Relevant bibliographies by topics / Indians of north america, southwest, old

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Indians of north america, southwest, old'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Indians of north america, southwest, old"

1

Cook, Robert A., and Aaron R. Comstock. "Evaluating the Old Wood Problem in a Temperate Climate: A Fort Ancient Case Study." American Antiquity 79, no. 04 (October 2014): 763–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.763763.

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Abstract Schiffer (1986) first identified the old wood problem for wood charcoal-based dates from archaeological contexts in the American Southwest. The potential for dates to be skewed toward excessively old calendar ages in this region has recently generated reticence in part of the archaeological community towards including wood charcoal dates in general. Some scholars have even begun to cleanse the radiocarbon databases of regions throughout North America, partly with this presumed limitation in mind. However, the issues that contribute to the old wood problem have not been closely examined outside the arid climate of the American Southwest, resulting in some studies excluding hundreds of radiocarbon dates. The present study fills that void by examining the radiocarbon record from four well-dated Fort Ancient sites in southwestern Ohio and southeastern Indiana. Specifically, we test whether or not there are significant differences between wood charcoal and non-wood charcoal assays. Our findings suggest that wood charcoal dates should not be excluded. We explore reasons for this difference in the Eastern Woodlands and propose an ideal dating regime.
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Zhou, M., and G. Wang. "Responses of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomalies in the South China Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (August 5, 2015): 1693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1693-2015.

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Abstract. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS) and their influences on global atmospheric circulation were studied. The results of the simple atmospheric model suggested that the SCS SST anomalies can induce several barotropic wave trains from the SCS to other regions such as North America, high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. The baroclinic stream function anomalies from the simple model showed an anticyclonic vortex pair in East Asia and southern tropical Indian Ocean and a cyclonic vortex pair in the North Pacific and the Southwest Pacific. It is suggested that the spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the SCS can affect the magnitude of stream function anomalies, although it cannot affect the spatial pattern of atmospheric circulation.
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PADGET, MARTIN. "The American Southwest Audrey Goodman, Translating Southwestern Landscapes: The Making of an Anglo Literary Region (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002, $40.00). Pp. 250. ISBN 0 1865 2187 5. Molly H. Mullin, Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art, and Value in the Amerian Southwest (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001, $64.95 cloth, $19.95 paper). Pp. 248. ISBN 0 822 32610 8, 0 8223 2168 3. Curtis M. Hinsley and David R. Wilcox, The Lost Itinerary of Frank Hamilton Cushing (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002, $50.00). Pp. 450. ISBN 0 8165 2269 3. Hal K. Rothman (ed.), The Culture of Tourism, the Tourism of Culture: Selling the Past to the Present in the American Southwest (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003, $34.95). Pp. 250. ISBN 0 826 32928 4." Journal of American Studies 40, no. 2 (July 27, 2006): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875806001435.

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Scholars have been debating what constitutes “the Southwest” for decades. Thirty years ago, geographer D. W. Meinig began his landmark study Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600–1970 by stating: “The Southwest is a distinct place to the American mind but a somewhat blurred place on American maps.” For Meinig, the crucial determining factor in constituting the geographical parameters of his own study was the coincidence of Native American and Mexican American settlement patterns in Arizona, New Mexico and around El Paso, Texas. The watersheds of the Gila River in Arizona and the Rio Grande in New Mexico provide the focus of his study of the historical interaction of Indians, Mexican Americans and Anglos through the successive periods of Spanish colonialism, Mexican independence and American rule. The historical geographer Richard Francaviglia has challenged the relatively narrow focus of Meinig's study by calling for a more expansive consideration of the Greater Southwest, which, in addition to the core of Arizona and New Mexico, also includes parts of Colorado, Utah, Texas and the northern states of Mexico. He rationalizes, “The southwestern quadrant of North America is, above all, characterized by phenomenal physical and cultural diversity that regionalization tends to abstract or simplify. The more one tries to reduce this complexity, the smaller the Southwest becomes on one's mental map.”2
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Reeves, R. Marcel. "Two new species of Carabodes (Acari: Oribatida: Carabodidae) from North America." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-299.

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Carabodes wonalancetanus n.sp. and C. cochleaformis n.sp. are described. Adults of both species are large and black, with no notogastral setal dimorphism and with setae c2 positioned anterolaterally on the notogaster. Genital plate neotrichy, with up to six pairs of setae, is present in C. cochleaformis. The distributions of these species overlap in New Brunswick and New England, with C. wonalancetanus extending farther north and west into Canada, where it is transcontinental, and C. cochleaformis extending southwest along the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and Kentucky. In New Hampshire, both species were more frequently encountered and more abundant in old-growth or relatively undisturbed forests. Carabodes wonalancetanus prefers leaf litter and rotten logs of conifers, whereas C. cochleaformis is most abundant in fungi, leaf litter, and rotten logs of both conifers and hardwoods.
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Ewert, Eric C. "Searching for the “Old West” in the Theme Towns of the New American West." Review of Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i1.8.

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<div align="center"><p>The Western Anachronism: thanks to western novels and Hollywood, the general public and a great many foreign visitors believe that the “Real West” is, or should be, the mythic West of cowboys and Indians, pickax miners, mountain trappers, and Oregon Trail pioneers. And for a great many busted resource towns, Real West tourism seems to be the boom waiting to replace moribund mining, logging, ranching, and agriculture. So, in many places, towns have rushed to re-create the past in order to attract visitors and new residents. Tourists want to see 19th century saloons and bordellos, old-style signs, Main Street gunfights, blacksmith shops, and hitching posts, not irrigated agriculture, sprawling suburbs, interstate highways, franchise America, and retirement communities. To meet these expectations, towns have reinvented themselves as “museums” of the Old West. For some, historic preservation and resurrection of past landscapes have sufficed, but for others, the “old” look is completely contrived. In both cases, this “Old West” iconography has become emblematic of the rapidly growing modern “New West.” It appears as Victorian, Bavarian, Mining, Wild West, Alpine, Old West, Southwest, Frontier, and other themes. Indeed, one can hardly visit a rural western town without seeing half-timbers or false fronts or board sidewalks or adobe bricks or tile roofs or some other representative adornment or period bric-a-brac. Furthermore, the activities of tourism and outdoor recreation seem most at home when rooted in these “themed” landscapes. The only problem is this: while many theme towns have enjoyed sustained economic success, the costs and tradeoffs have often rendered them no more real or stable than a western movie-set façade.</p></div>
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Hiltunen, Juha. "Spiritual and religious aspects of torture and scalping among the Indian cultures in Eastern North America, from ancient to colonial times." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 23 (January 1, 2011): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67402.

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Only a few decades ago a common perception prevailed that the historic­al Native Americans were very prone to violence and warfare. Scalping and torture were seen as a specific custom attached into their ideology and sociocultural ethos. However in the 1960s a completely reversed picture started to emerge, following the course of other worldwide movements, such as ethnic rights, pan-Indianism, ecological conscience, revisionist historiography and so on. Immediately the Native American people came to be seen as the victims of the European colonialism and the Whites were the bad guys who massacred innocent women and children, either at Sand Creek or in Vietnam. Books were written in which the historians pointed out that the practice of scalping was actually not present in the Americas before the whites came. This theory drew sustenance from some early colonial accounts, especially from the Dutch and New England colonies, where it was documented that a special bounty was offered for Indian scalps. According to this idea, the practice of scalping among the Indians escalated only after this. On the other hand, the blame fell on the Iroquois tribesmen, whose cruel fighting spread terror throughout the seventeenth century, when they expanded an empire in the north eastern wilderness. This accords with those theorists who wanted to maintain a more balanced view of the diffusion of scalping and torture, agreeing that these traits were indeed present in Pre-Columbian America, but limited only to the Iroquoians of the east. Colonial American history has been rewritten every now and then. In the 1980s, and in the field of archaeology especially, a completely new set of insights have arisen. There has been a secondary burial of the myth of Noble Savage and a return of the old Wild Indian idea, but this time stripped of its cartoon stereo­typical attachments. The Indians are now seen as being like any other human beings, with their usual mixture of vices and virtues. Understanding this, one may approach such a topic as scalping and torture without more bias than when reading of any practice of atrocities in human history.
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Nieminski, Nora, and Cari Johnson. "A guide to the bedrock geology of Range Creek Canyon, Book Cliffs, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 1 (January 1, 2014): 6–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v1.pp6-31.

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Range Creek Canyon, located within the Book Cliffs of eastern Utah, contains some of the most abundant and well-preserved archaeological sites in North America. Its cliffs and landscapes provide a canvas for rock art panels and a foundation for granaries, ruins, and artifacts of the prehistoric Fremont Indians. In order to place these Range Creek sites within a geologic context, an illustrated geologic field guide was created for the general public. The guide focuses on the major bedrock formations that crop out in the canyon, as well as many indicators that facilitate geologic interpretation of these rocks. Outcrops of the Paleogene Flagstaff and Colton Formations (~58 to 48 million years old) in Range Creek Canyon were investigated in order to interpret their depositional environments. The lacustrine Flagstaff Limestone contains limestone beds and fossils of freshwater gastropods, oysters, and turtles indicative of lake environments. The unit coarsens upward with an increase of interbedded sandstone, which was deposited in and near ancient river channels. This trend suggests dynamic levels of the ancient lake, with overall encroachment of river systems near the contact with the Colton Formation. The fluvial Colton Formation is characterized by discontinuous, stacked beds of sandstone, representing a succession of migrating river channels and floodplain deposits. The Colton Formation exhibits a general upward trend of increased grain size and increased channel belt (continuous sandstone beds) frequency and lateral extent, implying a transition to higher energy river systems through time. These dynamic, ancient rivers may have been flowing generally northward into Eocene Lake Uinta, recorded in deposits of the Green River Formation north of Range Creek Canyon.
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Nieminski, Nora M., and Cari L. Johnson. "A guide to the bedrock geology of Range Creek Canyon, Book Cliffs, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 1 (May 23, 2014): 6–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v1i0.2.

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Range Creek Canyon, located within the Book Cliffs of eastern Utah, contains some of the most abundant and well-preserved archaeological sites in North America. Its cliffs and landscapes provide a canvas for rock art panels and a foundation for granaries, ruins, and artifacts of the prehistoric Fremont Indians. In order to place these Range Creek sites within a geologic context, an illustrated geologic field guide was created for the general public. The guide focuses on the major bedrock formations that crop out in the canyon, as well as many indicators that facilitate geologic interpretation of these rocks. Outcrops of the Paleogene Flagstaff and Colton Formations (~58 to 48 million years old) in Range Creek Canyon were investigated in order to interpret their depositional environments. The lacustrine Flagstaff Limestone contains limestone beds and fossils of freshwater gastropods, oysters, and turtles indicative of lake environments. The unit coarsens upward with an increase of interbedded sandstone, which was deposited in and near ancient river channels. This trend suggests dynamic levels of the ancient lake, with overall encroachment of river systems near the contact with the Colton Formation. The fluvial Colton Formation is characterized by discontinuous, stacked beds of sandstone, representing a succession of migrating river channels and floodplain deposits. The Colton Formation exhibits a general upward trend of increased grain size and increased channel belt (continuous sandstone beds) frequency and lateral extent, implying a transition to higher energy river systems through time. These dynamic, ancient rivers may have been flowing generally northward into Eocene Lake Uinta, recorded in deposits of the Green River Formation north of Range Creek Canyon.
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Christiansen, Joshua, Dana Green, Darren Bender, David Gummer, Matina Kalcounis-Rueppell, and Mark Brigham. "A male Little Brown Myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>) recaptured after 28 years at the same site in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 136, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v136i1.2871.

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Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) is one of the most common and widely distributed mammals in Canada and has been recorded to live over 30 years in the wild. As part of a long-term bat research project in Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, Saskatchewan, we recaptured a male Little Brown Bat in a mist net over Battle Creek on 12 June 2021. The bat was recaptured within 100 m of where it was first captured and banded as an adult in 1993, indicating that this bat was at least 29 years old and exhibited repeated use of the same summer flying, foraging, and drinking site. The bat was not caught in the intervening years; therefore, its frequency of use of this site is unknown. In eastern North America, this species has declined because of high mortality rates associated with White-nose Syndrome (WNS). WNS has been moving westward and has now been detected in eastern and western Saskatchewan. Understanding aspects of the natural history of Little Brown Bat, including longevity, is important before WNS is detected in a region and leads us to advocate continued marking of individuals (e.g., banding, PIT tagging) to continue learning about bat longevity and survival before and after WNS infection.
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Daeli, Yovita Sabatini, Dewi Isma Aryani, and Indra Janty. "PERANCANGAN BUSANA READY TO WEAR DELUXE DENGAN INSPIRASI THE CULTURE OF ANIMAL SPIRIT DARI SUKU INDIAN." Serat Rupa Journal of Design 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/srjd.v3i2.1728.

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Indian tribes are the people of North America who are famous for their tradition, lifestyle, art and belief as culture tradition. One of the belief tradition is their belief to the spirit of animal which has connection with Indian belief,animism. In animal animism there are several animals which is considered.sacred in the lifecycle of Indians. They are : eagles, bear, and bisons. They are the symbols of life structure to Indian tribes. The combination of the symbols of lifecycle is based on the ways of the winds, seasons, elements, and colors of each of the symbols has become the inspiration of fashion design ready to wear collection deluxe titled OTODEM Throughout OTODEM collection the ethnic but still modern nuances are shown from the shapes and cutting of the clothes. The concept applied on the design adapts the symbols lf animal spirit : eagles, wolves, bear and bison and also from the symbols of ways of the wind, seasons, elements, and colors in every piece of clothing. The symbols are applied on the piece of clothings throughout polyflex screen printing and flocking and the sign motifs, the macrame and stitching technique are used to show the uniqueness of the Indian tribe clothes. The goal is to strengthen the performance and similarities with symbols of Indian tribes. This ready to wear collection is targeted for men and women around 25-35 years old with different backgrounds such as entertainers, designers and public figures with strong and bold characteristics, love challenges and are open to new challenges, curious about ethnics and cultures, and stay in major cities in Indonesia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indians of north america, southwest, old"

1

Loth, Christine. "The inherent right policy: a blending of old and new paradigm ideas." Ottawa, 1996.

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Szuter, Christine Rose. "Hunting by prehistoric horticulturalists in the American Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184739.

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Hunting by horticulturalists in the Southwest examines the impact of horticulture on hunting behavior and animal exploitation among late Archaic and Hohokam Indians in south-central Arizona. A model incorporating ecological and ethnographic data discusses the impact horticulturalists had on the environment and the ways in which that impact affected other aspects of subsistence, specifically hunting behavior. The model is then evaluated using a regional faunal data base from Archaic and Hohokam sites. Five major patterns supporting the model are observed: (1) a reliance on small and medium-sized mammals as sources of animal protein, (2) the use of rodents as food, (3) the differential reliance on cottontails (Sylvilagus) and jack rabbits (Lepus) at Hohokam farmsteads versus villages, (4) the relative decrease in the exploitation of cottontails versus jack rabbits as a Hohokam site was occupied through time, and (5) the recovery contexts of artiodactyl remains, which indicate their ritual and tool use as well as for food.
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Gray, Norma. "Obesity in a Southwest Native American tribe: Examination of prevalence, predictive factors, and health risks." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184648.

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This research examined obesity in a Southwest Native American Tribe by utilizing data obtained from Indian Health Service regarding individuals who used their health clinics. Sixteen cohorts, ranging in age from 3 to 75 years, were studied across the four years of 1971, 1976, 1981, and 1986. This was an exploratory study designed to investigate four areas related to obesity in this Tribe: (1) Weight and height norms, (2) prevalence of obesity, (3) factors predictive of adolescent obesity, and (4) health risks associated with obesity. The results indicate that this population of Southwest Native Americans generally weigh more and are shorter than national norms, which results in significantly greater BMIs. Norms for weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were established for all categories during each of the data gathering years of 1971, 1976, 1981, and 1986. Prevalence of obesity based on weight and BMI was established for this time period, also. Predictive factors of adolescent obesity in this Tribe revealed several of children's prior weight variables to be significantly related to adolescent obesity. Whereas, variables related to the children's mothers tended to be nonsignificant. The results indicated two health problems are related to adult obesity in this population: diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, blood pressure was also related to obesity in that those who were obese tended to have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than the nonobese. Several childhood characteristics are seen as indicators that children may need preventive measures in order to reduce the chance of later obesity. Future research is discussed in terms of prospective studies which might provide more information about obesity in this Tribe.
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Blackhawk, Ned. "Violence over the land : colonial encounters in the American Great Basin /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10405.

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Winthrop, Kathryn R. "Prehistoric settlement patterns in southwest Oregon." Thesis, View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 1993. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/030904f1.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1993.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search First Nations/Tribal Collection.
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De, Costa Ravindra Noel John. "New relationships, old certainties Australia's reconciliation and treaty-making in British Columbia /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20050627.092937/.

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Smith, William Hoyt. "Trade in molluskan religiofauna between the southwestern United States and southern California /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055713.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 391-421). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Johnson, David D. "An ethnographic inquiry into the cultural ethos and ceramic tradition of the Navajo." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/466396.

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Sanders, Jeffrey Mark. "Tribal and national parks on American Indian lands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184953.

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Today there are more than fifty million acres on American Indian reservations and Indian people can determine, to a great extent, what happens on their land. One way Indians can keep the renewable aspect of their land is by considering its use in a nonconsumable way, such as with the creation of parks. This dissertation addresses and analyzes policy and management concerns related to selected parks on the Navajo and Zuni reservations. Any successful venture with Indian people must entail a blend of cultural awareness and sensitivity along with federal-tribal policy and history. To that extent, Indians as ecologists before the arrival of Europeans to this continent, and an extensive review of federal Indian policy is offered. With the establishment of any park certain issues will arise that are significant to the creation and management of the area. The parks analyzed in detail are Monument Valley Tribal Park, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, and the newly established Zuni-Cibola National Historical Park. General processes of management and specific issues of concern are identified and analyzed. Methods of tribal-National Park Service cooperation are discussed. An administrative history of the Navajo Tribal Parks system is also presented.
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Moss, Maria. "We've been here before women in creation myths and contemporary literature of the Native American southwest /." Münster : Lit, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30100337.html.

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Books on the topic "Indians of north america, southwest, old"

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Judson, Katharine Berry. Myths and legends of California and the Old Southwest. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

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Schiffer, Nancy. Miniature arts of the Southwest. West Chester, Pa: Schiffer Pub., 1991.

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Jefferson, Reid J., and Doyel David E. 1946-, eds. Emil W. Haury's Prehistory of the American Southwest. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986.

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Mojave River Valley Museum Association., ed. Gone the way of the earth: Indian slave trade in the Old Southwest. 3rd ed. Barstow, Calif: Mojave River Valley Museum Association, 2009.

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Walker, Clifford. Gone the way of the earth: Indian slave trade in the Old Southwest. 3rd ed. Barstow, Calif: Mojave River Valley Museum Association, 2009.

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Tate, Michael L. The Indians of Texas: An annotated research bibliography. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1986.

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Carter, Cecile Elkins. Caddo Indians: Where we come from. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.

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Blanchard, Charles E. New words, old songs: Understanding the lives of ancient peoples in southwest Florida through archaeology. Gainesville: Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1995.

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Pioneer days in the early Southwest. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

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Jones, Charles C. Antiquities of the southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia tribes. Tuscaloosa, Ala: University of Alabama Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Indians of north america, southwest, old"

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Bierhorst, John. "The Emergence." In The Mythology Of North America, 77–92. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146226.003.0007.

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Abstract Southwest mythology has two great creation epics, The Dying God and The Emergence, to which may be added a deliverer cycle on the theme of the hero who returns to his mother or grandmother. Stories that do not fit into one of these three patterns tend to become secular literature, including trickster tales and stories for young children. Since all three of the principal epics have parallels in old Aztec and Maya myths, it has often been assumed that Southwest traditions derive from Mexican and Central American sources.
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Butler, Jon. "Worlds Old and New." In New World Faiths, 1–20. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195333107.003.0001.

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Abstract The French Jesuit Pierre de Charlevoix was fascinated by the religious customs of the Algonquian-speaking Indians of southern Canada and northern New York and New England. In his two-volume Journal of a Voyage to North-America (1761), Charlevoix related many stories about Algonquian religion that seemed both wonderful and strange. Charlevoix was especially intrigued by Algonquian dreaming and its dramatic effect among traditional Algonquian believers. He was particularly taken by a story told to him by French Jesuit missionaries working among the Algonquian Indians. An Algonquian man dreamed that he had been a prisoner held by Algonquian enemies. When he awoke, he was confused and afraid. What did the dream mean? When he consulted the Algonquian shaman, the figure who mediated between humans, the gods, and nature, the shaman told him he had to act out the implications of the dream. The man had himself tied to a post, and other Algonquians burned several parts of his body, just as would have happened had his captivity been real.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Blue Mountains, Domain 6." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0024.

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The Blue Mountains domain is mostly in northeastern Oregon. It is the name that we and others (Orr and Orr 1996) have adopted for the Central Highlands subprovince of the Columbia Intermountain province (Freeman et al. 1945). Small areas of Blue Mountains ultramafic rocks are exposed in an arcuate trend from central Oregon through northeastern Oregon into western Idaho. They are in the Baker and Wallowa terranes (Vallier and Brooks 1995). These terranes with the ultramafic rocks are covered or surrounded by Tertiary volcanic flows, largely Columbia River basalt. The ultramafic rocks are exposed in the Canyon Mountain and Sparta complexes and in smaller areas from the edge of the Idaho Batholith near Riggins in Idaho south–southwest across northeastern Oregon to the Aldrich Mountains south of Dayville. The Snake River has cut a deep gorge through the Blue Mountains domain. At Hells Canyon it is >2000 m deep. Strawberry Mountain southeast of John Day rises to 2755 m. Ultramafic rocks are exposed from about 975 m at the foot of the Strawberry Range, near Canyon City, to 2243 m on Baldy Mountain in the Strawberry Range and a bit higher on Vinegar Hill, which is about 45 km northeast of the Strawberry Range, although the summit of Vinegar Hill (2478 m above sea level) is not composed of ultramafic rocks. Summers are hot and dry and winters are cold, with snow that persists through winters at the higher elevations. Mean annual temperatures are mostly in the 3°C–9oC range, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 25 to 100 cm. The frost-free period is about 150 days at lower elevations and <60 days at higher elevations. The ultramafic rocks were exposed by late Tertiary uplift and erosion of the overlying volcanic sequence. The older rocks are composed of a volcanic island arc complex that contains marine sediments interlayered with mafic volcanic flows. Deep erosion of this area has exposed the roots of the volcanic arc. The roots contain gabbro and peridotite–serpentine at their lowest levels. Seven-thousand-year-old volcanic ash from Mt.
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Aron, Stephen. "2. Empires and enclaves." In The American West: A Very Short Introduction, 15–30. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199858934.003.0003.

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Columbus discovered an Old World in 1492. Steep population declines reduced Indian numbers by more than 90 percent in the following four centuries. European maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries claimed to have carved up most of North America, but ‘Empires and enclaves’ shows that control over North American lands remained hotly contested during this time. Well into the eighteenth century, the vast majority of North American Indians had not become the subordinates of European colonizers and in most places there were no European settlements yet. The first contacts between European and Indians are described along with seventeenth-century English settlements in New England, the Spanish conquest in New Mexico, and the alternative approaches of the French.
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5

Axtell, James. "At the Water’s Edge: Trading in the Sixteenth Century." In After Columbus, 144–81. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195053760.003.0010.

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Abstract American Historians are Just Beginning to Discover that North America had a full and important history in the sixteenth century. In addition to perhaps four million Indians, the French, English, Spanish, and Portuguese were economically and, on occasion, politically preoccupied with the new continent. The Spanish penetrated deep into the Southeast and Southwest, establishing military posts and missionary centers wherever they went. When they chose not to settle, they did their utmost to ensure that European rivals did not outflank them. The zones of sharpest conflict were on the coasts of Florida, near the shipping lanes of the Spanish bullion fleets, and around Newfoundland, whose fish-laden waters drew fleets from all the major Western European ports. All of these ventures led to contact and sometimes conflict with the local natives.
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6

Martin, Joel W. "New Religions 1n the West." In The Land Looks After Us, 84–113. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195145861.003.0004.

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Abstract On January 1, 1889, a total eclipse of the sun darkened the sky over western North America and spread terror on earth. Alarmed Tiövusidiöikadö Paiute Indians of Mason Valley in Nevada began shooting off their guns. They hoped to scare away the force that blocked the light. They turned for guidance to their weather doctor, a twenty-eight-year-old man named Wovoka. Though ill, he tried to help. Using divination techniques perfected over generations and passed down from his father, he went into a trance or state of unconsciousness. According to many Paiutes, when a healer entered the trance state, it was as if he had died; his released soul could travel to other realms. He could find out what was wrong with a sick person and bring back a healing song. He could divine the patterns of the weather and movements of game.
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7

Busby, C. J. "Guerrero-Alisitos-Vizcaino superterrane of western Mexico and its ties to the Mexican continental margin (Gondwana and SW Laurentia)." In Laurentia: Turning Points in the Evolution of a Continent. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(34).

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ABSTRACT This chapter expands upon a model, first proposed in 1998 by Busby and others, in which Mesozoic oceanic-arc rocks of Baja California formed along the Mexican continental margin above a single east-dipping subduction zone, and were extensional in nature, due to rollback of an old, cold subducting slab (Panthalassa). It expands on that model by roughly tripling the area of the region representing this fringing extensional oceanic-arc system to include the western third of mainland Mexico. This chapter summarizes the geologic, paleomagnetic, and detrital zircon data that tie all of these oceanic-arc rocks to each other and to the Mexican margin, herein termed the Guerrero-Alisitos-Vizcaino superterrane. These data contradict a model that proposes the oceanic-arc rocks formed in unrelated archipelagos some 2000–4000 km west of Pangean North America. Following the termination of Permian–Triassic (280–240 Ma) subduction under continental Mexico, the paleo-Pacific Mexico margin was a passive margin dominated by a huge siliciclastic wedge (Potosí fan) composed of sediments eroded from Gondwanan basement and Permian continental-arc rocks. I propose that a second fan formed further north, termed herein the Antimonio-Barranca fan, composed of sediment eroded from southwest Laurentian sources. Zircons from these two fans were dispersed onto the ocean floor as turbidites, forming a unifying signature in the Guerrero-Alisitos-Vizcaino superterrane. The oldest rocks in the Guerrero-Alisitos-Vizcaino superterrane record subduction initiation in the oceanic realm, producing the 221 Ma Vizcaino ophiolite, which predated the onset of arc magmatism. This ophiolite contains Potosí fan zircons as xenocrysts in its chromitites, which I suggest were deposited on the seafloor before the trench formed and then were subducted eastward. This is consistent with the geophysical interpretation that the Cocos plate (the longest subducted plate on Earth) began subducting eastward under Mexico at 220 Ma. The Early Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous oceanic arc of western Mexico formed above this east-dipping slab, shifting positions with time, and was largely extensional, forming intra-arc basins and spreading centers, including a backarc basin along the continental margin (Arperos basin). Turbidites with ancient Mexican detrital zircons were deposited in many of these basins and recycled along normal fault scarps. By mid-Cretaceous time, the extensional oceanic arc began to evolve into a contractional continental arc, probably due to an increase in convergence rate that was triggered by a global plate reorganization. Contraction expanded eastward (inboard) throughout the Late Cretaceous, along with inboard migration of arc magmatism, suggesting slab shallowing with time.
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