Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indices de sélection (Amélioration des plantes)'
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Atangana, Alain Rene. "Phenotypic diversity in fruit and seed traits, and neutral genetic diversity in Allanblackia Floribunda." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27171/27171.pdf.
Full textAllanblackia floribunda or tallow tree is a tropical forest-tree species that is valued for its seeds, which are rich in hard fat consisting mostly of stearic and oleic acids, reported to lower plasma cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risks of heart attack. Owing to this fat profile, Allanblackia oil is used for margarine production and in soap and ointments manufacture, and seeds extracted from Allanblackia fruits by local communities are traded. We determined whether the species could be genetically improved for fruit/seed production by sampling 17 to 40 fruits from each of 70 trees that were distributed among four sites in wild stands. Fat was extracted from the seeds, and stearic and oleic acid content of the fat was estimated using methods developed in this study. Phenotypic variation in fruit/seed traits was assessed within- and among-trees, and among sites. Repeatabilities were estimated for measured characters, and relationships between these characters investigated. Twenty “plus trees” were selected for breeding, and implications for improvement discussed. Then we isolated and characterized ten microsatellite primer pairs for A. floribunda. Seven of these microsatellite loci were polymorph for both Allanblackia gabonensis and Allanblackia stanerana species as well. Using eight informative microsatellite loci, we have characterized the genetic structure of A. floribunda natural populations from Cameroon, and inferred the recent history of rainforests from Central Africa. No significant difference was identified in genetic parameters between wild stands and the breeding population, indicating that breeding A. floribunda from 20 trees would not reduce nuclear genetic diversity. However, a slight increase in inbreeding was observed in the breeding population, and recommendations for genetic diversity conservation during tree improvement in the species are made.
Thiam-Ndoye, Aminata. "Bilan de dix années de recherches en génétique appliquée à l'amélioration du mil Pennisetum typhoïdes (Burm. ) Stapf & Hubb. Au Sénégal." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112242.
Full textBouchez, Agnès. "Contribution à la construction et à la validation des index de sélection : application à la sélection du soja." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT015A.
Full textBlanc, Guylaine. "Sélection assistée par marqueurs (SAM) dans un dispositif multiparental connecté : application au maïs et approche par simulations." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0039.
Full textEfombagn, Mousseni Ives Bruno. "Diversité génétique et sélection du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) au Cameroun : approches participative, phénotypique et moléculaire." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARA057.
Full textGénétic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. ) accessions in farmers’ field and genebanks in Cameroon was studied with 12 microsatellite markers and several phenotypic traits of agronomic interest. Knowledge of farmers on their planting material was collected within the framework of a participatory selection programme, and subsequently compared with molecular and phenotypic data. The molecular assessment of the arm accessions are closely related. GA beong to three main genetic groups of the cacao species : Upper Amazon Forastero (UA), Lower Amazon Forastero (LA) and Trinitario (Tr). The genetic diversity among FA could be largely explained by the contribution of six reference genomes (Amelonado, Criollo, Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo, Nanay, Parinari and Scavina) supposed to be at the origin of cultivated cacao populations in Cameroon. The genes from the Amelonado group predominated in the FA whereas those from Scavina and Criollo were less represented. The large molecular and phenotypic diversity and the presence of private alleles among FA show the potential for selection of this material. This potential was further demonstrated by the identification of several resistant genotypes among FA tested for resistance to Phytophtora pod rot (Ppr), the major cacao production constraint in the country. The results from Ppr evaluations suggest also that farmers’ knowledge on the field resistance of individual cacao trees might be exploited efficiently in the participatory breeding programme
Marmeisse, Roland. "Etude des cycles sexuel et parasexuel du basidiomycète supérieur : Agrocybe Aegerita (Pholiote du peuplier) : apport à la sélection culturale." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10110.
Full textSekloka, Emmanuel. "Amélioration de l'efficacité de la sélection pour le rendement en coton graine du cotonnier Gossypium hirsutum L. Dans un contexte de nouveaux itinéraires techniques." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARC015.
Full textIn most cotton areas of Western and Central Africa cotton is primarily rainfed and sowing dates are more and more spread out in time. Such changes need the develoment of new cropping systems and new genetic material to fit them. The cotton breeding programs have to diversity their breeding objectives in order to develop the varieties adapted to later sowing dates and increased plant stands. In this work we studied the production strategies of several varieties of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. In order to identify the most productive strategies, to translate them into selection criteria and to develop effective strategies for yield improvement in rainfed cluture. Four trials were carried out between 2002 and 2003 at Parakou and Bohicon (Benin). They compared ten varieties under three densities and two sowing dates. The observatins focused on phenology and flowering, architecture, bool retention and distribution. They were related to yield and its components. We could test a new indicator of the cut-out status of a plant, the date of the last flower giving rise to a first-position bool on fruiting branches (LFP1), and we put-up a simplified method to estimate it. This indicator made it possible to estimate the effective flowering time (EFT) of each variety. We noted that late sowing and high stads have similar effects : they delay first flower opening date (FF), shorten EFT, reduce the vegetative growth and decrease the production as opening date (FF), shorten EFT, reduce the vegeetative growth and decrease the production as well as the bolls retention rate
Crespel, Laurent. "Variabilité génétique et biologie reproductive de rosiers dihaploi͏̈des et tetraploi͏̈des ; application à la sélection du rosier cultivé." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30034.
Full textThe tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) cultivated rose, Rosa hybrida L. , has been haploidized in the last decade. The dihaploids thus have been utilized in this study as they can be hybridized with wild diploid species which genetic resources have seldom been exploited. They also contibute, when used as progenitors, to the simplifying of hereditary transmissions. Molecular, cytological and morphological analyses of offsprings resulting from these crosses have lead to a better understanding of: - sexual reproduction of the dihaploids and their derivated hybrids. The study of gametogenesis has shown that the dihaploids produce unreduced 2n male and female gametes of SDR-CO, SDR-NCO, FDR-CO and FDR-NCO types. The proportions of the different produced gamete types are genotype-dependent. This ability to produce 2n gametes is transmitted to the progenies, thus enabling a return to the tetraploid level. The genetic consequences of the different gamete types produced have been studied, especially regarding the levels of parental heterozygosity transmitted to the progenies. - the genetics of Rosa. Three qualitative characters and a quantitative one have been observed in segregation in the diploid offsprings. Double corolla and single blooming habit are controlled by a dominant gene, pink flower colour is controlled by two complementary dominant genes. An oligogenic determinism controls thorn quantity on the stems. - organisation and functioning of Rosa genome. Using the diploid offspring resulting from a cross between a dihaploid rose and R. Wichuraiana two genetic maps, male and female, have been established with AFLP markers. The genes controlling double corolla and single blooming habit have been located on the male and female maps. The most proximal corresponding markers were at 4. 7 and 0 cM distances, respectively. Concerning thorn quantities, a major and a minor QTL were located on the male map
Clément, Guy. "L'amélioration du riz pluvial par hybridation : analyse diallèle de huit caractères quantitatifs dans l'ensemble Japonica au sens large : applications à la sélection." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT001A.
Full textClavel-Barthôme, Danièle. "Amélioration variétale de l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L. ) pour l'adaptation à la sécheresse : proposition d'une approche intégrée pour la sélection." Paris 12, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA120064.
Full textEl, Mokadem Hoda. "Haploi͏̈disation des rosiers, comportement des dihaploi͏̈des de Rosa Hybrida L. Et utilisations à des fins de sélection et d'analyses génétiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT003A.
Full textFodor, Agota. "La sélection génomique appliquée a l'espece Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera, évaluation et utilisation." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001690.
Full textSougoufara, Bassirou. "La fixation de N#2 par les casuarinas : Amélioration par sélection clonale et quantification par différentes méthodes." Nancy 1, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1990_0358_SOUGOUFARA.pdf.
Full textNgando, Ebongue Georges Franck. "Etude de la lipase endogène du mésocarpe du fruit du palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ) : application à la sélection de lignées à faible acidité de l’huile." Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21616.
Full textServin, Bertrand. "Méthodes de construction de génotypes assistée par marqueurs." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112316.
Full textMolecular markers are presently widely used to infer the location of genes of agronomical interest on the genome of cultivated species (QTL mapping). The use, for selection purpose, of the known associations between markers and genes, together with the phenotypes of individuals carrying the genes, may increase selection efficiency, particularly by limiting its cost. This process is refered to as marker?assisted selection. In the extreme case where phenotypic information is not used to select between individuals, the selection process can be reduced to building genotypes that cumulate the genes identified in a parental population. In order to perform efficient genotype building programmes, it is needed to develop relevant methods. This thesis introduces various methods, regarding the composition of the parental population, to build genotypes. When the population is only composed of two parents, one donor of favorable genes and one recipient of these genes, the best method is marker?assisted backcrossing. This thesis introduces a bibliographical review and original work on the optimization principles of marker?assisted backcrossing. When the number of favorable genes and the number of parents are important, markerassisted backcrossing is no longer an efficient method. This thesis introduces a general framework for the optimization of complex breeding schemes aimed at cumulating many genes into a single genotype
Ollier, Marine. "Sélection d’un Triticale à faible teneur en mycotoxines." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R003.
Full textFusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here we characterized the resistance to FHB in triticale breeding material harboring resistance factors from bread wheat. Additionally, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. A highly FHB resistant experimental line which derives from a triticale × wheat cross was crossed to several modern triticale cultivars to generate three triticale populations. These mapping populations were phenotyped for Fusarium head blight resistance in replicated field trials under artificial inoculation and were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and SSR markers. FHB severity was assessed in the field by visual scorings and on the harvested grain samples by a digital evaluation of the WKS. Aside from this breeding work, the applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets with 265 samples in total. Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings. Four QTL with major effects on FHB resistance were identified in our three mapping populations. They map to chromosomes 2B, 3B, 5R and 7A. The QTL on 3B collocated with Fhb1 and the QTL on 5R with the dwarfing gene Ddw1. This is the first report demonstrating the successful introgression of Fhb1 into triticale which comprises a significant step forward for enhancing FHB resistance in this crop
Bordes, Jacques. "Création de lignées haploïdes doublées de maïs par gynogenèse induite in situ : amélioration de la méthode et intégration dans les schémas de sélection." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688812.
Full textTrémouillaux-Guiller, Jocelyne. "Etude comparative des méthodologies de sélection de cultures cellulaires végétales à haute capacité d'accumulation : application à des souches et lignées clonales biosynthétisant des alcaloides dihydrofuoquinoleiques." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR3804.
Full textBoutin, Bernard. "Microbouturage in vitro du Terminalia superba Engler et Diels pour le développement de l'amélioration génétique de l'espèce." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112320.
Full textTerminalia superba, a West and Center African rain forest species, is one of the first hard wood for exportation and afforestation. The short term strategy of the species genetic improvement is based on the indivudal selection and the vegetative propagation of the bests. The classical propagation of adult trees by taking cuttings is difficult and is an obstacle to the evaluation of selected clones. The in vitro microcutting should allow the vegetative propagation of aged trees. The varioces stages of the culture have been successfully undertaken in this initial work on in vitro microcutting of Terminalia superba. It is essential to prepare the stock plants to start axenic cultures, and the primary explant has to be carefully chosen to make sure its meristemetic activity will start again in vitro. The multiplication stage by axillary budding in bushes can produce more than 80,000 microcuttings in a year. The shoot issued from the multiplication stage have difficulty to root and this seems to be linked to their elongation; on the other hand the rooting ability depends on the morphogenetic age of the initial material and also varies from one clone to another for young material. The use of double phase culture media for the multiplication stage improves elongation and the concomitent rooting of the shoots. A system of partial automation of the multiplication stage has been developped from this double phase media. The adaptation of the rooted cuttings to the in vivo conditions has easily been obtained
Ben, Ghnaya Asma. "Phytoremédiation : apport de la sélection in vitro pour l'obtention de plantes de colza (Brassica napus L.) tolérantes aux métaux toxiques : analyses physiologique et biochimique des plantes néoformées." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2024.
Full textPhytoremediation is the use of plants to remediate polluted soils. The approach of phytoextraction is based on the ability of hyperaccumulator plants to extract metals from the soil. In this respect, brassica napus L. Was shown to be able to accumulate substantial amounts of heavy metals (HMs) in shoots combined with a high biomass. The aim of the project is to select hyperaccumulator plants by the technique of transversal thin cell layers (tTCLs) cultivated in vitro in the presence of HMs. A first part presents the establishment of an efficient protocol for shoot regeneration from tTCLs of rapeseed. A selective pressure applied during the neoformation process may help to select plants with exceptjonal zing or leab, tolerance and/or accumulating capacity. The second part deals with physiological and biochemical analysis realised on in vitro regenerated plants. Especially, newly formed plants in the presence of different amounts of Zn (100 to 1000 μM) were cloned, hardened, grown in the greenhouse with addition of 2000 μM of ZnSO4 and analysed. The major metabolites of these plants were analysed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and the content of free amino acids, proline, sugars, polyamines, chlorophylls, and carotenoïd were measured out. The guaïacol peroxidase activity (GPOX) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) known as stress markers were also evaluateil. These results clearly indicate the role of in vitro exposure to Zn in modulating the plant cell antioxidant system
Fodor, Agota. "La sélection génomique appliquée à l'espèce Vitis vinifera L. subsp vinifera, évaluation et utilisation." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0037/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD project was to provide a new impulse for grapevine breeding, applying the latest knowledge and research tools on this species. Indeed, French viticulture, as well as various other agricultural sectors, faces today three major challenges: how to reduce phytosanitary inputs (Ecophyto 2018), impact of climatic changes and new competitors on the market, especially New World countries. Plant breeding in grapevine has not been much exploited until today, but could be a solution to these challenges.Several innovative tools and concepts have seen the light in animal breeding in the last decade. Using high density genome-wide marker information and advanced statistical models, phenotypes can be predicted for individuals that were merely genotyped. The method termed genomic selection (GS) is implementing this type of approach.To achieve our aim, we evaluated and compared the efficiency of GS and “classical” marker-assisted selection (MAS), based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) for grapevine. The theoretical potential of the two methods was evaluated in a simulation study but also on real data.We show that GS is more relevant than “classical” MAS to predict phenotypes of complex and / or structured traits. However, the combination of GS with results from GWAS seems to be of particular interest if the number of molecular markers available is adequate. Finally, we discuss GS implementation in terms of economic aspects and efficiency over time; we propose three scenarios differing by the initial investment required and the breeding objectives to be reached
Courcel, Antoine de. "L'exploitation du polymorphisme moléculaire de l'ADN : un nouvel outil pour la sélection des espèces potagères." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112059.
Full textOubaha, Lahsen. "Le "Costus speciosus" K. Sm : une source potentielle de sapogénines stéroi͏̈diques. Sélection de clones, de cals et étude des relations entre la croissance, la nutrition et la production des sapogénines stéroi͏̈diques par les suspensions cellulaires." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20098.
Full textChampagne, Antoine. "Diversité chimique et biofortification des plantes à racines et tubercules tropicales cultivées : caractérisation des parents et élaboration de protocoles permettant l'optimisation de la sélection." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STET4017.
Full textAgronomic selection generates and maintains agrobiodiversity which can be regarded as an essential resource. To describe phenotypic diversity, genotypes as well as their chemical expression, chemotypes, have been widely used. Tropical root and tuber crops are vegetatively propagated and their genetic bases are often narrow. Therefore, unveiling the impressive phenotypic diversity is still rather difficult through genotyping alone, whereas chemotype studies are very informative. Tropical root crops are staples and represent a good source of compounds related to health benefits and used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Those crops have key-roles to play in food security for developing countries and so plant breeding cannot be neglected. Biofortification is effective and does not imply change of dietary behaviours. Analysing, computing and compiling data bases for chemical data on diversity of neglected crops are still needed. Biofortification involving mass selection and profiling of numerous accessions is, however, time-consuming. Thus, efficient protocols and tools facilitating this process are required. Chemotypic variability within Vanuatu germplasm was characterised through core samples from different species and relationships between primary compounds, secondary metetabolites and local preferences have been studied. Useful correlations were shown, thus clarifying traditional selection process. This process has permitted the definition of ideotypes that will be interesting for the management of breeding programmes. At least for the two most important species in Vanuatu - taro Colocasia esculenta and the greater yam - Dioscorea alata -our work is the first broad screening of germplasm. The study of carotenoid and anthocyanin content indicates that some cultivars show potential for commercial exploitation. With the aim of improving staple foods by plant breeding, we identified accessions to be selected as parents for future crosses
Ben, Sadoun Sarah. "Optimisation du schéma de sélection chez le blé tendre : apport des prédictions génomiques et des caractères corrélés." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC014.
Full textBreeding consists in creating new varieties which combine qualities for several traits of agronomic interest to answer to the market demand. The objective of the phD was to propose strategies using genomic predictions to optimize bread wheat breeding programs in terms of genetic gain under economic constraint. In a first chapter, we tested methods aiming at improving genomic prediction accuracy of a trait that is expensive to measure using a correlated cheap trait, without increasing the budget allocated to phenotyping. We used a multi-trait genomic prediction models. We also developed an index called CDmulti to optimize the choice of a subset of lines to phenotype for two different correlated traits. We showed that multi-trait genomic predictions could be particularly interesting when lines of the validation set, or at least part of them, could be phenotyped for dough strength, which is correlated to bread-making quality and which is cheaper to phenotype. Indeed, this approach allowed to reduce the budget allocated to phenotyping without decreasing the genomic prediction accuracy of bread-making quality. In a second chapter, we developed a stochastic simulation pipeline to compare breeding scheme produce in silico, using genotyping and phenotyping of a reference population. One cycle lasts five years, including one year for crossing, one year for double haploids production, one year for seed multiplication, one year of selection based on either phenotypic value (PS strategy) or genomic predictions (GPS strategy), and one last year of phenotypic selection. For GPS strategy, we can mate the best lines of previous cycle at random or optimise mating using genomic predictions. We showed that GPS strategy with mating optimization is systematically significantly superior to other strategies for all tested parameters (trait heritability, budget, relative intensity of selection at two key steps). The efficiency of GPS strategy without mating optimization was similar to PS. However, the loss of genetic diversity was more intense for GPS strategies, with or without mating optimization. Some complementary modules will be added to this decision tool to simulate more realistic breeding schemes
Sanane, Inoussa. "Composantes de la dynamique de l'interaction entre le maïs et les insectes lépidoptères foreurs de tige." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB018.
Full textDamages caused by maize stem borers like the corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis can engender considerable yield reductions. A way to reduce the damages is to select resistant or tolerant maize varieties. I set-up an original high-throughput and non-destructive method to screen maize varieties for the feeding of young insect larvae. It consists in monitoring the feeding of single larvae on fresh maize leaf disks, and using the consumption speed as a proxy for the level of plant defenses. I showed that larvae exhibit variable feeding behaviors, and developed a statistical method to establish a typology of feeding behaviors, with a graduation between the fast and full consumption of the leaf disk and the absence of consumption. Each maize variety can be reproductively characterized by the frequency of each feeding behavior. The method was validated by studying the variations of feeding behaviors in response to different concentrations of a known antifeedant molecule, and applied on different datasets. First, I compared early and late maize genotypes resulting from a divergent selection experiment for flowering time. I showed that the genotypes that differed the most for flowering time and that descended, through selection and selfing, from the inbred line MBS, also showed important differences concerning both feeding behaviors, larvae prevalence in the field, and the quality of plant cell walls. Early MBS genotypes are consumed faster in the feeding test, show a higher larvae prevalence in the field, and exhibit softer green parts than late genotypes from the same ancestor line. Those results strongly suggest the existence of a trade-off between growth and defense. Finally, the consumption test was applied to a diversity panel of 18 maize inbred lines, already described for series of traits linked to plant physiology and metabolism. I showed that the panel lines exhibited a large genetic variability for the feeding behavior of corn-borer larvae and identified metabolic characteristics of the inbred lines that correlate with the variation of feeding behaviors. Altogether, those results open the way for a better-understanding of plant-insect relationships
Riviere, Pierre. "Méthodologie de la sélection décentralisée et participative : un exemple sur le blé tendre." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959369.
Full textHaraghi, Aïmen. "Rôle et fonction des protéines WIP au cours du développement des organes reproducteurs chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Vers une meilleure compréhension du réseau génétique de CmWIP1." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS508.
Full textOne of the characteristics of living organisms is the ability to reproduce themselves. Sexual reproduction is a mechanism that increases the potential diversity of species and their positive selection. To reproduce most of plants species use a type of sexual organ named flower. The sex of this organ is determined by the presence or absence of two different types of reproductive tissue. The stamen is the male reproductive tissue and the carpel is (the female reproductive tissue). In many species the development of these tissues is controlled by a network of genes. Cucumis melo (melon) is a model plant to study genetic network controlling sex determination. Melon sex determination genetic model can be explained by the modulation of three genes. The gene CmACS-7 at the locus M which encodes for an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme that represses stamen development (Boualem and al 2008). The gene CmWIP1 at the locus G which encodes a putative transcription factor that represses carpel development (Martin and al 2010). And the gene CmACS11 at the locus A which encode for an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme that represses CmWIP1 expression (boualem et al 2015). The aim of this thesis project is to understand in which biological process cmWIP1 is involved to inhibit carpel development. The identification of the precise function of cmWIP1 will lead to the identification of new putative alleles controlling carpel development and sex determination. To achieve this goal we set up a genetic screen in Arabidopsis thaliana to unravel genetic interactors of CmWIP1. At the present moment we found four putative genetic interactors. These putative candidates will be tested in melon. Plants that are mutated in theses cmWIP1 genetic interactors should harbour female organ inside each of their flowers. Then the introgression of these alleles in crop species may increase fruit and/or seed yields
Courtois, Brigitte. "Bases génétiques de la résistance à la sécheresse chez le riz : des QTLs aux gènes et des gènes aux allèles." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376169.
Full textMon projet de recherche actuel conduit à Montpellier dans l'UMR "Développement et Amélioration des Plantes" se situe dans la continuité des travaux précédents. Il consiste à relier les nombreux QTL de morphologie racinaire identifiés à ce jour chez le riz aux gènes sous jacents, puis à analyser la variabilité allélique de ces gènes dans différents fonds génétiques. Plusieurs approches complémentaires seront utilisées pour réaliser la cartographie fine des QTLs. La large gamme de données disponibles va d'abord être utilisée pour affiner la position des QTLs par une approche statistique de méta-analyse. L'approche d'étude d'association a également été retenue ce qui suppose, en préalable, de clarifier l'étendue du déséquilibre de liaison chez le riz. Des approches au niveau du génome entier seront suivies d'approches ciblées sur des gènes candidats, en ayant largement recours aux données de séquençage total du génome de 2 variétés de riz et de séquençage partiel de 20 autres. Enfin, en utilisant les lignées quasi-isogéniques produites à l'IRRI, le clonage d'un QTL de profondeur racinaire a été entrepris.
L'intégration de ces approches de génétique directe avec les approches complémentaires de génétique inverse utilisées par d'autres personne de l'équipe "Développement et adaptation du riz" se fera autour des gènes dont la fonction aura été validée. La combinaison des allèles les plus adaptés aux environnements cibles dans des variétés d'élite constituera le but ultime de mon travail.
Cormier, Fabien. "Nitrogen use efficiency inwheat in bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) : breeding & gene discovery." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22574/document.
Full textIn a context of fertiliser reduction, breeding for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency in bread wheat is necessary. This PhD thesis resulting from private-public collaboration between the French National Institute for Agricultural Research and Biogemma aimed providing necessary tools. Analyses were conducted using a dataset of 225 commercial varieties genotyped with 24K SNP and tested in eight combinations of year, location, and nitrogen regimes. We showed that even if past selection increased nitrogen use efficiency at high and moderate nitrogen regimes, genetic progresses need to be accelerated and better balanced between traits. This could be achieved by mixing phenotypic and marker assisted selections. In this sense, we developed a method to define quantitative trait locus from genome-wide association study: 333 chromosomal regions involved in 28 NUE-related traits have been identified. The NAM-A1 gene was located in one of these regions and its natural variants were characterized. We also showed that genomic selection could be improved by pre-selecting SNP based on their significance in a multi-environmental genome-wide association study. Networks of epistasis interactions were also studied and an interesting sub-network was identified. Results and methods are discussed regarding breeding and gene discovery strategy. Further investigations and improvements are suggested
Forst, Emma. "Développement de méthodes d'estimation de l'aptitude au mélange pour la prédiction des performances et la sélection de mélanges variétaux chez le blé tendre, et co-conception d'idéotypes de mélanges adaptés à l'agriculture biologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS069/document.
Full textCereal variety mixtures have recently known a renewed interest but methods for screening and breeding varieties for mixing ability, or designing mixtures remain poorly developed. It has been shown that the performance in pure stand of a genotype can significantly differ from its performance in mixture, thus making mixture performance difficult to predict. But testing all the possible mixtures turns technically impossible when using large panels of genotypes. Therefore experimental and statistical methods are necessary to identify the genotypes with the best mixing ability, as well as try to predict the best combinations, from the observation of a limited number of mixtures.In a first part, we have reviewed different methods proposed in the literature to study these plant-to-plant interactions, contrasting i) the ones based on mixture performances, producing General and Specific Mixing Ability estimates, from ii) the ones where the performance of each genotype in the mixture is observed, allowing to estimate Producer and Associate effects. We have then proposed a statistical framework based on mixed models to estimate Mixing Ability in incomplete designs. These Mixing Ability models and the Producer-Associates model have been applied to a diverse panel of bread winter wheat genotypes observed in different experimental designs, revealing interactions between plants of different genotypes. Then the ability of these designs and models to predict the performance of validation mixtures have been compared. We finally discussed how these methodological frameworks can be applied to screening for mixing ability and the possibility to integrate them in breeding programs.In a second part, we performed a literature survey to propose assembly rules for better combining traits associated to plant interactions, and designing mixture idéotypes that favor the complementarities between varieties. During participatory workshops involving organic farmers, these rules have been validated, invalidated, adapted or implemented, and then used for designing mixture ideotypes that fit farmers’ practices and environments. The designed mixtures based on these rules have been assessed in on-farm trials for agronomic criteria and farmers’ specific requirements. The two complementary approaches of this thesis unleash the potential for developing locally adapted cultivar mixtures