from *rekti 'to say', it stands in the closest relationship to its object, which may explain the semantic development to 'thing'. *Slovo goes back to PIE *kl?uos 'fame', which is also the prevalent meaning of its cognates in IE languages. As an exception Avestan sravah- does not mean 'word', as it had been taken for granted for a long time, but rather 'eulogy, hymn'. Not unlike it -and Homeric Pl. kl?a andr?n- Pre-Christian *slovo seems to have been a solemn, especially commemorative speech, a funeral lamentation, an epic poem. In translating the Holy Scripture into Slavonic it apparently met Greek logos in the rhetorical part of its semantic field, and only secondarily expanded onto the lexical one. As for *bes?da, its proper sense is 'a speech in public', which developed from 'a meeting(-place) in the open'; it is convincingly analyzable as *bez-s?da, 'sitting outside', a compound etymologically matched, in Old Indian, by the adjective bahih-sad- meaning the same (used of a gambler).

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21

Pappu, Shanti, Kumar Akhilesh, Sudha Ravindranath, and Uday Raj. "Applications of satellite remote sensing for research and heritage management in Indian prehistory." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 9 (2010): 2316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.04.005.

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22

Horton, Mark, Nicole Boivin, and Alison Crowther. "Eastern Africa and the Early Indian Ocean: Understanding Mobility in a Globalising World." Journal of Egyptian History 13, no. 1-2 (2021): 380–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340063.

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Abstract This paper situates Eastern Africa in the early maritime trade of the Indian Ocean, reviewing evidence for connections from Egypt and Red Sea, the Gulf, and Southeast Asia from prehistory to the Islamic Period. The region played a pivotal role in developing global networks, but we argue that it has become the “forgotten south” in an era of emerging empires. One reason for this is a lack of understanding of maritime mobility around the rim of the Indian Ocean, often undertaken by small scale or specialist groups, including sea nomads. These groups are characterised as marginalised and victimised during globalisation, yet dualising into categories—such as “exploiter” and “exploiting”—oversimplifies what was almost certainly in reality a complex array of roles and activities, both in the context of East Africa and elsewhere around the Indian Ocean. Through modern scientific-based excavation and analysis, we can now begin to more fully understand these interactions.

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23

Kramer-Taylor, Elanor. "Forging the West Indian Nation: Federation and Caribbean Activism in Post-war Britain, 1945–60." Modern British History 35, no. 2 (2024): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwae032.

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Abstract This article explores how Caribbean activists living in Britain after 1945 engaged with the movement for the West Indies Federation. By considering overlooked organizations such as the Caribbean Labour Congress, London Branch (CLC) and the West Indian Workers and Students Association (WIWSA), it shows that, first, Britain became a hub for Caribbean nationalism and support for Federation in the post-war years. Secondly, it argues that the West Indies Federation of 1958–62 significantly influenced the formation of important British Caribbean institutions, such as the West Indian Gazette and the Caribbean Carnival. In contrast to traditional narratives regarding post-war Caribbean political activity in Britain, which often treat the 1950s conjuncture through the lens of race and of the prehistory of a ‘multi-cultural’ Britain, this article seeks to recover a moment when British Caribbean activism was moved by a broader, transnational, self-consciously ‘West Indian’ nationalist movement. In doing so, it reveals the significance of the West Indies Federation, and Caribbean decolonization more broadly, to the Caribbean diaspora in Britain, and their political activities. Moreover, it illustrates how diasporic and exilic communities and figures continued to play an important role in anti-colonial and nation-building projects.

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Herrera, Michael B., Vicki A. Thomson, Jessica J. Wadley, et al. "East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 160787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160787.

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The colonization of Madagascar by Austronesian-speaking people during AD 50–500 represents the most westerly point of the greatest diaspora in prehistory. A range of economically important plants and animals may have accompanied the Austronesians. Domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus ) are found in Madagascar, but it is unclear how they arrived there. Did they accompany the initial Austronesian-speaking populations that reached Madagascar via the Indian Ocean or were they late arrivals with Arabian and African sea-farers? To address this question, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA control region diversity of modern chickens sampled from around the Indian Ocean rim (Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Madagascar). In contrast to the linguistic and human genetic evidence indicating dual African and Southeast Asian ancestry of the Malagasy people, we find that chickens in Madagascar only share a common ancestor with East Africa, which together are genetically closer to South Asian chickens than to those in Southeast Asia. This suggests that the earliest expansion of Austronesian-speaking people across the Indian Ocean did not successfully introduce chickens to Madagascar. Our results further demonstrate the complexity of the translocation history of introduced domesticates in Madagascar.

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25

Ankit, Rakesh. "Bureaucracy, Community, and Land: The Resettlement of Meos in Mewat, 1949–50." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2019): 306–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy119.

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Abstract This article documents in detail hitherto unavailable what Shail Mayaram called an “onslaught by the modern bureaucracy of the postcolonial state” on the liminally placed Meo community in the Mewat region, comprising the former princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur and the Gurgaon district of the former province of East Punjab. A people well-described as “in-between Hinduism and Islam,” the Meo community found itself, at a time of “two-nation” theory and consequent “partition politics,” a misfit. This article begins in 1949, when existing accounts of the story of the Meos end and traces the fraught process of their reterritorialization on their own land, now part of a partitioned nation state. Given the current ascendant culturally nationalist Indian state and society, it represents the Mewat of 1949–50 as a community lab of the early Indian nation state; tests its claims of parity, equality, and freedom; and provides a “prehistory” of the contemporary violence there.

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26

Voorhies, Barbara. "The Deep Prehistory of Indian Gaming: Possible Late Archaic Period Game Boards at the Tlacuachero Shellmound, Chiapas, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 24, no. 1 (2013): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.24.1.98.

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Ten or more features, each consisting originally of an open circle formed by a series of small holes, are present on two Late Archaic superimposed prepared floors at a shellmound on the outer coast of Chiapas, Mexico. These puzzling features bear a strong resemblance to ethnographic and ethnohistoric scoreboards used in indigenous dice games. Accordingly, the approximately 5,000 year-old features also were most likely game boards. Archaeologists have traced other Mesoamerican games into deep prehistory, including rubber ball games and another dice game known in Aztec times as patolli. These data provide evidence for the cultural importance and longevity of gaming in Mesoamerica.

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27

Khan, Razak. "Introduction." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 2 (2020): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8524215.

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Abstract The current turn in the histories of modern India and Germany is a movement away from their respective national and linguistic boundaries toward exploration of global connections and resultant entanglements. It has been facilitated by new interventions made by transnational and transregional histories, which have become more prominent, both intellectually and institutionally, in Germany with the rise of the Global History approach in recent years. Modern South Asian history, too, has successfully moved beyond the colonial and nationalist framework to explore the larger terrain of Indian Ocean history as well as the wider connections both within and beyond the British Empire. These developments have given rise to an exciting meeting point that brings modern Indian and German histories together. The essays in this special section are focused on connections forged in Germany and, specifically, in Berlin, while also tracing the prehistory and afterlives in the colony and newly independent nations in South Asia. At the same time, our articles locate Indo-German histories within a wider global context as well.

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Ghani, Naghmana. "Govinda Chandra Rath Tribal Development in India: The Contemporary Debate. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 2006. 340 Pages. Paperback. Indian Rs 450.00." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 1 (2006): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i1pp.140-142.

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The word ‘Tribe’ denotes a group of people living in primitive or barbarous conditions. It is a social group with territorial affiliation, endogamous with no specialisation of functions. They have a headman or a chief who controls the activities of that group. Tribals have several sub-groups all of them together known as ‘Tribal Society’. It is really difficult to say whether they are Indigenous or not but they are the earliest settlers of India. They were inhabitants of forests since prehistory and even now some of these groups follow the same trends and live in forests. Tribals constitute around 8.08 percent of the total Indian population, and of the total tribal population around 80 percent are found in Central India.

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Patnaik, Utsa. "The social reproduction of labour in the context of the work of women: Past and present." Studies in People's History 7, no. 2 (2020): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448920967895.

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After the primary role that Gordon Childe assigned to women in prehistory in both the beginnings of agriculture and cattle-domestication, women have been placed at an inferior position in both the realms of production and consumption. Even when they were employed in factories after the Industrial Revolution, they were paid much lower wages than men workers. As Marx pointed out, however, wages have to cover the entire family expenses, and, on this count, wage-levels in colonial countries, even after ‘decolonisation’, have not reached appropriate levels. In colonial India, owing both to tribute and free trade, Indian labouring women, for example, spinners, suffered very grievous hardship. Today it is essential that poverty-lines should be raised and minimum wages adjusted to subsistence needs.

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30

Kapur, Manav. "India’s Citizenship (Amendment) Act: A Throwback to Debates around the ‘Long Partition’." Statelessness & Citizenship Review 3, no. 1 (2021): 208–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr3001.1119.

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My paper examines the prehistory of India’s controversial new Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 (‘CAA’), which expedites citizenship procedures for non-Muslim minorities from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Through looking at a longue durée examination of British India's Partition, I argue that the Partition's dislocation conflated the otherwise oppositional categories of ‘citizen’ and ‘refugee’ in the formative years of the Republic. Through examining Constituent Assembly and parliamentary debates, judicial precedents and archival files and file notings between 1947–65, I demonstrate how taking responsibility for non-Muslims in Pakistan went hand in hand with ring fencing Muslims at a point where the relationship between the state, citizenship and nationality was abruptly prised open. Rather than an aberration, therefore, the CAA is the culmination of a strand of ideas and decisions that have informed Indian citizenship since Independence, which perhaps a refugee law could go some way to ameliorate.

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Patti, Felicia, Yasaman Taheri, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Miquel Martorell, William C. Cho, and Raffaele Pezzani. "Erythrina suberosa: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities." Medicines 6, no. 4 (2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6040105.

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Plants are a great and irreplaceable source of medicines, fuel, food, energy and even cosmetics. Since prehistory, humans have learned to use plants for survival, growth and proliferation and still today it relies on natural and cultivated vegetables for food and the source of novel compounds with pharmacological activity. Not only herbs and flowers, but also trees are used. Indeed, Erythrina suberosa Roxb. is a deciduous tree of the family Fabaceae, common in Southeast Asia. In India, E. suberosa is called the “corky coral tree” or simply the “Indian coral tree”, given its peculiar red-orange flowers that can flower throughout the year and its corky irregular bark covered by prickles. It is a plant commonly used as an ornamental tree, but it also holds ethnopharmacological and socioeconomic uses. This article explored phytobiological features of E. suberosa, analysing its taxonomy, examining its traditional and common uses and investigating its bioactive components and pharmacological properties.

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Tabrani, Primadi. "CADIK SAMUDRA BOROBUDUR : Jenius Lokal Nusantara." Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 1, no. 1 (2014): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/b.nusantara.vol1.no1.a284.

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Dugout canoe is from prehistory. It develops to become outrigger canoe: catamaran, one out- rigger and two outrigger. Then it is equipped with sails. After that came the plank built outrigger. There are still many mystery about the development of dugout canoeinto plank built outrigger. When and where does it appear? What about its dispersal so that outrigger canoe is every where in Austronesia?  The ocean outrigger vessel as seen in the Borobudur relief, is a Nusantara local jenius. It is for voyages between islands, trading, passenger, war, even ocean liner. With this kind of ship Sriwijaya and Majapahit became great maritime kingdom, not only in South East Asia, but also in Asia and in the world as well.With this kind of ship, Nusantara are able to wander to the Pacific, the Indian and the Atlantic, all three Ocean in the world. At those times, Nusantara is the only people that are able to do that.

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Hansen, Ole Thirup Kastholm. "Forfalsket forhistorie – Arkæologisk svindel og selvbedrag." Kuml 52, no. 52 (2003): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v52i52.102636.

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Faking prehistoryForgery and self-deception in archaeologyThe object of this essay is to explain the significance of archaeological frauds in the perception of prehistory. The motives and consequences of the frauds concerned are illustrated by a series of case stories. These case stories span from quite harmless banal frauds, through unscrupulous ideological falsification of history, to the borderland between forgery and self-deception. It turns out that only a few archaeological frauds have been produced in order to make money or for similar purposes, while the majority are side products of nationalistic and patriotic conceptions. This implies that archaeology in a societal context is a powerful science even though this is hardly ever reflected in the size of economic provision for the discipline.The Cardiff Giant (fig. 1) emerged in 1869 in the State of New York. It was claimed by the finder, together with the owner of the land where the Giant was found, to be a fossil man, or maybe a statue of an ancient deity. Although it was denounced by most scientists as a hoax, people flocked to the sight. And the finder made large quantities of money by selling tickets and snacks to the visitors. After three months of financial success he admitted that the Giant was made of gypsum, and that he had buried it himself at dead of night.In the case of the Davenport Conspiracy (Iowa, 1877) the successful amateur archaeologist Jacob Gass excavated a number of slates covered with mysterious engravings. At first the local scientists were impressed, but it soon turned out that the slates were a hoax. It was later revealed that the hoax had not been perpetrated by Gass himself. Envious amateur scientists seeking to give him an untrustworthy image had planted the slates.The tale of the notorious Piltdown hoax began in 1908-15 in Sussex, England, when amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson found what seemed to be human fossil remains – pieces of a human skull, an ape-like jawbone and a number of teeth. Due to geological circumstances the remains were dated as late Pliocene or early Pleistocene and were claimed to represent the “missing link” (figs. 2-3). But in 1954 fluorine, uranium and nitrogen dating exposed the human skull as of relatively recent age and the jawbone as being that of a recent orang-utan. Both had been treated with pigment to make them look old and alike. The forger has never been identified, though many speculations have circulated. Thus the motives for the hoax are still unclear. The original motive might have been a quest for personal glory within the scientific elite. But the timing of the hoax (in the same period as that when the human fossils of Java and Heidelberg were found) was perfect for the promotion of the British Isles. Prior to Piltdown Man almost all British archaeological finds on the isles were Neolithic, or even later. But now the evidence for human presence there was suddenly parallel to the Continent.Ever since the “discovery” of the Kensington rune stone, in Minnesota, USA, in 1898, it has been debated whether the stone is genuine or not. Most reputable scientists, however, think of the stone as a falsification produced by Scandinavian immigrants (fig. 4). This stone is just one example of several archaeological frauds in North America, concerning “Viking” artefacts in particular, but there are also frauds relating to Indian cultural and religious relics. A certain group of frauds relates to the geology and fauna of America, as well as early human presence, motivated by desire to construct a picture of this part of the world being older than Europe (fig. 5). The majority of the North American frauds seem to be an attempt to redress an inferiority complex in relation to Europe (The Old World). Furthermore these frauds often seem to feature a layman rising against the scientific elite. It was even at one stage proposed that the authenticity of the Kensington Rune Stone should be put to the vote (!).The anarchy which characterises the North American frauds was not at all at present in the historical falsifications of Nazi-Germany. Though the purpose was roughly the same: to promote the nation’s ancient glory. At the launch of The Third Reich in 1933 the young archaeologist Hans Reinerth (fig. 7) was appointed to lead Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte (The National Federation for German Prehistory), which was established under Albert Rosenberg’s Amt Rosenberg – the cultural department of Nazi-Germany. The aim of the Reichsbund was to promote the prehistory of Germanic culture and the idea of its superiority. The means were – among others – the monthly popular journal Germanen-Erbe (The Germanic Legacy) and the creation of museums of local archaeology and folk-lore. The journal contained articles and essays on excavations, research etc., deeply pervaded by nationalism and racism. And the museums had reconstructions on display that were far distant from the archaeological truth (fig. 6). All archaeologists, not just those who personally believed in the national-socialistic ideology, found that it was a good bargain – and almost a necessity – to support Nazi archaeology. The public funding of prehistoric archaeology was multiplied after 1933. In the period 1933-35 eight professorships in the discipline were established; archaeological departments were established at 25 universities; huge amounts were used on excavations and increases in wages. Before that prehistoric archaeology (i. e. North European archaeology) had been a low-status discipline compared with Classical and Near Oriental archaeology.On the rock of Runamo in Blekinge, Sweden, strange characters in rows have been known for ages (figs. 8-9). They were first mentioned by Saxo Grammaticus. Since then many attempts have been made to uncover whether this phenomenon was caused by Nature or by Man and – if the latter was the case – what the message might be. In 1832 the antiquarian Finnur Magnússon led an expedition to Runamo to expose the secret once and for all. Magnússon’s romantic mind and almost blind faith in the Norse sagas, along with the influence of the expedition’s unreliable geologist, J. G. Forchhammer, led him (after months of research) to the conclusion that the characters were runes referring to the epic battle of Bråvalla. This resulted in publication of a 700-page paper in 1841. But as early as 1844 the young Danish pioneer archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae systematically rejected the thesis: the “runes” were in fact a natural phenomenon and Magnússon’s faith in Norse sagas as a historical source was outdated; furthermore his naive confidence in the geologist’s conclusions was unprofessional. The hitherto honoured antiquarian was subjected to public ridicule, became sick and died in debt three years later. This case is of course not a traditional forgery. But an individual’s subjective, romantic conception of his “national” prehistory – leading to self-deception – takes on the same nature as the majority of the forgeries and frauds mentioned here.The majority of archaeological frauds have ideological or patriotic undertones even though the motives may be selfish. The persistent character of the frauds – e.g. the North American hoaxes and the prehistory propaganda of Nazi-Germany – shows that archaeology is a mighty societal and political force. It is part of an ongoing battle over what is the truth about our prehistory.But what about today – is archaeological forgery a thing of the past? Of course in some totalitarian states falsification of history occurs, but in our world traditional forgery is probably a rare occurrence, primarily because of the high level of documentation and verification of archaeological material and its context. The “truth” about our prehistory is today mostly determined by the large – and still growing – number of experimental centres, open air museums etc., which are more or less trustworthy. In this popular dissemination of prehistory – live – stereotyped prejudices are often promoted. Thus, for example, the countless number of “Viking re-enactment museums” display too many identical replicas of the Oseberg tent; too many Hedeby houses; too many Ribe lots – all populated by souvenir selling Vikings and upper-class Vikings, dressed as if no common people and slaves ever existed in the Viking Age.Producing and displaying stereotyped prehistory to please the masses and to make money. This is perhaps the fashionable form of faking prehistory today.Ole Thirup Kastholm HansenInstitute of Archaeology and EthnologyUniversity of Copenhagen

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Scarre, Chris. "EDITORIAL." Antiquity 89, no. 344 (2015): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.17.

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In December 2014 the International Monetary Fund announced that a long-anticipated milestone had been passed and that China had overtaken the USA to become the world's largest economy. Given the size of the Chinese population, numbering 1.4 billion people (or almost 20% of all those alive today) that is perhaps not a surprise, and in terms of individual living standards, China has some way to go before its citizens achieve the same average income level as those of western Europe or North America. The growth of the Chinese economy has been echoed in the expansion of its archaeology, and articles on the prehistory and early historic societies of China have featured regularly in recent issues of Antiquity. The current issue is no exception, and in particular includes an article about one of the rather puzzling episodes in the Chinese past: the overseas voyages of the Ming admiral Zheng He (see below pp. 417–32). Between 1403 and 1433, Zheng He led seven imperially sponsored missions, each of them on a massive scale, around the coasts of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, reaching as far afield as Aden and East Africa.

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IOANA, Adrian, Daniela TUFEANU, Dragos Florin MARCU, et al. "HISTORICAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED MANKIND." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 3 (2021): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.03.131.

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This article presents discoveries and inventions from different periods of mankind, which played an important role in social and technological evolution. Thus, from the period of the Ancient World (prehistory - 400 AD), we present: the appearance of stone tools (which occurred in East Africa and belongs to the first hominids); pottery (appeared in 10500 BC); the development of metallurgy (began in the Middle East, around 6500 BC); the invention of the ox-drawn plow (which occurred around 4000 BC); the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt (2600 BC); the development of iron processing (as part of the development of metallurgy, it occurred around 1400 BC); modernization of papermaking technology (attributed to Tsai Lun, China, around 105 AD); Another historical period that we analyzed in terms of discoveries and innovations that revolutionized humanity was the Middle Ages (400 - 1500). Thus, from this period we presented the following discoveries and inventions: the discovery of the number zero (occurred in 520 and belongs to Indian mathematicians); woodcut printing (appeared in sixth century China); the first printed newspaper (year 700); the development of algebra (it belongs to the Greek mathematician Diophantos, 3rd century AD); gunpowder (it was discovered around 850); the establishment of the University of Bologna (made in 1088); The last period approached was the current one. From this period we presented the following discoveries: magnetism - a new form of electricity; devices controlled only by hand gestures.

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Bauer, Andrew M., and Peter G. Johansen. "Prehistoric Mortuary Practices and the Constitution of Social Relationships: Implications of the First Radiocarbon Dates from Maski on the Occupational History of a South India “Type Site”." Radiocarbon 57, no. 5 (2015): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18341.

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In 1954, B K Thapar excavated the multicomponent site of Maski (Raichur District, Karnataka) to establish an archaeological sequence for the southern Deccan region of India. Thapar identified four major periods of occupation, now known as the Neolithic (3000–1200 BC), Iron Age (1200–300 BC), Early Historic (300 BC to AD 500), and the Medieval periods (AD 500–1600). Renewed research at the site by the Maski Archaeological Research Project (F.1/8/2009-EE) has investigated the development of social differences and inequalities in south Indian prehistory. This article reports the first ever radiocarbon assays from habitation and megalithic burial contexts in the vicinity of Maski. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates of charcoal sampled from exposed occupational strata on Maski's Durgada Gudda hill and subsequent Bayesian analyses indicate that the site was extensively occupied during the 14th century AD, corroborating interpretations of numismatic and inscriptional materials. Associated artifacts with these 14C samples have significant implications for recognizing late Medieval period ceramics and occupation in the region. AMS assays of four charcoal samples from exposed megalithic burials just south of the Durgada Gudda hill, similar to those recognized by Thapar, indicate that burial practices commonly attributed to the Iron Age predate the period, and thus are not precise chronological markers. However, the results also suggest that megalithic burial practices became more labor intensive during the Iron Age, creating a cultural context for the generation of new forms of social affiliations and distinctions through differential participation in the production of commemorative places.

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Tabrani, Primadi. "INFO INFO YANG MENDEBARKAN: Punden Berundak, Toba Purba, Banjir Besar, Wawasan Nusantara, Gunung Padang." Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 1, no. 2 (2014): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/b.nusantara.vol1.no2.a410.

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This article is not yet a real research; it is more as a deep reflection. But those deep reflections are worth to be researched thoroughly by experts from many fields of study integratingly. Thinking of people in land-continent with many countries as Europe is different then thinking of people in one country as Indonesia, a maritime-continent. In land-continents thinking, sea is to separte, in maritime-continent Indonesia with its islands, sea is to unite, wawasan Nusantara as old as prehistory. Each countryin a land-continent are eager to differentiate and defend to other countries by ethnic, language, religion, ideology, while in Indonsia as a maritime-continent, we is one country, several parts are slightly different but we are “one”: “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika”. In land-continent countries, a city with walls fortification, a country with great walls fortification are usual. While it is not so in Maritime-continent Indonesia, as is Trowulan the capital of the great empire Majapahit. Our school books says that the population of Indonesia comes from Asia, 5000 BC and 2000BC, while it is known that the migration of homosapiens has reach West Nusantara about 60 – 80.000 BC, and experienced the ancient Toba Mountain great explosion and the three great floods.The west theory said that Indonesia is a country between two continents and two aceans, where culture, etnic, nation, religion, etc, criss cross ofer it. So Indonesia ’has nothing’. No local genius. Nusantara people cruises the Pacific and Indian ocean before Christ, the Atlantic in the first century. What about ”Atlantis” and ”Eden in the East” situated in Sundaland, that alter the world culture, history & development? Has all this a connection with the mistery of Gunung Padang? Keywords: Land-continent thinking, Maritime-continent thinking, Wawasan Nusantara, BhinnekaTunggal Ika, Gunung Padang.

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Sharma, Bhanu Dev. "Folk Art: The Modern Form of Prehistoric Indian Art." REVIEW JOURNAL PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL SCIENCE L, no. 1 (2025): 180–84. https://doi.org/10.31995/rjpss.2025.v50i01.024.

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This research paper explores the evolution of Indian folk art as a modern manifestation of prehistoric Indian art. It examines how early humans used pictorial representations as a means of expression in the absence of a written language, leading to the development of various folk art traditions over time. By analyzing prehistoric cave paintings and their transition into established folk art forms such as Madhubani, Warli, Gond, and Bhil paintings, this study highlights the continuity of artistic expression in India. The research underscores the significance of simple lines, symbolic imagery, and cultural narratives in both prehistoric and folk art, illustrating how visual storytelling has remained a fundamental aspect of Indian artistic heritage.

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Stuart, Paul H., and Carol I. Mason. "Introduction to Wisconsin Indians: Prehistory to Statehood." American Indian Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1990): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185063.

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Kumar, Prashant, and Beenum Yadav. "Resonance of Traditions: Ancient Bhartiya Communication in a Contemporary Context." Journal of Communication and Management 2, no. 03 (2023): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.58966/jcm2023238.

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India is one of the oldest and most diverse civilizations in the world. It has a rich and varied history of communication, spanning from prehistoric times to the modern era. Ancient India was a diverse and complex society that developed various forms of communication over time. India has witnessed the development and evolution of various forms of communication, such as symbols, languages, scripts, literature, art, media, and technology. India has also contributed to the global communication system through its inventions, innovations, and influences. Ancient Indians used different languages, scripts, symbols, gestures, arts, and technologies to communicate with each other and with other cultures. Some of the main aspects of ancient Indian communication

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Bhattacharya, D. K. "Anthropology in Prehistoric Archaeology : The Indian Scene." Journal of Human Ecology 11, no. 1 (2000): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2000.11907528.

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Koehler, Lyle, Sylvio Acatos, and Barbara Fritzemeier. "Pueblos: Prehistoric Indian Cultures of the Southwest." American Indian Quarterly 18, no. 4 (1994): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185410.

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Creamer, Winifred, Maximilien Bruggmann, Sylvio Acatos, and Barbara Fritzemeier. "Pueblos: Prehistoric Indian Cultures of the Southwest." Ethnohistory 39, no. 3 (1992): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482309.

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Peter Itambu, Makarius. "Transoceanic Interconnectivities Between India- Tanzania Coastal Communities from the Antiquity to Contemporaries: The Archaeologic Perspectives from the Ancient Maritime Trade Connections via the Indian Ocean." Journal of Indian Ocean Studies 31, no. 1 (2023): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jios.2023.31.01.3.

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The currently available archaeological and historical records indicate that since the prehistoric times, India and Tanzania shared a very long antiquity in terms of human civilization through the Indian Ocean maritime trade especially during the Neolithic period in aspects such as maritime trade links, ancient technology transfer, and intermarriages, expressly in monumental built heritage assets along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Outstandingly, the East African coast and its offshore islands preserve a lot of ancient remnants of built heritage assets, religious and symbolic entities, and socio-cultural traditions. Archaeologically, Swahili culture, which is one of the most powerful African civilizations along the coastal towns and littoral regions in East Africa is to some extent predisposed and inspired by Indian elements of early civilizations. The prehistoric contacts between the Indian Ocean communities of East Africa and Indian subcontinent have left some legacies in terms of language, crop and animal domestication, trade, architecture, and intermarriage. Some of these cultural elements are clearly visible in the forms of a spectacular series of historic stone towns along the coast and littoral regions of Tanzania for instance, especially ones that contain ruins of houses, mosques, and tombs built of coral limestones are typically Indian heritage inspired, which significantly influenced coastal and littoral societal socio-cultural developments in Tanzania.

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Meggers, Betty J., and Anna Roosevelt. "Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, no. 1 (1996): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034679.

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Muratorio, Blanca, and Anna Roosevelt. "Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 1 (1997): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517077.

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Muratorio, Blanca. "Amazonian Indians From Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 1 (1997): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-77.1.100.

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Turner II, Christy G. "Dental Transfigurement and its Potential for Explaining the Evolution of Post-Archaic Indian Culture in the American Southwest." Dental Anthropology Journal 14, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v14i1.177.

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The term "dental transfirgurement" is suggested for the non-therapeutic modification of prehistoric teeth. In North America, prehistoric dental transfigurement was a common practice only in Mesoamerica. Hence, among the few explanations possible for the rare occurrences of dental transfigurement in the prehistoric American Southwest, the msot likely one is migration, that is, the actual presence of Mesoamericans who traveled to and subsequently died in the American Southwest. One case, especially, may contribute to understanding the rapid development of the large planned prehistoric towns in and around Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. This case, the oldest example of prehistoric American Southwest dental transfigurement known so far, was part of a mass burial in one of the rooms that N. M. Judd excavated at Pueblo Bonito - a room that Judd believed had been built during the initial phase of construction of this great Chacoan town.

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Heilman, J. M., Duane C. Anderson, and Christopher Turnbow. "Exploring Fort Ancient Culture: Dayton's Prehistoric Indian Village." Museum Anthropology 14, no. 1 (1990): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.1990.14.1.17.

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Kolodny, A. "Fictions of American Prehistory: Indians, Archeology, and National Origin Myths." American Literature 75, no. 4 (2003): 693–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-75-4-693.

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