Academic literature on the topic 'Indians (N.A.): Osage'

This paper examines the investigative nonfiction book Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI by David Grann, which explores a series of murders of vulnerable members of the Osage tribe that took place in northeastern Oklahoma between 1918 and 1931. Grann’s account reveals how white citizens, ranchers, and townsfolk conspired against their Native American neighbors in a scheme involving poisoning, arson, deception, and falsified death certificates. The direct motivation for these crimes was greed triggered by income from oil deposits discovered in the land where the Osage were relocated after a century of broken treaties and other misfortunes. Furthermore, the paper explores how the supposed animality of the victims was employed to conceal and excuse genocidal tendencies against Native tribes, and how contemporary Native American accounts attest to their sense of unreality, resulting in the unclear status and uncanny subsistence of a living person reduced to the status of a ghost. In a broader perspective this paper discusses the colonization of America and its impact on the indigenous tribes who already inhabited the land. The demeaning metaphor of Indians as beasts yielded to a more palatable representation of the Noble Savage, but the accusations of bestiality returned when the tribes attempted to protect their way of living. The colonizers believed that by not cultivating the land and not building large, permanent communities, the indigenous tribes had forfeited their title to the land; those who resisted were conveniently labeled as pests to justify their inevitable erasure. The paper recalls rarely cited evidence, dating back to the history of the suppression of the 1652 Irish rebellion, to examine the multitudinous ways in which language played an important part in justifying the supposed animality of the indigenous people and eradicating them to make room for governmentauthorized settlers.

Abstract The influence of explant (shoot-tip, node, or internode), growth regulators, liquid pretreatment, and Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt concentrations on callus, shoot, and root production was determined for Osage-orange [Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid]. Shoots proliferated from both shoot-tip (three shoots/explant) and nodal (two shoots/explant) sections, but not from internodes. Optimum growth regulator concentrations for shoot proliferation were 0.5 µm IBA, 6 µm BA, and 3 µm GA. A 48-hr pretreatment of liquid-modified MS medium (MMS) did not enhance shoot proliferation. Internode sections produced more callus than shoot-tip or nodal sections with the highest production (620 mm3) on MMS medium plus 0.5 µm IBA and 4 µm BA. Micropropagated shoots rooted best on half-strength MS salts plus 2.5 µm IBA. Plant-let survival in the greenhouse after 2 months was > 70%. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA).