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1
Feathers, James K. "Explaining the evolution of prehistoric ceramics in southeastern Missouri /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6542.
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Holm, Margaret Ann. "Prehistoric Northwest Coast art : a stylistic analysis of the archaeological record." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29932.
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This thesis is a stylistic study of the prehistoric art record from the Northwest Coast of North America. Its purpose is three-fold: to describe the spatial and temporal variation in the stylistic attributes of prehistoric art; to evaluate theories on the evolution of the Northwest Coast art tradition; and to comment on the possible factors behind variation in the prehistoric art record.
This study examines stylistic attributes related to representational imagery, concentrating on five variables: decorated forms, carving techniques, design elements, design principles, and motifs. The core sample consists of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images from dated archaeological contexts; a total of 242 artifacts from 58 sites are examined. The material is presented in chronological order corresponding to the Gulf of Georgia prehistoric cultural sequence.
The major finding of this study is that by the end of the Locarno Beach phase or the beginning of the Marpole phase the essential character of the Northwest Coast art style had developed. There are new developments in the late period, but the evidence presented suggests a previously undocumented stylistic continuity from the late Locarno Beach phase to historic Coast Salish art with no decline in quality or productivity. This study indicates that, as far back as the record extends, three-dimensional, naturalistic forms and two-dimensional incising and engraving techniques have equal antiquity. From the Locarno Beach phase onward the flat, engraved style and the three-dimensional sculpture style developed together; the formline concept developed very early out of the raised, positive lines created by deep engraving in antler.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
3
Davidson, Jill D. "Prayer-songs to our elder brother : Native American Church songs of the Otoe-Missouria and Ioway /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841275.
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Warrick, Gary A. "A population history of the Huron-Petun, A.D. 900-1650." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39238.
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This study presents a population history of the Huron-Petun, Iroquoian-speaking agriculturalists who occupied south-central Ontario from A.D. 900 to A.D. 1650. Temporal change in the number, size, and residential density of prehistoric and contact village sites of the Huron-Petun are used to delineate population change. It is revealed that Huron-Petun population grew dramatically during the fourteenth century, attaining a maximum size of approximately 30,000 in the middle of the fifteenth century. This growth appears to have been intrinsic (1.2% per annum) and is best explained by colonization of new lands and increased production and consumption of corn. Population stabilized during the fifteenth century primarily because of an increased burden of density-dependent diseases (tuberculosis) arising from life in large nucleated villages. Huron-Petun population remained at 30,000 until A.D. 1634; there is no archaeological evidence for protohistoric epidemics of European origin. The historic depopulation of the Huron-Petun country, resulting from catastrophic first encounters with European diseases between 1634 and 1640, is substantiated by archaeological data.
5
Bertino, Leanne. "The significance of bear canine artifacts in Hopewell context." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897529.
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This study has presented a comprehensive overview of the context and significance of real and effigy bear canine artifacts in Hopewell context. The evidence suggests that burials with bear canine artifacts and additional grave goods in an extended position contained high status individuals. These burials contained the remains of males or male children, with status differences evident in both burial position and quantity of grave goods. Bear canine artifacts found in non-burials contexts were primarily found in "ceremonial caches." The inclusion of bear canine artifacts in such caches is indicative of their spiritual importance in Hopewell culture. Modification, including drilling, splitting and piercing of bear canine artifacts occurred in all five regions where these artifacts were found. This was the only class of data that spanned all five regions. Data from burials indicates that these artifacts were commonly used as a form of adornment, especially necklaces. Evidence from a burial at Hopewell Mounds points to an ideological, religious function for these artifacts. Much of the data for effigy bear canine artifacts correlates with t--at of real canines, and they appear to have served the same function. Since people chose to manufacture these artifacts rather than do without indicates that the meaning behind the image represented by bear canine may be more important than the artifact itself.Department of Anthropology
6
Williamson, R. F. (Ronald F. ). "Glen Meyer : people in transition." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72759.
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Szuter, Christine Rose. "Hunting by prehistoric horticulturalists in the American Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184739.
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Hunting by horticulturalists in the Southwest examines the impact of horticulture on hunting behavior and animal exploitation among late Archaic and Hohokam Indians in south-central Arizona. A model incorporating ecological and ethnographic data discusses the impact horticulturalists had on the environment and the ways in which that impact affected other aspects of subsistence, specifically hunting behavior. The model is then evaluated using a regional faunal data base from Archaic and Hohokam sites. Five major patterns supporting the model are observed: (1) a reliance on small and medium-sized mammals as sources of animal protein, (2) the use of rodents as food, (3) the differential reliance on cottontails (Sylvilagus) and jack rabbits (Lepus) at Hohokam farmsteads versus villages, (4) the relative decrease in the exploitation of cottontails versus jack rabbits as a Hohokam site was occupied through time, and (5) the recovery contexts of artiodactyl remains, which indicate their ritual and tool use as well as for food.
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Kinney, George Lee. "Commerce and exchange networks through-out northern Mexico: The Mesoamerican-Southwest connection." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/236.
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Montgomery, Barbara Klie. "Understanding the formation of the archaeological record: Ceramic variability at Chodistaas Pueblo, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185925.
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Understanding sources of variability in the archaeological record through the study of ceramic record formation is a prerequisite for inferring prehistoric human behavior. This study presents a program of investigation that: (1) provides analytical procedures for evaluating the representativeness of data sets so that they may be used to build reliable inferences concerning the past, and (2) provides a methodology for discovering behaviors associated with the occupation and abandonment of a settlement. Chodistaas Ruin (A.D. 1263-1290s), an 18-room pueblo located in the Grasshopper Region of Arizona, provides an ideal case study for illustrating this approach to variability in the archaeological record.
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Hays, Kelley Ann. "Anasazi ceramics as text and tool: Toward a theory of ceramic design "messaging"." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185829.
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This study illustrates the importance of finding out whether painted ceramics represent the total repertoire of decorated artifacts that are expected to carry social information. Painted designs on pottery are the focus of study because (1) painted decoration has had great importance in Southwest archaeology for studying social interaction, cultural affiliation, and fine-grained chronology based on stylistic change, and (2) painted decoration is less constrained by technology and intended vessel function than other attributes, and is most free to vary for social or ideological reasons. Two assumptions underlying previous work on ceramic design "messaging" are examined. First, are ceramics the most important medium for carrying social information? Second, is ethnicity the kind of information they are most likely to carry? These questions are addressed in a case study from the American Southwest. Decorated pottery, baskets, textiles, figurines, and rock art from the seventh century Basketmaker III period occupation of rock shelters in the Prayer Rock District, northeastern Arizona are examined. Comparison of design structure and content across these different media reveals two decorative styles, one for the portable household artifacts and one for rock art. In this case, pottery does not carry the full range of potential social information signalled by applied designs. The contexts of these two decorative styles are suggested by considering aspects of artifact function, design visibility, spatial distribution of artifacts, rock art, and architecture, together with hypotheses about gender differentiation and community organization. It is concluded that for the Prayer Rock Basketmakers, pottery decoration may have carried messages that had more to do with gender than ethnicity.
11
Daehnke, Jon Darin. "Public outreach and the "hows" of archaeology : archaeology as a model for education." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3607.
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There is growing awareness of the importance of public outreach in archaeology. Many professional archaeologists argue that in order to ensure continued funding we must communicate the relevance of our discipline to the public in a more effective manner. Furthermore, it is often argued that public outreach and education provides perhaps the only reliable defense against looting and rampant psuedoarchaeology.
Current outreach activities, however, tend to focus on what archaeologists have discovered about the past. While this type of outreach is important, a more effective model for public outreach would focus on the methods of archaeology, rather than the results. Archaeology, with its focus on multiple lines of evidence, intertwining of the sciences and humanities, and multi-cultural perspective provides a unique model for addressing and answering questions, a model which could serve as a base for education. Promoting the methods of archaeology as an educational model, or at the very least, remembering the methods in our outreach activities, may be, in the long run, the most effective method for establishing the relevance of our discipline.
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Teltser, Patrice Amy. "The Mississippian archaeological record on the Malden Plain, Southeast Missouri : local variability in evolutionary perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6410.
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Lore, Robert J. "Ceramic Period Adaptations in the Gulf of Maine: Maritime, Terrestrial, and Horticultural Inputs Faunal Analysis of an Armouchiquois Indian Village." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LoreRJ2004.pdf.
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Keller, Christine K. "Glacial Kame sandal-sole shell gorgets : an exploration of manufacture, use, distribution, and public exhibition." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1540703.
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This thesis focuses on 12 Glacial Kame sandal-sole shell gorgets in the Fort Recovery (OH) State Museum. The Glacial Kame culture was comprised of Late Archaic people who inhabited northwestern Ohio, neighboring states, and southern Ontario from 3000 to 500 B.C. Research centered on four questions:
How were sandal-sole shell gorgets made?
What was the purpose of sandal-sole shell gorgets?
What was the distribution pattern within the Midwest of sandal-sole shell gorgets?
How can we best interpret and portray the story of sandal-sole shell gorgets to the public?
The primary methods used include a comprehensive literature review, detailed metrical and morphological analyses of regional sandal-sole gorget collections, discussion with others researching Glacial Kame culture, personal museum visits, and local research to determine context of the museum’s collection. Research from this thesis contributes to the Glacial Kame literature that is currently available.Department of Anthropology
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Johnson, Amy L. "Mounds State Park and the New Castle Site : a ceramic reanalysis." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941728.
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This project was a reanalysis of the prehistoric ceramic collections from two important archaeolegical sites in east central Indiana: Mounds State Park (12-M-2) and the New Castle Site (12-Hn-1). Brief summaries of the two sites and their excavation histories are provided as well as summaries of the various pottery types involved. Specific attention is given to the New Castle Incised type.Previous interpretations regarding the ceramics from the two sties are given, and research from this project has provided new interpretations and information. Specifically, a statistical analysis was conducted, and the results show that the pottery from the two sites was made by peoples of the same culture. However, subtle changes were taking place in the manufacture of the pottery, primarily in the plain sherds.Future research goals are provided and include further excavations at both sites, thermoluminescence dating of sherds and additional study of the plain sherds.Department of Anthropology
16
Willig, Judith A. (Judith Ann) 1953. "Paleo-archaic broad spectrum adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in Far Western North America." Thesis, University of Oregon, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9220.
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xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989Western Clovis and Western Stemmed cultural traditions, archaeologically indexed by fluted (Clovis) and stemmed projectile point complexes, represent the earliest human occupation documented in Far Western North America. The temporal closeness of Western Clovis, dated roughly from 11,500 to 11,000 B.P., to Western Stemmed complexes known as early as 11,140 to 10,800 B.P., has generated debate over the age and historical relationship of these cultures. The frequent co-occurrence of fluted and stemmed points along the lowest strandlines in pluvial lake basins has also led scholars to hypothesize an early development of the characteristically "Archaic" lake-marsh adaptations known from later periods. Geoarchaeological research in the northern Alkali Lake Basin of south-central Oregon has addressed these issues of cultural chronology and economy by seeking data to test a paleoecological model of human land use in the basin from 11,500 to 7,000 B.P. The model posits a late Pleistocene Western Clovis settlement oriented to a small, shallow lake or pond, followed by an early Holocene Western Stemmed occupation around a much larger lake and marsh fringe. Data gathered through basin-wide site survey, stratigraphic studies, and high-resolution mapping of lake features and artifacts, support the model as proposed, and reveal a settlement pattern indicative of a "tethered" focus on local lake-marsh habitats. Research also verifies the horizontal separation of fluted and stemmed artifacts on different, sequent shorelines, indicating that Western Clovis occupation precedes Western Stemmed, although the two are close in time. Data from Alkali Basin, and elsewhere, support the notion that Far Western cultures developed broad-spectrum adaptations much earlier than was once thought. This implies that the foundations of the Western Archaic were already in place by 11,000 B.P. In keeping with the adaptive flexibility embodied within the Desert Culture concept, environmental data further suggest that this "paleo-Archaic" lifeway developed quickly, not gradually, in response to punctuated climatic change and the emerging mosaic of regional habitats which characterized the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, at a time when the desert as we know it was just coming into being.
Adviser: Aikens, C. Melvin
17
Fish, Suzanne K. "Agriculture and society in arid lands a Hohokam case study /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1993_589_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Arizona, 1993."In addition to chapters [leaves 20-57] unique to the dissertation, ten papers are included that were published during the period of doctoral enrollment"--Leaf 19. Includes bibliographical references.
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Cooper, Laurel Martine. "Space syntax analysis of Chacoan great houses." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187184.
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Built form, or human spatial organization, has usually been studied in cultural anthropology and archaeology as dependent on other factors such as social organization. Studies have been limited by a lack of measures permitting comparisons over time and space, so buildings remain little understood despite their visibility in the archaeological record. One approach emerging from multidisciplinary work emphasizes topology over physical characteristics such as shape and size; it examines linkages rather than individual components. The space syntax model of Bill Hillier and the Unit for Architectural Studies at University College London recognizes that spatial patterns are both the product and the generator of social relations. Built form is treated as part of a system of spatial relations, facilitating movement, encounter, and avoidance--both among occupants and between occupants and outsiders. Methods developed through analysis of a broad range of buildings and settlements are available to examine built space and its changes over time. A space syntax model allows a re-examination of great houses in and near Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, built from the mid-A.D. 800s to the mid-1100s. The great houses examined in Chaco Canyon are: Una Vida, Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, Pueblo del Arroyo, Pueblo Alto, and Kin Kletso. The outliers are Salmon Ruin and West Aztec Ruin. Where sufficient data are available, the control and access features formalized through floorplans are graphed and quantified, allowing comparisons over construction phases and between different sites. The goal is to reevaluate past interpretations, ranging from heavily-populated villages to largely empty redistribution or ceremonial centers. More diversity rather than consistency is apparent from individual great house floor plans, but certain spatial characteristics emerge. Access patterns tend to be asymmetric and non-distributed, becoming deeper over time. Yet the occasional presence of rings, allowing alternate routes within a building, differs from earlier and later building forms. Access patterns differ between and within east and west wings, and the core units, even during comparable time periods. Seen from the perspective of the floor plan, the examples of Chacoan architecture suggest differentiation both within and among great houses.
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Winthrop, Kathryn R. "Prehistoric settlement patterns in southwest Oregon." Thesis, View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 1993. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/030904f1.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1993.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search First Nations/Tribal Collection.
20
Richey, Kristine Diane. "Life along the Kenepocomoco : archaeological resources of the upper Eel River Valley." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897523.
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An archaeological survey documenting sites along Upper Eel River within the Indiana counties of Allen, Whitley, Kosciusko and Wabash was conducted during 199192 to collect data which was analyzed to provide a clearer understanding of the region's cultural chronology and describe the area's cultural resources. A total of 765 previously unrecorded sites were documented, 493 of which were field-checked during field reconnaissance of 10% of the project universe, with 1010.82 acres surveyed. A research project completed entirely by volunteers succeeded in locating a number of potential archaeological sites from the Historic Period.Data from the present study securely defined the cultural chronology of the Upper Eel River Valley and yielded valuable information concerning settlement patterns, ecological exploitation, and avenues of migration. Cultural sequencing revealed the presence of Early Paleo-Indians along the river valley at approximately 12,000 B.P. and chronicled the continued expansion of prehistoric populations within the area into historic times.Department of Anthropology
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Snyder, Jeffrey B. "An archaeological resources management plan for the Meshingomesia Reserve." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/539628.
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The Meshingomesia Reserve was in existence for a little over thirty years, from 1840-1873. During that time it served as a buffer between the Miami in Indiana and the encroaching white settlers. The survey of the reserve was undertaken to establish what remained in the archaeological evidence of this historic area. From the results of the survey and the background research into the history and archaeological site surveys and excavations previously conducted within the reserve’s boundaries, an assessment of the archaeological resources and a management plan were developed.Department of Anthropology
22
Hixon, James Lee. "An archaeological assessment of the Strawtown site and the immediate vicinity." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544246.
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This study is an assessment of the archaeological resources the Strawtown Site area in northeastern Hamilton County, _ndiana. Strawtown was an intensively occupied village during the Late woodland Period (Householder, personal communication, 1986) and appears closely related to the Bowen site (Dorwin, 1971:209).This thesis documents the Strawtown Site and associated :materials through background research and collection analysis; other sites in the immediate vicinity were identified through a systematic reconnaissance of a 555.24 acre sample area. This information was combined to test both Dorwin"s (1971) Oliver Phase settlement pattern and the Woodland settlement model proposed by Stephenson (1984).In light of the information that is available, Dorwin"s and Stephenson's models of a seasonal occupation of the river valley by Late Woodland groups was argued against in favor of a model which assumes permanent Late Woodland occupation of the river valley.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
23
Curtis, Jenneth Elizabeth. "Processes of cultural change : ceramics and interaction across the Middle to Late Woodland transition in south-central Ontario." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80112&T=F.
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McCullough, Robert G. "A reanalysis of ceramics from the Bowen site : implications for defining the Oliver phase of central Indiana." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/770939.
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The mixture of Late Woodland and Fort Ancient ceramics found on sites in central Indiana has presented a problem for archaeologists for over fifty years. This unique combination of ceramic traits has become known as the Oliver Phase. Materials recovered from the Bowen Site, (Dorwin 1971) have in the past been used to define this phase. Originally, the Bowen Site was believed to represent the excavation of an entire synchronically occupied prehistoric site. A reanalysis of the distribution of diagnostic ceramic attributes from the Bowen Site suggests multicomponent occupations resulting from diachronic settlement. Therefore, the full range of ceramic variation originally attributed to this phase needs to be reexamined in the light of this new information, and it's usefulness as a diagnostic assemblage should be carefully evaluated.Department of Anthropology
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Sick, Rebecca Faye. "Nonmetric trait analysis of four East Central Indiana skeletal populations." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1164848.
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In order to determine if there is a shared biological lineage among four east central Indiana skeletal populations, the remains have been subjected to nonmetric trait analysis. This technique examines the directly observable manifestations of the genome on the skeleton in order to determine if two or more groups have a shared genetic background beyond the genes that all humans share. This information supplements the archaeological information already available from the cultural remains of these groups, in addition to the metrical data.Department of Anthropology
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Kritzer, Kelly Norman. "Thermolithofractography : a comparative analysis of cracked rock from an archaeological site and cracked rock from a culturally-sterile area, or, all 'R' is FCR unless it's a manuport." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935946.
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Fire-cracked rock is often overlooked in archaeology. This study attempted to determine whether or not fire-cracked rock from the surface of an archaeological site located in a cultivated field can be differentiated from other cracked rocks. A study sample of 67 rocks from the surface of a prehistoric site located in a cultivated field and another study sample of 58 rocks from an adjacent area that was sterile of prehistoric human activities was collected. A third sample of 70 fire-cracked rocks excavated from features below the plowzone in a prehistoric site served as a control sample. The fracture surface morphologies of the control sample were examined for distinguishing characteristics, which were then compared to the study samples. Those cracked rocks from the study samples which exhibited similar characteristics were identified as fire-cracked rock. Ten fire-cracked rocks were thus observed within the on-site sample and the offsite sample included only one.Department of Anthropology
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Mohow, James August. "Paleo-Indian and early archaic settlement patterns of the Maumee River Valley in northeastern Indiana." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544133.
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In 1987, the Archaeological Resources Management Service (AXM6) at Ball State University conducted a sampling survey of a seven mile section of the Maumee River Valley in Allen County, Indiana. In addition to the primary survey, the project conducted an experiment in resurveying previously surveyed sample units, interviewed local collectors, and analyzed and tabulated data from a local collection with site level provenience. The project also reevaluated data previously collected from an adjacent section of the river valley and tested four sites in the latter study area.This study summarizes the data from the Maumee Grant Project and presents a general chronology of prehistoric habitation in the study area based upon that data. More specifically, this study has formulated provisional settlement models for the:PaleoIndian and Early Archaic habitation of the Upper Maumee River Valley, circa-10,000 to 6,000 B.C.The data indicate that the earliest peoples to inhabit the study area were Paleo-Indian bands with a preference for floodplain habitation and a subsistence strategy that emphasized hunting. As the post-glacial climate of the region ameliorated, the Early Archaic peoples that followed adapted a more diverse subsistence strategy, thus drawing upon a wider variety of terrace and floodplain resources. In contrast to their PaleoIndian forerunners, Early Archaic groups in the Upper Maumee Valley generally exhibited a preference for terrace habitation. In addition to the general Early Archaic occupation of the valley, three specific lithic traditions, the Kirk, the Bifurcate, and the Thebes, were identified and their settlement practices compared. While the origins of the earliest PaleoIndian bands in the region remained unclear, subsequent groups seem to have extended from and/or been influenced by Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations to the north, west, southwest, south, and east. By contributing to the regional data base and formulating provisional settlement models, this report provides a foundational basis for future research in the region.Department of Anthropology
28
Knight, K. Paige. "Analysis of cremated human remains from the McCullough's Run Site, Bartholomew County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1129632.
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Presented in this thesis is the human osteological analysis of the cremation burials from ten Early Archaic features excavated at the McCullough's Run Site (12-B-1036) located in the eastern portion of Columbus, Bartholemew County, Indiana. The analysis of burials excavated from the McCullough's Run Site, one of the few Early Archaic Cemeteries found in the United States to date, add data that serve to clarify and expand our understanding of the Early Archaic in Indiana.Department of Anthropology
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Baier, Melissa A. Wescott Daniel J. "A biological distance study of Steed-Kisker origins." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6710.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 19, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Daniel Wescott. Includes bibliographical references.
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Burnett, Robert M. "The Burnett Site : a Cascade Phase camp on the lower Willamette River." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4171.
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Artifacts recovered from archaeological excavations near the Willamette River in Lake Oswego, Oregon indicate the presence there of a Late Windust-Early Cascade Phase site possibly dating to 9,000 B.P. The assemblage includes 137 projectile points, bifaces or point fragments, nearly all of the Cascade-type. Two stem fragments and one complete point which are similar to those of the Windust Phase which dates 10,000-8,000 B.P. in the southern Columbia Plateau also were found. Stone knives, choppers, scrapers, hammerstones, cores and microblades also are included in the assemblage. No later type notched or stemmed points have been recovered from the site. If the hypothesized dates are valid, the site will be the oldest discovered to date in the Lower Willamette River-Portland Basin area. This thesis reports on the site, its excavation and its artifacts.
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Klabacka, Rachel L. "Social cohesion and trade and exchange during the Late Woodland period investigated through the All Seasons Site (12M1225)." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1567416.
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Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community onlyTheoretical background -- Environmental setting -- Prehistory within the Upper Wabash River Valley -- Data sets -- Results -- Discussion and conclusion.
Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only
Department of Anthropology
32
Cogswell, James William. "Late Woodland sand-tempered pottery and its distribution across Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid, and Pemiscot counties, Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924875.
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Fingerhut, Raetz Doria Lee. "Bone tool assemblages as an aid to shell mound site typologies on the Northwest coast." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3929.
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Fifteen bone tool assemblages from shell midden sites were compared. Three of these are unpublished sites from Prince Rupert Harbor. They were grouped using cluster analysis. Inter and intragroup variation in bone tool assemblage structure was analyzed. One of the objectives of this study was to generate hypotheses about the function of the unpublished sites by comparing their bone tool assemblages with those from sites which are better understood by looking for underlying patterns in the bone tool assemblages. Other objectives were to test the utility of using bone tool assemblages as a diagnostic tool in analyzing sites and to test the utility of the cluster analysis procedure with this data set.
Hypotheses were developed identifying possible site usage at the three Prince Rupert Harbor sites, Boardwalk (GbTo-31), Garden Island (GbTo-23), and Grassy Bay (GbTn-1). Bone tool assemblages were shown to be a useful aid in site analysis and cluster analysis was quite useful in identifying existing patterns in these data.
34
Smith, David Gray. "Archaeological systematics and the analysis of Iroquoian ceramics : a case study from the Crawford lake area, Ontario." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=76753.
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This study is an analytical examination of a stylistic anomaly observed among Middleport Iroquoian village sites (dating c. A.D. 1300-1450) located near Crawford Lake in southcentral Ontario, Canada. The anomaly is characterized by differing percentages of two forms of ceramic smoking pipes from closely spaced, contemporaneous village sites. This distinction occurs throughout southern Ontario, but is particularly pronounced in the Crawford Lake area. In order to develop and test a model to explain this anomaly, an approach employing a hierarchy of inference, including formal, spatial, temporal, economic, social, and cultural levels, is proposed. This is applied to an analysis of pottery and smoking pipes from eight Middleport sites. The key elements of the explanation are: (1) the two styles represent two distinct prehistoric communities; (2) these communities competed with each other for limited resources; and (3) they symbolized this competition through differences in pipe styles. This conclusion indicates that both the material culture and social relations among Middleport communities may be more complex than has previously been inferred.
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Putty, Teresa K. "Crib Mound : identifying the major components." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1391236.
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The Crib Mound Site (12 Sp 1-2) is a shell mound that contains a major Mid-Late Archaic element. This site has been largely destroyed over the past few decades as a result of erosion by the Ohio River, development, artifact collecting and blatant looting. Collections of artifacts from the mound, and much of the relevant information about the site, are located in the private sector. Only minimal artifact representations from Crib Mound reside in universities or museums.This site has received little in-depth professional investigation or study. Although it is one of several significant multi-component archaeological sites in the Lower Ohio Drainage with an indication of a significant Mid-Late Archaic component, it has not been accurately incorporated into discussions of Mid-Late Archaic settlement systems. The underlying reason for this omission relates to the information from the site not having been systematically recorded or synthesized into a usable format for archaeological research.This thesis analyzes, documents and evaluates the chronologically sensitive data from Crib Mound as a means of defining the mound's relationship to other (already documented) Mid-Late Archaic sites that are found in the region of theLower Ohio River Basin. This research also explores the relationship between tradition and phase (as it existed in this area), perhaps identifying an earlier phase or phases that can be distinguished from within the tradition. All information from the Crib Mound Site is integrated into the regional prehistory by either expanding on the anomaly of the mound or by clarifying and supporting the mound's relationship with the current regional settlement patterns.Department of Anthropology
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Rosenberg, J. Shoshana. "Study of Prestige and Resource Control Using Fish Remains from Cathlapotle, a Plankhouse Village on the Lower Columbia River." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2356.
Full textAbstract:
Social inequality is a trademark of Northwest Coast native societies, and the relationship between social prestige and resource control, particularly resource ownership, is an important research issue on the Northwest Coast. Faunal remains are one potential but as yet underutilized path for examining this relationship. My thesis work takes on this approach through the analysis of fish remains from the Cathlapotle archaeological site (45CL1). Cathlapotle is a large Chinookan village site located on the Lower Columbia River that was extensively excavated in the 1990s. Previous work has established prestige distinctions between houses and house compartments, making it possible to examine the relationship between prestige and the spatial distribution of fish remains. In this study, I examine whether having high prestige afforded its bearers greater access to preferred fish, utilizing comparisons of fish remains at two different levels of social organization, between and within households, to determine which social mechanisms could account for potential differences in access to fish resources. Differential access to these resources within the village could have occurred through household-level ownership of harvesting sites or control over the post-harvesting distribution of food by certain individuals.
Previous work in this region on the relationship between faunal remains and prestige has relied heavily on ethnohistoric sources to determine the relative value of taxa. These sources do not provide adequate data to make detailed comparisons between all of the taxa encountered at archaeological sites, so in this study I utilize optimal foraging theory as an alternative means of determining which fish taxa were preferred. Optimal foraging theory provides a universal, quantitative analytical rule for ranking fish that I was able to apply to all of the taxa encountered at Cathlapotle. Given these rankings, which are based primarily on size, I examine the degree to which relative prestige designations of two households (Houses 1 and 4) and compartments within one of those households (House 1) are reflected in the spatial distribution of fish remains. I also offer a new method for quantifying sturgeon that utilizes specimen weight to account for differential fragmentation rates while still allowing for sturgeon abundance to be compared to the abundances of other taxa that have been quantified by number of identified specimens (NISP).
Based on remains recovered from 1/4" mesh screens, comparisons between compartments within House 1 indicate that the chief and possibly other elite members of House 1 likely had some control over the distribution of fish resources within their household, taking more of the preferred sturgeon and salmon, particularly more chinook salmon, for themselves. Comparisons between households provide little evidence to support household-based ownership of fishing sites. A greater abundance of chinook salmon in the higher prestige House 1 may indicate ownership of fishing platforms at major chinook fisheries such as Willamette Falls or Cascades Rapids, but other explanations for this difference between households are possible. Analyses of a limited number of bulk samples, which were included in the study in order to examine utilization of very small fishes, provided insufficient data to allow for meaningful intrasite comparisons. These data indicate that the inhabitants of Cathlapotle were exploiting a broad fish subsistence base that included large numbers of eulachon and stickleback in addition to the larger fishes. This study provides a promising approach for examining prestige on the Northwest Coast and expanding our understanding of the dynamics between social inequality and resource access and control.
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Angst, Michael G. "An archaeological survey of Fayette County." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/958770.
Full textAbstract:
An archaeological survey of Fayette County, Indiana was conducted under a Department of the Interior Historic Preservation Fund Survey and Planning Grant administered by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. The reconnaissance covered 747.3 acres by systematic survey.Prior to the survey, only 102 sites were on record in Fayette County. The systematic survey, collector interviews and background research identified 275 new sites. A total of 252 sites were identified through the systematic survey, while 23 sites were identified through collector interviews, background research and non-systematic field survey. A total of 4081 prehistoric and 13 historic artifacts were recovered. Site density for Fayette County was compiled from the systematic survey of the county and sites not found in conjunction with the systematic survey were not included. Overall site density for Fayette County is 1 site per 2.97 acres with an average of 15.66 artifacts per site and 5.28 artifacts per acre. Site densities for the Dearborn Upland were also compiled with an overall site density of 1 site per 2.64 acres.Department of Anthropology
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Boatwright, Mark A. "Chacoan cultural dynamics in the Limekiln Canyon locality of northwest New Mexico." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1246462.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the recent resurgence of interest in the Chaco system, it continues to be readily apparent that the implications of the tiered-hierarchical organization of the Chaco system cannot be indiscriminately applied to the Chacoan interaction sphere. In the Limekiln Canyon locality of the Mt. Taylor District a plausible explanation for settlement and use of the landscape during the Pueblo period has been that population organization and cultural affinity were that of a late-surviving population of Archaic-like peoples who apparently only become completely absorbed into the far-reaching exchange network of the Chaco system after abandonment of the locality. This assumption is tested informally against two hypotheses that challenge such commonly accepted explanations as resource depletion for abandonment and reorganization within the Chaco region. The result is a narrative of the culture history of the locality that demonstrates the benefit of using an eclectic theoretical approach combining elements of culture history, cultural evolution and postprocessual theory.Department of Anthropology
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Braymer-Hayes, Katelyn Elizabeth. "A Spatial Analysis of Ceramics in Northwestern Alaska: Studying Pre-Contact Gendered Use of Space." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4357.
Full textAbstract:
Activities and production among ethnographic Arctic peoples were primarily divided by gender. This gendered division of labor also extended to a spatial segregated pattern of the household in some Arctic cultures. Other cultures had a more gender-integrated spatial pattern of the household. There have been very few archaeological studies of gender in the Arctic, and even fewer studies of gendered use of space.
In this thesis, I evaluated the existence of this gendered use of space in pre-contact Northwest Alaska. I also evaluated the existence of discrete activity spaces. I drew from both ethnoarchaeology and gender/feminist archaeology to both construct my hypotheses and interpret my results. I used ceramics, which were likely primarily made by and used by women, as a proxy for women's movement within the house. Ceramics are abundant and well-preserved in many Northwestern Alaskan sites, and are well suited for a robust spatial analysis. In addition to ceramics, I also evaluated the spatial density of other female artifacts, like ulus or scrapers, and male artifacts, like harpoon points or adzes, in order to further test the existence of gender specific use of space.
I tested this using the HDBSCAN (Hierarchical Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) algorithm in Python, a programming language. HDBSCAN identifies discrete clusters of artifacts, as well as the persistence, or stability, of the cluster. Birnirk and Thule era (1300-150 BP) house features from Cape Espenberg, Alaska, were used to test these expectations.
Based on the results of my spatial analysis, I did not find any evidence of gender specific use of space, nor did I find specific activity areas within the house. My findings are not necessarily an indication that gender-segregated use of space does not exist among pre-contact Northwest Alaskan people: I just did not find evidence supporting it. This could be, in part, due to issues of sample size, house size, and the role of secondary and post deposition processes in shaping the ceramic assemblage and distribution. While ceramics did cluster, they mostly clustered in the entrance tunnel of the house. This is likely the result of cleaning, storage, or other depositional processes. When ceramics did cluster in the main rooms, clustering was idiosyncratic. Male and female artifacts were not spatially segregated. Female artifacts were slightly more likely to cluster than male artifacts. Both sets of artifacts were generally in the same area as the ceramic clusters. While this study did not find evidence of gendered use of space, it still is an important contribution of addressing questions of gender in the Arctic. In addition, it is a valuable methodological contribution, using a clustering algorithm that previously has not been frequently used by archaeologists.
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Waters, Michael R. "The Geoarchaeology of Whitewater Draw, Arizona." University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615943.
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Miller, Erin L. "Analysis of the human skeletal remains recovered from the Elrod (12CL1) archaeological site." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1397644.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents a skeletal analysis of the burials from the Elrod (12CL 1) site. This site, excavated by E.Y. Guernsey in the 1930s, has exhibited extreme commingling and loss of context. The early date, before the implementation of archaeological standards, and lack of publication are the primary sources of commingling. An outline for dealing with commingling, as well as a demographic profile and overview of health, were created during this research. The Elrod site has been characterized as a Middle to Late Archaic shell midden, though literature and analyses presented here support a stratified excavation of the Elrod burials. The stature, dentition and pathology suggest that this series contains individuals from several temporal periods and is not confined to the Middle-Late Archaic.Department of Anthropology
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Watts, Angela (Ang), and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "A comprehensive analysis of the butchering activities performed at the Fincastle Bison Kill Site (D1Ox-5)." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/748.
Full textAbstract:
The Fincastle site (DlOx-5) is located in Southern Alberta, Canada. Excavations
from 2004-2007 unearthed a significant number of lithic artefacts, fire-broken rock and a
dense bone bed. Radiocarbon dates (ca. 2500 BP) place the single occupancy kill site in
the Late Middle Prehistoric Period.
This thesis investigates the butchering activities that took place in the East Block
of the site, where 60,000 bone fragments were collected. Of these faunal remains, 5,540
records were processed and examined using Brumley’s (1991) Bone Unit (BU) analysis
scheme. They were then assigned to a Bone Unit Butchering Category, a classification
system created to identify specific butchering activities. Detailed analyses of the
articulations, location and quantity of impact and/or cut marks, and specific fracture types
and lengths were also carried out.
The evidence shows that both primary and secondary butchering operations
occurred at Fincastle, including joint dismemberment, meat removal, marrow extraction
and grease rendering processes.xviii, 298 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm. --
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Miller, Mickey Joe. ""A Tale of Two Weapons": Late Holocene Hunting Technology in North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc10986/.
Full textAbstract:
This research is an investigation of the Late Holocene technological transition from the spearthrower and dart to the bow and arrow in north central Texas. It is conducted through a theoretical approach that utilizes ethnographic research, experimental archaeology and the archaeological record to elucidate differences in the behaviors and hunting strategies of Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric groups. It first confirms that there was a transition. Second, a lithic analysis demonstrates that there are fundamental differences in the sizes of the stone dart and arrow points that relate to the propulsive requirements of the weapon systems. Third, it is shown these size differences constrain maintenance potentials and that indeed dart and arrow points exhibit stark differences in their life histories in spite of being employed for the same task. And finally, the faunal record suggests that this transition was associated with an increase in foraging efficiency.
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Varsakis, Irene, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Besant revisted : the Fincastle site (DIOx-5) and archaeological cultures on the northwestern plains, 2500 B.P.-1250 B.P." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/544.
Full textAbstract:
An assemblage of distinctive projectile points from the Fincastle site (DlOx-5),
Alberta at c. 2500 B.P. instigated an analysis of archaeological cultures on the Northern
Plains during the late Middle Prehistoric Period. Archaeological sites included in this
study are from the Pelican Lake Phase, the Besant Phase, the Sandy Creek Complex, a
previously Unnamed Complex, and the Plains Woodland at approximately 2500 – 1250
B.P. A projectile point analysis was conducted on assemblages from Fincastle, EbPi-63,
EgPn-111, Kenney (DjPk-1), Leavitt (24LT22), Muhlbach (FbPf-1), and Smith-Swainson
(FeOw-1) sites. As part of this study, nearly 40 metric and non-metric attributes were
examined in approximately 500 projectile points from these seven sites. Research
findings indicate that two coeval groups existed in Alberta, identified as the Kenney and Sonota subphases of the Besant Phase. Two additional subphases are hypothesized for the
Besant Phase in Wyoming and Montana.xix, 379 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Gullion, Chris S. "The Manning cache : an examination of the McWhinney heavy stemmed point." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1397375.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis will explore the significance of a cache of Late Archaic lithics found in Randolph County, Indiana by Bobby Manning. These points, thought to mostly be of the McWhinney Heavy Stemmed type are unique in that very few caches of these points have found been in such good condition in unmixed contexts. The McWhinney Heavy Stemmed point, as currently defined, is not well represented in the archaeological record. Point typology is important to archaeology because point types indicate the age and cultural affiliation of most surface sites. Point typologies, then, require accurate description of good samples from unmixed contexts. By presenting background data concerning the McWhinney Heavy Stemmed point and known morphological correlates this thesis aims to provide a better description of the point type. Also this data, coupled with the data from the Manning cache is used to produce results that determine the significance of the cache and determine if this isolated cache reflects a new variant in the McWhinney type or, if justified, a new type altogether.Department of Anthropology
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Miller, Shaun A. "The archaeology of Wesley Chapel Gulf, Orange County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318935.
Full textAbstract:
Phase II archaeological testing of the Wesley Chapel Gulf area was conducted in June and July 2004 by six Ball State Anthropology students, including the author, for the Hoosier National Forest. This fieldwork was aimed at assessing the significance of two sites, 120r382 and 120r384, located by the previous surveys. These two sites were considered potentially eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places because of the data they may provide.The purpose of the research is to determine how this unique natural feature was utilized by prehistoric cultures and to assess its role within the regional archaeological context. The research builds upon data recovered during the previous archaeological surveys of the land immediately surrounding the gulf and tests the conclusions of those investigations with recent data from two archaeological sites, 120r382 and 12Or384. Analysis of the cultural material recovered during the 2004 fieldwork illuminates the prehistory of the Wesley Chapel Gulf area and enhances the interpretation of its role in prehistoric settlement patterns within the Hoosier National Forest region.Department of Anthropology
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Holzapfel, Elaine Kester. "The Paleoamerican occupation of Darke County, Ohio, and environs." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1204195.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis develops and executes a method of comprehensively discovering accessible Paleoamerican archaeological materials from a restricted geographic area, analyzing the data collected, and comparing them within a larger sphere of interaction. The restricted area was Darke County, in west-central Ohio. The study area was familiar to the writer both in field experience and knowledge of collections held by local residents. A total of 115 diagnostic points and additional tools were located, examined, photographed, and measured.On the basis of point typology three stages of Paleoamerican occupation were identified, Early (11, 500 to 10, 500 B. P.), Middle (11,000 to 10, 500 B. P.), and Late (10,500 to 10,000 B. P.). The Early Paleoamerican stage was marked by Clovis fluted and Unfluted fluted points, the Middle by the Cumberland point, and the Late by Agate Basin, Transitional, Plano Lanceolate, and Hi-Lo points. The sources of raw materials were identified and changes of habitat through time were described.The abundant data recovered and analyzed by the approach used in this study from just one Ohio county indicates that extensive data is available but has yet to be recorded and analyzed for Paleoamerican occupation throughout Midwestern United States.Department of Anthropology
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Hambelton, Karla Lucille. "Scratched Petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/329.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines rock art sites containing scratched petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho. Despite their research potential, scratched petroglyphs have received little attention in rock art research or literature. This study contributes valuable data to scratched rock art research and the corpus of rock art research in general. Two samples of ten scratched petroglyph sites were examined and recorded for a total of twenty petroglyph sites. Using formal and contextual research methods, multiple attributes of scratched petroglyphs are identified and analyzed. The formal qualities of scratched petroglyphs are examined to define the extent and to characterize the motif assemblage. Formal qualities were also studied to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between scratched and pecked petroglyph styles and associations between scratched petroglyphs and other archaeological phenomena. The contexts of scratched petroglyphs are studied on site and landscape scales to identify correlations with other archaeological phenomena and environments. The formal analyses revealed that there are more scratched petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills than records and literature currently indicate. Few site records document the presence of scratched petroglyphs, although as a result of this analysis it appears to be ubiquitous in the Bennett Hills. It is possible that scratched petroglyphs are under recorded in other locales as well, and that further investigations may identify a greater frequency of scratched petroglyphs throughout the Great Basin. Proper identification of scratched petroglyphs may alter how these properties are evaluated and in turn how they are managed. The Bennett Hills encompass a limited and unique assemblage of scratched petroglyph motifs that are dissimilar to petroglyphs manufactured using other techniques. This is significant in that it helps support the idea that scratched petroglyphs are distinct. Rather than just an alternative method to pecking, scratched petroglyphs serve a unique function that is different from and independent of pecked petroglyphs. Contextual analyses indicated that scratched petroglyphs are located in patterned and significant associations with artifacts, features, environments, and landscapes. The contextual analysis suggested that scratched rock art was produced in a public context in close proximity to subsistence related activities, perhaps in association with resource gathering events. There are various hypotheses that deal with the interaction between scratched and pecked petroglyph styles. Scratched petroglyphs occur both independent of and in association with other pecked petroglyph styles, although scratched petroglyphs do not commonly occur with any one pecked motif. When scratched and pecked petroglyph styles overlap scratched petroglyphs are always later than and superimposed over earlier pecked petroglyphs. Data was collected to test three hypotheses concerning the intention of association between scratched and pecked petroglyphs. It does not appear that scratched petroglyphs serve to obliterate earlier pecked petroglyphs or function as a sketch that would be pecked later. There is evidence that some scratched petroglyphs enhance earlier pecked petroglyphs however, this hypothesis cannot sufficiently describe the range of patterns and associations found in the Bennett Hills scratched petroglyph assemblage. Hypotheses suggesting associations between scratched rock art and other archaeological phenomena were also examined. The association between scratched petroglyphs and scratched stones is deserving of further research. It may also be too soon to dismiss the association between scratched petroglyphs and quartz. The examination of scratched petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills provides a unique insight into the minds of the makers of these petroglyphs, contributing valuable data our knowledge of the prehistoric peoples of the Bennett Hills and surrounding areas.
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Slawson, Laurie Vivian. "The relationship of environment and dynamic disequilibrium to Hohokam settlement along the Santa Cruz River in the Tucson Basin of Southern Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1994_346_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Foreman, Christine, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Besant beginnings at the Fincastle site : a late middle prehistoric comparative study on the northern plains." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, 2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3066.
Full textAbstract:
The Fincastle Bison Kill Site (DlOx-5), located approximately 100 km east of Lethbridge, Alberta, has been radiocarbon dated to 2 500 BP. Excavations at the site yielded an extensive assemblage of lithics and faunal remains, and several unique features. The elongated point forms, along with the bone upright features, appeared similar to those found at Sonota sites within the Dakota region that dated between 1 950 BP and 1 350 BP. The relatively early date of the Fincastle Site prompted a re-investigation into the origins of the Besant Culture. The features, faunal and lithic assemblages from twenty-three Late Middle Prehistoric sites in Southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas were analyzed and compared. The findings show that Fincastle represents an early component of the Besant Culture referred to as the Outlook Complex. This analysis also suggests a possible Middle Missouri origin of the Fincastle hunters, as well as the entire Besant Culture.xii, 183 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cm