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Journal articles on the topic 'Indicators and Reagents'
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1
Mebrat, Yiglet. "A Laboratory Manual for the Preparation of Chemical Reagents, Solutions and Special Indicators." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 1–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2021.v01i12.001.
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A Laboratory Manual for the Preparation of Chemical Reagents, Solutions and Special Indicators. ETHIOPIAN BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE, Microbial Biodiversity Directorate. This manual includes detailed view of the following: Laboratory Safety Precautions, Chemical Reagent Preparation, Buffer and Chemical Solution Preparation, Staining Solution Preparation, Indicators and Dye Solution Preparation, Preparation of Special Reagents, Known and Suspected List of Carcinogens and References.
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Sviridov, A. V., V. V. Iurchenko, I. K. Gindulin, and M. S. Roschina. "The use of high-fine modified aluminosilicate adsorbents in the processes of purification of household waste water." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-4-274-279.
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The article deals with the problem of treatment and purification of domestic waste water. Today, many treatment facilities do not have a reagent treatment system and are limited only by mechanical and biological methods of water treatment. We have considered the possibility of using a new scheme for reagent treatment of domestic wastewater. The existing reagent treatment at treatment facilities does not always cope with the tasks of water treatment. It is not possible to achieve the required values for many indicators: COD, residual phosphate content, residual iron content, etc. The water under study was treated with traditional coagulants (iron chloride and aluminum sulfate) and new highly dispersed modified aluminosilicate adsorbents of the KS brand. Lime and alkali were used as alkalizing reagents. A feature of KS grade reagents is their high coagulation-adsorption activity in relation to the extracted components. This is due to the high activity of modifiers on the surface of the aluminosilicate matrix. In the course of the study, a coagulation-flocculation experiment was carried out. During the purification process, the water was examined for the residual content of various components: pH, phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, chlorides, and iron. Effective dosages have been established for each of the reagents used and the possibility of using reagents for the treatment of domestic wastewater to the required standards has been shown. Traditional reagents have shown insufficient efficiency in wastewater treatment. When using iron chloride and aluminum sulfate, it is not possible to reduce the phosphate content to the required values. For the KS reagent, the effective dose was 40 mg / dm3 with the combined use of lime at a dose of 30 mg/dm3
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Krasavtseva, E. A., L. A. Ivanova, A. V. Svetlov, and D. V. Makarov. "Biotesting of Binding Reagents for Dust Suppression on Rare Metal Tailings Waste in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-12-15-20.
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The paper presents the results of environment safety assessment of Russian and foreign binding reagents (Syntex-65, Lukoil DD 3000, Voltes PP-300 and Dustbind) used for remediation of objects of accumulated environmental damage in the Murmansk region. The paper shows that in the presence of anti-erosion and water-retentive phytocenosis on technosoil of loparite ore tailings, these reagents have a partial inhibitory effect on the first first seedlings of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and statistically (p <0.005) affect its main quality indicators (plant height and biomass). Effective methods of applying reagents to the dusty surface of technosoil were identified. When using the Lukoil DD 3000 reagent as an analogue of Dustbin – continuous, for Voltes PP-300 – fragmentary, when using Syntex-65 – continuous in the mode of simulated hydroseeding.
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Xu, Hongxiang, Jiahua Cui, Yijun Cao, Lin Ma, Guixia Fan, Gen Huang, Kejia Ning, et al. "Construction of a Green-Comprehensive Evaluation System for Flotation Collectors." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051563.
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The evaluation of flotation reagents performs an important role in the selection and green application of reagents. The green indexes and effect indexes of flotation collectors were selected by data literature method, system analysis method, mathematical model method, and qualitative and quantitative analysis method, and the green evaluation system of flotation collectors, flotation effect evaluation system, and comprehensive evaluation system of flotation collectors were established. The normalization method and expert evaluation methods were adopted to obtain the grade classification of quantitative and qualitative indicators, respectively. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of secondary indicators and tertiary indicators of the evaluation system and the weight of indicators at a lower level. Applying the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), the trapezoidal function is selected to determine the index affiliation, the index system score is calculated according to the weighted average principle, and finally, the established evaluation system is applied in an example. The example application shows that the comprehensive evaluation system of flotation collectors can make a comprehensive evaluation of collectors from the aspects of the greenness of reagent, flotation effect, and cost, and it has a strong target and practicality for collectors evaluation. The establishment of the system has a guiding significance for the selection and use of flotation collectors.
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Yalaletdinova, Alina, Maria Malkova, Margarita Vozhdaeva, Pavel Serebryakov, Olga Kantor, and Evgeny Kantor. "Prediction of optimal coagulant and flocculant dosage for water treatment at surface water intake." E3S Web of Conferences 480 (2024): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448002009.
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Reagent treatment is one of the main methods of source water treatment in water supply plants. Suitable values of coagulant and flocculant doses, as a rule, are selected experimentally, and do not vary depending on seasonal changes in indicators. Therefore, to achieve high efficiency of water treatment, there is a need to determine the doses of coagulant and flocculant for the whole year and for separate seasonal periods in order to compare them. Regression analysis allowed us to quantitatively describe the relationships between turbidity, color, oxidizability and hardness of the source water and reagent doses. At the same time the significance of the influence of the listed indicators on the value of coagulant and flocculant doses was determined. The multifactorial relationship between the water quality indicators at the water source (turbidity, color, oxidizability and general hardness) and the parameters of water treatment processes (dosage of coagulant and flocculant) was studied for both the annual cycle and for specific shorter time periods. Calculation of coagulant and flocculant doses for the entire annual period of the water source in practice, makes it possible to predict suitable doses of reagents before trial coagulation. The equations obtained for individual periods take into account the influence of individual factors, and, therefore, will allow to increase the efficiency of water treatment process control, reduce the consumption of reagents and significantly increase the barrier role of water treatment facilities.
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Kondratev, Sergey, and Tatyana Khamzina. "Assessment of collecting activity of physically sorbed reagents on the example of easily floatable coking coal sludge." Записки Горного института 256 (November 10, 2022): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.52.
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The article presents one of the new approaches to theoretical assessment of collecting ability of reagents. The efficiency of reagents-collectors with different chemical composition used for flotation of coking coals was studied. A comparative assessment of the flotation activity of kerosene, mineral oil, thermal gas oil, KETGOL and FLOTEK is given. The criteria of collecting activity of the above reagents-collectors for coal sludge flotation were specified. A correlation was established between the indicators of coal sludge flotation by the above reagents and their physical parameters. It is shown that the rate of spreading over water surface can characterize the flotation activity of reagents. Based on dependence of the collecting activity of a reagent on its rate of spreading along the “gas – liquid” interface and surface pressure, the main approaches to determining the structure and composition of molecules of an effective flotation collector can be determined. A new concept of the function performed by a physically sorbed collector in the elementary act of flotation and a criterion for the flotation activity of reagents used in coal sludge beneficiation are proposed. It is shown that the collector used in coal flotation, in addition to hydrophobizing the surface of the extracted particles, should reduce the induction time and remove the kinetic constraint on formation of a flotation aggregate.
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BURDONOV, Aleksander, Nadezhda VCHISLO, Vyacheslav BARAKHTENKO, and Tatiana SAHABUTDINOVA. "Synthesized collectors flotation activity study based on fluorine containing and acetylene alcohols." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2023-15-3-707-719.
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Introduction. The article describes the problem of low quality mineral raw materials used for gold mining and considers the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the technological process of beneficiation of refractory ores. As a result of the study, studies were carried out to study the flotation activity of new collecting reagents and their effect on the surface of sulfide gold-bearing minerals was studied. Research methods and materials. The methods used in the work were NMR, atomic absorption and ultraviolet spectroscopy, electron microscopy, laser diffraction, ore preparation, flotation, and electrophoretic light scattering. To determine the assessment of flotation activity as heteropolar collectors for the flotation of sulfide minerals, a number of synthesized compounds were used: 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, 5-dimethyl-4-methylidene-1,3-oxathiolane-2-thione and 2. 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl sodium xanthate. Sulfide ore was used to conduct laboratory flotation studies; the monomineral pyrite was used to study the sorption of the reagent and determine the zeta potential of the surface. The following reagents were also used in the experiment: activator – copper sulfate; heteropolar collectors – potassium butylxanthate (BCX), sodium dialkyldithiophosphate (BTF-1552); organic carbon depressor – beta-sulfonaphthalene formaldehyde sodium salt (oroflos D); blowing agent – methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC). Research results and discussion. The synthesis of collecting reagents based on various chemical reactions was carried out and their flotation activity was studied. Several promising compounds have been obtained that have shown results when used as heteropolar collectors for the flotation of sulfide minerals. The research results showed that one of the synthesized reagents, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, has a positive effect on gold recovery during flotation. This reagent increases recovery by 0.18% and 1.46% when used together with other reagents. It also increases recovery by 1.81% when used alone. This suggests that 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol can be used as a replacement for one of the main heteropolar collectors. Determination of UV spectra showed the sorption of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol on the surface of pyrite with an amount of up to 2.388·10-5 mol/m2 depending on the initial concentration of the reagent. The results of determining the zeta potential showed that the reagents significantly reduce this indicator, indicating electrostatic interaction and adsorption of the reagents on the pyrite surface. Conclusion. Overall, this paper describes the development of new harvesting reagents and their effects on the surface of sulfide gold-bearing minerals. The results of the study suggest the possibility of using 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol as a replacement for one of the main collectors in flotation. Resume. The article presents the results of studies assessing the flotation activity of a number of synthesized compounds: 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, 5-dimethyl-4-methylidene-1,3-oxathiolan-2-thione and 2,2,3,3 ,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl sodium xanthate. The best technological performance during laboratory flotation was found for the reagent 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol; the extraction of gold into the concentrate was 84.68%, the content was 10.2%. For this compound, its amount adsorbed on the surface of pyrite was determined to be up to 2.388·10-5 mol/m2 in experiments. A low negative charge on the surface of pyrite was revealed after mixing it with reagent solutions when determining the zeta potential. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The results of the work can be recommended for further pilot tests with the subsequent development of technology for the industrial production of these reagents in the case of improved technological indicators of flotation gold extraction.
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Shevchenko, A. P., I. A. Manachyn, B. W. Dvoskin, V. G. Kislyakov, A. S. Vergun, S. A. Shevchenko, V. P. Petrusha, and A. M. Bashmakov. "Calculation and analytical evaluation and industrial verification of the indicators of ladle desulfuration of cast iron using different reagents." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-73-89.
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The necessity of an integrated approach in assessing and choosing a technology for secondary desulfurization of cast iron has been substantiated. It is shown that one of the main parameters and indicators is the consumption of the reagent, which determines all the main indicators of the process. A comparative analysis of the indicators in Table 1 also indicates that in the KR process, an increase in the mass of pig iron in the ladle reduces the desulfurization efficiency, since the transition from a ladle with a mass of 80 and 100 tons of pig iron to large ladles (260 tons) is accompanied by a decrease in the specific degree of desulfurization, removal increases the consumption of the reagent per unit of sulfur removed. Significant specific consumption of reagents (up to 8-17 kg / t of cast iron) and the duration of mixing (up to 8-20 minutes), as well as the cycle - up to 25-68 minutes, which causes tangible losses in the temperature of the cast iron - on average 40-42 ° С, and in a number of desulfurization modes - up to 92-128 °С. This is due to the fact that with an increase in the mass of cast iron, the mass transfer processes between the slag and the molten iron of the ladle deteriorate. The highest specific consumption of reagents in the KR-process ultimately determined the highest costs in the implementation of this process. The lowest specific costs for monoinjection of magnesium predetermine the lowest costs for the industrial development of this process. Actual indicators of industrial blowdowns indicate ohm. that monoinjection of granular magnesium is characterized by the lowest consumption of reagents - on average 0.42-0.55 kg / t of cast iron, the shortest duration of the desulfurization operation - on average 5.5-7.7 minutes and at the same time providing up to super deep desulfurization of cast iron - up to 0.0003–0.001%, desulfurization degree - up to 99%, high sulfur removal rate - on average 12–14.4% / min, high reagent assimilation rate - on average 75–92%. The actual data on the technology applied KR-processes (CaO + CaF2), co-injection of lime with magnesium (CaO + Mg) and monoinjection of granular magnesium according to the Ukrainian injection technology are presented. The costs of desulfurization by KR processes - koninjection - monoinjection are in the ratio 3: 2: 1. The advantage of injection processes of cast iron desulfurization has been substantiated.
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Vertiprakhov, Vladimir, Alena Grozina, Vladimir Fisinin, Natalya Ovchinnikova, and Anatoly Bittirov. "Impact of various reagents during blood collection from poultry to analyze morpho-biochemical indicators." E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126202009.
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The work provides experimental data on the impact of anticoagulants (K3 - EDTA, 3.8% sodium citrate and lithium heparin) and coagulation activator on morpho-biochemical indicators in the blood samples of broiler chickens of cross-selection of Agricultural Center “Smena” at the age of 35 days. The studies were carried out with the use of semi-automatic flow analyzer Sinnowa BS-3000P (SINNOWA Medical Science & Technology Co., Ltd, China) and veterinary automatic blood analyzer DF-50 by Dymind Biotech (PRC) with the use of original reagents. The results showed that the most optimal reagent for determination of morphological indicators of the poultry blood was EDTA. The average white blood count (WBC) is lower in blood samples with citrate and heparin in contrast to EDTA by 30.5% and 24.1%, respectively. The average red blood count (RBC) is lower in tubes with sodium citrate (by 37.9 %) and lithium heparin (by 13.8 %) in contrast to K3-EDTA. When the sodium citrate anticoagulant is used, the blood biochemistry results for all positions of the experiment, excluding calcium, are lower than in heparin, and its closest values are lower than in coagulation activator, excluding trypsin activity. That’s why, the most optimal reagents for biochemistry, including for blood enzyme tests, should be considered the tubes with heparin or coagulation activator.
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Pyka, Alina. "Detection Progress of Selected Drugs in TLC." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/732078.
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This entry describes applications of known indicators and dyes as new visualizing reagents and various visualizing systems as well as photocatalytic reactions and bioautography method for the detection of bioactive compounds including drugs and compounds isolated from herbal extracts. Broadening index, detection index, characteristics of densitometric band, modified contrast index, limit of detection, densitometric visualizing index, and linearity range of detected compounds were used for the evaluation of visualizing effects of applied visualizing reagents. It was shown that visualizing effect depends on the chemical structure of the visualizing reagent, the structure of the substance detected, and the chromatographic adsorbent applied. The usefulness of densitometry to direct detection of some drugs was also shown. Quoted papers indicate the detection progress of selected drugs investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
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Furuhashi, Akiko, Kunihiko Endo, and Akira Yamasaki. "Using Silica Gel Beads to Dispense Indicators and Reagents." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 9 (September 1995): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p832.
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BYSTRANOVA, Anastasya O., SvetlanaYu Yur'evna TEPLYKH, and Evgeniy A. TEPLYKH. "CLEANING OF OIL-CONTAINING WASTEWATER." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.5.
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The regularities of changes in the composition of wastewater, methods of cleaning and technological schemes of the oil extraction industry and the processes of formation of wastewater of the oil extraction plant CJSC Samaraagroprompererabotka and their chemical and physical indicators are studied. The eff ectiveness of wastewater treatment by reagent methods using known, analog and new reagents, on a model solution was investigated. An analytical dependence describing the processes of increasing the effi ciency of new technological processes (discrete and binary) reagent purifi cation has been carried out. The economic effi ciency of the proposed methods for treating oil-fat-containing wastewater is determined.
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Alekseeva, Anna V., and Olga N. Savostikova. "Issues of using modern organic reagents in the practice of drinking water supply (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 10 (November 20, 2023): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-10-1029-1034.
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The article contains a literature review devoted to the safe use of modern organic reagents in drinking water supply practice. When conducting a literature search, the following databases were used as follows: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI, as well as a search method based on keywords and citations. The purpose of the review is that despite the large number of developed technologies and various reagents, the problem of removing anthropogenic and anthropogenic pollutants from natural water purification cannot be considered to be solved. Water purification technologies are being improved; their effectiveness largely depends on the intensification of reagent treatment.
In addition to generally accepted laboratory studies of the reagents used in water treatment, it is necessary to conduct production tests to clarify the parameters of the health risk and toxicity of the transformation products formed during the water treatment process, as well as to study the effectiveness and safety of a set of reagents that together enter the water treatment process. The hygienic assessment of reagents should take into account the actual conditions of their use in drinking water supply practice, including further stages of water treatment. This concerns the assessment of the possible destruction of polymers during the production of composite reagents, the assessment of modifying additives included in their composition, the transformation of polymers in water during chlorination, chloramination, ozonation, under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation, and adjustment of a set of mandatory controlled indicators. To conduct these studies, laboratories must have publicly available analytical methods that allow accurately determining the presence of monomers, polymers, as well as various additives and transformation products in concentrations actually present in drinking water.
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Kameneva, Yuliya S., Elena V. Chernousenko, and Galina V. Mitrofanova. "The application of collectors with nitrile functional groupping for flotation of copper-nickel ores." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 13, no. 1/2022 (December 27, 2022): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2022.13.1.019.
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Non-ionic organic Tecflote reagents, having different-structure alkyl radicals and different numbers of functional groups,are investigated as potential flotation collectors for flotation recovery of nickel and copper. The efficiency of their action in respect to recoverable nickel and copper sulfides, is shown by the method of non-frothing flotation of the ore sample treated with chalcopyrite. The application of Tecflote reagents in the ore flotation cycle provided similar indicators for the recovery of valuable metals to those with traditional reagents.
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Ovseychuk, V., and А. Zozulya. "Mining-geological and physico-chemical indicators determining the success of the use of block underground and heap leaching." Transbaikal state university journal 27, no. 3 (2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-3-34-41.
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The success of the physico-chemical technologies’ application in the development of ore deposits, such as underground and heap leaching, depends on the petrographic and mineral composition of the ores and their host rocks, type of reagents leaching the useful component, technology of ore preparation and irrigation modes of lumpy ores. The efficiency of leaching of uranium-ore minerals is determined by the physico-chemical laws of the interaction of reagents with the ore material. In the course of the research, the relationship between the silica content in the rocks containing mineralization and their physical and mechanical properties was established. This makes it possible, knowing the type of rocks, to predict the conditions of ore preparation by drilling and blasting to obtain the optimal piece size for leaching. In addition, the influence of the ore texture on the leaching efficiency was proved experimentally. Previous researchers found that the rate of conversion of uranium to the mobile state during leaching depends on the rate of penetration of the leaching reagent into the piece, displayed by the effective diffusion coefficient (Kef). The analysis of mining and geological information made it possible to establish the relationship between the Kef and the type of host rocks through the SiO2 content and the type of uranium minerals through the uranium content. The obtained knowledge makes it possible to predict favorable conditions for the use of physico-chemical geotechnologies in the development of rock-poor uranium deposits
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Zidikhanova, A. A., and A. B. Larin. "Water-chemical regime with use of VTIAMIN reagents at TTP with seasonal mode of operation." Vestnik IGEU 2 (April 30, 2024): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2024.2.005-014.
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The main equipment of the thermal power plant (TPP) includes a E-120-7.0-500GM steam boiler produced by LLC “Belenergomash – BZEM” with a single-stage evaporation circuit. The operating mode of the thermal power plant has seasonal characteristics. During the period of February to the end of August the equipment is stopped as a reserve. Dosing of AMINAT PK-3 does not provide the required pH level in steam and feed water, so the reagent for water-chemical regime and preservation has been substituted with VTIAMIN KR-33. The complex reagent VTIAMIN KR-33 ensures both the maintenance of the required quality indicators of the coolant along the path and promotes the formation of a protective barrier film on the internal heating surfaces. To check water-chemical regime, the existing automatic chemical control system has been updated. Panels have been installed for automatic chemical control of pH value, electrical conductivity of direct and H-cationized samples. The filter material has been replaced and the mechanical filters have been connected. The first stage of the filter has been replaced, the second stage of the filter and final purification filters Н-OH have been installed. The authors have demonstrated the possibility to use boilers with seasonal operating modes and measuring the electrical conductivity of cooled water and steam samples as a chemical control of water chemistry. It is found out that dosing the VTIAMIN KR-33 reagent with periodic dosing of the VTIAMIN D-8 reagent into the boiler water prevent the precipitation of hardness salts and other impurities coming with the return condensate. Analysis of the indicators of the water chemistry regime at the thermal power plant when dosing the VTIAMIN KR-33 reagent at two points has shown that the pH value of the feed water is in the range of 8,8–9,0 and the indicators of the water chemistry regime in terms of the content of iron, silicic acid and sodium are also within the norm limits. The composition of the reagents is selected. Flexibility of water chemistry management is ensured. It has been shown that the dosage of the amine-containing reagent VTIAMIN neutralizes the negative effects of aggressive gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) due to their binding and the formation of a protective film of the magnetite-amine type on heating surfaces. Introduction of the water chemical regime when the equipment is stopped as a reserve does not require additional preservation measures.
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Glattstein, B., Y. Shor, N. Levin, and A. Zeichner. "pH Indicators As Chemical Reagents for the Enhancement of Footwear Marks." Journal of Forensic Sciences 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 13891J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13891j.
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Aleksandrova, T. N., A. V. Orlova, and V. A. Taranov. "Current status in the copper ore processing (review)." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2021-3-4-14.
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The article provides the analysis of process flows used for sulfide and oxidized copper ore treatment, reagent schemes, process equipment, indicators of flotation concentration at a number of domestic and foreign concentrating mills and plants. Autogenous and semi-autogenous grinding mills are widely used at the ore preparatory processing at the first stage of grinding to eliminate medium and fine crushing stages. An alternative is the use of high pressure grinding rolls that can reduce electricity consumption as compared to autogenous and semi-autogenous grinding. There is an increase in the use of large-volume and high-performance ore-preparation and flotation equipment for maintaining the quality and quantity of the product. In addition to ball mills, fine and ultrafine regrinding mills of various configurations are widely used at the stage of rougher flotation concentrate regrinding. The analysis of flotation reagents used to improve separation process efficiency was conducted with domestic and foreign approaches to flotation reagent selection shown. It is noted that foreign concentrating mills often use a combination of main and additional collectors. The paper provides the data on flotation reagents used in the copper sulfide and oxidized ore concentration, and their consumption. A combined diagram of flotation-hydrometallurgical processing of mixed copper ore from the Udokan deposit is considered. Conclusions are drawn about current trends in the processing of copper ores including the choice of equipment.
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Zhai, Jingying, and Eric Bakker. "Complexometric titrations: new reagents and concepts to overcome old limitations." Analyst 141, no. 14 (2016): 4252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an00538a.
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Verkhovsky, A. E., K. G. Gadzhiev, A. A. Gusiletov, and E. A. Verkhovskaya. "Mathematical calculation of the optimal time to achieve operating parameters according to WCR when dosing corrective reagents into a double-circuit waste heat boiler with a parallel feedwater supply scheme." E3S Web of Conferences 411 (2023): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341101051.
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This article discusses the issues of estimating the time to achieve the normalized WCR indicators when dosing corrective reagents into a two-loop waste heat boiler, with a parallel scheme for supplying feed water to the circulation circuits. Calculations of the optimal time required to reach the regime parameters of the WCR when dosing amine-containing reagents are given. The article also provides calculations of the optimal time to reach the WCR regime parameters, depending on the feed water flow rate in each of the waste heat boiler circulation circuits.
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Mandrovskiy, K. P., and Ya S. Sadovnikova. "Assessment of the Liquid Deicing Reagent Distribution Zone Deformation at Different Parameters of the Environment." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 6 (129) (December 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2019-6-65-76.
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The article considers distribution of liquid deicing reagents over aerodrome pavement. The deformation of the treatment zone contributing to the formation of unevenness of distribution under different environmental parameters (air temperature, wind speed and direction) is estimated. The research is based on the developed mathematical models of the reagent droplet movements over the distribution disk and in the air. The dependence of overlapping the two zones and the width of the untreated zone on the wind speed and direction is derived. The process of reagent distribution at different ambient temperatures and varying height of disks above the pavement is simulated. Estimation of quality indicators of anti-icing treatment for the temperature range from 0 to --15 °C is given on the basis of the obtained results. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility of their application in the development of operational methods to ensure the quality of distribution of liquid chemicals under changing environmental conditions.
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Alekseev, Evgeny, and Svetlana Shambina. "Coagulation of waste water from the point of view of physic-chemical interactions." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304011.
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The widespread use of reagent coagulation in the technology of purification of natural and waste waters is due to the complexity of the chemical composition and phase-dispersed state of the aqua systems of these waters, on the one hand, and the multifactorial action of coagulants on them, on the other. The mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants of wastewater which are in different phase-dispersed states include the physicochemical phenomena of coagulation, heterocoagulation, adagulation and sorption. The physicochemical concept “coagulation” reflects only one mechanism of coagulants’ action on pollutants. This leads to the appearing of the problem in terminological description of the physicochemical processes’ combined action when adding coagulants to the water being cleaned. The purpose of the study is to justify the use of universal indicators characterizing the multifactorial nature of the coagulation process, its formalization and quantitative assessment. The solution of the problem is to use the concept of “coasorption”, which determines the multifactorial nature of the interaction between coagulants and pollutants, and to use the technological indicator “specific coasorption”, which establishes a quantitative relationship between the pollutants’ indicators and the dose of coagulant. The test coagulation’s results of two different types of synthetic dyes’ solutions using aluminum salts reflect the difference in the mechanisms of their interaction with the coagulant. The formula for coasorption isotherm can be used to determine the required doses of reagents for coagulation of water basing on the initial and residual content of pollutants in the purified waters.
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Gurzhiy, Vladislav V., Olga S. Tyumentseva, and Ilya V. Kornyakov. "Uranyl Nitrates: By-Products of the Synthetic Experiments or Key Indicators of the Reaction Progress?" Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121122.
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Six novel uranyl nitrate compounds K3[(UO2)(NO3)Cl3](NO3) (1, 2), α-Cs2[(UO2)(NO3)Cl3] (3), [(UO2)(NO3)2(H2O)2][(CH3NH3)2(NO3)2] (4), Cs2[(UO2)(NO3)4] (5), and [(UO2)2(OH)2(NO3)2(H2O)3](H2O) (6) have been prepared from aqueous solutions. Their structures were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structural studies have shown that the crystals of 1 and 2 are isotypic but differ in the distortion at the counter ion’s sites. The crystal of 3 is a low-temperature polymorph modification of the recently studied compound. The crystal structure of 4 is composed of uranyl-dinitrate-dihydrate and methylamine-nitrate electroneutral complexes linked through the system of H-bonds. The crystal structure of 5 is based on the finite [(UO2)(NO3)4]2− clusters that are arranged in pseudo-chained complexes extended along [100] and are arranged according to a hexagonal packing or rods. The crystal of 6 is also a novel polymorph modification of previously studied compound, the structure of which is based on the very rare topological type of the finite clusters. Nowadays, uranyl nitrate finite clusters of nine various topological types are known. We give herein a short review of their topological features and relationships. Crystallization of uranyl nitrates usually occurs when all other competitive anions in the system have already formed crystalline phases, or the reaction of reagents have slowed down or even stopped. Thus it is suggested that crystallization of uranyl nitrates can be used as a key indicator of the reaction progress, which points to the necessity of the initial concentrations of reagents correction, or to the replacement of reagents and adjustment of the thermodynamic (P,T) parameters of the synthesis.
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Medyanik, N., E. Mullina, and O. Mishurina. "APPLICATION OF INORGANIC REAGENTS-MODIFIERS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SULPHUR-CONTAINING IMPURITIES IN THE FLOTATION OF GAS COALS." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 6 (2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-6-23-30.
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The relevance of the research lies in the need to remove sulphur-containing compounds from coal raw materials at the lowest cost to reduce the environmental load in the areas of coal use. The object of the study is coals of the “G” brand of the Kuznetsk basin of the Kirov mine. The subject of the study is the petrographic and chemical composition of coals, the content of sulphur impurities. The aim of the study is to develop selective reagent flotation modes using inorganic reagents-modifiers. Research objectives: – to determine the petrographic and chemical composition of coals; – to conduct flotation studies using the foam flotation method; – to evaluate the effect of inorganic reagents-modifiers on the φ - potential and hydration of the coal surface; – to determine the mechanism of modifiers’ action on the depression of sulphur-containing impurities of coals. Methodology and methods of research. A complex of physical, chemical and physico-chemical research methods has been used in the work. The degree of scientific development of the topic. A promising direction for reducing sulphur-containing emissions is to increase the selectivity of the flotation process by modifying the coal surface. Results: petrographic analysis of the studied coals has showed that the main micro-component is vitrinite (85 %); chemical analysis indicates that the humidity of the coals is 2.27 %, the ash content is 17.82 %, the yield of volatile substances is 32.90 %, the mass fraction of inorganic sulphur is 0.38 %, organic sulphur is 0.43 %. A comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of coal flotation shows that the use of non-organic reagents-modifiers can significantly increase the extraction of sulfur into flotation waste. The analysis of the kinetics of changes in the electrode potential of pyrite indicates an increase in the potential values in the presence of these reagents and a decrease in the hydration of the pyrite surface. The obtained results indicate the expediency of using inorganic salts as modifier reagents that contribute to reducing the sulfur content in coal concentrates due to the depression of pyrite-containing impurities due to an increase in the hydration of their surface
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Pugia, Michael J., Gert Blankenstein, Ralf-Peter Peters, James A. Profitt, Klaus Kadel, Thomas Willms, Ronald Sommer, Hai Hang Kuo, and Lloyd S. Schulman. "Microfluidic Tool Box as Technology Platform for Hand-Held Diagnostics." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.052498.
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Abstract Background: Use of microfluidics in point-of-care testing (POCT) will require on-board fluidics, self-contained reagents, and multistep reactions, all at a low cost. Disposable microchips were studied as a potential POCT platform. Methods: Micron-sized structures and capillaries were embedded in disposable plastics with mechanisms for fluidic control, metering, specimen application, separation, and mixing of nanoliter to microliter volumes. Designs allowed dry reagents to be on separate substrates and liquid reagents to be added. Control of surface energy to ±5 dyne/cm2 and mechanical tolerances to ≤1 μm were used to control flow propulsion into adsorptive, chromatographic, and capillary zones. Fluidic mechanisms were combined into working examples for urinalysis, blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c testing using indicators (substances that react with analyte, such as dyes, enzyme substrates, and diazonium salts), catalytic reactions, and antibodies as recognition components. Optical signal generation characterized fluid flow and allowed detection. Results: We produced chips that included capillary geometries from 10 to 200 μm with geometries for stopping and starting the flow of blood, urine, or buffer; vented chambers for metering and splitting 100 nL to 30 μL; specimen inlets for bubble-free specimen entry and containment; capillary manifolds for mixing; microstructure interfaces for homogeneous transfer into separation membranes; miniaturized containers for liquid storage and release; and moisture vapor barrier seals for easy use. Serum was separated from whole blood in <10 s. Miniaturization benefits were obtained at 10–200 μm. Conclusion: Disposable microchip technology is compatible with conventional dry-reagent technology and allows a highly compact system for complex assay sequences with minimum manual manipulations and simple operation.
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Ferris, Marie M., and Michael A. Leonard. "Examination of metallochromic indicators and water-soluble reagents for metals by planar electrophoresis." Analyst 111, no. 3 (1986): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9861100351.
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Strėlkutė, Asta, and Jolita Bradulienė. "CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL POLLUTED WITH BISHOPHIT USED IN WINTER AND ITS EFFECT ON HERBACEOUS PLANTS / CHLORIDŲ KONCENTRACIJA DIRVOŽEMYJE, UŽTERŠTAME ŽIEMOS METU NAUDOJAMU BIŠOFITU, IR POVEIKIS ŽOLINIAMS AUGALAMS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.53.
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For road maintenance in winter, various chemical reagents, considering their physical and chemical properties, are chosen taking into account economic indicators. After a long winter season, large amounts of chemical reagents are used. During the winter season, dusting chlorides, first of all, fall on the roadway and a part of those reach roadsides where directly pollute the soil of the buffer zone and affect vegetation during the growing season. Chloride content in soil reduces the absorption of nutrients, which hinders the development of plants. It also has an effect on the metabolism of soil organisms, and therefore the loss of soil fertility. Due to high chloride content, land becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Studies used different concentrations (9 ml, 12 ml and 46 ml) of bishophit. Chloride concentration in soil extract has been determined applying the volumetric method and employing silver nitrate titration. It has been determined that the amount of chloride in the soil contaminated with 9 ml makes 89.21 mg/kg, 12 ml – 94, 25 mg/kg and 164.32 mg/kg. Kelių priežiūrai žiemą naudojami įvairūs cheminiai reagentai, kurie parenkami atsižvelgiant į ekonominius rodiklius, svarbios yra jų fizinės bei cheminės savybės. Esant ilgam ir snieguotam žiemos sezonui, naudojami dideli kiekiai cheminių reagentų, kurie, atšilus orams, pasklinda aplinkoje ir daro neigiamą įtaką. Žiemą barstomi chloridai pirmiausia patenka ant važiuojamosios kelio dalies, dalis chloridų patenka ant kelkraščių, kur tiesiogiai teršia pakelėse esantį apsauginės zonos dirvožemį bei vegetacijos periodo augaliją. Chloridų kaupimasis dirvožemyje – viena svarbiausių ekosistemoms kylančių fiziologinių grėsmių. Chloridų kiekis dirvožemyje sumažina maistingųjų medžiagų pasisavinimą ir tai trukdo vystytis augalams. Taip pat tai turi poveikį dirvožemio organizmų medžiagų apykaitai, ir dėl to mažėja dirvožemio derlingumas. Dėl didelio chloridų kiekio žemė tampa netinkama augalams augti. Tyrimams naudojama skirtingų koncentracijų (9 ml, 12 ml, 46 ml) bišofitas. Chloridų koncentracija dirvožemio ekstrakte nustatoma tūriniu metodu, titruoti naudojant sidabro nitratą. Nustatyta, kad chloridų kiekis 9 ml užterštame dirvožemyje yra 8,388 mg/kg, 12 ml – 10,197 mg/kg, 28,19 mg/kg.
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Krasavtseva, Eugenia A., Victoria Maksimova, and Dmitriy Makarov. "Influence of Reagents on Qualitative Indicators of Artificial Anti-Deflationary Phytocenosis on Waste from a Rare Earth Tailing Facility." Toxics 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070629.
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This paper presents an assessment of the effect of various reagents on the qualitative indicators of anti-deflationary single-species sowing phytocenosis on enrichment waste from rare earth ores. It has been established that tailings of loparite ores are not suitable for biological reclamation due to low values of hygroscopic moisture (0.54–2.85%) and clay particles (17.6 ± 0.6%) and high content of bioavailable forms of aluminum (504 ± 14 mg/kg). Seeds of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were grown on the tailings of loparite ore enrichment with the addition of opoka (O), brucite (B), and vermiculite (V). The quality of the seed cenosis was assessed by the dry biomass of the above-ground parts of the plants and the plant height. A positive effect (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01)) of the considered combinations of reagents on the growth of above-ground biomass from 31.5% (V) to 70.3 (V + O), 82.4% (V + B), and 81.8% (V + O+B) and on plant height from 53.8% (V) up to 78.6 (V + O), 83.8% (V + B), and 75.4% (V + O+B) was revealed. The use of a combination of V + O and V + B reagents made it possible to significantly reduce the content of Al (by 19.0% and 52.8%), Sr (by 16.5% and 12.9%), La (by 65.2% and 40.6%), and Ce (by 66.8% and 41.9%) in the aerial part of the sowing phytocenosis compared to control. The results obtained here can become the basis for development of a combined sorption technology for the reclamation of technogenically disturbed lands.
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Morozov, V. V., Erdenezul Jargalsaikhan, and I. V. Pesriak. "Increasing Efficiency of Copper-Molybdenum Ore Flotation using Measurement of Pulp Absorption Capacity." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 5, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2020-3-188-200.
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A promising line in development of reagent consumption automatic control systems is applying data on measuring collector concentration in the pulp aqueous phase. For effective using data on the concentration of the nonionic collector – allyl ester of amylxanthogenic acid – in the process of flotation, the studies were carried out and the method for analyzing its residual concentration in the flotation pulp liquid phase was developed. The developed spectral technique for measuring the concentration of amylxanthogenic acid allyl ester in the pulp aqueous phase showed stable results in the temperature range of 10 to 25 °С, pH range of 8.5 to 11.0. This allowed applying the technique to measuring residual concentration of AeroMX- 5140 collector in the operation of bulk sulphide flotation in copper-molybdenum ore beneficiation. The laboratory tests allowed determining connection between the indicators of residual concentration with the main indicators of copper-molybdenum flotation. The studies showed that increasing the residual concentration of the non-ionic collector occurs with increasing its consumption and pH of the pulp aqueous phase. It is shown that significant increase in metal recoveries is observed at similar residual collector concentrations: for copper, in the range of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/l, and for molybdenum and pyrite iron, at the concentrations from 0.25 to 1 mg/l. The possibility of using the nonionic collector residual concentration as the informational indicator of the flotation process has been substantiated. It is proposed to use the ore absorption capacity in relation to the collector applied as an indicator of the ore grade. It is shown that using this indicator reduces relative variance for the dependences of the yields of individual ore types and increases the accuracy of determining the composition of the processed ore as a mixture of typical ore grades. An algorithm for automated control of the consumption of flotation reagents based on the advanced control of the processed ore elemental and mineral composition was developed and tested at Erdenet GOK processing plant, with the calculation of the pulp absorption capacity in relation to the nonionic collector, including the beneficiation process indicators determination using an economically-oriented optimization criterion. The expected economic effect from the reduction of metal losses amounted to USD 145 thous.
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Mchedlov-Petrossyan, Nikolay O. "Protolytic equilibrium in lyophilic nanosized dispersions: Differentiating influence of the pseudophase and salt effects." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 7 (January 1, 2008): 1459–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880071459.
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The so-called apparent ionization constants of various acids (mainly indicator dyes) in versatile organized solutions are analyzed. Aqueous micellar solutions of colloidal surfactants and related lyophilic colloidal systems display a strong differentiating influence on the acidic strength of indicators located in the dispersed pseudophase, i.e., non-uniform changes of pKa on going from water to the given system. This concept allows the influence of such media on acid-base properties of dissolved reagents to be rationalized. It is demonstrated that the differentiating phenomenon is the main reason for limitation of the common electrostatic model of acid-base interactions, and is the principal hindrance to exact evaluations of the interfacial electrical potentials of ionic micelles by means of acid-base indicators. Salt effects, i.e., the influence of supporting electrolytes on the apparent ionization constants of acid-base indicators in the Stern region of ionic micelles, are considered. These salt effects can be conventionally divided into two kinds, namely, general (normal) and special (specific) effects. While the first type adds up to screening of the surface charge, the second one consists in micellar transitions caused by hydrophobic counterions.
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Harta, Johnsen, Fransisca Ditawati Nur Pamenang, Lucia Wiwid Wijayanti, Monica Cahyaning Ratri, Viktoria Cosinta Anggreni, Yosefina Ermi Surianti, and Laurensia Octaviani. "PELATIHAN PRAKTIKUM KIMIA SKALA KECIL: PEMBUATAN INDIKATOR ASAM BASA BERUPA BOLA ALGINAT UNGU UNTUK GURU-GURU KIMIA DI SMA SANTA FAMILIA." Abdimas Altruis: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/aa.v6i1.5490.
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The practicum management of chemistry teachers at senior high school on the topic of acid-base is quite good, although the majority are monotonous in testing acid-base properties using large amounts of solution. Some schools only limit the practical use of extracts from various flowers with certain color pigments, then tested on several samples and used as natural indicators, but have not paid attention to the number of reagents and estimated waste generated. The purpose of this activity is to improve the quality of classical practicum and the attractiveness of acid-base indicators from materials that refer to the principles of green chemistry. Service activities are carried out in training through the practicum method of making acid-base indicators using purple cabbage extract, sodium alginate, and 1% CaCl2 solution. This training provides a new and innovative description of the formation of purple cabbage extract gel as an acid-base indicator in the form of red balls under acidic conditions and green under alkaline conditions. Chemistry teachers were very happy and felt that this practicum was simple and interesting to be packaged and brought to the routine practicum conducted at schools.
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Kerimov, T. M., Kh M. Islamov, N. M. Aliyev, R. M. Zeynalov, and E. A. Kazimov. "Effect of produced water on indicators of drilling muds." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-6-7-26-30.
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The article deals with the problems associated with the ""invasion"" of produced water into the composition of drilling muds in the process of drilling wells in anomalous conditions. It is marked that various types of complications, particularly, debris and collapses, emersion and adsorption cause very serious problems in the well construction, for the elimination of which large investments are required. For example, drilling mud influenced by produced water was used in some fields of the Republic. The electrical conductivity parameter was estimated based on the carried out research. This indicator allows evaluating the physical-chemical properties of the drilling mud before and after the treatment with formation fluid. It should be noted that the good electrical conductivity of the drilling mud is also significant for geophysical surveys. In order to preserve required properties of the drilling mud under conditions of ingress into the composition of the produced waters, the treatment of the drilling mud with salt-resistant polymeric reagents is recommended.
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Igor, Barmin, Morozov Valerii, and Polivanskaia Valeriia. "Improving the technology of mature tailings processing at the Kovdorsky GOK." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-5-56-65.
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Introduction. Phosphate minerals are lost during flotation of mature tailings of the Kovdorsky GOK due to difficult mineral fractions and poor conditions for effective flotation of thin classes of phosphate minerals. Research aims to increase the efficiency of raw material processing at the technogenic deposit of the Kovdorsky GOK by optimizing the reagent regime and the scheme of dressing thin classes of mature tailings with the use of modern reagents-flocculants, selective depressors and collectors. Methodology. The developed regime of sludge preparation for flotation involves their thickening using the Praestol-2540 flocculant, condensed sludge product processing with a mixture of dispersant reagents (SSB, sodium carbonate and Neonol AF 9-8), its additional thickening, followed by combining the resulting ISSN 0536-1028 «Известия вузов. Горный журнал», № 5, 2020 65 sediment with the sand part of the tailings, their conditioning with the collector and feeding to the combined flotation with the use of the integrated collector according to the scheme with the middlings cycle. Results. The scheme and reactant regime of enrichment tailings of complex parts of technological fields has allowed to achieve recovery of P2O5 45% (from power source) and the mass fraction of P2O5 in Apatite of 37.1%, or 0.5 and 1.5% higher than when using the design scheme and technology. Summary. The developed technology of mature tailings processing at the Kovdorsky GOK ensures increased indicators of processing by means of creating the conditions for efficient flotation of fine classes of phosphate minerals.
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Togobitskaia, D. N., L. S. Molchanov, A. S. Vergun, V. G. Kislyakov, Y. M. Likhachov, and N. E. Khodotova. "Information and mathematical support of cast iron desulfurization technology." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-62-72.
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The concept of the expert decision-making system for technological process management, created earlier at the Iron and Steel Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, provides for the choice of a rational technology for out-of-furnace desulfurization of cast iron. The purpose of this work is the further development of information and mathematical support of the expert system module for out-of-furnace processing of cast iron by co-injection of magnesium and lime in the framework of the target project to create end-to-end technology for high quality metal products. An integrated database of cast iron desulfurization process of a number of metallurgical enterprises of the People's Republic of China and the domestic DMK plant is presented. Based on the analysis of technological data, empirical equations were obtained to determine the final sulfur content in the cast iron melt, as well as the expression for estimating the specific consumption of metallic magnesium in the reagent. The developed models for calculating the specific consumption of reagents are the basis of the algorithm for calculating the indicators of the process of desulfurization of cast iron with co-injection of magnesium and lime. The input parameters are: temperature of cast iron, mass of cast iron, chemical composition of cast iron and slag, sulfur content initial and final, the proportion of magnesium in the reagent. Replenishment of the database with information on the technology of desulfurization of cast iron with a mixture of magnesium and lime allowed to clarify the existing and obtain descriptive models for these reagents. The developed information and mathematical support of the subsystem of out-of-furnace processing of pig-iron takes into account material and energy costs for redistribution, providing resource savings and the required quality of metal products.
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Belyaev, Andrey, Aleksey Aleshkin, Elena Kuts, and Vladimir Shabalin. "SIMULATION OF WATER FLOW IN A CAVITATION REACTOR." Architecture and Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-1-51-59.
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Introduction: Searching for methods to improve the efficiency of water treatment with reagents is quite important in both water conditioning and industrial wastewater purification. Among the technologies providing high efficiency and reducing resource consumption in combination with reagent methods, hydrodynamic cavitation water treatment is of particular interest. The analysis of scientific and technical data made it possible to determine the main indicators of hydrodynamic cavitation water treatment that can affect the efficiency of reagent purification. Extreme parameters occurring during intense cavitation are associated with the formation of high temperatures up to 2000°C and high pulse pressures of 100–1500 MPa in local areas of hydrodynamic systems. In such conditions, the initiation and intensification of the physical and chemical processes of water treatment are observed. Рurpose of the study: Improving the efficiency of existing traditional water purification technologies, allowing to improve its quality at the lowest cost. Methods: To study the parameters affecting water treatment efficiency and occurring with the cavitation flow of water, simulation in Ansys CFX was performed with the use of the finite volume method. The calculation was carried out with account for the turbulent nature of the flow based on the k-ε turbulence model. The cavitation process was calculated with the use of the Rayleigh-Plesset cavitation model. Results: Steam formation in the cavitation reactor promotes sufficiently complete absorption of the gaseous disinfectant by water. An increase in temperature is also considered as one of the factors increasing the efficiency of water treatment with reagents. During cavitation, water temperature increases in local micro-volumes. Thus, to intensify the process, there is no need to heat the entire volume of liquid, and, as a result, the total energy consumption for water treatment is reduced.
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Ulyasheva, Nadezhda, Ekaterina Leusheva, and Ramil Galishin. "Development of the drilling mud composition for directional wellbore drilling considering rheological parameters of the fluid." Journal of Mining Institute 244 (July 30, 2020): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.4.8.
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Article presents investigations on the development of a drilling mud composition for directional wells in an oil field located in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia). Various rheological models of fluid flow and their applicability for drilling muds are analyzed. Laboratory experiments to measure the main rheological parameters of a solution, such as plastic viscosity, dynamic shear stress, as well as indicators of non-linearity and consistency are presented.
On the basis of laboratory investigations, it was concluded that high molecular weight polymer reagents (for example, xanthan gum) can give tangible pseudoplastic properties to the washing fluid, and their combination with a linear high molecular weight polymer (for example, polyacrylamide) reduces the value of dynamic shear stress. Thus, when selecting polymer reagents for treating drilling muds at directional drilling, it is necessary to take into account their structure, molecular weight and properties. Combination of different types of reagents in the composition of the drilling mud can lead to a synergistic effect and increase the efficiency of the drilling process as a whole.
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Mukhtarov, Farrukh, Siroj Yarashev, Akhmad Akhmedov, and Nizomjon Usmonov. "Development of circuit solutions for a wind turbine on the basis of integrated membrane technologies for steam-gas thermal power plants." E3S Web of Conferences 434 (2023): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343401022.
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Currently, one of the most promising and effective ways to ensure the necessary quality indicators of desalinated water is the use of devices based on membrane separation technology. At the same time, of great interest are the schemes of water treatment plant, composed only of membrane modules of various purposes: ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodeionization. The advantages of membrane technology are due to low reagent consumption, easy operation, compact equipment and small amount of highly mineralized wastewater. The increased attractiveness of membrane technologies (especially in recent years) is due to the increase in the prices of reagents, ionites, primary water and also to the tightening of the standards for saline effluent. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop scientific and technical approaches to the creation of water treatment plant on the basis of modern membrane technologies for steam-gas thermal power plant and to develop approaches to design, specialized water treatment plant for humidifying dry air-cooling fan cooling cooling systems.
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Gorbunov, N. P., A. V. Zhakhov, I. N. Gorbunova, A. M. Milichkina, I. V. Drozd, A. V. Gubanova, E. M. Danilova, et al. "Quantification of C1 esterase inhibitor in human serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Correlation with turbidimetric immunoassay." Medical Immunology (Russia) 25, no. 5 (June 1, 2023): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-qoc-2794.
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C1 inhibitor of serine proteases (C1-INH) performs a regulatory function in the complement system and vascular permeability. Deficiency of C1-INH leads to various forms of angioedema, including hereditary angioedema (HAE). The cause of HAE is a genetically determined violation of the synthesis of C1-INH. A decrease in the level of C1-INH to 50% relative to the norm leads to an increase in the production of bradykinin, which is the basis for the diagnosis of HAE. The development of affordable ELISA for the quantitative determination of C1-INH is a popular direction for clinicians. During the development of a new kit for quantitative determination of C1-INH, two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with different epitope specificities were obtained. On their basis, a sandwich-type ELISA was developed. The specificity of the obtained mAb's was confirmed using the medical device “Berinert”. To prepare calibrators, C1-INH was affinity purified from human blood plasma using a sorbent with immobilized mAbs. The identity of the C1-INH protein was confirmed by PAGE electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry on MALDI-TOF/TOF UltrafleXtreme mass spectrometer. To assess the quality indicators of developed reagents kit, studies were carried out in accordance with GOST R 51352-2013 and TU 21.20.23-041-01967164-2022. Values of quality indicators: accuracy — 93.53%; measurement linearity interval — 22.00-176.07 ng/mL. Using the developed ELISA test system, we examined 28 blood sera from healthy donors and 7 blood sera from patients with confirmed HAE. In the same samples, the content of C1-INH was determined by turbidimetric method, using the "Diagnostic reagents for in vitro immunochemical studies of specific blood proteins. Model: C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 EsteraseInhibitor)" (Aptec, Belgium). The correlation coefficient was 0.94 (p < 0.05). It was found that the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA is 100%. As a result of the study, an original ELISA test system for the quantitative determination of C1-INH was developed "Reagent kit for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of human C1-inhibitor (C1-inh PS)".
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Ivanov, V. I., V. V. Dorofeykov, I. V. Kaystrya, and V. L. Emanuel. "VITAMIN D AND LABORATORY INDICATORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN THE ELDERLY." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-1-11-15.
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The aim of this work was to study the availability of vitamin D in the population of free living elderly people in St. Petersburg and its relationship with laboratory indicators of the risk of cardiovascular complications. In winter were surveyed 209 volunteers who did not take vitamin D during the previous 6 months, with 152 women and 57 men aged 71 to 91 years. In all the examined patients the concentration of D(OH) in serum was below 30 ng/ml (analyzer and reagents «Architect i1000SR, Abbott»). No significant mutual effects were found between level 25(OH)D and lipid spectrum, hemoglobin A1C, testosterone, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein. The close relationship between vitamin D(OH) concentration and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels was characterized by rs=0.187 (p=0.007). In older people with severe vitamin deficiency (less than 10 ng/ml), the risk of elevated BNP levels was 2.6 times higher than in those with reduced vitamin levels (20-30 ng/ml).
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Vasina, M. V., A. S. GOLYSH, and K. V. TROFIMENKO. "METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION AT THE STAGE OF WATER TREATMENT FOR FEEDING BOILERS AND THEIR OWN TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS AT THE PLANT CHPP." Actual Issues Of Energy 3, no. 1 (2021): 099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2686-6935-2021-3-1-99-103.
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This work consists of the characteristics of production, assessment of the qualitative and quantitative composition of water, consideration of the process of water purification in the chemical shop, comparison and selection of coagulants and flocculants, and demonstration of the most affordable technology used at the CHPP which increases the efficiency of source water purification. The problem of pretreatment of the source water has always been relevant. The quality of the water used depends on the operation of boilers and turbines at the CHPP. The paper presents the average annual indicators of the quality of the source water, pre-treatment methods, and considers which reagents that do not require the cost of reconstruction of clarifiers can improve their performance. The initial water after the application of the test samples of coagulants and flocculants was studied. Conclusions are drawn about the work of clarifiers after the use of the proposed reagents.
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Sarpong, Kwabena, and Bhaskar Datta. "Nucleic-Acid-Binding Chromophores as Efficient Indicators of Aptamer-Target Interactions." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/247280.
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The binding affinity and specificity of nucleic acid aptamers have made them valuable candidates for use as sensors in diagnostic applications. In particular, chromophore-functionalized aptamers offer a relatively simple format for detection and quantification of target molecules. We describe the use of nucleic-acid-staining reagents as an effective tool for detecting and signaling aptamer-target interactions. Aptamers varying in size and structure and targeting a range of molecules have been used in conjunction with commercially available chromophores to indicate and quantify the presence of cognate targets with high sensitivity and selectivity. Our assay precludes the covalent modification of nucleic acids and relies on the differential fluorescence signal of chromophores when complexed with aptamers with or without their cognate target. We also evaluate factors that are critical for the stability of the complex between the aptamer and chromophore in presence or absence of target molecules. Our results indicate the possibility of controlling those factors to enhance the sensitivity of target detection by the aptamers used in such assays.
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Liu, Tianle, Ekaterina Leusheva, Valentin Morenov, Lixia Li, Guosheng Jiang, Changliang Fang, Ling Zhang, Shaojun Zheng, and Yinfei Yu. "Influence of Polymer Reagents in the Drilling Fluids on the Efficiency of Deviated and Horizontal Wells Drilling." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 4704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184704.
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Improving the efficiency of well drilling process in a reservoir is directly related to subsequent well flow rates. Drilling of deviated and horizontal wells is often accompanied by an increase in pressure losses due to flow resistance caused by small size of the annular space. An important role in such conditions is played by the quality of borehole cleaning and transport capacity of drilling fluid, which is directly related to the rheological parameters of the drilling fluid. The main viscosifiers in modern drilling fluids are polymer reagents. They can be of various origin and structure, which determines their features. This work presents investigations that assess the effect of various polymers on the rheological parameters of drilling fluids. Obtained data are evaluated taking into account the main rheological models of fluid flow. However, process of fluid motion during drilling cannot be described by only one flow model. Paper shows experimentally obtained data of such indicators as plastic viscosity, dynamic shear stress, non-linearity index and consistency coefficient. Study has shown that high molecular weight polymer reagents (e.g., xanthan gum) can give drilling fluid more pronounced pseudoplastic properties, and combining them with a linear high molecular weight polymer (e.g., polyacrylamide) can reduce the value of the dynamic shear stress. Results of the work show the necessity of using combinations of different types of polymer reagents, which can lead to a synergetic effect. In addition to assessing the effect of various polymer reagents, the paper presents study on the development of a drilling fluid composition for specific conditions of an oil field.
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Kravtsov, A. L., V. A. Kozhevnikov, S. N. Klyueva, O. M. Kudryavtseva, T. N. Schukovskaya, N. I. Mikshis, and S. A. Bugorkova. "Cellular Immune Status Indicators of Anti-Plague Vaccinated Persons, Living on the Caspian Sandy Natural Plague Focus Territory." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 18, no. 4 (September 13, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2019-18-4-67-74.
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Aim. To compare by flow cytometry the cellular immune status indicators in persons, living on the territory of the Caspian sandy natural plague focus for epidemic indications. Materials and methods. Whole blood leukocytes of 120 people were examined by flow cytometry with using the two four-color labeled monoclonal antibody reagents (Cyto-Stat CD45-FITC, CD4-PE, CD8-ECD, CD3-PC5 и Cyto-Stat CD45-FITC, CD56-PE, CD19-ECD, CD3-PC5) and by means of CD95-FITC reagent. The results were taken into account before and in a month and 6 months after vaccination. We were determined in the blood the relative content of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, leukocytes carrying an early apoptosis marker (CD95), T and B- lymphocytes, NK cells as well T – lymphocyte helpers (Th) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tcyt) for immunoregulatory index (IRI) calculation. Results. Before anti-plague vaccination in 14 people (11,7%) were found abnormally low immunoregulatory index values characterized the immunodeficiency state (IRI <1) and noted less intensive and less prolonged immune system cell reaction in response to anti-plague vaccination. In the other surveyed persons IRI were registered before vaccination in the range 1,4-1,5 with a smooth increase in it a month after vaccination and with preservation of the established IRI interval in a range 1,6-1,8 later 6 months after an inoculation. Conclusion. To estimate the effectiveness of anti plague vaccination within the framework of the ongoing measures quality monitoring to ensure sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, living on territory of the natural plague foci, the timely immune status monitoring is important in persons at risk for plague infection (hunters, shepherds, agricultural workers, medical workers).
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Matelyuk, E., D. Charny, O. Kovalenko, Yu Onanko, and S. Marysyk. "INFLUENCE OF HEMOLITOTROPHIC MICROBIOTA ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTICORROSIVE TREATMENT OF STEEL PIPELINES WITH ORTHO-POLYPHOSPHATE REAGENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF “SEA QUEST LIQUID”." Geochemistry of Technogenesis 5, no. 33 (2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotech2021.33.077.
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It is noted that the overwhelming majority of water supply systems operating in Ukraine are made of steel or cast iron, which are subject to corrosion. It has been established that/ one of the ways to reduce the corrosiveness of drinking water is the use of an orthopolyphosphate preparation “SeaQuest Liquid” (TU U 20.5-V 0502222-001:2017). The results of studies of the effect of the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation on organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of drinking water are presented. It was determined that the treatment of tap drinking water with the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation does not affect organoleptic indicators, the average levels of which practically did not undergo significant changes during 5 months of observation and were within the hygienic standards. In water samples, the levels of substances that make up the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation (polyphosphates, orthophosphates) were within the normative values. The quality of water treated with the “SeaQuest Liquid” orthophosphate preparation, according to the main sanitary and chemical indicators, except for iron, meets the requirements of the hygienic standards DSanPiN 2.2.4.171-10. In some water samples, the iron content in water exceeded the hygienic standard (0.2 mg/dm3) and went beyond the maximum permissible level (1.0 mg/dm3). Under the action of “SeaQuest Liquid” in water treated with sodium hypochlorite, a decrease in the Langelier index was observed: from -2,23 to -2,08 and from -1,79 to -1,70, which indicates a decrease in its corrosivity. In water untreated with sodium hypochlorite under the influence of the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation, a slight increase in the Langelier index was observed: from -1,80 to -1,95 and from -1,85 to -2,78, from -2,01 to -2,13, which indicates an increase in its corrosiveness. In the presence of sulphate-reducing and thiobacteria in water, the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation increases the corrosion rate of steel by 2,9-7,2 times; subject to additional disinfection of water with sodium hypochlorite, it reduces this indicator by 1,4-2,7 times.
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Abdkram, Yspjan, Mao Yuan, Yu Xiao Gao, and En Jiang Teng. "Quick and Direct Determination of Total Mercury in Soil Samples Using Portable Mercury Analyzer." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.66.
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The total mercury in soil was determined directly by Thermal decomposition-Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometric method, which was used by portable mercury analyzer. The uniform samples without drying and digestion could be measured directly. The performance indicators of established method were satisfied in linear range, accuracy and precision. The limit of detection could approach to be as low as 1 μg/kg. Compared to the other methods to measure soil samples, the aforementioned method could achieve the similar results. The analyzer is portable and could measure the mercury in soil easily and quickly without using any reagents.
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Krupin, Evgeny Olegovich, Shamil Kasimovich Shakirov, and Mokhammed Hoggui. "Biochemical profile of the blood of dairy cows depending on the characteristics of their feeding." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 9 (September 25, 2022): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i9pp63-67.
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The biochemical profile of dairy cows is described depending on the features of their feeding. The dynamics of indicators of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism was studied. The determination of the values ??of the biochemical indicators was performed on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer with a flow cuvette of the BS-3000M ("Sinnowa Medical Science & Technology Co., Ltd.", China) with the use of diavet test liquid reagents sets ("Diacon Vet", Russia) in accordance with manufacturers techniques. During the experiment, the animals of the first (control) group received the main balanced feeding diet. The cows of the second group in the composition of the diet was fought by an energy consuming feed additive in a dose of 500 g daily for 60 days of lactation. The individuals of the third group as part of the main diet were obtained propylene glycol dry on 225 g daily for 60 days of lactation. Analyzes of biochemical indicators have established that changes in the biochemical blood cow blood profile were largely due to the peculiarities of their feeding. The composition and nutritional nutrition of cows in the composition of feed facilities determine the severity of the dynamics of changes in certain indicators of protein, carbohydrate, lipid mineral metabolism, as well as enzyme activity.
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Berezina, E. S., E. A. Nepogodina, F. V. Sobin, N. A. Pulina, and N. V. Dozmorova. "Development of Methods for Identifying BAS Exhibiting Anticoagulant Activity." Drug development & registration 12, no. 4 (December 26, 2023): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-4(1)-1634.
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Introduction. Vascular pathologies associated with thromboembolism are common complications and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients of various nosological groups. Previously, we obtained water-soluble 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4-R-2-butenoates of hetarylammonium, which exhibit a significant pharmacological effect on the blood coagulation system». A compound with a pronounced anticoagulant effect was found in various routes of administration. It was of interest to study various methods of confirming the authenticity of a potential anticoagulant.Aim. Development of methods for identification of a potential anticoagulant 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-butenoate of thiazolinammonium.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on three series of the substance 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-butenoate of thiazolinammonium obtained in laboratory conditions. The melting point of BAS was measured by the capillary method according to GF XV OFS.1.2.1.0011 "Melting point". The solubility of the substance was determined in accordance with GF XV of the OFS.1.2.1.0005 "Solubility". The absorption spectra in the IR region were taken in accordance with GF XV of the OFS.1.2.1.1.0002 "Spectrophotometry in the middle infrared region". Absorption spectra in the UV region were taken in accordance with GF XV of the OFS.1.2.1.1.0003 "Spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible regions". In carrying out qualitative reactions, reagents prepared in accordance with GF XV of the OFS were used.1.3.0001 "Reagents. Indicators".Results and discussion. A description of the substance has been carried out. The melting point and solubility of the compound were determined. Spectra in the IR and UV regions of the spectrum were taken. Methods were selected, and qualitative reactions of authenticity of a potential anticoagulant were carried out.Conclusion. The studied characteristics of the new BAS can be used in the standardization of the substance according to the indicators "Description", "Solubility", "Identification", "Melting point". These indicators characterize the physico-chemical properties of 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-butenoate of thiazolinammonium, and will be included in the draft regulatory documentation for the substance in the future.
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Daneva Markova, Ana, Marija Hadži-Lega, and Dragan Mijakoski. "Indicators of Moderate and Severe Preeclampsia in Correlation with Maternal IL10." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2016): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2016.047.
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AIM: The purpose of the actual study was to evaluate the relationship between the formation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and several indicators of moderate and severe preeclampsia in the third trimester of pregnancy.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Examination of the indicators of preeclampsia and maternal IL10 levels was conducted in 50 women with pregnancies complicated by varying degrees of preeclampsia in the third trimester of gestation as well as in 50 normotensive patients, hospitalized at the University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. The levels of IL10 were determined with a commercial test developed by Orgenium Laboratories (Finland), using reagents from AviBion ELISA research kits. Patients with preeclampsia were categorized into moderate and severe preeclampsia group according to the degree of preeclampsia. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictive value of different parameters for the occurrence of severe preeclampsia. Odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated in order to quantify independent associations.RESULTS: The regression analysis detected systolic blood pressure (160 mmHg or higher), diastolic blood pressure (100 mmHg or higher), persistent proteinuria in pregnancy, serum LDH concentration (450 U/L or higher) and reduced serum concentrations of IL10 as significant predictors of severe preeclampsia in pregnant women after adjusting for age. CONCLUSION: The findings of significantly lower serum IL10 concentrations in patients with severe preeclampsia in comparison with respective concentrations in patients with moderate preeclampsia can be considered as major pathognomonic laboratory sign of severe preeclampsia.
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Pei, Zhiqiang, Zonghai Cai, Jingfei Meng, Yang Bai, Weiming Cai, and Shengli Fan. "A Low-Cost Detection Method for Nitrite Content in a Mariculture Water Environment Based on an Improved Residual Network." Electronics 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010085.
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Nitrite content is one of the key indicators for measuring the quality of mariculture water and has a crucial impact on the benefits of aquaculture. Most of China’s fisheries are small-scale domestic aquaculture. For economic reasons, farmers generally use chemical colorimetry or rely on life experience (such as whether the water bodies have become turbid or whether aquatic organisms have abnormal or died) to determine the nitrite content in water; however, both methods can easily lead to misjudgment and cause losses. Another more accurate method is spectrophotometry, but the spectrophotometer used is more expensive. This article aims to propose a low-cost and high-precision nitrite detection method. The new method we propose is to first perform a color development reaction using chemical detection reagents, and then use an improved residual network instead of human eyes to determine the nitrite concentration in the water sample. The advantages of this method are the fast response of the chemical reagents and the high accuracy of the machine vision recognition. Our network can achieve an accuracy of 98.3% on the test set. The experimental results indicate that this method can be applied to practical mariculture.
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Bimbetova, G. Zh, A. R. Kembayev, E. T. Botashev, N. Sh Otarbayev, Zh K. Nadirova, E. A. Tusupkaliev, Z. K. Maimekov, and D. A. Sambaeva. "PRODUCTION OF DRILLING FLUIDS BASED ON COTTON SOAPSTOCKS." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2023-4.2710-1185.42.
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For effective oil production, this is necessary to ensure high-quality drilling, opening of reservoirs. Many tasks that-arise during drilling are solved with the-help of-process fluids. The purpose of the work is to create new drilling fluids based on secondary resources, surfactants. The composition of-a new drilling mud for drilling wells is proposed. Methods. One of-the main indicators of hydrophobic emulsion solutions is filtrate output. The operational properties of the filtrate-release of hydrophobic emulsion solutions differ slightly from other indicators. When filtering hydrophobic emulsion solutions in a porous-medium, the kinetic factor associated with the-rate of formation of the filtration crust becomes of great importance. Results and discussion. The instantaneous filtrate output of-systems of hydrophobic emulsion solutions stabilized by surfactants is reduced due to the rapid formation of a bound filtration crust by means of-fast interactions, therefore, it’s strengthened by slow interaction bonds. This formation of charge-transfer complexes, electronic donor-acceptor, long-lived free stable radicals, hydrogen, covalent bonding carried out with an induction period at a close distance, determines a decrease in-the filtration yield of the solution. Conclusion. Cotton soapstocks are valuable additives in the composition of drilling fluids-to improve their operational properties. According to the limit values of the parameters, the-reagents are arranged in the following-series according to-filtrate: fatty acid salts > emultal > soapstock > tar distillation of fatty-acids. At the same time, the parameters of the hydrophobic emulsion solution are always, except for GJC and FFA, where after the limit value of their quantities, the filtrate output increases, improves with-the concentrations of-reagents.