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Bhana, Surendra, P. Pratap Kumar, Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Ashwin Desai, and Eric Itzkin. "Indians in South Africa." International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 2 (2001): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097488.
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Sonn, Tamara. "Middle East and Islamic Studies in South Africa." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 28, no. 1 (July 1994): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400028443.
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Although muslims make up less than two percent of South Africa’s total population, they are a well-established community with high visibility. In 1994 South Africans will celebrate 300 years of Islam in South Africa. The introduction of Islam to South Africa is usually attributed to Sheikh Yusuf, a Macasser prince exiled to South Africa for leading resistance against Dutch colonization in Malaysia. But the first Muslims in South Africa were actually slaves, imported by the Dutch colonists to the Cape mainly from India, the Indonesian archipelago, Malaya and Sri Lanka beginning in 1667. The Cape Muslim community, popularly but inaccurately known as “Malays” and known under the apartheid system as “Coloureds,” therefore, is the oldest Muslim community in South Africa. The other significant Muslim community in South Africa was established over 100 years later by northern Indian indentured laborers and tradespeople, a minority of whom were Muslims. The majority of South African Indian Muslims now live in Natal and Transvaal. Indians were classified as “Asians” or “Asiatics” by the apartheid system. The third ethnically identifiable group of Muslims in South Africa were classified as “African” or “Black” by the South African government. The majority of Black Muslims are converts or descendants of converts. Of the entire Muslim population of South Africa, some 49% are “Coloureds,” nearly 47% are “Asians,” and although statistics regarding “Africans” are generally unreliable, it is estimated that they comprise less than four percent of the Muslim population. Less than one percent of the Muslim population is “White.”
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Hart, Keith, and Vishnu Padayachee. "Indian Business in South Africa after Apartheid: New and Old Trajectories." Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 4 (October 2000): 683–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500003285.
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We consider here what has happened to one segment of South African capital since the demise of apartheid, of the Indian businessmen of KwaZulu Natal, and especially of its principal port city, Durban. During the long nightmare of apartheid, South Africa's Indians, a small minority constituting only three percent of the national population, suffered many restrictions on their development.
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Srinivas, C. "Book Reviews : Indians in South Africa." International Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2002): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088170203900211.
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Bhol, Alifia, Neha Sanwalka, Jamila Taherali Imani, Sakina Mustafa Poonawala, Tabassum Patel, Sadiyya Mohammed Yusuf Kapadia, and Maria Abbas Jamali. "An Online Survey to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Immuno-Nutrition During COVID Pandemic in Indians Staying in Different Countries." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 9, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.9.2.03.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding immuno-nutrition in Indians residing in different parts of the world and to evaluate practices adopted during lockdown to boost immunity. A rapid assessment survey was conducted using Google Forms which was circulated amongst Indian community residing in different countries using various social media platforms. Data was collected from 325 Indians from 11 different countries. Participants were regrouped into 4 groups: South Asia, Europe, East Africa and Western Asia based on geographical location.About 85% participants identified most factors that either boost or suppress immunity. More than 90% participants reported vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, proteins and iron as the nutrients that boost immunity. Higher percentage of Indians from South and Western Asia reported that holy basil, asafoetida, cardamom, nuts and Chawanprash helped boost immunity as compared to Indians from Europe and East Africa (p<0.05).The overall minimum knowledge score obtained by participants was 45% and maximum was 100%. Highest marks were obtained by Indians from Western Asia followed by Indians from South Asia then Europe and lastly East Africa. However, there was no significant difference marks obtained by participants.
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Ijabadeniyi, Abosede, Jeevarathnam Parthasarathy Govender, and Dayaneethie Veerasamy. "The Influence Of Cultural Diversity On Marketing Communication: A Case Of Africans And Indians In Durban, South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 14, no. 6 (December 23, 2015): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i6.9570.
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This paper investigates the cultural diversity between Africans and Indians in Durban, South Africa, based on marketing communication. While cross-cultural marketing research has been concentrated on Western and Eastern societies, there is a lack of such research in Africa. The study examines the cultural values of Africans and Indians based on the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension, adapted to account for marketing communication-specific cultural values (MCSCV). The study was a quantitative study which used judgmental sampling technique to recruit subjects and analysed data using the t-test. Surveys were completed by 283 African and 92 Indian respondents at the main shopping malls in two of Durban’s renowned African and Indian townships viz. Umlazi and Chatsworth, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that Indian respondents showed more individualistic tendencies toward marketing communication, as compared to their African counterparts. The study highlights that target markets’ indigenous cultural values may not necessarily serve as predictors for market segmentation. The study further shows that directing stereotypical marketing communication strategies toward culturally homogeneous markets based on indigenous cultural dispositions, without investigating the compatibility of both cultural contexts, can be deleterious. The paper builds on current thinking in cross-cultural marketing literature and develops an orientation of MCSCV.
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Jithoo, Sabita. "Indians in South Africa: Tradition Vs. Westernization." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 22, no. 3 (October 1, 1991): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.22.3.343.
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Lloyd, Lorna. "‘A most auspicious begining’: the 1946 United Nations General Assembly and the question of the treatment of Indians in South Africa." Review of International Studies 16, no. 2 (April 1990): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112562.
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On 22 June 1946 the Government of India asked that the treatment of Indians in South Africa be placed on the agenda of the Second Part of the First UN General Assembly. This was the first dispute to be taken to the General Assembly and it resulted in the UN's first attack on South Africa. From the perspective of the 1990s the only striking thing about the 1946 UN resolution is its mild tone and the limitation of its criticism to South Africa's, policies relating to just one group. However, from the perspective of 1946 it is remarkable that the UN should even have discussed South Africa's treatment of her Indian citizens, let alone have decided by a two-thirds majority that she had failed to treat them in conformity with. her international obligations and the relevant provisions of the UN Charter.
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Tewolde, Amanuel Isak. "Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis." Migration Letters 17, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.789.
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Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.
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Seedat-Khan, Mariam, and Belinda Johnson. "Distinctive and continued phases of Indian migration to South Africa with a focus on human security: The case of Durban." Current Sociology 66, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392117736303.
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A long-term analytical view of Indian migration and their human rights experiences in South Africa is essential to understand what prompts continued Indian migration and the factors that shape migrants’ human security experiences. The intersections of global, social, political and economic powers combine with national and international forces to determine the experiences of migration and human (in)security among Indian migrants in South Africa. This article focuses on historical Indian indentured migrants and the continued post-apartheid contemporary migration of Indians to South Africa. Throughout South Africa’s turbulent, violent and exploitative history, the political constructs of slavery, colonialism, economic expansionism, economic dispossession and apartheid convened in the passage of poor men, women and children from the Indian subcontinent. The article argues that traces of earlier exploitative histories continue to shape the framework for present-day Indian migrants in a way that impacts directly on their human security within a contemporary context.
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Gopalan, Karthigasen. "Defending Hinduism or Fostering Division? The Decision to Introduce Hindu Religious Instruction in Indian Schools in South Africa during the 1950s." Journal of Religion in Africa 44, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 224–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340005.
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Abstract This paper examines the debates and tensions that emerged during the 1950s, when the South African Hindu Maha Sabha approached education authorities about permitting Hindu religious instruction in selected primary schools. While important to the Maha Sabha, this move brought strong opposition from many quarters. Hindu reformers aimed to promote a ‘monolithic Hinduism’ and recreate it. However, given the heterogeneity of South African Hindus, who were divided by class, caste, language, region of origin, and the presence of Christian and Muslim Indians, many critical voices feared that teaching religion at school would foster divisions within the ‘Indian community’, which was considered anathema when it was perceived as necessary to unite against the racist policies of the white minority apartheid government. The deep-seated fears that were exposed by this debate reveal interesting insights about the multifaceted nature of Indian identity and Hindu identity in South Africa.
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Marie, Rowanne Sarojini. "ACROSS THE KALA PANI: UNTOLD STORIES OF INDENTURED INDIAN WOMEN OF CHRISTIAN ORIGIN IN SOUTH AFRICA." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1585.
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The indenture experience is one that is entrenched in the very being of the Indian community in South Africa. Recent times have seen a good spread of documentation on such experiences, especially in light of the 150th anniversary of the arrivals in South Africa, celebrated in 2010. What does become clear in such accounts, however, is that the experiences of women are subsumed within such historical records, therefore giving little or no attention to their voices. Indian women were hugely impacted by the indenture experience; however, these accounts are few and far between. The history of Indian women in South Africa is undoubtedly largely shaped by their experiences of indenture. Such history is encompassed within their trajectories of poverty, culture, education and religion as they took the courageous decision to cross the Kala Pani. In this short account, the indenture experience of the Indians in South Africa will be examined, giving specific attention to the aspect of poverty and the impact of mission on Indian Christian women. Various scholars briefly make mention of such experiences, however, it becomes important to apportion intentional spaces to those once muted, yet significant voices. Indentured Indian women of Christian origin have a story to tell – a story of their encounters across the Kala Pani. Such stories become important to the discourse of the history of the Indian community in South Africa.
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Rogerson, Christian M., and Jayne M. Rogerson. "Racialized Landscapes of Tourism: From Jim Crow USA to Apartheid South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 48, no. 48 (June 23, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0010.
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AbstractTourism studies, including by geographers, give only minor attention to historically-informed research. This article contributes to the limited scholarship on tourism development in South Africa occurring during the turbulent years of apartheid (1948 to 1994). It examines the building of racialized landscapes of tourism with separate (but unequal) facilities for ‘non-Whites’ as compared to Whites. The methodological approach is archival research. Applying a range of archival sources tourism linked to the expanded mobilities of South Africa's ‘non-White’ communities, namely of African, Coloureds (mixed race) and Asians (Indians) is investigated. Under apartheid the growth of ‘non-White’ tourism generated several policy challenges in relation to national government's commitments towards racial segregation. Arguably, the segregated tourism spaces created for ‘non-Whites’ under apartheid exhibit certain parallels with those that emerged in the USA during the Jim Crow era.
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VINSON, ROBERT TRENT. "‘SEA KAFFIRS’: ‘AMERICAN NEGROES’ AND THE GOSPEL OF GARVEYISM IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY CAPE TOWN." Journal of African History 47, no. 2 (July 2006): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706001824.
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This article demonstrates that black British West Indians and black South Africans in post-First World War Cape Town viewed ‘American Negroes’ as divinely ordained liberators from South African white supremacy. These South-African based Garveyites articulated a prophetic Garveyist Christianity that provided common ideological ground for Africans and diasporic blacks through leading black South African organizations like the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), the African National Congress (ANC) and the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU). This study utilizes a ‘homeland and diaspora’ model that simultaneously offers an expansive framework for African history, redresses the relative neglect of Africa and Africans in African diaspora studies and demonstrates the impact of Garveyism on the country's interwar black freedom struggle.
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Hiralal, Kalpana. "JOSEPH DEVASAYAGEM ROYEPPEN (1871-1960): THE ANGLICAN, COLONIAL BORN POLITICAL ACTIVIST." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 2 (December 8, 2016): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1083.
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This article documents the contributions of Joseph Royeppen, a colonial born Christian activist in South Africa at the turn of the century. Royeppen was a barrister, passive resister and a devout Christian. He was the first colonial born Indian to study law at Cambridge and played an important role in mobilising support for Indian grievances whilst in England. He participated in the first satyagraha campaign in South Africa and endured imprisonment. Yet in the vast corpus of historical literature on South Africans of Indian descent he is given minimal recognition. This paper seeks to rectify this omission by documenting his contributions to the first satyagraha campaign that occurred in the Transvaal between 1907-1911. Royeppen, in his fight against oppression and inequality, embraced multiple roles: an eloquent student, barrister, devout Christian, hawker, passive resister and labourer. He mediated among these varying roles and in the process highlighted not only strength in character but dignity in protest action. A colonial born Indian, he was highly critical of the colonial and British governments and challenged their attempts to deny citizenship rights to South Africans of Indian descent. Joseph Royeppen’s narrative is significant because it highlights the role and contributions of colonial born Indians, in particular the educated elite, to the early political struggles in South Africa. In many ways, they were an important, influential and active constituency in South Africa’s road to democracy.
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Mesthire, Rajend. "South African Indian English." English Today 9, no. 2 (April 1993): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400000286.
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Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma. "Re-Locating Memories: Transnational and Local Narratives of Indian South Africans in Cape Town." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 8 (April 12, 2016): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616642793.
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This article plays on the word re-location to examine the memories of Indians in South Africa through oral histories about relocation as a result of the Group Areas Act, to memories of parents and grandparents relocating to South Africa from India as told to interviewers and to their own memories of journeys to India and back. The narratives of mobilities traverse time and national boundaries and are counter-posed by narratives of local mobilities as well as stasis. The article identifies ways of narrating, themes of narration and the meaning of memories while noting the re-location of memory construction against the backdrop of South Africa’s democratic transition and the 150th commemoration of the arrival of indentured Indians to South Africa. It argues that the local and the national are important in narrations of transnational journeys, thus advancing a particular approach to transnational memory studies.
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Stainbank, Lesley, and Devi Dutt Tewari. "Professional accounting education programmes in South Africa and India." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-12-2011-0056.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a contextual analysis of the professional accounting education programmes in South Africa and India by benchmarking both programmes to the International Education Standards (IESs) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology is a qualitative archival approach extracting information from secondary data (Statements of Membership Obligations’ compliance questionnaires available on the IFAC web site and information from the web sites of the relevant professional accountancy bodies). Findings – With regards to the IESs, the study found that both countries comply with the standards, although important differences occur. In South Africa, most of the education takes place during the university phase; and while both countries cover the content requirements, India covers the acquisition of professional skills more formally; ethics is taught and examined in both countries; both countries require a three year training contract; both countries have a final examination but the content of the examinations are different; and South Africa requires more continuous professional development than India. These findings, when related to India's and South Africa's relative positions on certain of the Global Competitiveness Indices may indicate that India could learn from the South African accountancy education model in order to strengthen the Indian position with regards to auditing and reporting standards. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the study is that it did not investigate the quality of the relative education programmes and it benchmarks both programmes at a single point in time. Practical implications – India could strengthen its accounting profession by implementing some of the South African aspects of its education model. South African could consider adopting the flexibility in the entry requirements in the Indian education model in order to increase the number of accountants in South Africa. These findings may also be useful to other developing countries to identify practices which could be adopted if suitable in their respective countries. Originality/value – The study is original as accountancy education programmes in India and South Africa have not been contrasted before. In view of their similar colonial background and the fact that both countries are major economic and political forces in their respective regions, the value of this study is that it provides useful and relevant information to India, South Africa and other countries with similar economic and social backgrounds.
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Jinabhai, Champak C., Hoosen M. Coovadia, and Salim S. Abdool-Karim. "Socio-Medical Indicators of Health in South Africa." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 1 (January 1986): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jtnm-2d1h-8tk8-63dv.
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Socio-medical indicators developed by WHO for monitoring progress towards Health-for-All have been adapted to reveal, clearly and objectively, the devastating impact of state planning based on an outmoded immoral and unscientific philosophy of race superiority in South Africa on the health of the disenfranchised majority within the context of social and economic discrimination; Health policy indicators confirm that the government is committed to three options (Bantustans, A New Constitution, and A Health Services Facilities Plan) all of which are inconsistent with the attainment of Health-for-All; Social and economic indicators reveal gross disparities between African, Coloured, Indian, and White living and working conditions; Provision of health care indicators show the overwhelming dominance of high technology curative medical care consuming about 97 percent of the health budget with only minor shifts towards community-based comprehensive care; and Health status indicators illustrate the close nexus between privilege, dispossession and disease with Whites falling prey to health problems related to affluence and lifestyle, while Africans, Coloureds, and Indians suffer from disease due to poverty. All four categories of the indicator system reveal discrepancies which exist between Black and White, rich and poor, urban and rural. To achieve the social goal of Health-for-All requires a greater measure of political commitment from the state. We conclude that it is debatable whether a system which maintains race discrimination and exploitation can in fact be adapted to provide Health-for-All.
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Naidoo, Muthal. "Maniben Sita: South Africa’s Anti-apartheid Heroine." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 1, no. 2 (December 2016): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632716685617.
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This is a portrait of the anti-apartheid struggle for freedom in South Africa by Maniben Sita, a follower of Gandhi, who adopted satyagraha to oppose injustice. In 1946–47, Maniben organised a women’s contingent to demonstrate against the restrictive laws that were being promulgated to curb Indians’ access to land and trading rights. As executive member of the Transvaal Indian Congress and later in the Defiance Campaign of the 1950s she continued her advocacy of justice for all. She was sent to prison several times during her long involvement in the anti-apartheid struggle. She is recognised as one of South Africa’s heroines and her portrait hangs in the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg.
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Sonn, Tamara. "Islamic Studies in South Africa." American Journal of Islam and Society 11, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v11i2.2436.
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Background of South African IslamIn 1994, South Africans will celebrate three centuries of Islam inSouth Africa. Credit for establishing Islam in South Africa is usuallygiven to Sheikh Yusuf, a Macasser prince who was exiled to South Africafor leading the resistance against the Dutch colonization of Malaysia. Thefitst Muslims in South Africa, however, were actually slaves who hadbeen imported, beginning in 1677, mainly from India, the Indonesianarchipelago, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka, by the Dutch colonists living in theCape. The Cape Muslim community, popularly but inaccurately knownas "Malays" and known under apattheid as "Coloreds," is the oldest Muslimcommunity in South Africa. The other major Muslim community wasestablished over a century later by indentured laborers and tradespeoplefrom northern India, a minority of whom weae Muslims. The majority ofSouth African Indian Muslims, classified as "Asians" or "Asiatics," nowlive in Natal and Tramvaal. The third ethnically identifiable group, classifiedas "Aftican" or "Black," consists mainly of converts or theirdescendants. Of the entire South African Muslim population, roughly 49percent are "Coloreds," nearly 47 pement are "Asians," and, although statisticsregarding "Africans" ate generally unreliable, it is estimated thatthey are less than 4 percent. Less than 1 percent is "White."Contributions to South African SocietyAlthough Muslims make up less that 2 petcent of the total population,their presence is highly visible. There ate over twenty-five mosques inCape Town and over one hundred in Johannesburg, making minarets asfamiliar as church towers Many are histotic and/or architectuml monuments.More importantly, Muslims ate uniquely involved in the nation'scultwe and economy. The oldest extant Afrikaans-language manuscriptsare in the Arabic script, for they ate the work of Muslim slaves writingin the Dutch patois. South African historian Achrnat Davids has tracedmany linguistic elements of Afrikaans, both in vocabulary and grammar,to the influence of the Cape Muslims. Economically, the Indian Muslimsaxe the most affluent, owing primarily to the cirmmstances under whichthey came to South Africa. Muslim names on businesses and buildingsare a familiar sight in all major cities and on those UniveAty campusesthat non-Whites were allowed to attend during apartheid ...
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Brauer-Benke, József. "Afrikai citerák." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 14, no. 3-4. (January 30, 2021): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2020.14.3-4.3.
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A general historical survey of African zither types cannot fail to highlight the disproportionalities brought about in the study of Africa by the essentialistic ideology of Afrocentrism. Thus the widely known videoclip of the 1987 hit Yé-ké-yé-ké by the late Mory Kante (d. 22nd May 2020), musician and composer of Guinean Mandinka origin has allowed millions to experience the kora harp lute with which he accompanied his song and popularized this instrument as well as the musical tradition of the West African griots, while the obviously related mvet harp zither is scarcely known today. This despite the fact that both the latter instrument type and its specialists, the mbomo mvet master singers, played a very similar role in the cultures of the Central African chiefdoms, as did the nanga bards playing the enanga trough zither in the East African kingdoms. Another important and interesting historical insight provided by a careful morphological and etymological analysis of African zither types and their terminology that takes comparative account of South and Southeast Asian data and ethnographic parallels concerns the possibility of borrowings. Thus stick and raft zither types may well have reached the eastern half of West Africa and the northeastern part of Central Africa – several centuries prior to the era of European geographical explorations – owing to population movements over the Red Sea. It seems therefore probable that the African stick bridges harp zithers (in fact a sui generis instrument type rather than a subtype of zithers) developed from South Asian stick zither types. On the other hand, tube zithers and box zithers – fretted-enhanced versions of the stick zither – certainly reached Africa because of the migration of Austronesian-speaking groups over the Indian Ocean, since their recent ethnographic analogies have survived in Southeast Asia as well. By contrast types of trough zither, confined to East Africa, must have developed in Africa from box zither types, which are based on similar techniques of making the strings tense. The hypothesis of African zither types having originated from beyond the Indian Ocean is further strengthened by the absence of these instruments in such regions of Sub-Saharan Africa as the Atlantic coast of West Africa as well as in Northeast, Southwest and South Africa. Thus the historical overview of African zither types also helps refute the erroneous idea that prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonizers the continent was isolated from the rest of the world. In fact seafaring peoples such as the Austronesians, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Persians did continually reach it, bringing with them cultural artifacts, production techniques and agricultural products among other things, which would then spread over large distances along the trade routes over Africa.
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Hansen, Thomas Blom. "Melancholia of Freedom: Humour and Nostalgia among Indians in South Africa." Modern Drama 48, no. 2 (May 2005): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.48.2.297.
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Mhlanga, David, and Rufaro Garidzirai. "ENERGY DEMAND AND RACE EXPLAINED IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE OF ELECTRICITY." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (2020): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejbm.2020.08.03.003.
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The study investigated the influence of race in the demand for energy in South Africa using electricity as a case study. The driving force behind the study was to establish whether race still plays a role in access to energy in the country, 26 years into democracy. The study’s contribution is premised on influencing the development of policy that addresses energy inequality in South Africa and the world at large. Using the logistic regression analysis, the study found that race still plays a role in the demand for energy in South Africa. The odds of demand for electricity for the White population was 46.748 per cent higher than that of Blacks, Colored, and Indians combined. Other significant variables were gender, age of household head, net household income per month in Rand and household size. Despite constituting much of the populace in South Africa, the demand for electricity of the Black population was third compared to other races. Such findings reflect the reality that many of the Black households are suffering from energy poverty. Given these results, it is recommended that the South African government invests more in energy and alternative sources of clean energy such as solar and wind which can cater for much of the population.
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Rose, Donald, and Karen E. Charlton. "Prevalence of household food poverty in South Africa: results from a large, nationally representative survey." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 3 (June 2002): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001320.
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AbstractObjectives:Household food insecurity is a major determinant of undernutrition, yet there is little information on its prevalence in the South African population. This paper assesses household food insecurity in South Africa using a quantitative and objective measure, known as food poverty, and provides prevalence estimates by geographic area and socio-economic condition.Design:Secondary data analysis combining two sources: Statistics South Africa's household-based 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey; and the University of Port Elizabeth's Household Subsistence Level series, a nationally-conducted, market-based survey.Setting:South Africa.Subjects:A nationally representative sample of the entire country – stratified by race, province, and urban and non-urban areas – consisting of 28 704 households.Results:A household is defined to be in food poverty when monthly food spending is less than the cost of a nutritionally adequate very low-cost diet. The prevalence of food poverty in South Africa in 1995 was 43%. Food poverty rates were highest among households headed by Africans, followed by coloureds, Indians and whites. Higher food poverty rates were found with decreasing income, increasing household size, and among households in rural areas or those headed by females.Conclusions:The widespread nature of household food insecurity in South Africa is documented here. Prevalence rates by geographic and socio-economic breakdown provide the means for targeting of nutritional interventions and for monitoring progress in this field. The corroboration of these findings with both internal validation measures and external sources suggests that food poverty is a useful, objective measure of household food insecurity.
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HENSHAW, PETER J. "Britain and South Africa at the United Nations: ‘South West Africa’, ‘Treatment of Indians’ and ‘Race Conflict’, 1946–1961." South African Historical Journal 31, no. 1 (November 1994): 80–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582479408671798.
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Owen, Ken, and Richard Lynn. "Sex differences in primary cognitive abilities among blacks, Indians and whites in South Africa." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 4 (October 1993): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021933.
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SummarySex differences are reported for samples of approximately 1000 16-year-old blacks, Indians and whites in South Africa on ten tests of cognitive ability. Males obtained significantly higher means on non-verbal reasoning, spatial and mechanical aptitude, and females obtained significantly higher means on perceptual speed and memory for meaning (except among the black sample). In general the sex differences in South Africa are consistent with those typically obtained in the United States.
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Olzak, Susan, Maya Beasley, and Johan Olivier. "The Impact Of State Reforms On Protest Against Apartheid In South Africa." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.8.1.591168j626123341.
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During 1970–1985, South Africa vacillated between reform and reaffirmation of the repressive regime known as apartheid. Did these reforms slow the pace of protest, or did they facilitate protest, by intensifying discontent? Using event-history data on anti-apartheid protest we suggest that passage of reforms will increase the pace of protest while state repression will dampen it. We further hypothesize that the nature and scope of each reform would differentially affect protest by each of three official racial populations: Black Africans, Coloureds, and Asian Indians. As expected, reforms that integrated housing and jobs and reforms that legitimated the rights of black labor unions propelled protest by Black Africans against apartheid, but so did reforms that excluded Black Africans from citizenship. In contrast, relatively few reforms affected the rate of protest by Asian Indians and Coloured population groups. Finally, we found that repression decreased rates of protest significantly for all three groups.
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Ijabadeniyi, Abosede, Jeevarathnam Parthasarathy Govender, and Dayaneethie Veerasamy. "Cultural Diversity and its Influence on the Attitudes of Africans and Indians toward Marketing Communication: A South African Perspective." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 6(J) (January 24, 2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i6(j).1481.
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Abstract: Culture has been reported to be one of the major factors influencing attitudes toward marketing communication. However, identification across prevailing cultural dimensions could have unique implications for attitudes toward marketing communication. This paper examines how African and Indian cultural values may or may not influence attitudes toward marketing communication. It explores how Africans converge with or diverge from Indians with regards to culturally sensitive attitudes toward marketing communication, based on a Marketing Communication-Specific Cultural Values (MCSCV) model adapted from the individualism-collectivism constructs. Attitudes toward marketing were measured based on the advertising scale of the Index of Consumer Sentiment toward Marketing (ICSM) practices. Data generated for this study were based on responses provided by 283 and 92 African and Indian shoppers at the main shopping malls in the most predominant African and Indian townships in Durban, South Africa viz. Umlazi and Chatsworth, respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) were conducted on the dataset. Findings revealed that both races displayed more individualistic than collectivistic tendencies toward marketing communication, but Africans exhibited more collectivistic tendencies than their Indian counterparts. In addition, respondents’ individualistic tendencies have a significant influence on attitudes toward marketing communication which showed that consumers’ indigenous cultural disposition play a moderating role on attitudes toward marketing communication. This study builds on the marketing literature by validating the implications of cultural diversity for marketing communication. The study emphasizes how the interplay between target markets’ underlying cultural dispositions and cultural values held toward marketing communication, influence the consistency or inconsistency in consumers’ attitudes toward marketing communication.
Keywords: Culture, Individualism, Collectivism, Consumer behaviour, Advertising
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Dessì, Ugo. "Soka Gakkai International in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Religions 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11110598.
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This paper analyzes the activities of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) in South Africa, a largely Christian country with the presence of very strong African Independent and Pentecostal churches, where Buddhism has mostly attracted the attention of a small minority of white middle-class people interested in meditational practices. By focusing on SGI South Africa, which has been able to reach out to a significant number of black, and, to a lesser extent, Coloured and Indian/Asian members, this ethnographic study aims to contribute to the understanding of Buddhism’s interplay with a broader cross-section of post-apartheid South African society, and, secondarily, to add to the existing literature on this Japanese new religious movement overseas. After a brief overview of the historical development of SGI in South Africa, my analysis focuses on SGI South Africa’s main ritual, social, and missionary activities; its interplay with local religions; its attempts to establish a meaningful link with South African culture; and, finally, on the religious experiences and narratives of SGI’s South African members.
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Ali Abbas, Hussein, Manimangai Mani, Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, and Hardev Kaur Jujar Singh. "The Different Types of Ethnic Affiliation in M. G. Vassanji's No New Land." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.60.
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Establishing a sense of affiliation to ethnicity is one of the most controversial issues for people who are displaced in countries that are far away from their motherland. The colonisation of the British over Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century resulted in the mass movement of Indian workers from India to Africa. These workers were brought in to build railways that connected the British colonies in East Africa namely Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. While the arrival of the Indian workers is considered as a kind of colonial practice, but their deportation in the post-independence years is seen as a part of decolonization. These Indians were forced to leave Africa as they were blamed for being non supportive of the Africans who were then engaged in armed struggles against the British colonialists. This study is based on the lives of these deported Indians as depicted in the novel titled No New Land by M.G. Vassanji. M.G. Vassanji is a Canadian novelist whose family was also deported from Dar Esslaam, Tanzania. He also describes how the Indian Shamses were strict in affiliating with the different social and cultural background they found in their new home, Canada. This research examines the theme of affiliation and the experiences of these migrants. This study will show that South Asians in Canada are strict in their affiliation to their ethnic values. Secondly, it will expose the three types of affiliation and finally show how the author deals with affiliation as a part of the community’s ethnic record that must be documented.
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Majumdar, Bijita. "Citizen or Subject? Blurring Boundaries, Claiming Space: Indians in Colonial South Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 26, no. 4 (May 29, 2013): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/johs.12020.
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Brijlal, Pradeep, and Priscilla Brijlal. "Entrepreneurial Knowledge and Aspirations of Dentistry Students in South Africa." Industry and Higher Education 27, no. 5 (October 2013): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0171.
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An investigation of the intentions and knowledge of entrepreneurship of final-year university dentistry students is reported, with particular regard to the factors of gender and race. A questionnaire survey was used with final-year dentistry students, over two years, at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa. The findings show that dentistry students across race and gender groups believed that entrepreneurship education was important. At least half of the students showed an interest in starting a business practice soon after their graduation and completion of a mandatory one-year internship, with more male students indicating an interest in starting a business than female students. More Black African students indicated interest compared to other race groups (Coloureds, Whites and Indians). There were no significant differences between male and female students with regard to knowledge of entrepreneurship, but there were significant differences with regard to race in the scores for knowledge of entrepreneurship, with White students scoring the highest and African students the lowest. The authors conclude that entrepreneurship education should be included in the curriculum in the final year of dentistry studies to encourage business practice start-up soon after the one-year internship period, with the aim of contributing to growth in employment.
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Hammond, M. G., B. Appadoo, and Peter Brain. "HLA and Cancer in South African Indians." Tissue Antigens 14, no. 4 (December 11, 2008): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1979.tb00852.x.
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Seedat, Yackoob K. "Review: Diabetes mellitus in South African Indians." British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 5, no. 5 (September 2005): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14746514050050050201.
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Katrak, Ketu H. "Jay Pather Reimagining Site-Specific Cartographies of Belonging." Dance Research Journal 50, no. 2 (August 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767718000219.
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This essay examines Jay Pather's site-specific workCityscapes(2002) within a theoretical discussion of the conjuncture and disjuncture of space and race in South Africa. Jay Pather, a South African of Indian ancestry, an innovative choreographer and curator of site-specific works, creatively uses space to inspire social change by providing access and challenging exclusions—social, cultural, political—of black and colored South Africans during apartheid (1948–1994) and after. A progressive vision underlies his avant-garde work expressed via a hybrid choreographic palette of South African classical and popular dance styles, Indian classical dance, modern and contemporary dance. His choreography is performed across South Africa and the African continent as well as in Denmark, Mumbai, and New York City.
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Lloyd, Lorna. "‘A Family Quarrel’. The Development of the Dispute over Indians in South Africa." Historical Journal 34, no. 3 (September 1991): 703–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00017568.
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From the perspective of the 1990s, scarcely an eyebrow would be raised by the news that in 1946 India complained internationally about South Africa's treatment of persons of Indian origin. It would be regarded as fully in keeping with the ethos – both domestic and international – of the age. Moreover, it would be seen as entirely appropriate that the complaint should have been lodged with the United Nations. For that body has not only become South Africa's scourge but has also played the leading role in the now-orthodox campaign against racism. Furthermore, if it were pointed out that this was, in fact, the very first occasion when anti-racist sentiments were given a significant international airing, the response might well be that the UN was set up to deal with just this kind of issue.
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Obeng, Pashington. "Service to God, Service to Master/Client: African Indian Military Contribution in Karnataka." African and Asian Studies 6, no. 3 (2007): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920907x212231.
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AbstractThis essay examines how African Indians (Abyssinians, Habshis, Siddis) from medieval times to the present have played significant political and military roles to forge sovereignties in the land area currently covered by the State of Karnataka, South India. I provide a brief history of the military activities of African Indians in the Indian subcontinent to foreground how the Africans deployed the unstable political climate in the Deccan, ethnicization of military culture, religious filiation, and force of personality to assert influence over communities that settled in areas bounded by present-day Karnataka.
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BRADLOW, EDNA. "Prejudice, Minority Rights and the Survival of a Community: Indians in South Africa." South African Historical Journal 24, no. 1 (May 1991): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582479108671696.
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GUETTEL, JENS-UWE. "FROM THE FRONTIER TO GERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIALISM, INDIANS, AND AMERICAN WESTWARD EXPANSION." Modern Intellectual History 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 523–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244310000223.
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This article argues that positive perceptions of American westward expansion played a major (and so far overlooked) role both for the domestic German debate about the necessity of overseas expansion and for concrete German colonial policies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During and after the uprising against colonial rule (1904–7) of the two main indigenous peoples, the Herero and the Nama, of German South-West Africa (Germany's only settler colony), colonial administrators actively researched the history of the American frontier and American Indian policies in order to learn how best to “handle” the colony's peoples. There exists a substantial literature on the allegedly exceptional enchantment of Germans with American Indians. Yet this article shows that negative views of Amerindians also influenced and shaped the opinions and actions of German colonizers. Because of its focus on the importance of the United States for German discussions about colonial expansion, this article also explores the role German liberals played in the German colonial project. Ultimately, the United States as a “model empire” was especially attractive for Germans with liberal and progressive political convictions. The westward advancement of the American frontier went hand in hand with a variety of policies towards Native Americans, including measures of expulsion and extinction. German liberals accepted American expansionism as normative and were therefore willing to advocate, or at least tolerate, similar policies in the German colonies.
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Bhigjee, A. I., K. Moodley, and K. Ramkissoon. "Multiple sclerosis in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: an epidemiological and clinical study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2007): 1095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458507079274.
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Background Since the study by Dean, almost 40 years ago, there has been no systematic South African study on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) using the modern diagnostic criteria. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), one of the nine provinces in South Africa, is home to 9.9 million people belonging to all racial groups. Aim To determine the period prevalence of MS in KZN in the different racial groups, using the revised McDonald's criteria. Methods The charts of all KZN patients given the diagnosis of MS were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. All patients were contacted telephonically over a period of one month (July 2005) to determine whether they were still alive and still resident in KZN. Clinical, laboratory and treatment data were also extracted from the charts. Results The crude period prevalence per 100 000 for whites was 25.63, for Indians 7.59, people of mixed ancestry 1.94 and for blacks 0.22. The corresponding age standardized prevalence per 100 000 were 25.64, 7.15, 1.72 and 0.23, respectively. The clinical features were similar to that seen in the Western world. Up to half of the 167 patients had significant motor disability and optic neuritis was seen in 43/167 (25.7%) of patients. Whilst all traceable MRI brain scans showed some abnormality, 96/139 (69.1%) met three of the four McDonald's MRI criteria. CSF oligoclonal bands were present in 102 of 124 (82.3%) samples tested. Conclusion MS in KZN is more frequent than previously believed and occurs in all racial groups being most frequent in whites followed by Indians. MS, although rare, does occur in blacks. The increased prevalence figures may reflect better case ascertainment and use of modern diagnostic techniques. However, an absolute increase in numbers cannot be excluded. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1095—1099. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Antonites, Alex, and Thiloshini Govindasamy. "Critical success factors of Indian Entrepreneurs." Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v6i1.36.
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<p>This research seeks to explore the critical success factors that influence the success of Indian small business owners in the largest metropolitan area in South Africa. To achieve this, the objective of the study was to confirm whether there are significant differences between a successful and less successful group of business owners in terms of general management skills, personal characteristics, and entrepreneurial orientation and financing of the business. Through analysing secondary evidence and empirical results it was possible to facilitate a better understanding of how Indian entrepreneurs operating in small and medium enterprises sustain success, thus contributing to the body of knowledge relating to entrepreneurship development in the domain of entrepreneurship. From the literature it became clear that cultural dimensions have an impact on the entrepreneurial process. The arrival of Indians in South Africa has contributed to a unique Indian culture. The characteristics that describe ethnic entrepreneurs and success factors attributed to their success are described. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial for the development of any country as they offer benefits of economic growth and employment generation. The success factors to sustain SMEs are also described. The findings of the study indicate that there are no significant differences between the comparable groups in relation to management skills and finance factors. There are, however, significant differences relating to personal factors, such as the level of education, family support and experience. Finally, an important learning is that the Indian entrepreneurs in this study are similar to ethnic entrepreneurs reviewed in literature. The study was conducted in Tshwane, the largest metropolitan area in South Africa, and amongst the largest in the world.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Culture, ethnic entrepreneurship, Indian entrepreneurship, critical success factors, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), successful SMEs.</p>
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Ramchandani, R. R. "Rationalising India-Africa Economic Relations: The Role of Production Cooperation." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 3 (July 1986): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200303.
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A group of Indian parliamentarians, cutting across party lines, organised on 24–25 July 1986 a two-day national seminar on “Parliamentarians Action for Removal of Apartheid.” The seminar constituted yet another milestone in underscoring India's unflinching commitment to stand firmly united with the African countries in their fight against the pernicious system of apartheid and the removal of the remaining remnants of colonialism that still persist in parts of Southern Africa. It is because of India's principled stand and considerable sacrifice in this respect, and the unwavering appreciation of that standby the African leadership, that ever since their independence India and African countries have forged the most cordial and constructive political ties. Apart from sharing common ideals of the Non-aligned Movement, they have often expressed common concern on crucial world issues such as peace moves and nuclear disarmament, security and development issues, “South-South” cooperation and the establishment of the New International Economic Order. But, despite close political understanding, their economic relations have yet to develop sufficient depth to register a sustained forward thrust to record a lasting impact on the global production structure. India's trade with African states, for instance, has shown an uneven pattern for the last two decades and a half, and depicted a falling trend in recent years.
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Ocita, James. "Re-Membered Pasts, Dismembered Families." Matatu 48, no. 1 (2016): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04801007.
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The essay explores, first, the centrality of family structures in the practices and transmission of value-systems associated with Indianness; and, secondly, how material objects that are sourced from ‘India’ are fetishized and deployed through such performances to counter realities of cultural loss and alienation that follow migration and dislocation in three post-apartheid novels: Imraan Coovadia’s The Wedding (2001), Aziz Hassim’s The Lotus People (2002), and Ronnie Govender’s Song of the Atman (2006). These novels emerge in the context of the desire for a definitive history that both reassures Indians of their legitimate space in the post-apartheid formation and balances the tension between common citizenship founded on a non-racial constitution and the need to articulate Indianness in South Africa. For many scholars, the post-apartheid moment and its ‘rainbow-nation’ project simultaneously activates the past and the opportunity to articulate Indian identity that in the apartheid era had, for political reasons, been rejected in favour of a ‘black’ identity claimed by all the oppressed peoples of South Africa.
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Pillay, Anthony L. "Factors Precipitating Parasuicide among Young South African Indians." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.545.
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This was a retrospective study of factors precipitating parasuicide among Indian (South African) adolescents and young adults. Two-thirds of the sample of 55 cited overly restrictive parenting as primary precipitating factors.
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Hammond, M. G., and M. G. Moshal. "HLA and Duodenal Ulcer in South African Indians." Tissue Antigens 15, no. 5 (December 11, 2008): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00216.x.
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Lynn, Richard, and Kenneth Owen. "Spearman's Hypothesis and Test Score Differences Between Whites, Indians, and Blacks in South Africa." Journal of General Psychology 121, no. 1 (January 1994): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1994.9711170.
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Seedat, Yackoob Kassim, and Bharat Chotoo Nathoo. "Acute Renal Failure in Blacks and Indians in South Africa -Comparison after 10 Years." Nephron 64, no. 2 (1993): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000187314.
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Naidoo, Yeshnee, Jagidesa Moodley, Lorna Madurai, and Thajasvarie Naicker. "Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in a multiracial female population in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i3.4977.
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Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health issue affecting many countries, especially those in temperate climates. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in females categorised by age and race.Methods: The study was performed between January 2015 and January 2016. This study consisted of 1 976 females stratified by age into 18, reproductive age (18–45) and 45 years. Demographic variables were recorded and serum 25(OH)D levels measured by chemiluminescent emission.Results: The predictors of lower 25(OH)D levels included age and race, (p 0.0001 for each predictor). Approximately 46% of females had 20 ng/ml 25(OH)D level, the majority of whom were Indian (35%). The 25(OH)D level varied by race (White 27.33 ng/ml; Black 23.43 ng/ml and Indian 15.05 ng/ml; p 0.0001). In the 18-year age category, White and Black women had significantly higher 25(OH)D levels when compared with Indian women (38.25 ng/ml vs. 37.51 ng/ml vs. 13.68 ng/ml respectively; p 0.0001). Similarly, in the reproductive age category (18–45 years); White (27.63 ng/ml) and Black (20.93 ng/ml) women had a significantly higher 25(OH)D level compared with Indian (13.15 ng/ml) women (p 0.0001). Moreover, similar data were observed within the 45-year age category, where the White and Black women had higher 25(OH)D levels compared with Indian women (25.46 ng/ml vs. 22.73 ng/ml vs. 17.04 ng/ml; p 0.0001) respectively. Irrespective of age category, severe vitamin D deficiency was highest amongst Indian females.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant difference in 25(OH)D concentration in healthy females living in Durban, with Indians presenting with the highest vitamin D deficiency. These findings clearly highlight the need for a policy on vitamin D supplementation and/or fortification of food. Further studies are under way to assess the genetic predisposition of women to vitamin D deficiency.
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Lahner, Christen Renée, Susanna Maria Kassier, and Frederick Johannes Veldman. "Estimation of true height: a study in population-specific methods among young South African adults." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002330.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of arm-associated height estimation methods in the calculation of true height compared with stretch stature in a sample of young South African adults.DesignA cross-sectional descriptive design was employed.SettingPietermaritzburg, Westville and Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2015.SubjectsConvenience sample (N 900) aged 18–24 years, which included an equal number of participants from both genders (150 per gender) stratified across race (Caucasian, Black African and Indian).ResultsContinuous variables that were investigated included: (i) stretch stature; (ii) total armspan; (iii) half-armspan; (iv) half-armspan ×2; (v) demi-span; (vi) demi-span gender-specific equation; (vii) WHO equation; and (viii) WHO-adjusted equations; as well as categorization according to gender and race. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 21.0. Significant correlations were identified between gender and height estimation measurements, with males being anatomically larger than females (P<0·001). Significant differences were documented when study participants were stratified according to race and gender (P<0·001). Anatomical similarities were noted between Indians and Black Africans, whereas Caucasians were anatomically different from the other race groups. Arm-associated height estimation methods were able to estimate true height; however, each method was specific to each gender and race group.ConclusionsHeight can be calculated by using arm-associated measurements. Although universal equations for estimating true height exist, for the enhancement of accuracy, the use of equations that are race-, gender- and population-specific should be considered.