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Journal articles on the topic 'Indians of Central America Guatemala Guatemala'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Rey, Nicolás. "LA MOVILIZACIÓN DE LOS GARÍFUNAS PARA PRESERVAR SUS TIERRAS «ANCESTRALES» EN GUATEMALA." Revista Pueblos y fronteras digital 4, no. 8 (December 1, 2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2009.8.171.

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Livingston, en el noreste de Guatemala, es la «ciudad negra» de ese país que cuenta con una población de mayoría maya. Los derechos de los garífunas, mayas y xincas —recuperación de tierras ancestrales, valorización de su identidad y desarrollo socioeconómico— fueron inscritos en los Acuerdos de Paz, 1995-1996. Este artículo, resultado de una amplia investigación, presenta la increíble trayectoria de los garífunas: - un pueblo «en resistencia» nacido en las Antillas Menores, del encuentro entre indígenas caribes y negros cimarrones durante la colonización y la esclavitud; luego deportado a América Central, - que está reconquistando «espacios» como la tierra, lo político... gracias a una dinámica social compleja que une los vivos a los muertos —culto a los ancestros—, en alianza a veces con otros grupos mayas y ladinos. ABSTRACT Livingston, in the northeast of Guatemala, is a «black city» in a country with a predominantly Maya population. The rights of the Garinagu, Maya and Xinca—the recovery of their ancestral lands, the value placed on their identity, and socio-economic development—were enshrined in the peace agreements (1995-1996). This article, resulting from an extensive research project, describes the incredible story of the Garinagu: - a people in «resistance» born in the Lesser Antilles from the encounter between Carib Indians and black runaway slaves, during colonization and slavery, later deported to Central America - who are reconquering «spaces» such as land and politics, thanks to a complex social dynamic that links those who are alive to the dead —ancestor worship—, occasionally in conjunction with other groups —Maya, Ladinos—.

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2

MacLeod, Murdo J. "“Strange Lands and Different Peoples”: Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Guatemala and Indians and the Political Economy of Colonial Central America, 1670–1810." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 45, no. 2 (August 2014): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_00711.

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3

Lovell, W. George. "Presidential Address: A Rainbow of Spanish Illusions: Research Frontiers in Colonial Guatemala." Ethnohistory 66, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-7517850.

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Abstract Compared still to what we know about Mexico and Peru, the historiography of colonial Guatemala, despite notable advances, continues to lag behind, registering minimally in the Latin American scholarly imagination. The field is surveyed by examining some of the issues that have intrigued the author over the course of his career. Personal reflections are offered of research activities that engage indigenous resistance to Spanish intrusion, demographic collapse in the wake of conquest, the link between disease outbreaks and Maya demise, and the role played by Pedro de Alvarado (1485–1541) in attaining imperial objectives. Scrutiny of the Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, a sixteenth-century source the contents of which have been incisively reappraised, affords fuller appreciation of strategic Indian involvement in the act of subjugation. Alvarado, a key protagonist in the conquest of Mexico, also harbored ambitions to muscle in on the conquest of Peru, a little-known episode that awaits further investigation. The conqueror’s own life, like Central America itself, may indeed have been a rainbow of Spanish illusions, pots of gold dreamed of, lost and found at native expense.

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4

Bushnell, David. "The Indian Policy of Jujuy Province, 1835-1853." Americas 55, no. 4 (April 1999): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008322.

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The changing status of the Indian population in postindependence Spanish America has been a major theme of historical research and writing, with primary emphasis for obvious reasons on the cases of Mexico and Peru. Bolivia and Guatemala have received a secondary share of attention, but other countries have been relatively ignored. Certainly the case of Argentina is seldom cited save in connection with the ebb and flow of the frontier between Creole settlements and semiautonomous native peoples of the Pampa and Patagonia. The latter story, of course, has more in common with that of westward expansion in the United States than with the situation of settled Indian communities in Mexico or the central Andes. But there are some exceptions even in Argentina, involving native communities more akin to those of Cuzco or Chiapas than to the original inhabitants of Kansas and Wyoming or of the Argentine Pampa.

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5

Adams, Richard N. "The Conquest Tradition of Mesoamerica." Americas 46, no. 2 (October 1989): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007079.

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To observe that events are determined by historical antecedents is hardly informative. What is difficult about history is that it is rarely equally easy to find out how the past shapes the future. Central America presents an interesting case in which indigenous cultures and Spanish conquest have succeeded in reproducing old geographical patterns while the cultures and societies therein have changed in extraordinary ways. The present paper suggests how it is that some of these cultural and social relational continuities, perhaps difficult to understand apart from this long tradition, may have continued down from the pre-Columbian period to the present. A key element in the process seems to lie in the ethnic relations, those relations that have been retained between Ladinos and the state on the one hand, and the highly populous Indian population of Guatemala.

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6

McDonald, H. Gregory, and Sylvia Lorena Dávila A. "Mammoths in Central America: New records from Guatemala." Quaternary International 443 (July 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.018.

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7

Obregón-Ponce, Ariel, Isa Iraheta, Helga García-Ferrer, Bayardo Mejia, and Abraham García-Kutzbach. "Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Diseases in Guatemala, Central America." JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 18, no. 4 (June 2012): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0b013e3182583803.

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8

Trujillo, Luis A., Raiza Barahona Fong, and Sergio G. Pérez. "Filling gaps in the distribution of the four free-tailed bat species of the genus Nyctinomops Miller, 1902 (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Molossidae), with three new records for Guatemala." Check List 16, no. 6 (December 24, 2020): 1747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.6.1747.

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We found the four species of Nyctinomops Miller, 1902 living in sympatry in central Guatemala. All specimens were found dead under turbines of a wind farm. Nyctinomops femorosaccus (Merriam, 1889), was previously known from northern Mexico and southwestern United States, and this record extends its distribution at least 1150 km southward, representing the first record for Guatemala and Central America. Although N. aurispinosus (Peale, 1848) and N. macrotis (Gray, 1839) were already known from Central America (Honduras), and these are the first records for Guatemala.

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9

Bader, Jim, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Domenico Otranto, and Filipe Dantas-Torres. "Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Guatemala, Central America." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 22 (December 2020): 100468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100468.

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10

KOHLMANN, BERT, ENIO CANO, and LEONARDO DELGADO. "New species and records of Copris (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Scarabaeinae) from Central America." Zootaxa 167, no. 1 (March 24, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.167.1.1.

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Two new species of Copris Geoffroy from Guatemala and Honduras are described and illustrated: Copris caliginosus sp. nov. and Copris nubilosus sp. nov. Both species are related to C. sallei Harold, which is redescribed and illustrated for the first time. A key for the remotus complex is also included. New distributional records of Copris are provided for five species and subspecies from Guatemala and El Salvador.

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11

Buck, William R., and Bruce Allen. "A New Species of Isopterygium (Pylaisiadelphaceae) from Central America." Polish Botanical Journal 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2013-0010.

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12

LANDOLT, PETER J., JOSÉ MONZÓN SIERRA, THOMAS R. UNRUH, and RICHARD S. ZACK. "A new species of Vespula, and first record of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Guatemala, Central America." Zootaxa 2629, no. 1 (September 29, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2629.1.4.

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Vespula akrei Landolt sp. nov. is described from Guatemala. The first record of Vespa crabro L. in Guatemala is given, and Vespula inexspectata Eck from Mexico is re-described. We place Vespula akrei sp. nov. in the Vespula vulgaris (L.) species group (= Paravespula Bluthgen) based on morphology, color pattern, and DNA sequences from two mitochrondrial genes. It is presently known only from the Sierra de las Minas mountain range in southeastern Guatemala.

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13

Lindo-Fuentes, Hector, and Wayne M. Clegern. "Origins of Liberal Dictatorship in Central America: Guatemala, 1865-1873." American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (October 1995): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168369.

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14

Grieb, Kenneth J., and Wayne M. Clegern. "Origins of Liberal Dictatorship in Central America: Guatemala, 1865-1873." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1995): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2518080.

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15

Mallia, J. G. "The Peel-Neck chicken of Belize and Guatemala, Central America." Animal Genetic Resources Information 25 (April 1999): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003473.

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SummaryA previously undescribed heavy, soft-feathered population of chickens characterised by a partially featherless portion of the neck known in Belize as the “Peel-Neck” was studied. It was also widely present in Guatemala. This population of chickens was said to have a dual purpose, raised for meat and eggs. The eggs were tinted, and the hens were sitters, also caring for the young until independent. The birds were active and independent foragers. The plumage colour was variable, but body weight and conformation were consistent across all specimens, as was the comb type and dimensions, and location of the featherless area on the neck. These chickens were kept under backyard rearing systems in both countries, although usually they were allowed to scavenge, at which they were said to excel. This population was not considered threatened, although apparently no attempt was made to breed pure specimens.

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16

Vanden, Harry E., and Thomas P. Anderson. "Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 4 (November 1990): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516600.

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Vanden, Harry E. "Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-70.4.698.

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18

Grieb, Kenneth J. "Origins of Liberal Dictatorship in Central America: Guatemala, 1865–1873." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-75.4.698.

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19

ALDRETE, ALFONSO N. GARCÍA. "New species of Lachesilla (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Lachesillidae), in species group corona, from southern Mexico and Central America." Zootaxa 4347, no. 2 (November 13, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4347.2.1.

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Sixteen species of Lachesilla in species group corona are here described and illustrated. Five of them are endemic to Guatemala, one each are endemic to Costa Rica and Panama, four and three species respectively are endemic to the Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, and two species are shared by Chiapas and Guatemala.

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20

Portillo Reyes, Hector Orlando. "LA MOSKITIA HONDUREÑA, EL LÍMITE MÁS AL NORTE DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL DEL OSO HORMIGUERO GIGANTE (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2014.4.2.195.

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RESUMENEl oso hormiguero gigante también conocido en Centro América como oso caballo (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), es una de las especies carismáticas del mundo. Se ha documentado en la literatura que los límites de la distribución más septentrional para esta especie son Belice y Guatemala. El mapa de su distribución para Centro América da inicio en toda la franja Caribe de Panamá e incluye todo el territorio de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador y una mínima porción de la costa del Caribe de Guatemala y Belice. Sin embargo, M. tridactyla no se registra en los últimos 100 años para Guatemala, Belice y El Salvador. En Honduras se realizaron diferentes monitoreos en la región Caribe y Moskitia registrándose fotocapturas del oso caballo únicamente en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Río Plátano y la Reserva propuesta de Rus Rus. Este análisis propone como límite septentrional de la distribución del M. tridactyla la región de la Moskitia hondureña, basados en la ausencia de esta especie en los listados actuales oficiales de los países de Guatemala, El Salvador y Belice, en la revisión bibliográfica para Centro América y en los monitoreos que se realizaron en la región Caribe y Moskitia hondureña. Palabras clave: Centro América, oso caballo, septentrional, Caribe, Moskitia.ABSTRACTThe giant anteater also known in Central America as oso caballo (Myrmecophaga. tridactyla), is one of the world’s charismatic species. It has been mentioned for different sources that giant anteater most northern limit distributions are Belize and Guatemala. The distribution map for Central America begins and extends throughout the Caribbean of Panama and includes the entire territory of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and a minimal portion of the Caribbean coast of Guatemala and Belize. However M. tridactyla is not recorded in the last 100 years in Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador. In Honduras several biological monitoring were performed in the Caribbean and the Moskitia region recorded evidence for the specie only for the Biosphere Reserve of Río Plátano and the biological Reserve of Rus Rus in the Moskitia region. This analysis propose as most northerly for M. tridactyla the Honduran Moskitia region, based in the absence on the most recent check list for Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize, also literature review for Central America and the biological monitoring performed in the Caribbean and Moskitia region. Keywords: Central America, giant anteater, Northern, Caribbean, Moskitia.

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21

Lawrimore, Jay H., Michael S. Halpert, Gerald D. Bell, Matthew J. Menne, Bradfield Lyon, Russell C. Schnell, Karin L. Gleason, et al. "Climate Assessment for 2000." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, no. 6s (June 1, 2001): S1—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/0003-0007-82.6.s1.

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The global climate in 2000 was again influenced by the long-running Pacific cold episode (La Niña) that began in mid-1998. Consistent with past cold episodes, enhanced convection occurred across the climatologically convective regions of Indonesia and the western equatorial Pacific, while convection was suppressed in the central Pacific. The La Niña was also associated with a well-defined African easterly jet located north of its climatological mean position and low vertical wind shear in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean, both of which contributed to an active North Atlantic hurricane season. Precipitation patterns influenced by typical La Niña conditions included 1) above-average rainfall in southeastern Africa, 2) unusually heavy rainfall in northern and central regions of Australia, 3) enhanced precipitation in the tropical Indian Ocean and western tropical Pacific, 4) little rainfall in the central tropical Pacific, 5) below-normal precipitation over equatorial east Africa, and 6) drier-than-normal conditions along the Gulf coast of the United States. Although no hurricanes made landfall in the United States in 2000, another active North Atlantic hurricane season featured 14 named storms, 8 of which became hurricanes, with 3 growing to major hurricane strength. All of the named storms over the North Atlantic formed during the August–October period with the first hurricane of the season, Hurricane Alberto, notable as the third-longest-lived tropical system since reliable records began in 1945. The primary human loss during the 2000 season occurred in Central America, where Hurricane Gordon killed 19 in Guatemala, and Hurricane Keith killed 19 in Belize and caused $200 million dollars of damage. Other regional events included 1) record warm January–October temperatures followed by record cold November–December temperatures in the United States, 2) extreme drought and widespread wildfires in the southern and western Unites States, 3) continued long-term drought in the Hawaiian Islands throughout the year with record 24-h rainfall totals in November, 4) deadly storms and flooding in western Europe in October, 5) a summer heat wave and drought in southern Europe, 6) monsoon flooding in parts of Southeast Asia and India, 7) extreme winter conditions in Mongolia, 8) extreme long-term drought in the Middle East and Southwest Asia, and 9) severe flooding in southern Africa. Global mean temperatures remained much above average in 2000. The average land and ocean temperature was 0.39°C above the 1880–1999 long-term mean, continuing a trend to warmer-than-average temperatures that made the 1990s the warmest decade on record. While the persistence of La Niña conditions in 2000 was associated with somewhat cooler temperatures in the Tropics, temperatures in the extratropics remained near record levels. Land surface temperatures in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere were notably warmer than normal, with annually averaged anomalies greater than 2°C in parts of Alaska, Canada, Asia, and northern Europe.

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22

García, David. "Cancuén, Guatemala: Sacred, Scientific and Sustainable." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.4.1378020r0017n84n.

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In 1998, the Vanderbilt Cancuén Archaeological Project began its research at sites south of the department of Petén, central Guatemala. Rooted in the heart of the jungle lay the remains of a great civilization that had lived there more than one thousand years ago. Since the beginning of the project, three simultaneous lines of action were planned: archaeological research; restoration of the structures; and a sustainable human development program for the nearby communities. The Project's director, Arthur Demarest, thought the latter program crucial. After twenty years of experience in archaeological research in Central America in conditions of civil war, he found the right conditions to develop a project that was sensitive to raise the living standards of the villages around Cancuén. The Peace Treaty and truce accorded by the National Revolutionary Guatemalan Union (URNG) and the Guatemalan government in 1996 assured that the war would not interfere with local aid and community development. Previous Vanderbilt human development projects in the Petexbatun area to the north had been halted by army and guerrilla intrusions.

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23

MAHONEY, JAMES. "Radical, Reformist and Aborted Liberalism: Origins of National Regimes in Central America." Journal of Latin American Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 221–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0100606x.

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During the twentieth century, the countries of Central America were characterised by remarkably different political regimes: military-authoritarianism in Guatemala and El Salvador, progressive democracy in Costa Rica and traditional-authoritarianism in Honduras and Nicaragua. This article explains these contrasting regime outcomes by exploring the agrarian and state-building reforms pursued by political leaders during the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberal reform period. Based on differences in the transformation of state and class structures, three types of liberalism are identified: radical liberalism in Guatemala and El Salvador, reformist liberalism in Costa Rica and aborted liberalism in Honduras and Nicaragua. It is argued that these types of liberalism set the Central American countries on contrasting paths of political development, culminating in diverse regime outcomes.

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Webre, Stephen, and Saul Landau. "The Guerrilla Wars of Central America: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (March 1995): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081866.

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Hwang, Soo Hyun. "The Identity Discourse of Central America and Racism: Focusing on Guatemala." Estudios Hispánicos 92 (September 30, 2019): 343–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21811/eh.92.343.

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Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P., and Saul Landau. "The Guerrilla Wars of Central America: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1995): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2518105.

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Dowsett, S. A., L. Archila, V. A. Segreto, G. J. Eckert, and M. J. Kowolik. "Periodontal disease status of an indigenous population of Guatemala, Central America." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 28, no. 7 (July 2001): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028007663.x.

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Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. "The Guerrilla Wars of Central America: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-75.4.730.

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Marceniuk, Alexandre P., and Ricardo Betancur-R. "Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species." Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no. 1 (March 2008): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000100004.

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The ariid genus Cathorops includes species that occur mainly in estuarine and freshwater habitats of the eastern and western coasts of southern Mexico, Central and South America. The species of Cathorops from the Mesoamerica (Atlantic slope) and Caribbean Central America are revised, and three new species are described: C. belizensis from mangrove areas in Belize; C. higuchii from shallow coastal areas and coastal rivers in the Central American Caribbean, from Honduras to Panama; and C. kailolae from río Usumacinta and lago Izabal basins in Mexico and Guatemala. Additionally, C. aguadulce, from the río Papaloapan basin in Mexico, and C. melanopus from the río Motagua basin in Guatemala and Honduras, are redescribed and their geographic distributions are revised.

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Carias, M. C. Pineda De. "Education and Research in Astronomy in Central America." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019018.

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Recently, important efforts have been made to organize and consolidate the Assembly of Central American Astronomers (AAAC), an organization created to contribute to the development of astronomy and astrophysics in Central America, with the help of international cooperation; the Central American Courses in Astronomy and Astrophysics, have been hosted each year by a different national university in Central America (1995: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, 1996: Universidad de El Salvador, 1997: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, and 1998: Universidad de Panama). These courses aimed to provide an exchange of knowledge and experience among university staff and students interested in continuing studies in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Regional Observational Campaigns have been organized to train young astronomers in the use of astronomical equipment and observational techniques. It seems that the broad development of astronomy and astrophysics in Central American as a whole, will be possible only when nuclei of astronomers in each of the countries concerned begin to develop many more activities, countries As part of the III Central American Course on Astronomy and Astrophysics (III-CURCAA, April 1997, Guatemala), in a forum about Education and Research in Astronomy in Central America, several important conclusions were stated. In this paper we present the six most relevant conclusions discussed there.

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Kumble, Peter A. "Reflections on Service Learning for a Circular Economy Project in a Guatemalan Neighborhood, Central America." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174776.

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The research presented in this paper explored multiple objectives. First, what are the requirements for establishing a new composting business that embraces the principles of circular economy? Second, how can employment opportunities for at-risk youths from the most impoverished neighborhood in Guatemala City be created, while adhering to the tenets of social sustainability, of which human rights is the corner stone? Third, what were the requirements involved in making compost in the challenging climatic conditions of Guatemala City? And finally, from an educational perspective, how can this be taught to university students incorporating community service learning in its pedagogy, coupled with the model of action research? What are the obstacles to overcome when initiating a startup business, balancing what appeared to be a mix of complex economic, environmental, and social elements? These three elements are the recognized pillars of sustainability, and as such, there existed a great opportunity to meld the principles of circular economy, community service learning, and action research within the context of putting theories into practice. This applied research attempted to explore how effectively this could be accomplished in Guatemala while overcoming complex cultural, environmental, and economic barriers.

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Guevara-Murua, Alvaro, Caroline A. Williams, Erica J. Hendy, and Pablo Imbach. "300 years of hydrological records and societal responses to droughts and floods on the Pacific coast of Central America." Climate of the Past 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018.

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Abstract. The management of hydrological extremes and impacts on society is inadequately understood because of the combination of short-term hydrological records, an equally short-term assessment of societal responses and the complex multi-directional relationships between the two over longer timescales. Rainfall seasonality and inter-annual variability on the Pacific coast of Central America is high due to the passage of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here we reconstruct hydrological variability and demonstrate the potential for assessing societal impacts by drawing on documentary sources from the cities of Santiago de Guatemala (now Antigua Guatemala) and Guatemala de la Asunción (now Guatemala City) over the period from 1640 to 1945. City and municipal council meetings provide a rich source of information dating back to the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the 16th century. We use almost continuous sources from 1640 AD onwards, including > 190 volumes of Actas de Cabildo and Actas Municipales (minutes of meetings of the city and municipal councils) held by the Archivo Histórico de la Municipalidad de Antigua Guatemala (AHMAG) and the Archivo General de Centro América (AGCA) in Guatemala City. For this 305-year period (with the exception of a total of 11 years during which the books were either missing or damaged), information relating to Catholic rogation ceremonies and reports of flooding events and crop shortages were used to classify the annual rainy season (May to October) on a five-point scale from very wet to very dry. In total, 12 years of very wet conditions, 25 years of wetter than usual conditions, 34 years of drier conditions and 21 years of very dry conditions were recorded. An extended drier period from the 1640s to the 1740s was identified and two shorter periods (the 1820s and the 1840s) were dominated by dry conditions. Wetter conditions dominated the 1760s–1810s and possibly record more persistent La Niña conditions that are typically associated with higher precipitation over the Pacific coast of Central America. The 1640s–1740s dry period coincides with the Little Ice Age and the associated southward displacement of the ITCZ.

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Ives, Diogo, and Bruno Gomes Guimarães. "Anti-corruption organisms and US hegemony in Central America." Conjuntura Austral 7, no. 37 (September 17, 2016): 04. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.65363.

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Esse texto analisa como os organismos de combate à corrupção na América Central garantem o domínio dos EUA sobre a região. Essas instituições parecem ter defendido interesses estadunidenses na Guatemala, em Honduras e em El Salvador em um contexto de crescente disputa com a China. Sugerimos que os países ocidentais foquem-se em medidas domésticas para combater a corrupção no exterior e que órgãos internacionais respeitem a soberania dos países afetados.

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Cruz, José Miguel. "Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State." Latin American Politics and Society 53, no. 04 (2011): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00132.x.

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AbstractWhy does Nicaragua have less violent crime than Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras? All these countries underwent political transitions in the 1990s. Many explanations point to the legacies of war, socioeconomic underdevelopment, and neoliberal structural reforms. However, these arguments do not fully explain why, despite economic reforms conducted throughout the region, war-less Honduras and wealthier Guatemala and El Salvador have much more crime than Nicaragua. This article argues that public security reforms carried out during the political transitions shaped the ability of the new regimes to control the violence produced by their own institutions and collaborators. In the analysis of the crisis of public security, it is important to bring the state back. The survival of violent entrepreneurs in the new security apparatus and their relationship with new governing elites foster the conditions for the escalation of violence in northern Central America.

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Dantuluri, Keerti, Jeanne Forrester, Lisette Castro Benincasa, Sofia Posadas, Fabiola Quiñónez, Aravinth Karunanandaa, and Lee Morris. "#3: Gram-Negative Antibacterial Resistance Prevalence at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central America." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_2 (June 1, 2021): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.036.

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Abstract Background Latin America has some of the highest rates of multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria worldwide. However, local surveillance registries to compare rates of resistance among countries are lacking, particularly in Central America. Awareness of local resistance patterns in this region is critical to improve antibiotic use and patient outcomes. We sought to measure the prevalence of resistant gram-negative bacilli (GNB) at a tertiary hospital in Guatemala. Methods We retrospectively conducted a single-center study to measure the percentage of GNB that were non-susceptible to various antibiotics between April and October of 2017. All cultures (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids) were collected as part of routine clinical care during the study period. Duplicate isolates, defined as multiple specimens with the same organism from the same patient, were excluded. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Bacterial isolates were categorized as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based upon the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 27th edition per guidance from the National Laboratory of Guatemala. Results A total of 969 unique gram-negative isolates from 818 patients were included. Urine was the most common culture type. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. The percentage of GNB which were non-susceptible to individual antibiotics are detailed in Table 1. Of the isolates tested, 12 – 66% of GNB were non-susceptible to cephalosporins, 7 – 31% were non-susceptible to carbapenems, and 14 – 44% were non-susceptible to fluroquinolones. Conclusions The prevalence of multi-drug resistant GNB is high in Escuintla, Guatemala. Continued surveillance is vital to guide judicious and appropriate empiric antibiotic use in the setting of rising rates of antibiotic resistance. Local and regional resistance rates are known to vary, underlying the importance of developing more regional and national antibiotic resistance surveillance networks within Guatemala and other countries in Central America where there is a paucity of data.

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Monterroso, David A., and Ota Kulhánek. "Spatial variations of b-values in the subduction zone of Central America." Geofísica Internacional 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2003.42.4.312.

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Estudiamos la distribución frecuencia-magnitud a lo largo de la trinchera mesoamericana (MAT), usando 2345 eventos del periodo 1964-1994. Utilizamos el catalogo regional MIDAS con magnitud de completitud de 4.2. Para mapear el valor b como función de la profundidad (enfoque unidimensional), aplicamos el procedimiento de ventanas deslizantes en la vertical. Cada ventana contiene un número constante de eventos. Para obtener más detalles en la distribución del valor b, proyectamos los hipocentros del catálogo en tres regiones (aproximadamente Guatemala-El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), hacia planos perpendiculares a la trinchera. Luego, calculamos el valor b en volúmenes cilíndricos deslizantes (enfoque bidimensional) que contienen un número constante de eventos y con centros en los nodos de un enrejillado de 5 km x 5 km. El valor b varía significativamente a lo largo de la MAT. Identificamos valores altos de b en la parte superior de la litosfera subducida, a profundidades de 80-110 km por debajo de Guatemala y El Salvador, y a profundidades de 130-170 km por debajo de Nicaragua. Localizamos valores anómalos (altos) de b en la parte inferior de la litosfera, a profundidades de 50-90 km y 50-160 km por debajo de Guatemala-El Salvador y Nicaragua, respectivamente. Las anomalías observadas en la parte superior de la litosfera pueden estar relacionadas con deshidratación e incremento sucesivo de la presión de poro en la litosfera descendiente. Estos, a su vez, producirían el volcanismo que ocurre sobre las anomalías en la parte superior de la litosfera. Las anomalías en la parte inferior de la zona de Wadati-Benioff podrían estar asociadas con el alto gradiente térmico entre la litosfera y el manto.

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Lokken, Paul. "From the “Kingdoms of Angola” to Santiago de Guatemala: The Portuguese Asientos and Spanish Central America, 1595–1640." Hispanic American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2077126.

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Abstract The evidence presented in this article establishes the era of the major Portuguese asientos (1595–1640) as a key moment in the history of African migration to Spanish Central America. Between 1607 and 1628 alone, Portuguese slave traders made at least 15 voyages from Angola to the Caribbean coast of Central America, landing in most cases “by accident” at the Honduran port of Trujillo while allegedly en route to Veracruz. Many of the West Central Africans carried on these voyages were subsequently marched inland by the same Portuguese merchants to be sold in Santiago de Guatemala, capital of the Audiencia of Guatemala. Their final destinations were often rural properties located in or near the Pacific lowlands of modern-day Guatemala and El Salvador, where the largest sugar and indigo plantations counted dozens of Angolans among their enslaved workers. A decided majority of these involuntary migrants were young men, most no doubt having departed from Luanda following misfortune in the wars that, with a good deal of Portuguese encouragement, wracked their homelands after 1575. Their migration experiences testify to a significant shift in the point of origin of Africans brought to Central America away from Senegambia and neighboring regions of West Africa, birthplace of the majority of Africans transported to Central America prior to 1595. The later-arriving and larger West Central African workforce played a more important role than heretofore understood in satisfying the demands for labor that arose in the early seventeenth century as commercial agriculture briefly boomed amid persistent indigenous population decline.

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Monge-Nájera, Julián, and Yuh-Shan Ho. "Guatemala articles in the Science Citation Index Expanded: bibliometry of subjects, collaboration, institutions and authors." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.29875.

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Guatemala, with 16 million inhabitants, is the largest economy of Central America and should have the largest scientific output of the region. To assess its productivity and impact, we analyzed the 3380 Guatemala articles included in the SCI-expanded in June, 2017. Most Guatemala documents are articles in English, deal with nutrition and health problems, and have a mean of 7.4 authors per article. Also in this particular database, citation lifespan is 40 years, and citations are higher for articles in English (twice more than those in Spanish), for reviews (mean 24 citations per review) and for studies resulting from international collaboration, which is done mostly with the USA and Mexico. The most productive institutions are the Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment CESSIAM, the universities of San Carlos and El Valle, and the Central American Nutrition Institute INCAP (but the INCAP has decreased productivity in recent years). The most productive researchers are N.W. Solomons, R. Bressani, L.G. Elías, C. Rolz and A. Cáceres. Guatemala represents a particular case in Central America because its high quality research is dependent on particular researchers rather than on institutions, and because the total output is well under the expectation. The productivity and citation of Guatemalan science in the 18 journals published in the country, and in other journals also not covered in the in the SCI-expanded, remain unknown. Nevertheless, the historical trend is positive, with a clear growth of international collaboration, productivity and citation.

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Rohr, Elisabeth. "Farewell to a Dead Horse: Group Analytic Supervision Training in Post-War Guatemala." Group Analysis 42, no. 2 (May 20, 2009): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316409104360.

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Group analytic therapy, supervision, and counselling are completely unknown in Guatemala, Central America. But after a long and devastating war, an internationally supported peace and reconciliation process offered the opportunity to introduce new methods into mental health services, to cope with the psycho-social effects of a traumatized society. This article describes difficulties that were connected with the establishment of group analytic supervision training in Guatemala, focusing on aspects of trauma that emerged in supervisory case work.

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Aoyagi, Koichi. "Heavy Oil Fields in the Peten Basin of Northern Guatemala, Central America." Journal of the Sedimentological Society of Japan 71, no. 1 (2012): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4096/jssj.71.31.

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Landolt, Peter J., Hal C. Reed, Kristen N. Landolt, JoséMonzón Sierra, and Richard S. Zack. "The Southern Yellowjacket, Vespula squamosa (Drury) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Guatemala, Central America." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 111, no. 2 (April 2009): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797-111.2.426.

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Booth, John A. "Global Forces and Regime Change: Guatemala in the Central American Context." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no. 4 (2000): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166342.

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Drawing on theories of regime change, revolution, and democratization, this paper proposes a process theory to account for the 12 major regime transformations that have occurred in Central America since 1970. Political regimes, coherent systems of rule established among a coalition of dominant political actors, change when their prevailing political rules and their ruling coalitions undergo transformation. External forces are important to this process. The focal case is Guatemala and its prospects for democratic consolidation.

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Navarrete, Carlos. "Documentos guatemaltecos, I: Un fichero sobre la participación indígena en revoluciones, asonadas, y motines de Guatemala y Chiapas, en el Archivo General de Centro América, Guatemala." Tlalocan 9 (May 3, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.1982.66.

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The article contains a listing of the documents that deal with the dissatisfaction of the Indians in the Mayan area with their treatment by the Spanish and Mestizos that are found in drawers 11-47, 11-48, and 11-49 in the General Archive of Central America, located in Guatemala City. The listing is a complement to the bibliography prepared by Navarrete et al. on the subject of complaints by Indians about tribute, the taking of communal lands, and other problems.

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"Diabrotica virgifera. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, December (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp20066600576.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Diabrotica virgifera LeConte Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Attacks maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, BosniaHerzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep), NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Mexico, USA, Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua.

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"Ips grandicollis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (July 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20073108415.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for I. grandicollis. Hosts: Pinus species. Information is given on geographical distribution in North America (Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, Canada; Mexico; and Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin, USA), Central America and Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica and Nicaragua) and Oceania (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland, Australia).

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"Plasmopara obducens. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20073069790.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Plasmopara obducens (J. Schröt.) J. Schröt. Chromista: Oomycota: Peronosporales. Hosts: balsam (Impatiens). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, Russia (Southern Russia), UK (England)), Asia (China (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh), Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Nepal, Uzbekistan), North America (Canada (Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin)), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, Guatemala), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria)).

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"Corticium koleroga. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20073215027.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Corticium koleroga [Koleroga noxius] (Cooke) Höhn. Basidiomycota: Corticiales. Hosts: plurivorous, including pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Citrus spp., coffee (Coffea), cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae), mango (Mangifera indica), apple (Malus domestica) and chinaberry (Melia azedarach). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Greece), Asia (Karnataka, India; Honshu, Japan; and Vietnam), Africa (Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire and Madagascar), North America (Mexico, and Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas, USA), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina; Bolivia; Acre and Amazonas, Brazil; Colombia; Peru; Suriname; and Venezuela) and Oceania (American Samoa, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and Samoa).

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"Peronosclerospora sorghi. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 5) (August 1, 1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500179.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C. Shaw. Hosts: Sorghum spp., maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia, Bangladesh, China, Honan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Yemen Arab Republic, Yemen Democratic Republic, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, North America, USA, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Georgia, Indiana, KY, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Nebraska, Mexico, Central America & West Indies, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Uruguay, Venezuela.

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"Gymnosporangium clavipes. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 3) (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500121.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cooke & Peck) Cooke & Peck Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales Hosts: Apple (Malus domestica[Malus pumila]), quince (Cydonia oblonga), Juniperus, Crataegus and Amelanchier. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Guatemala.

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"Epilachna varivestis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600046.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Epilachna varivestis Mulsant Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Attacks Phaseolus spp., soyabean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, Honshu, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.

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