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Rukmini, S. "Indic Science of Consciousness: Chronological Relevance to the Indic Knowledge Traditions and Modern Science." Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/ijhsrs.v4i1.1400.
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<p><em>In the recent years there seems to be a renaissance of Indic knowledge traditions and this is quite evident from the growing interest among the modern researchers and scholars to unearth the great insights and knowledge that made ancient Indian civilization one of the unique in the world. India as a nation of rich spiritual heritage and diverse knowledge systems have become the most sort out nation across the globe in terms of wisdom and insights on the philosophy of mind and consciousness. Further, research findings in different fields of knowledge such as consciousness studies, health and healing, psychology and mental health, mathematics, physics, astronomy, economics, law and governance, archaeology and history are in good agreement and deeply correlated with the information inscribed in the ancient Indian scriptures. Ancient Indians deeply engrossed in understanding the ontological and epistemological basis of knowledge advocated Vedas as the ultimate source of knowledge. </em></p><p><em>Vedas are considered as the oldest repository of spiritual knowledge in the world, where the prime emphasis is on understanding the nature of mind and consciousness, as this forms the fundamental basis to Indic knowledge. So, here, we propose that the science of consciousness seems to be the first and foremost in the chronology in the world of knowledge. An intuitive and analytical framework that resulted from a deeper understanding of the nature of mind and consciousness paved the way for the development of different Indic knowledge systems. Inner insight emerged through this approach is embraced to understand the external world and formulate different theories and principles of Indic knowledge. From a chronological perspective, Indian science and wisdom emerged in the later stages of development of the science of consciousness. So, the aim of the present paper is to throw light on the Indic science of consciousness and examine chronology of the emergence of other fields of Indic knowledge.</em></p>
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Swarup, Govind. "The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India." Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 59, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030.
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In this autobiographical account, I first describe my family, then childhood and education in India. During 1953–55, I worked in the new field of radio astronomy at the Division of Radiophysics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. During 1956–57, I worked at the Radio Astronomy Station of Harvard University at Fort Davis, Texas, where I made observations of solar radio bursts at decimeter wavelengths. I then joined Stanford University as a graduate student in 1957. I contributed to the successful operation of the Stanford Cross Antenna and then used it for studying microwave radio emission from the Sun. I was awarded the Ph.D. degree by Stanford University in 1960 and was then appointed as an Assistant Professor for three years. With an urge to contribute to evolving scientific endeavors in India, I joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Mumbai, India, in April 1963. In my stay of more than three decades at TIFR, I conceived of, and guided, construction of two of the world's largest radio telescopes, namely the Ooty Radio Telescope and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. These instruments have led to several outstanding contributions and discoveries in the areas of radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and cosmology.
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Narlikar, J. V., and N. C. Rana. "India." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 162 (1998): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100114757.
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A summary of work related to astronomy education carried out during the last three years in India is presented here. Since India is a huge country and many educational efforts are made by individuals alone, this report cannot be regarded as complete, but a specific sampling.India has more than 200 Universities, 8000 colleges, and about 100,000 schools, 33 planetaria, more than 100 museums and about 60 well known amateur astronomers’ clubs. Scores of dedicated astronomy oriented school teachers, act as nuclei of astronomy education for the general public and school children .The astronomical almanac, used in a typical household is in some way related to the stars in the sky and the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the planets. Traditionally, a rudimentary knowledge of the celestial sphere is common. The recent developments in space technology have brought a fascination and glamour to modern astronomy for all age groups, and this is noticeably reflected in the number of media coverages of astronomy.
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CHATTERJEE, SOMENATH. "AMATURE ASTRONOMY AND ASTRONOMY EDUCATION IN INDIA." Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society 30, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/pkas.2015.30.2.729.
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Agrawal, P. C. "Space Astronomy in India." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 2 (1991): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000023936.
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AbstractAstronomical observations from space-borne instruments are carried out in India in the areas of infrared, X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy. This paper briefly describes the facilities available in India for conducting experiments in space astronomy using balloons, rockets and satellites. It briefly reviews the important results obtained by Indian astronomers from observations made in India with the balloon, rocket and satellite experiments. The present status of research in different disciplines of space astronomy is discussed.
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Sharma, Virendra Nath. "Astronomical Efforts of Sawai Jai Singh – A Review." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100106104.
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AbstractSawai Jai Singh, the statesman astronomer of 18th century India, designed instruments, built observatories, prepared Zīj, and sent a fact-finding scientific mission to Europe. His high-precision instruments were designed to measure time and angles with accuracies of ± 2 second, and ±1’ of arc respectively. The Ṣaṣṭhāmsa, a meridian dial with aperture, can still measure angles with precision of ± 1’ of arc. In the age of Newton and Flamsteed, Jai Singh and his associates remained medieval, in the tradition of Ulugh Beg, and did not initiate the new age of astronomy in the country. A complex interaction of poor communications, religious taboos, theological beliefs, national rivalries and plain simple human shortcomings are to be blamed for the failing.
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Anandaram, Mandayam N. "Teaching of Astronomy in India." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00000651.
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Here I will describe the inclusion of astronomy and astrophysics in College level courses of Bangalore University. I will describe the role of the Inter -University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) at Pune in making available instruments such as photometers and CCD cameras at low cost to aid teaching of astronomy as well as the running of a large number of training programmes for teachers and students. I will also describe some outstanding problems and suggested solutions.
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Gurm, H. S. "Teaching of Astronomy in India." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087340.
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Studies of the skies have dominated intellectual activities since ancient man. In this respect, India has a very long tradition of such recorded activity, covering the observations of celestial bodies both as a science and as mythology (Gurm, 1980). The first half of the Christian era witnessed the evolution of spherical astronomy as a part of the study of mathematics (algebra and trigonometry) and its application to astrology. The evolution of spherical astronomy culminated in the concrete manifestation in the northern parts of India in the form of Jantar-Mantars by Raja Jai Singh (Mayer, 1979) in the early eighteenth century. Interestingly, spherical astronomy remained one of the most important activities in the study of astronomy during the British period too. Some of the older treatises on this subject during the nineteenth century were written in the Offices of the Survey of India.
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Yano, Michio. "Indian Sine Table of 36 Entries." History of Science in South Asia 7 (October 11, 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/hssa.v7i0.43.
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Jayaraman, K. S. "India plans international astronomy centre." Nature 335, no. 6191 (October 1988): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335577b0.
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Saxena, P. P. "Teaching of Astronomy in India: With Special Reference to Teaching of Astronomy at Lucknow University." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087352.
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Modern astronomy started in India when an astronomical observatory was founded in Madras as early as 1786 by the East India Company and to which the Indian Institute of Astrophysics traces its origin. There are, however, records of astronomical observations taken through a telescope from Pondicherry that elucidate the double-star nature of Alpha-Centauri as early as in 1689. Since then many more research centers in astronomy have been established. Today, institutions like the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (Bangalore), the Raman Research Institute (Bangalore), the Center of Advanced Study in Astronomy (Hyderabad), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Bombay), and the Physical Research Laboratory (Ahmedabad) are engaged in pioneering work in theoretical and observational branches of astronomy and astrophysics.
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Ramadurai, S. "Astronomy and Human Life." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000024942.
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AbstractThe role of astronomy in the cultural exchanges between India and China through several centuries is taken as an example of astronomy shaping human life. Then the tradition of astronomy in the development of scientific thought is examined. The contribution of astronomy in shaping the post-Renaissance society is briefly introduced. It is concluded that the recent developments of ideas in cosmology throw light on the intrinsic nature and limitations of the scientist as a human being.
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Narlikar, Jayant V. "Astronomy, Pseudoscience, and Rational Thinking." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 1052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018116.
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In 1944, three years before India became independent of the British rule, Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in his now famous book Discovery of India: ”The impact of science and the modern world have brought a greater appreciation of facts, a more critical faculty, a weighing of evidence, a refusal to accept tradition merely because it is tradition”. But even today it is strange how we suddenly become overwhelmed by tradition, and the critical faculties of even intelligent people cease to function. He then went on to express the hope that ”Only when we are politically and economically free will the mind function normally and critically”.
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Kumar Rai, Vijay, K. P. S. Senger, and Rajesh K. Lohiya. "Progress of Astronomy in India: A Scientometric Study base on paper published during 1991 – 1995 and 2011 – 2015." EPJ Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818605003.
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Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. It is well known that the period covering about seven centuries, from Aryabhata to Bhaskaracharya II (c. 476-1150), was the golden age of Indian astronomy. In the present study, we identify research trends and the growth of knowledge in the field of astronomy science research. The study is an essential tool to measure the scientific publications in the field. This study analyses the publications of astronomy research in India published during 1991-1995 and 2011-2015. The study assesses how astronomy progresses in India and its impact is reflected in the science citation index over the period 1991-1995 and 2011-2015. The publication output has been analyzed using quantitative and qualitative indicators, such as progress in research article publishing, change in authorship patterns, citation patterns during 1991-1995 and 2011-2015, articles that received the most citations, and international collaboration with other countries. Further, the study investigated highly prolific authors and highly preferred journals. The author is from one of the FORSA institutes, therefore the study includes a separate ranking for FORSA institutes in term of output as well citations.
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Ramakarthikeyan, R. "Popularization of Astronomy in South India." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087108.
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I am presenting this paper only with reference to my city of Madras, the capital of Tamil Nadu, where more than 60 per cent of the population are illiterate.I am an active member of the Madras Astronomical Association and I am the Vice-President of the Vivekananda Astronomy Club, both of which are popularizing astronomy among the masses.Though we have been pleading for the necessity of a planetarium over the last two decades, we got one only in May 1988. But for the last seven years, we designed and set up a mini-planetarium at the Education Pavilion of the Trade Fair Exhibition conducted by the local government every year.
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Vahia, M. N., and Ganesh Halkare. "Astronomy of Tribals of Central India." Current Science 113, no. 06 (September 25, 2017): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v113/i06/1041-1049.
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Ansari, S. M. Razaullah. "Modern Astronomy in Indo – Persian Sources." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153929960001861x.
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The Period from 1858 to 1947 is known as the British Period of Indian History. After the fall of Mughal empire, when the first war of independence against British colonisers failed in 1857, and the East India Company’s Government was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. However only in 1910, a Department of Education was established by the (British) Govt, of India and in the following decades modern universities were established in various important Indian towns, wherein Western / European type education and training with English as medium of instruction were imparted. However more than a century before, Indian scholar’s came into contact with the scholars – administrators of East India Company, either through employment or social interaction. Thereby, Indians became acquainted with the scientific (also technological) advances in Europe. A few of them visited England and other European countries, Portugal, Prance etc. already in the last quarter of 18th century, in order to experience and to learn firsthand the European sciences.
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Ramadurai, S. "Astronomy Education in a Multi-lingual Rural Society." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025583.
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AbstractThis paper examines the importance of astronomy education for a rural society in a third world country. Some conclusions are drawn about methods of introducing astronomy to school students and, through them, the entire village. The conclusions are based on the author’s direct experience in addressing high school students in several rural towns in India.
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Narlikar, Jayant V. "A Series of Astronomy Programs for Television in India." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110008711x.
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Astronomy, unlike most other sciences, arouses great curiosity amongst laypeople. It is a subject that can be described relatively easily in public lectures. Distinguished astronomers like James Jeans and Arthur Eddington in the past and many more in recent times have “stooped down” to the public level to share the excitement of astronomical discoveries. Today, the popularization program normally proceeds in four different ways — through popular articles, public lectures, planetarium shows, and radio – TV programs. However, this overwhelming public interest in astronomy brings its own difficulties. Not all of it is motivated by a scientific interest! Many persons read mystic significance into astronomical findings. Many more are guided by astrological interest. Many fail to perceive the scientific basis for astronomy, a subject whose laboratory is the whole cosmos with objects too remote to be subject to scientific experimentation.
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Dadhich, Naresh. "IUCAA’s Role in Astronomy Education in India." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132335800002556x.
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UNNIKRISHNAN, C. S. "IndIGO AND LIGO-INDIA: SCOPE AND PLANS FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE RESEARCH AND PRECISION METROLOGY IN INDIA." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 01 (January 2013): 1341010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813410101.
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Initiatives by the Indian Initiative in Gravitational Wave Observations (IndIGO) Consortium during the past three years have materialized into concrete plans and project opportunities for instrumentation and research based on advanced interferometer detectors. With the LIGO-India opportunity, this initiative has taken a promising path towards significant participation in gravitational wave (GW) astronomy and research and in developing and nurturing precision fabrication and measurement technologies in India. The proposed LIGO-India detector will foster integrated development of frontier GW research in India and will provide opportunity for substantial contributions to global GW research and astronomy. Widespread interest and enthusiasm about these developments in premier research and educational institutions in India leads to the expectation that there will be a grand surge of activity in precision metrology, instrumentation, data handling and computation etc. in the context of LIGO-India. We will discuss the scope of such research in the backdrop of the current status of the IndIGO action plan and the LIGO-India project.
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Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar. "Astronomy in Asia." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, SPS5 (August 2006): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307006849.
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AbstractAstronomy in Asia has continuously developed. Local wisdom in many Asian countries reflects their interest in astronomy since the historical period. However, the astronomical development in each country is different which depends on their cultures, politics and economics. Astronomy in some Asian developing countries such as China and India are well-developed while some other countries especially in south-east Asia, with some supports such as telescopes, training, experts etc. from some developed countries, are trying to promote relevant research in astronomy as well as use astronomy as a tool to promote scientific awareness and understanding for the public. Recently, a new national research institute in astronomy, called the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), with a 2.4-metre reflecting telescope has been established in Thailand. One of the major objectives of this research-emphasis institute would aim at a collaborative network among South-East Asian countries so as to be able to contribute new knowledge and research to the astronomical community.
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Akbar, Reza. "SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ILMU FALAK DALAM PERADABAN INDIA DAN KETERKAITANNYA DENGAN ISLAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1511.
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Although it is acknowledged that Islamic astronomy developed very rapidly during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD), it should be noted that before the advancement of astronomy of the Islamic world, Muslim scholars of the time were very incentive to translate astronomical books from other nations, one of them was from India. There were at least two factors that led to the emergence and development of astronomical science in pre-Islamic Indian civilization. The first, the teachings of Hinduism that made the sun as the ruler and source of life. The second, the influence of civilization from other nations such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece. In pre-Islamic times, there were a number of names of historical figures of Indian astronomy namely Lagadha, Yajnavalkya (800-900 BC), Aitareya Brahmana (about 900-800 BC), Aryabhata (476-550 AD), Varahamihira (499-587 AD) Brahmagupta (598-668 AD), Bhaskara II (1114-1185 AD), and Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544 AD). While in Islam, there was a number of names namely Mulla Farid, Mulla Chand, Mulla Tayyib, Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (1606-1651 AD), Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri (1790-1862 AD) and others. The results of civilization of Indian astronomy is clearly visible with the ancient astronomical texts, the concept of the universe, the Hindu calendar, observatory, zij (astronomical tables), and astronomical tools such as gnomon, Yasti Yantra, Ghati Yantra, astrolabe, and others.
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Narlikar, Jayant V. "Chandra's Influence on Indian Astronomy." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 01, no. 01 (May 2012): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x12000082.
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The extraordinary achievements of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Chandra) have guided and inspired many younger astrophysicists. The brief survey seeks to highlight a few specific cases in India where, through his writings, lectures and discussions, Chandra made a lasting impact. It will be argued that although at a general, somewhat superficial level, Chandra is a light beacon to be followed, very few Indian astrophysicists reached a level where they could engage Chandra in a scientific discussion on a topic that interested him.
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Swarup, G., and T. L. Venkatasubramani. "RFI Survey for the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in India." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003985.
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ABSTRACTA Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is being set up at Khodad about 80 km north of Pune in India for operation in the frequency range of about 30 to 1500 MHz. It is to be completed by 1992 and is being designed to investigate many outstanding problems in the fields of galactic and extragalactic astronomy. We present here measurements of man-made radio frequency interference (RFI) conducted at the GMRT site in 1985 and 1988. It is seen that highly sensitive radio astronomy observations can still be made at selected bands in the above frequency range because of the relatively low level of RFI in India. However, this advantage may not remain for more than a decade or two.
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Houziaux, L. N., M. Rigutti, C. Iwaniszewska, J. Kleczek, D. McNally, D. G. Wentzel, E. Kononovich, et al. "Commission 46: Teaching of Astronomy." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 19, no. 1 (1985): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006714.
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The program has been continued thanks to the financial help of IAU, Unesco, and of local authorities. A school has been held in Lembang, Indonesia from May 16 to June 2, 1983, with students from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. The Local Organizing Committee, chaired by B. Hidayat was very efficient, and the school is considered to be one of the most successful held to date. Both teachers and students expressed their appreciation to the School Secretary, Dr J. Kleczek, and to the IAU Executive Committee. Another school, foreseen in Venezuela for September 1983, had to be cancelled due to the lack of support of the Venezuelan Research Council. There are plans to hold several schools during the 1985-1988 period.
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Eddy, J. A., J. D. North, S. Debarbat, H. Eelsalu, O. Pedersen, and Xi Ze-Zong. "41. History of Astronomy (Histoire De L’astronomie)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, no. 01 (1988): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00007380.
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Commission 41 has been involved in one colloquium and one symposium since the last report:IAU Colloquium 91 on “The History of Oriental Astronomy” was held in New Delhi, November 13-16, 1985, preceding the XlXth General Assembly. Members of the scientific organizing committee were S.M.R. Ansari, E.S. Kennedy, D. King, R. Mercier, O. Pedersen, D. Pingree, G. Saliba, Xi Ze-Zong and K. Yabuuti. The colloquium was co-sponsored by the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, and by a number of organizations in India: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The local organizing committee, chaired by G. Swarup, made possible a number of local excursions, including a conducted tour of the great stone open air observatory, built in the city by the enlightened Maharadjah Jai Singh in the 18th century. The colloquium brought 84 participants from 19 countries. 46 papers were presented of which 10 were invited, covering aspects of astronomy in the far east and middle east since the earliest civilizations. Papers from Colloquium 91 have now been published in book form: History of Oriental Astronomy, G. Swarup, A.K. Bag, and K.S. Shukla, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987. Contributions are divided into three broad categories: ancient astronomy and its characteristics, ancient elements and planetary models, and medieval astronomy. Within these are papers on the characteristics and achievements of early astronomy in the eastern half of the world, including inter-regional development and mutual influences, ancient data relating to eclipses, supernovae and comets, medieval astronomical developments, instruments and early observatories, and the interplay between observational and theoretical astronomy. A short introductory paper by the revered historian E.S. Kennedy opens the book, as it set the stage for the colloquium in New Delhi: “We find (astronomy) originating a few centuries before the Christian era in two disparate cultures, Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world. From the Mediterranean it passed to India, there to flourish. Thence the centroid of activity moved westward, residing in the lands of Islam during medieval times, more recently in Europe. Now astronomical research is carried out throughout the entire world.”
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Bagla, P. "ASTRONOMY: India Seeks Partners for 'Himalayan Space Telescope'." Science 293, no. 5534 (August 24, 2001): 1423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5534.1423.
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Kembhavi, Ajit. "IUCAA (Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India): A Brief Description." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 01, no. 02 (September 2012): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x12000318.
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The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), located in the city of Pune in India, is an autonomous institution under the University Grants Commission (UGC). It is a centre of excellence for research in astronomy and astrophysics (A&A) and related areas. It also serves as a platform for the entire university community in the country for work in A&A. IUCAA has a vibrant environment for research and development and attracts hundreds of national and international visitors every year who use its facilities, benefit from the interaction with the faculty and provide their own expertise to the centre.
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Iwaniszewska, Cecylia. "Methods of Popularizing Astronomy in Various Countries." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092952.
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AbstractSome interesting methods of popularizing astronomy in various countries were reviewed, and may be divided into two types: active and passive methods. Active methods include: 1.Astronomy in the countryside. Astronomical camps for both children and grownups, who normally live in towns, to learn basic astronomical facts. (Italy)2.Astro-puppets. Visitors to an observatory are greeted by puppets (Copernicus, Galileo, etc.) who not only give talks, but also converse with the audience. (Argentina)3.Hand-operated devices. A simple orrery showing the movement of the Earth, and other devices that viewers operate for themselves. (India)4.Graphical calendars. Several popular observatories collaborate to produce a yearly calendar showing planetary rising and setting times, etc. (Czechoslovakia)5.Amateur clubs. High-school and university students became so interested in astronomy that they formed their own group and now produce a magazine and carry out observing, etc. in a country where there is no professional astronomical institution. (Paraguay)6.An interdisciplinary approach. Various meetings and workshops are arranged to bring together astronomy, physics, biology, geology, etc., leading to a better understanding of modern science. (Japan)7.Astronomical competitions. Everything from children’s drawings to special tests and papers, sometimes connected with special events. Also awards for the best work of popularization in a given year. (Worldwide)Passive methods are far more traditional, and include planetarium shows, including special ones for pilgrims (India); special exhibitions; radio and television programmes; public lectures; popular magazines usually edited for special groups of readers. Finally, what about humorous astronomical stories or pictures, is that active or passive?
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Narlikar, Jayant V. "TWAN: A way of networking third-world astronomers." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, SPS5 (August 2006): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307006606.
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AbstractThis talk describes a proposal to set up a series of international institutions in different parts of the world to serve as nodes in a network that links astronomers from the developing nations worldwide. This network, along with its nodes is visualized as an economic way of upgrading the facilities for teaching, research and development of astronomy in the Third World countries. By way of illustration, the modus-operandi of the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune, India is described. A network of this kind is suggested as a cost-efficient way of sharing limited resources.
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Misra, Anuj. "Persian Astronomy in Sanskrit." History of Science in South Asia 9 (January 15, 2021): 30–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/hssa64.
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Starting from the late medieval period of Indian history, Islamicate and Sanskrit astral sciences exchanged ideas in complex discourses shaped by the power struggles of language, culture, and identity. The practice of translation played a vital role in transporting science across the physical and mental realms of an ever-changing society. The present study begins by looking at the culture of translating astronomy in late-medieval and early-modern India. This provides the historical context to then examine the language with which Nityānanda, a seventeenth-century Hindu astronomer at the Mughal court of Emperor Shāh Jahān, translated into Sanskrit the Persian astronomical text of his Muslim colleague Mullā Farīd. Nityānanda's work is an example of how secular innovation and sacred tradition expressed themselves in Sanskrit astral sciences. This article includes a comparative description of the contents in the second discourse of Mullā Farīd's Zīj-i Shāh Jahānī (c. 1629/30) and the second part of Nityānanda's Siddhantasindhu (c. early 1630s), along with a critical examination of the sixth chapter from both these works. The chapter-titles and the contents of the sixth chapter in Persian and Sanskrit are edited and translated into English for the very first time. The focus of this study is to highlight the linguistic (syntactic, semantic, and communicative) aspects in Nityānanda's Sanskrit translation of Mullā Farīd's Persian text. The mathematics of the chapter is discussed in a forthcoming publication. An indexed glossary of technical terms from the edited Persian and Sanskrit text is appended at the end of the work.
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Langermann, Y. Tzvi. "Babylonian and Indian Wisdoms in Islamicate Culture." Oriens 46, no. 3-4 (November 26, 2018): 435–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04603004.
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Abstract The interaction of Islamicate civilization with those civilizations that preceded it or were contemporaneous with it has focused for the most part on Hellenistic civilization, and the huge body of scientific and philosophical literature which was translated and absorbed in the first centuries after the appearance of Islam. This paper aims to present two small but much needed correctives to this understanding. In the first section I argue that the “Greek” astronomy that was translated into Arabic ought more correctly to be described as Greco-Babylonian astronomy. In the second I turn to India: not only was a great deal of Indian knowledge absorbed at the time of the great translation movement, we must recall that the exchanges with India carried on well beyond the early Abbasids. I illustrate these points with some new materials in the fields of medicine, philosophy, and alchemy.
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BENNETT, JIM. "Mathematicians on board: introducing lunar distances to life at sea." British Journal for the History of Science 52, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000013.
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AbstractNevil Maskelyne, the Cambridge-trained mathematician and later Astronomer Royal, was appointed by the Royal Society to observe the 1761 transit of Venus from the Atlantic island of St Helena, assisted by the mathematical practitioner Robert Waddington. Both had experience of measurement and computation within astronomy and they decided to put their outward and return voyages to a further use by trying out the method of finding longitude at sea by lunar distances. The manuscript and printed records they generated in this activity are complemented by the traditional logs and journals kept by the ships’ officers. Together these records show how the mathematicians came to engage with the navigational practices that were already part of shipboard routine and how their experience affected the development of the methods that Maskelyne and Waddington would separately promote on their return. The expedition to St Helena, in particular the part played by Maskelyne, has long been regarded as pivotal to the introduction of the lunar method to British seamen and to the establishment of the Nautical Almanac. This study enriches our understanding of the episode by pointing to the significant role played by the established navigational competence among officers of the East India Company.
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Bandyopadhyay, Amalendu, and Ashok Kumar Bhatnagar. "System of Astronomical Constants in Hindu Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100105895.
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AbstractAstronomical constants such as the length of the solar year, sidereal and synodic periods of revolutions of the Moon and five brighter planets have been computed using the system of astronomy in ancient and mediaeval India and a comparison made with their modern values. The modern values of the Moon’s inequalities have been compared with that of the earlier Hindu astronomical reckonings. Also, the Equation of the Centre of the Sun as determined in the period 500 A.D. to 1150 A.D. has been discussed in relation to corresponding modern values.
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Narlikar, Jayant V. "Third-World Astronomy Network." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x0000105x.
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AbstractSeveral developing countries of the Third World have been actively interested in astronomy, as is evidenced by the membership of the IAU. The enthusiasm of individual astronomers from these countries is, however, not matched by the resources available to them to pursue their interest in astronomy, in teaching as well as research, at an above-threshold level. Major problems requiring solutions are (i) isolation from the mainstream work, which leads to research work which is not quite relevant or realistic, and to teaching based on outdated knowledge; (ii) lack of financial resources, leading to shortage of books and journals in the library, insufficient computing power, out-of-date instruments, as well as inability to participate in essential activities like schools, workshops, and major international conferences and symposia; and (iii) lack of hands-on experience with state-of-the-art instrumentation that often leads to good scientists being turned away from astronomical observations towards abstract theories.Experience of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics at Trieste, Italy and of the inter-university centres in India, like the IUCAA at Pune, has shown that limited resources can be made to go a long way by sharing, networking and intelligent use of communications technology. Based on the above experience, this proposal envisages setting up a Third World Astronomy Network (TWAN) under the auspices of the IAU, within the wider ICSU-umbrella with support from the UNESCO as well as participating nations. The TWAN will operate with a few key institutions as local nodal points of a wide network. The objectives of the proposed TWAN and the role of the Nodal Institutions (NIs) are spelled out in this proposal, along with the budgetary support required.
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Ansari, S. M. Razaullah. "Recent Work on the History of Astronomy in India." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600010650.
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Jones, Alexander. "Book Review: Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Mathematics in India." Journal for the History of Astronomy 41, no. 3 (August 2010): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861004100309.
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Kochhar, R. K. "The growth of modern astronomy in India, 1651–1960." Vistas in Astronomy 34 (January 1991): 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0083-6656(91)90021-j.
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Rajarajeswari, G. "Concept of Time in Indian Astronomy." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.2065.
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Time is an important tool for mankind. We follow it with clocks and calendars. It is very important to measure time, as it keeps track of the age of people, animals and anything around us. Measuring time is always relative and not absolute.The need for fixing proper time for performing rituals urged the astronomical quest in India..Astronomy is a science which plays a vital role in our day to day life.The Hindu Calendar is called Pañcāṅga. Pañcāṅga is a tool for knowing the movement and position of various celestial objects. It is used to calculate the auspicious timings of any day for performing the rituals.It is based on the positions of Sun and Moon.Calculation and measurement of time had been a need and an enigma for man from time immemorial. As time passed man used various methods and devices for its measurement. Man keeps improving upon his methods and devices.
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Robinson, B. J. "Protection of Passive Bands in Australia, India, and Japan." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003973.
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ABSTRACTThe problems of protecting passive bands in Australia, India, and Japan reflect the variety of research activities and radio telescopes in those countries, colored by the degree of user friendliness of the frequency management authorities.In India, it is important to protect frequencies below 1400 MHz (for high redshift hydrogen line absorption or emission) and continuum bands at 327 MHz and 150 MHz (the latter currently allocated to cordless phones, paging systems, and rural communication).In Japan, protection from harmful interference has been sought and refused at 4.8 and 5 GHz (microwave network), 10 and 15 GHz (mobile relay service), and 22 GHz (mobile data relay service). But extensive radio astronomy usage of mm to sub-mm bands has established priority for their use and allocation.In Australia, there are major problems at 408 MHz (telephone links), 1.6 GHz (GLONASS, RDSS, and Land Mobile Service), 4.9 to 5 GHz (RDSS), and 22 GHz (satellite broadcasting and high definition TV service).The degree of user friendliness of the frequency management administration appears to rate: 1. Australia, 2. India, 3. Japan on a diminishing scale of cooperation and concern. This affects the awareness of the radio astronomy community of conflicting allocations and the level of input into CCIR and the WARC.
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Singh, Krishna Kumar, and Kuldeep Kumar Yadav. "20 Years of Indian Gamma Ray Astronomy Using Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes and Road Ahead." Universe 7, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7040096.
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The field of ground-based γ-ray astronomy has made very significant advances over the last three decades with the extremely successful operations of several atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes worldwide. The advent of the imaging Cherenkov technique for indirect detection of cosmic γ rays has immensely contributed to this field with the discovery of more than 220 γ-ray sources in the Universe. This has greatly improved our understanding of the various astrophysical processes involved in the non-thermal emission at energies above 100 GeV. In this paper, we summarize the important results achieved by the Indian γ-ray astronomers from the GeV-TeV observations using imaging Cherenkov telescopes over the last two decades. We mainly emphasize the results obtained from the observations of active galactic nuclei with the TACTIC (TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera) telescope, which has been operational since 1997 at Mount Abu, India. We also discuss the future plans of the Indian γ-ray astronomy program with special focus on the scientific objectives of the recently installed 21 m diameter MACE (Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment) telescope at Hanle, India.
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Milani, Andrea, Joseph A. Burns, John D. Hadjidemetriou, Zoran Knežević, Christian Beaugé, Bálint Erdi, Toshio Fukushima, et al. "COMMISSION 7: CELESTIAL MECHANICS AND DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, T26B (December 2007): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308023703.
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In his address to the Commission, the outgoing president A. Milani explained what he considers have been done well in the past triennium, what has been done only in part, and what has not been done at all. Among the things in which the performance was rated good, he mentioned the successful sponsorship and/or co-sponsorship of four meetings (IAU Colloquia 196 and 197, and Symposia 229 and 236) which have been held in the previous period, as well as of the Symposium on exoplanets to be held next year in China. The only failure in this respect was the proposed meeting in India, which failed already at the proposal definition stage. Also, Milani expressed his satisfaction with the triennial report which has been compiled for the occasion, and his gratitude to the collaborating authors.
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Verdon, Noémi, and Michio Yano. "Al-Bīrūnī’s India, Chapter 14." History of Science in South Asia 8 (May 14, 2020): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/hssa.v8i.54.
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This article provides an English translation of Chapter 14 of al-Bīrūnī's Kitāb taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind. The whole book was translated by E. Sachau (as Alberuni's India) more tha 100 years ago. Thanks to the recent works by David Pingree, especially the Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, we can offer many improvements and additions to Sachau's translation. We focused our attention to Chapter 14 of the same book where we find much interesting information about the history of Indian astronomy and mathematics. In the Appendix we have compared the table of contents of the Brāhmasphutasiddhānta as reported by al-Bīrūnī (in Arabic) and those given in Dvivedin's Sanskrit text.
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Rajasekhar P and Babu T Jose. "Influence of Mathematical and Astronomical Developments in Medieval Kerala on Vāstuśāstra." Mathematical Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences 7, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/mjis.2019.72014.
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The contribution in the field of mathematics is unparalleled. The concept of zero and the place value system is alone sufficed to place India in a high pedestal. Historians were generally under the impression that Indian supremacy in Mathematics came to an end with Bhaskaracharya (1114–1185) who is also known as Bhaskara II.Recent researches and publications of books like ‘Crest of the peacock’ written by George Gheverghese Joseph, has brought out the marvelous achievements of Southern India, especially Kerala region after the period of Bhaskaracharya which produced many results surpassing the Europeans in its indigenous style till the advent of Western Education system in early 19th Cent. This medieval contribution includes mathematical analysis and first steps in Calculus and many outstanding discoveries in astronomy. These contributions in Mathematics as well as in Astronomy are now grouped and studied under the title “Kerala School”. Accordingly, Sangamagrama Madhava (14th Cent.), doyen of Kerala School, is recognized as the ‘Father of infinitesimal Analysis’.In this paper the attempt is made to analyse the influence of Kerala School in the development of traditional building science and architecture. This branch of knowledge is generally categorized under the term ‘Vāstuśāstra’.`
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Sidharth, B. G. "Innovative Astronomy Education Programs for Developing Countries." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087297.
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It is desirable that planetariums in developing countries should make the maximum and most efficient use of the planetarium infrastructure and facilities to cover as much ground as possible in the popularization and dissemination of astronomy. After all, the number of planetariums in developing countries necessarily has to be small, and so specialization in specific disciplines or fields becomes a luxury. In India, for example, there are about ten planetariums, and another five or six will come into operation in the next few years. But these planetariums have to cater to a large population. In the U.S.A., which has a fraction of India’s population, on the other hand, there are hundreds of planetariums. The following suggestions are based on successfully implemented projects at the B.M. Birla Planetarium, Hyderabad.A golden rule for planetarium programs anywhere, and certainly in developing countries, is to start a planetarium sky show or activity with a local flair. For example, the local names of stars and constellations, local myths, local astronomers or, more specifically, topics like the history of astronomy in the region should be highlighted.
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Kochhar, Rajesh. "Modern Astronomical Developments in India." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019055.
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Modern astronomy came to India in tow with the Europeans and was institutionalized more than 200 years ago by the (English) East India Company with the establishment in 1790 of Madras Observatory for assistance in navigational and geographical surveys. One hundred years later, in 1899, it was replaced by a solar observatory at Kodaikanal set up by the government to meet the European scientists’ demand for sunny skies and in the hope that a study of the Sun would help predict the failure of monsoons, the key factor then as now in Indian economy. It is mildly interesting to note that, when the scientific agenda was laid down by the Royal Society, no mention was made of climate or rains [1].
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BINGHAM, ROBERT, BENGT ELIASSON, TITO MENDONCA, and LENNART STENFLO. "Padma Kant Shukla 1950–2013." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237781300024x.
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Professor Padma Kant Shukla passed away on the 26th of January in New Delhi, India, just after receiving the prestigious Hind Rattan (Jewel of India) Award. He was born in the village Tulapur, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India and was educated there. After his Ph.D. in Physics from Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, he obtained his second doctorate degree in Theoretical Plasma Physics from Umea University under the supervision of one of us (Lennart Stenflo). He worked at the Faculty of Physics & Astronomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany since January 1973, where he was a permanent faculty member and Professor of International Affairs, a position that was created for him to honour his international accomplishments and reputation.
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Kumar, Deepak. "The ‘culture’ of science and colonial culture, India 1820–1920." British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 2 (June 1996): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400034221.
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The culture of science is deeply influenced and conditioned by the socio-political realities of both time and locale. Pre-colonial India, for example, was no tabula rasa. It had a vigorous tradition in at least the realms of mathematics, astronomy and medicine. But gradual colonization made a big dent. It brought forth a massive cultural collision which influenced profoundly the cognitive and material existence of both the colonizer and the colonized.
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Brienen, R. P. "Georg Marcgraf (1610 – c. 1644): A German Cartographer, Astronomer, and Naturalist-Illustrator in Colonial Dutch Brazil." Itinerario 25, no. 1 (March 2001): 85–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300005581.
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The German scholar Georg Marcgraf was the first trained astronomer in the New World and co-author of the earliest published natural history of Brazil, Historia naturalis Brasiliae (Leiden and Amsterdam 1648) (Fig. 1). Arriving in the Americas in 1638, Marcgraf took his place among a remarkable group of scholars and painters assembled at the Brazilian court of the German count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679), the governor-general of Dutch Brazil from 1637–1644.1 Dutch Brazil was established by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), which was created in 1621 to engage in trade, conquest, and colonisation in the Americas and Africa. Except for Marcgraf, the most important members of the Count's entourage were Dutch and included the painters Albert Eckhout (c. 1610 - c. 1666) and Frans Post (1612–1680) and the physician Willem Piso (1611–1678). The rich group of scientific and visual materials they created are comparable in both scope and importance with the works created by Sydney Parkinson, William Hodges, and others during the Pacific voyages of Captain Cook in the eighteenth century.2 The Count's support of natural history, astronomy, and scientific and ethnographic illustration during his governorship was highly unusual, setting him apart from other colonial administrators and military leaders in the seventeenth century. Indeed, he is responsible for establishing both the first observatory and the first botanical garden in the New World, sparing no expense in creating a princely empire for himself in the Brazilian wilderness.