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1
Wiewel, Rebecca Fritsche. "The collaboration continuum including indigenous perspectives in archaeology /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116411&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Daehnke, Jon Darin. "Public outreach and the "hows" of archaeology : archaeology as a model for education." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3607.
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There is growing awareness of the importance of public outreach in archaeology. Many professional archaeologists argue that in order to ensure continued funding we must communicate the relevance of our discipline to the public in a more effective manner. Furthermore, it is often argued that public outreach and education provides perhaps the only reliable defense against looting and rampant psuedoarchaeology.
Current outreach activities, however, tend to focus on what archaeologists have discovered about the past. While this type of outreach is important, a more effective model for public outreach would focus on the methods of archaeology, rather than the results. Archaeology, with its focus on multiple lines of evidence, intertwining of the sciences and humanities, and multi-cultural perspective provides a unique model for addressing and answering questions, a model which could serve as a base for education. Promoting the methods of archaeology as an educational model, or at the very least, remembering the methods in our outreach activities, may be, in the long run, the most effective method for establishing the relevance of our discipline.
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Yates, Donna Elizabeth. "Archaeological practice and political change : transitions and transformations in the use of the past in nationalist, neoliberal and indigenous Bolivia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610297.
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Bethke, Brandi Ellen, and Brandi Ellen Bethke. "Dog Days to Horse Days: Evaluating the Rise of Nomadic Pastoralism Among the Blackfoot." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621102.
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This doctoral dissertation revisits the horse in Blackfoot culture in order to explore how its adoption altered Blackfoot hunting practices and landscape uses during the Contact Period in the Northwestern Plains of North America. The Blackfoot provide one of the best avenues for research into the horse's impact on big-game hunters because of their pre-contact trajectory, history of interaction with other groups, detailed ethnographic record, and continued investment in equestrianism. While the socio-economic consequences of the horse's introduction have been studied from a historical perspective, the archaeology of this transition remains ambiguous. This project presents a new, archaeological dimension to the dynamics of the Blackfoot equestrian transition by incorporating material culture with traditional knowledge, historic accounts, and geospatial data into a multi-scalar, transnational interpretation of the horse's impact on both Blackfoot social, economic, religious, and spiritual life, as well as the way in which Blackfoot peoples used and understood their landscape. The results of this study show how these changes may be best understood as a transition in modes of production from hunting and gathering to nomadic pastoralism. In this endeavor, this project contributes new theoretical and methodological approaches as well as substantive new data to our understanding of hunting and pastoralism among people of the Northwestern Plains.
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Brenneman, Dale Susan 1956. "Climate of rebellion: The relationship between climate variability and indigenous uprisings in mid-eighteenth-century Sonora." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/266813.
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A series of indigenous rebellions took place in mid-eighteenth-century Sonora that caused Spain to alter its colonial policies, depending less on the Jesuit mission system and more on a professional military force for pacifying and controlling the region. The rebellions coincided with a shift toward a drought-dominant climate pattern that began in the late 1720s. This study explores the relationship between that climatic shift and the rebellions by narrowing the focus to several disturbances and insurrections among the Seris, Pimas Bajos, and Yaquis during the period of 1725-1742. Research centers on climate variability, the relationship between climate patterns and indigenous subsistence practices, and whether Spanish colonial policies and institutions rendered these practices more or less vulnerable to environmental perturbations. Because the same environmental factors shaping indigenous subsistence strategies also affected Spanish decision-making, the development of Spanish colonization in Sonora is reviewed within an ecological framework as well, recognizing the interaction among the environment and political, economic, and demographic factors. This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach integrating paleoclimatic, ethnohistorical, ethnographic, and archaeological sources of data to establish patterns of precipitation and reconstruct indigenous subsistence systems within their local environments, both before and after Spanish colonial rule. The research presents evaluations and English translations of numerous Spanish texts that include description of local environments; indigenous land use, reliance on crops versus wild resources, scheduling, harvest, and/or storage; significant climatic events such as droughts or floods; and the events of specific insurrections. The research also considers Spanish policies and institutions as they developed in Sonora, and changes they engendered in indigenous subsistence organization and the environment. This study assesses the effectiveness of those changes in the face of climate fluctuations, and scrutinizes Seri, Pima Bajo, and Yaqui disturbances and insurrections as responses to Spanish-induced subsistence changes under escalating colonial pressures and climate-related environmental stresses. On a broader level, this research demonstrates the potential of the documentary record, when combined with advances in climate research, for increasing our understanding of human vulnerability to climate change, human responses and coping strategies, and the impacts of human behavior on climate.
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Thompson, Kerry Frances. "Alkidaa' da hooghanee (They Used to Live Here): An archeological study of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Navajo hogan households and federal Indian policy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194961.
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As Athapaskan-speaking people with a lifestyle distinct from other Southwestern groups, Navajos, upon entering the Southwest in the sixteenth century, are thought to have begun a process of culture change that persists to this day. The anthropological view of Navajo culture is that it is a synthesis of Athapaskan and Puebloan culture traits, and early archaeological studies of Navajo culture reinforced this view. Navajo archaeology continues to suffer from a general lack of Navajo perspectives on their own history andarchaeological record. I examine Navajo identity expressed in the built environment and the negotiation of intrusive federal Indian policies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries using narratives from a ceremony called the Blessingway and theories of agency, practice, history, and structuration. Environmental, architectural, dendrochronological, artifactual, and historical data collected from 393 hogan sites recorded in the Four Corners area during the Navajo Land Claim Project in the 1950s comprise the basis for my study. Data analyses indicate that in spite of the imposition of policies designed to alter Navajo lifeways and relationships with the landscape, American colonial interactions did not dramatically alter the core of nineteenth and twentieth century Navajo culture. The dialectic between colonial policy and traditional Dine culture resulted in persistent architecture, settlement patterning, and decision making about movement over landscapes in spite of conflicts over land and water. Historically, theories and methods arising from the Western tradition have been the main avenues through which archaeologists interpret and make sense of the Indigenous past in North America. The growing body of modern literature in Indigenous archaeology now consciously includes, and often takes as its starting point, Indigenous perspectives on the past, and the practice of archaeology in America. Practitioners of Indigenous archaeology seek to strike a balance between Western perspectives and Indigenous worldviews and to increase the participation of Indigenous people in the discipline. My study is an attempt to weave together Indigenous and Western philosophies in a mutually beneficial manner.
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Hart, Siobhan M. "High Stakes: A Poly-communal Archaeology of the Pocumtuck Fort, Deerfield, Massachusetts." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/11/.
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Knutson, Charina. "Conducting Archaeology in Swedish Sápmi : Policies, Implementations and Challenges in a Postcolonial Context." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99634.
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Since the 1980s, there has been a growing consciousness among heritage workers and policy makers about the management of indigenous heritage. Museums, universities, and other cultural institutions around the world have acknowledged that old work practices must be exchanged for new ones, where the indigenous peoples are allowed influence, stewardship, and interpretative prerogative. One result of these efforts is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). With the breakthrough of public archaeology and community archaeology in the 1990s, these ambitions have also been put into practice in multiple archaeological projects around the globe. In my research, I examine the heritage management system of Sweden, and how this system works in relation to the indigenous Sámi. Despite being on the retreat geographically for the past few centuries, the Sámi still dispose of about 50% of the area of Sweden for the grazing of their reindeer, which means the historical and cultural landscape of the Sámi is vast and the archaeological traces of their activities are spread over a large area. In Sweden, about 90% of all archaeological projects are due to land development projects and conducted by archaeological companies operating on a commercial market. The remaining 10% are research projects financed by public funding and mostly conducted by museums and universities. Investigating the Swedish county of Jämtland as a case study and drawing on interviews with ten actors with different perspectives on Sámi heritage, I study what happens when policy meets practice. The indigenous perspective appears to be considered less in contract archaeology than in research projects. Legislation, money, old habits, and the realities of everyday life obstruct indigenous influence. But my research results suggest that there are also ways of improving the system.
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Cheli, Elizabeth Louise. "Lithic Organization, Mobility, and Place-Making at the Frog Bay Site: A Community-Based Approach." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31787.
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The Frog Bay site (47BA60) has been excavated for three field seasons. Excavations in 1979 located the site and continued in 2018 ? 2019 by the Get? Anishinaabe Izhichig?win community archaeological field school. This program commenced from a sovereignty initiative surrounding the creation of the Frog Bay Tribal National Park directed by the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Within the park, the Frog Bay site represents a multicomponent shorebased camp that was occupied numerous times during the Archaic and Woodland stages (ca. 3000 BC ? AD 900). Structured through a community-based Indigenous theoretical framework, lithic analysis and community input are used to research long-term practices of mobility, land use, and place-making associated with the Frog Bay site. These methods offer a ?braided interpretation? of the activities and occupation trends at Frog Bay and explore the intrinsic value that the site continues to hold for the present-day Red Cliff community.
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Pearce, Laurie Elisabeth. "The Cowrie Shell in Virginia: A Critical Evaluation of Potential Archaeological Significance." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625721.
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Herlich, Jessica Marie. "Shellfishing, Ceramics, and Gender: Shell Midden Ceramics from the Kiskiak Site." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626649.
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Ogborne, Jennifer Honora. "Chickahominy Stylistic Expression: Preliminary Motif Analysis of Ceramics of the Chickahominy River Drainage." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626446.
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Nieves, Josue Roberto. "The Land Remembers: The Construction of Movement Possibility among Woodland Period Communities of the Virginia Peninsula." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626787.
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Rossi, Alana. "An archaeological re-investigation of the Mulka's Cave Aboriginal rock art site, near Hyden, Southwestern Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1884.
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Mulka's Cave is a profusely decorated hollow boulder at The Humps, a large granite dome near Hyden, a small town 350 km southeast of Perth. The importance of the artwork has been recognised for 50 years. Test excavations in the cave in 1988 yielded 210 mainly quartz artefacts assignable to the Australian Small Tool phase and a radiocarbon date of 420 ± 50 BP from just below the lowest artefact found. The artwork was recorded in detail in 2004. The recorder considered the radiocarbon date to be 'anomalously young' because most of the artwork is in poor condition, suggesting that it was made 3000-2000 years ago. Other dated rock art sites in Southwestern Australia came into use 4000-3000 BP. The excavators argued that the site was fairly insignificant, while the rock art researcher thought the profusion of motifs (452) made it a site of some significance, particularly in Southwestern Australia. The main aim of this study was to investigate these conflicting claims by re-investigating how Mulka's Cave had been used by Aboriginal people in the archaeological past.
This research became possible because local tourist organisations obtained federal funding to install an elevated walkway outside the cave in 2006. Under Section 18 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act (1972) 12 of the 34 postholes required were excavated and artefacts were collected from all the ground surfaces to be impacted. Subsequently, under Section 16 of the AHA, four, small, 0.5 x 0.5 m, testpits were excavated around the site: outside the cave entrance, on The Humps and in the Camping Area; a sheltered spot where the Traditional Owners had camped as children, with their grandparents. Organic material was scarce, so analysis focused on the numbers and types of stone artefacts recovered. The artefacts excavated in 1988 were also re-analysed. Five radiocarbon dates were obtained, which suggested that people began visiting the Camping Area (and using ochre) about 6500 BP, making Mulka's Cave one of the oldest radiometrically dated rock art sites in southern Western Australia.
The artefact data from Mulka's Cave were compared to those from these sites. The low artefact discard rate and high proportion of retouched/formal tools found at Mulka's Cave may indicate that the site was used differently from the other sites, but the data are problematic. Most (70%) of the handstencils in Mulka's Cave can be attributed to adolescents, possibly boys, which may also suggest that the site had ceremonial significance; perhaps as a focus for male initiation rituals. The artefact data do not support this hypothesis, however. There is no evidence of spatial patterning in artefact type or frequency across the site, which would be expected if the cave had had a ritual function. Instead, the Camping Area, Walkway Area and Mulka's Cave itself seem to have been used similarly.
It was concluded that, given the scarcity of free-standing potable water in the surrounding region and the presence at The Humps of two capacious gnammas (rockholes), that people probably visited the site when the gnammas were full. A wide variety of plant and animal foods would also have been available before the country was cleared for agriculture. When at Mulka's Cave, they may well have added to the corpus of rock art and carried out other ceremonial business, but there is no archaeological evidence for the latter.
It was also concluded that much more research needs to be undertaken in this neglected part of the semi-arid zone before the significance of Mulka's Cave can be properly assessed and its place in the archaeological record of Southwestern Australia determined.
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Cutright-Smith, Elisabeth. "Mapping Ancestral Hopi Archaeological Landscapes: An Assessment of the Efficacy of GIS Analysis for Interpreting Indigenous Cultural Landscapes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306776.
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The Homol'ovi region of northeastern Arizona was home to a dense prehistoric population with strong, archaeologically-visible ties to the Hopi Mesas. As an ancestral Hopi residential area, this region is an important part of the Hopi cultural landscape utilized contemporarily by Hopi people for religious and resource procurement purposes. However, while previous research indicates that the Cottonwood Wash drainage formed an important component of the Homol'ovi landscape, the archaeology of the wash and its adjacent uplands is poorly understood. This research adopts a two-pronged approach to assessing the efficacy of GIS analysis for interpreting the spatial distribution of archaeological sites within the Homol'ovi landscape. The deductive approach draws on principles of cultural landscape theory to construct a descriptive model of dimensions of Hopi land use on the basis of ethnographic documentation and Hopi traditional history. This model is applied to a database composed of survey data collected from the Cottonwood Wash vicinity and data from the Homol'ovi Research Program's survey of Homolovi State Park. The model is then operationalized through GIS analysis of site distributions, and the efficacy of the model for predicting the location of different types of prehistoric land use is evaluated. The second, inductive, approach examines site distribution relative to patterns of visibility and movement in the Homol'ovi region and identifies areas for the refinement of spatial data associated with shrines and petroglyphs in the region. On the basis of this two-pronged approach, a research strategy iteratively incorporating deductive and inductive analyses, coupled with the use of participatory approaches, is recommended for future research.
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Nieves, Josue Roberto. ""These Their Women Bear After Them, With Corne, Acorns, Morters, And All Bag And Baggage They Use:" An Archaeological History Of Indigenous Households Along The Rappahannock River, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627047828.
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This dissertation summarizes all research findings pertaining to 2017-2018 Archaeological Excavations at Camden Farm, Virginia. The goal of the project was to seek out a previously unexcavated Indigenous house site within the property’s “Post-Contact” (i.e.,1646 - ~1720 A.D.) Rappahannock Indian village in order to analyze structural morphology and the suite of artifact assemblages relating to domestic production, consumption, and exchange practices. Findings were compared to a previously excavated house site from the same village, in addition to similar domestic contexts dating between the “Late Woodland II” and “Contact” (A.D. 1200-1650) periods from the Virginia’s James River valley. The results of this comparison suggest that “Post-Contact” Rappahannock households re-negotiated fundamental political-economic relationships that defined elite and commoner class roles for the centuries. Moreover, archaeological evidence suggests that these re-negotiations appear to reflect mediation between long-term historical trajectories of the Rappahannock community and short-term life choices aimed at navigating Virginia’s 17th century colonial landscape. All of these historical developments would not have been possible if not for the work on one key, often-overlooked demographic group: Indigenous women.
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Ojala, Carl-Gösta. "Sámi Prehistories : The Politics of Archaeology and Identity in Northernmost Europe." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108857.
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Throughout the history of archaeology, the Sámi (the indigenous people in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in the Russian Federation) have been conceptualized as the “Others” in relation to the national identity and (pre)history of the modern states. It is only in the last decades that a field of Sámi archaeology that studies Sámi (pre)history in its own right has emerged, parallel with an ethnic and cultural revival among Sámi groups. This dissertation investigates the notions of Sámi prehistory and archaeology, partly from a research historical perspective and partly from a more contemporary political perspective. It explores how the Sámi and ideas about the Sámi past have been represented in archaeological narratives from the early 19th century until today, as well as the development of an academic field of Sámi archaeology. The study consists of four main parts: 1) A critical examination of the conceptualization of ethnicity, nationalism and indigeneity in archaeological research. 2) A historical analysis of the representations and debates on Sámi prehistory, primarily in Sweden but also to some extent in Norway and Finland, focusing on four main themes: the origin of the Sámi people, South Sámi prehistory as a contested field of study, the development of reindeer herding, and Sámi pre-Christian religion. 3) An analysis of the study of the Sámi past in Russia, and a discussion on archaeological research and constructions of ethnicity and indigeneity in the Russian Federation and the Soviet Union. 4) An examination of the claims for greater Sámi self-determination concerning cultural heritage management and the debates on repatriation and reburial in the Nordic countries. In the dissertation, it is argued that there is a great need for discussions on the ethics and politics of archaeological research. A relational network approach is suggested as a way of opening up some of the black boxes and bounded, static entities in the representations of people in the past in the North.
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Eaton, Melissa Ann. "Grandfathers at War: practical politics of identity at Delaware town." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623367.
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This research explores the meaning, construction, representation, and function of Delaware ethnic identity during the 1820s. In 1821, nearly 2,000 Delawares (self-referentially called Lenape) crossed the Mississippi River and settled in Southwest Missouri as a condition of the Treaty of St. Marys. This dissertation argues that effects of this emigration sparked a vigorous reconsideration of ethnic identity and cultural representation. Traditionally, other Eastern Algonquian groups recognized Delawares by the metaphoric kinship status of "grandfather." Both European and Colonial governments also established Delawares as preferential clients and trading partners. Yet, as the Delawares immigrated into a new "western" Superintendency of Indian Affairs in 1821, neither status was acknowledged. as a result, Delaware representations transitioned from a taken-for-granted state into an actively negotiated field of discourse. This dissertation utilizes numerous unpublished primary source documents and archaeological data recovered during the Delaware Town Archaeological Project (2003-2005) to demonstrate the social, political, and material consequences of Delaware ethnic identity revitalization. Utilizing Silliman's (2001) practical politics model of practice theory, the archival and archaeological data sets of Delaware Town reveal the reinforcement of conspicuous ethnic boundaries, coalition-building that emphasized Delaware status as both "grandfathers" and as warriors, and also reestablishing preferred client status in trade and treaty-making. This study illuminates this poorly-known decade as a time where Delawares negotiated and exerted their ethnic identity and cultural representations to affect political, economic, and social outcomes of their choosing in the rapidly-vanishing "middle ground" of early-19th century Missouri.
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Dore, Berek J. "Dietary Bioarchaeology: Late Woodland Subsistence within the Coastal Plain of Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624384.
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Frechette, Mariel. "Danger in Deviance: Colonial Imagery and the Power of Indigenous Female Sexuality in New Spain." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/210.
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The primary objective of this work is to understand the importance of the indigenous, female body in early New Spain through the study of visual media from the first two centuries of colonization: specifically looking at illustrations from Book 10 (of 15) in the Florentine Codex and images of indigenous Christian wedding ceremonies such as the painted folding screen Indian Wedding and a Flying Pole (c.1690). I argue through visual, theoretical and historical analysis that regulating indigenous female sexuality was a critical component to in the creation of colonial New Spain and that imagery played an essential role in this regulatory process.
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Mink, Philip B. II. "LIVING ON THE EDGE: RETHINKING PUEBLO PERIOD: (AD 700 – AD 1225) INDIGENOUS SETTLEMENT PATTERNS WITHIN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK, NORTHERN ARIZONA." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/17.
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This dissertation challenges traditional interpretations that indigenous groups who settled the Grand Canyon during the Pueblo Period (AD 700 -1225) relied heavily on maize to meet their subsistence needs. Instead they are viewed as dynamic ecosystem engineers who employed fire and natural plant succession to engage in a wild plant subsistence strategy that was supplemented to varying degrees by maize. By examining the relationship between archaeological sites and the natural environment throughout the Canyon, new settlement pattern models were developed. These models attempt to account for the spatial distribution of Virgin people, as represented by Virgin Gray Ware ceramics, Kayenta as represented by Tusayan Gray Ware ceramics, and the Cohonina as represented by San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware ceramics, through an examination of the relationships of sites to various aspects of the natural environment (biotic communities, soils, physical geography, and hydrology).
Inferences constructed from the results of geographic information system analyses of the Park’s legacy site data, indicate that Virgin groups were the first to arrive at the Canyon, around AD 700 and leaving around AD 1200. They practiced a split subsistence strategy, which included seasonal movements between maize agricultural areas in the western Inner Canyon and wild resource production areas in the pinyon-juniper forests on the western North Rim plateaus. The Kayenta occupied the North Rim, South Rim and Inner Canyon, throughout the entire Pueblo Period. Their subsistence system relied heavily on wild resource production on both rims supplemented by low-level maize agriculture practiced seasonally on the wide deltas in the eastern Inner Canyon. The Cohonina were the last to arrive and the first to leave, as they occupied the Canyon for about 300 years from AD 800–1100. They were the most prolific maize farmers, practicing it in the Inner Canyon near the mouth of Havasu Creek, but still seasonally exploiting wild resource on the western South Rim.
Based on my interpretations, use of the Canyon from AD 700-1225, is viewed as a dynamic interplay between indigenous groups and their environment. As they settled into the Canyon and managed the diverse ecology to meet their subsistence needs.
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Almeida, Fernando Silva de. "Arqueologia e história na terra dos bugres: em busca da visibilidade indígena na região de Cruz Alta - RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1057.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-30The objective of this study is to perform an investigation, based on ethno-history study, about the presence of indigenous groups living since pre-colonial periods in the region of Cruz Alta. Are introduced archaeological and documentary information about the presence of groups Guaranis and Kaingangues occupying the actual territory of the city. In addition, are evaluated some factors which led the indigenous communities to be disregarded in historical discourses. To achieve this goal, surveys were done about the colonialism literature, the role of archeology as a reproducer of this ideology, the discourse about indigenous groups in national projects by brazilians intellectuals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and some aspects of the identity discourses about indigenous groups in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and also in the county where this research takes place: Cruz Alta. Is evident that there are many more stories that can be counted by different social actors, and the archaeological sites existing in the region still not are depicted like an archeological heritage of society, considering the lack of knowledge about the pre-colonial materiality and indigenous history. Thus, through historical research, it is understood that other visions of the past can be discussed, contributing to the construction of multiple cultural identities.
O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma investigação, baseada em um levantamento etno-histórico, sobre a presença de grupos indígenas vivendo desde períodos imemoriais na região de Cruz Alta. São introduzidas informações arqueológicas e documentais que atestam a presença de grupos Guaranis e Kaingangues ocupando o atual território do município. Além disso, avaliam-se alguns fatores que levaram as comunidades indígenas a serem desconsideradas nos discursos históricos. Para isso, realizaram-se levantamentos de bibliografia referente ao colonialismo, ao papel da arqueologia como reprodutora dessa ideologia, aos discursos sobre grupos indígenas nos projetos de nação por intelectuais brasileiros no século XIX e XX, além de alguns aspectos sobre discursos identitários referentes aos grupos indígenas no Rio Grande do Sul e também no município onde se realiza esta pesquisa: Cruz Alta. Evidencia-se que são inúmeras as histórias que podem ser contadas, por diferentes atores sociais, e que os sítios arqueológicos existentes na região não se configuram ainda como um patrimônio arqueológico da sociedade, considerando o desconhecimento dessa materialidade pré-colonial, bem como da própria história indígena. Assim, através da pesquisa histórica, entende-se que outras visões do passado podem ser desveladas, contribuindo para a construção de identidades culturais múltiplas.
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Castilla, Lisa. "Arkeologi, urfolk och rätten : En studie av relationen mellan arkeologi, arkeologer, urfolk och rättsprocesser i Sverige och Kanada." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449588.
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Archaeological evidence has become an important part of the argument for the Indigenous peoples of several countries in legal proceedings concerning their rights. This thesis aims to explore how archaeologists and archaeological research are affected by acting as expert witnesses or being used as evidence in these proceedings. Another aim is to explore the differences and similarities between Sweden and Canada in these matters. The main material consists of interviews with seven archaeologists, four Swedish and three Canadian, whose research in various ways have been involved in legal proceedings concerning the rights of Indigenous peoples: The Sámi in Sweden and the Indigenous peoples of Canada. The analysis of the interviews is based on seven themes: awareness, impact, responsibility, experience, objectivity, archaeology and law and consequences. The result shows several things. It shows that the issue of archaeology in legal proceedings is a sensitive matter, and that the archaeologists have somewhat ambivalent feelings about it. It also shows that the involvement of archaeologists and archaeological evidence in these legal proceedings raises discussions about ethics, objectivity, and reputation. One conclusion to be drawn is that there is need for more open discussion and education on the subject.
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O'neal, Lori L. "What’s in Your Toolbox? Examining Tool Choices at Two Middle and Late Woodland-Period Sites on Florida’s Central Gulf Coast." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6340.
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The examination of the tools that prehistoric people crafted for subsistence and related practices offers distinctive insights into how they lived their lives. Most often, researchers study these practices in isolation, by tool type or by material. However, by using a relational perspective, my research explores the tool assemblage as a whole including bone, stone and shell. This allows me to study the changes in tool industries in relation to one another, something that I could not accomplish by studying only one material or tool type. I use this broader approach to tool manufacture and use for the artifact assemblage from Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), two sequential Middle and Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1-1050) archaeological sites on the central Gulf coast of Florida. The results of my research show that people made different choices, both in the type of material they used and the kind of tools they manufactured during the time they lived at these sites as subsistence practices shifted. Evidence of these trends aligns with discrete changes in strata within our excavations. The timing of depositional events and the artifacts found within each suggest people also used the sites differently through time. These trends exemplify the role of crafting tools in the way people maintain connections with their mutable social and physical world.
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Chezum, Tiffany. "On the endurance of indigenous religious culture in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt : evidence of material culture." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6bee2aa-49a5-42db-9617-394ea1f73cf5.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine changes in the status of traditional Egyptian religious culture during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, from 331 BCE to 313 CE. Four distinct categories of material culture are examined: monumental construction of temples and civic buildings, traditional hard-stone sculpture, Alexandrian tombs, and Roman coins. These bodies of evidence were chosen because each offers a unique perspective, reflecting respectively the personal inclinations and official attitudes of both the culturally Hellenic and indigenous elites, which have not previously been studied in this context. Examined together for the first time, these categories reveal commonalities that show clearly the progression of the status of indigenous religious culture. From this, it is argued that, despite being economically disadvantaged by the Roman administration, the high status of this culture persisted in Egyptian society under both the Ptolemies and the Romans. Patterns of Egyptian temple and classical civic building show that Egypt's indigenous elite controlled the resources allocated for temple construction under the Ptolemies, but that the Romans gradually transferred this land into the management of the culturally Hellenic elite. This resulted in a decrease in Egyptian temple building after the first century CE and a corresponding increase in classical construction from then on. The production of hard-stone statues is shown for the first time to reveal that the indigenous elite had the resources and cultural confidence to continue and develop their traditions under the Ptolemies, while the sharp decrease at the start of the Roman period reflects their diminution in autonomy and prosperity under Roman rule. New analysis of traditional elements and motifs in the tombs of Alexandrian elites shows that this group respected and adopted indigenous religious customs and beliefs, with a higher incidence of indigenous imagery in the Roman period compared with the Ptolemaic period. In a similar way, well-informed Egyptian religious iconography rendered in a classical style on Alexandrian coins demonstrates the respect of the Roman authorities for Egyptian religious cults and institutions at an official level. In sum, it is argued that indigenous religious culture largely maintained its privileged economic and social status throughout the Ptolemaic period, despite political upheavals. Under Roman rule, the individuals and institutions representing Egyptian religious culture were disadvantaged economically; however, its social importance and standing were preserved and it continued to enjoy respect.
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Patriquin, Michelle Lyn. "A comparative analysis of differences in the pelves of South African blacks and whites." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27266.
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Correct race and sex determination of unknown skeletal material is an important aspect of forensic anthropology. Numerous studies have focused on the differences, both osteometric and morphological, between the sexes of a particular racial phenotype, between race groups, and populations. From previous work by a variety of researchers, the necessity of population specific standards for identification has been demonstrated. The purpose of this research was to examine the metric and morphological differences in the pelvis between the sexes and races of South African whites and blacks. Results will be used in developing standards of identification tailored to this population. A sample of 400 known sex/race os coxae were examined. Skeletal material was obtained from the Pretoria collection housed at the University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy and the Dart collection located at the University of Witwatersrand, Department of Anatomical Sciences. A series of thirteen measurements and five morphological characteristics were examined. Indices were calculated from data obtained from the metric analysis. Left and right sides were examined and those bones visibly pathologically deformed were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS stepwise and direct discriminant analysis. Results showed ischial length as the most sexually dimorphic characteristic in whites, while acetabulum diameter was best in blacks. Four functions (using pelvic dimensions) were developed for determining sex. Highest accuracies were achieved from function 1 (including all dimensions) which correctly classified 92-96% of individuals. Race differences were also investigated. Pubic length was chosen as best for discriminating between races for males and iliac breadth as best in females. Accuracies were 86-89% for males and 82-88% for females. Accuracies for sex discrimination were consistent with earlier studies. Morphological results yielded >80% accuracy for all traits in white males except greater sciatic notch shape where only 33% were correctly classified. A population specific variation in sciatic notch shape was observed where >50% of the white males had a wide sciatic notch previously thought to be a female expression. Black males recorded 81 % correct classification for pubic shape and >90% for the remaining characteristics. Greater sciatic notch and pubic bone shape achieved highest accuracies with 96% for both traits in white females, and 84% and 88% in black females respectively. In conclusion, this study conclusively demonstrates that race and population differences affect the expression of sexual dimorphism and must be accounted for to develop the most effective methods of analysis.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2001.
Anatomy
unrestricted
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Green, Heather F. "Casting no shadow : overlapping soilscapes of European-Indigenous interaction in northern Sweden." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/13133.
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The Sámi’s past activities have been documented historically from a European perspective, and more recently from an anthropological viewpoint, giving a generalised observation of the Sámi, during the study period of AD200-AD1800, as semi-nomadic hunter gatherers, with several theories suggesting that interaction with Europeans, through trade, led to the adoption of European activities by certain groups of the Sámi (Eiermann, 1923; Paine, 1957; Manker and Vorren, 1962; Bratrein, 1981; Mathiesen et al, 1981; Meriot, 1984). However, there is almost no information on the impact the Sámi had on the landscape, either before or after any adoption of European activities, and none investigating what cultural footprint or indicators would remain from Sámi or European occupation and/or activity within the typically podzolic soils of Northern Sweden. Consequently the thesis aims to contribute to the gap in knowledge through the formation of a podzol model identifying the links between anthropogenic activity and the alteration of podzol soils, and through the creation of soils based models which identify the cultural indicators associated with both Sámi and European activity; formed from the identification of cultural indicators retained within known Sámi and European sites. The methods used to obtain the information needed to achieve this were the pH and magnetic susceptibility from bulk soil samples and micromorphological and chemical analysis of thin section slides through the use of standard microscopy and X-ray fluorescence from a scanning electron microscope. The analysis revealed that the Sámi had an extremely low impact on the landscape, leaving hard to detect cultural indicators related to reindeer herding in the form of reindeer faecal material with corresponding phosphorous peaks in the thin section slides. The European footprint however, was markedly different and very visible even within the acidic soil environment. The European indicators were cultivation based and included phosphorous and aluminium peaks as well as a deepened, highly homogenised plaggen style anthropogenic topsoil rich in ‘added’ materials. An abandoned European site which visibly and chemically shows the formation of a secondary albic horizon within the anthropogenic topsoil also provides an insight into the delicate balance of cultivated soil in northern Sweden, whilst reinforcing the outputs identified in the podzol model. Due to the almost invisible Sámi footprint on the landscape, areas of overlap were impossible to identify however, there was no evidence of the adoption of European cultivation activities at any of the Sámi sites investigated. The only known area of interaction between the two cultures was an official market place which had been a Sámi winter settlement prior to its use as a market site. This site showed none of the reindeer based Sámi indicators or the cultivation based European indicators, but did contain pottery fragments which could be linked to trade or occupation. Overall, the thesis reinforces the low impact expected of the semi-nomadic Sámi and sheds light on the underlying podzolic processes influencing the anthropogenically modified soils of Northern Sweden. The podzol model is reinforced by several findings throughout the thesis and the soils based cultural indicator models for both Sámi and European activity have been successfully tested against independent entomological and palynological data and therefore provide reliable reference material for future studies.
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Bespalez, Eduardo. "Levantamento arqueológico e etnoarqueologia na aldeia Lalima, Miranda/MS: um estudo sobre a trajetória histórica da ocupação indígena regional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-25022011-160749/.
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Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa de levantamento arqueológico realizado na TI Lalima, uma aldeia de índios Terena localizada no município de Miranda, Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul. A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de contribuir com a História Cultural da ocupação indígena regional, desde o período pré-colonial até o presente. As pesquisas arqueológicas, históricas e etnográficas indicam que a região deve ser entendida como área de mosaico cultural, formado por populações distintas, originárias das áreas adjacentes, desde antes da chegada dos europeus e do início do colonialismo. Os resultados sustentam que a Aldeia Lalima pode ser compreendida como um palimpsesto da História Indígena regional, pois foram detectados sítios e ocorrências arqueológicas constituídos por correlatos materiais relativos à trajetória de ocupação Guarani, da Tradição Pantanal e do contexto etnográfico atual.This account shows the results obtained with the archaeological survey developed in Lalima Indigenous Land, a Terena Indians village situated at Miranda city, Pantanal from Mato Grosso do Sul. The survey was developed with the aim to contribute with the Cultural History from regional indigenous occupation, since pre-historic times until the present. The archaeological, historical and ethnographical researches indicate that the region must be understood like a cultural mosaic area, shaped by distinct inhabitants, originary from adjacencies areas, since before of European coming and the colonialism beginning. The results support that Lalima Village can be agreed like a palimpsest from regional Indigenous History, because the archaeological sites detected are shaped by material correlates concerning to Guarani, Tradição Pantanal and ethnographical occupation trajectories.
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Hagström, Yamamoto Sara. "I gränslandet mellan svenskt och samiskt : Identitetsdiskurser och förhistorien i Norrland från 1870-tal till 2000-tal." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-131890.
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The thesis studies the representation of prehistory as a part of the making and remaking of ethnic identities in Northern Sweden from the end of the 19th Century until today, thus dealing with archaeology and prehistory in relation to issues such as identity, memory and politics. The thesis takes as its point of departure the constitution of a Swedish national identity and memory in the late 19th Century and subsequent decades, followed by studies of, mainly later, representations of Sámi, Kvenish (“Kvänsk”) and North Bothnian (“Norrbottnisk”) collective identities. The study material consists of texts, primarily analyzed through discourse and narrative analysis. The thesis demonstrates how the constitution of a Swedish national identity in Northern Sweden constructed a dichotomy between an imagined civilized “Swedishness”, belonging to the future, and an imagined primitive Sámi Other, belonging to the past. It is argued that this discursive boundary work has not just situated some persons and their everyday life in a marginal position as a visible Sámi Other, but has also situated a substantial number of the inhabitants of Northern Sweden more or less in liminality and marginality in relation to the national identity structure. This has created a need for people to officially represent a more satisfactory collective identity, which includes a rewriting of the prehistory of the area. The last chapter relates the results to studies of similar cases in colonial and postcolonial contexts outside Europe. The essentialist view of identity and history present in several of the studied representations is also discussed. The thesis emphasizes the importance of a more nuanced view of relationships of ethnicity, domination and subordination, and the associated formation of collective memories, in Northern Sweden. Discourses of ethnicity and domination often function through simplifying dichotomies, but dichotomies alone cannot explain real conditions and consequences of these matters.
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Bespalez, Eduardo. "As formações territoriais na terra indígena Lalima, Miranda/MS: os significados históricos e culturais da fase Jacadigo da tradição pantanal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-15102014-154541/.
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Baseado nas pesquisas arqueológicas e etnoarqueológicas em curso na Terra Indígena Lalima, formada por índios Guaikuru, Terena, Kinikinao e Laiana, em Miranda/MS, no Pantanal, esta tese proporciona outra perspectiva histórica e cultural sobre os registros arqueológicos formados majoritariamente por fragmentos de vasilhas cerâmicas classificados na Fase Jacadigo da Tradição Pantanal. Inicialmente, a Fase Jacadigo foi associada aos indígenas Mbaya-Guaikuru, categorizados como pastores, que se estabeleceram territorialmente na região de Corumbá/MS no período colonial. Sem embargo, as investigações arqueológicas em Lalima - pautadas por atividades de levantamento arqueológico, coleta de materiais em superfície e subsuperfície, datações arqueológicas, análises dos materiais, principalmente cerâmicos, e informações etnográficas de caráter etno-histórico - indicam que a Fase Jacadigo pode estar associada a trajetórias históricas de formação territorial entre os períodos pré-histórico e colonial, por povos indígenas portadores de subsistência mista, conhecedores de técnicas de cultivo, e, porventura, originados, assim como a configuração etnográfica atual, através da interação cultural entre populações chaquenhas e Arawak.Based on archaeological and ethnoarchaeological ongoing research in Lalima Indigenous Land, formed by Guaikuru, Terena, Kinikinao and Laiana Indians, in Miranda/MS, Pantanal, this thesis provides another historical and cultural perspective on the archaeological record formed mainly by potsherds ranked in Jacadigo Phase of the Pantanal Tradition. Initially, the Jacadigo Phase was associated with Mbaya-Guaikuru Indians, categorized as pastors, who territorially settled in the region of Corumbá/MS in the colonial period. Nevertheless, the archaeological investigations in Lalima - guided by the archaeological survey activities, collection of materials in surface and subsurface, radiocarbon dating, analyzes of materials, mainly potsherds, and ethnographic information of ethno-historical character - indicate that Jacadigo Phase may be associated with historical trajectories of territorial formation between prehistoric and colonial periods, by indigenous peoples who carried mixed subsistence, knowledgeable cultivation techniques, and perhaps originated, as well as the current ethnographic setting, through cultural interaction between Chacoan and Arawak populations.
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Kemp, Kassie Christine. "Pottery Exchange and Interaction at the Crystal River Site (8CI1), Florida." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5971.
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The Crystal River site (8CI1) is a Woodland-period mound (ca. 1000 BC to AD 1050) complex located on the west-central Gulf coast of Florida. Links to the Hopewell Interaction Sphere suggest that the people of Crystal River had connections with a broad range of communities, yet little is known concerning the role the site played in local, regional, or long-distance exchange networks. Pottery traditions vary amongst different communities of practice, therefore the level of interaction at Crystal River can be measured by looking at variation in the ceramic assemblage. I combine type/attribute, vessel form and function, gross paste, and chemical analyses to determine the amount of variability present in the pottery assemblage. These analyses show that Crystal River has a high level of ceramic variation with some spatial and temporal patterning. To determine Crystal River’s membership in and potential role within a sphere of interaction, I compare these patterns to three community types with diverse social interfaces. This research suggests that Crystal River may have started out as a homogenous, residential community but through time began to interact with a number of diverse, regionally associated communities drawn to the site for special occasions.
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Nair, Stella E. "¿"Neoinca" o colonial? la "muerte" de la arquitectura inca y otros paradigmas." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113360.
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"Neo-Inca" or Colonial? The Death of Inca Architecture and other ParadigmsMost indigenous architectural traditions are believed to have ended abruptly with the European invasion of the Americas. In the Andes, scholars have argued that Inca architecture ceased soon after the arrival of the Spaniards and was rapidly replaced with European models. In this paper, I argue that the perceived death of Inca architecture is a false paradigm based on a variety of factors, such as a split in scholarly disciplines, a lack of scholarship on indigenous post contact architecture, and —most importantly— naming practices that have carried mistaken assumptions about the past. Focusing on Chinchero, the private estate of Thupa ‘Inka, as a case study, this paper demonstrates that Inca architecture continued well after the Spanish invasion.Por lo general, se cree que las tradiciones arquitectónicas indígenas finalizaron bruscamente con la invasión europea de las Américas. En los Andes, los especialistas piensan que la arquitectura inca cesó poco después de la llegada de los españoles y fue reemplazada de manera rápida por modelos europeos. En el presente artículo, la autora plantea que la percepción de la "muerte" de la arquitectura inca es un paradigma falso, cuyo origen se debe a varios factores, tal como la separación en disciplinas académicas, la ausencia de estudios calificados sobre arquitectura indígena posterior a la Conquista, y, sobre todo, las denominaciones modernas, que implican erróneas aseveraciones acerca del pasado. Los trabajos de investigación se concentran en Chinchero, la propiedad privada de Thupa ‘Inka, como un caso en el que se demuestra que la arquitectura inca siguió en existencia después de la invasión española.
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Gustafsson, Olivia. "Ethical perspectives and cultural differences regarding repatriation and management of human skeletal remains : Rapa Nui case study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423955.
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Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is an island in the Pacific Ocean which has been colonised over a long period of time. Colonisers have exploited the island through looting and trading Rapanui (the Indigenous people) human skeletal remains. Around ninety percent of the stolen Rapanui human skeletal remains have been located at museums and collections around the world on Rapanui initiative. Through the Rapa Nui Ka Haka Hoki Mi Ate Mana Tupuna Repatriation Program the Rapanui are now working on the return of the alienated human skeletal remains to the Island. This thesis is an analysis of semi structured interviews with inhabitants on Rapa Nui involved in repatriation and ethics of human skeletal remains. It has been carried out through a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews together with participant observation. The thesis is part of Martinsson-Wallin´s STINT-project ‘Sustainable Visits in Rapa Nui – Glocal Perspectives’. Based on the interviews, the analysis and results are divided into five themes: I) treatment of human skeletal remains, II) what laws exists in treating human skeletal remains, III) the possibility to narrow laws and concretize ethical perspectives before and during a repatriation, IV) theories in post-colonialism and V) recurrent issues between the law of the Indigenous peoples and the national law. Comparison with other cases of repatriation such as Sámi follows in Chapter 7. The results of the analysis show that according to the Rapanui, archaeological artefacts and human skeletal remains should be repatriated. Today the involved parties, the Rapanui and the institutions that are keeping collections from Indigenous cultures, are more willing to redress previous events. Such as, colonialization, violence, and social inequality but there is still a lot of respect and understanding that must be developed within several actors.
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Carbonera, Mirian. "A tradição Tupiguarani no Alto Uruguai: estudando o acervo Marilandi Goulart." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2008. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1858.
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Com este trabalho procurei compreender o povoamento do alto Uruguai com grupos portadores da tradição tecnológica Tupiguarani, a partir de sítios registrados na área atingida pela UHE Itá. A análise se detém sobre o “Acervo Marilandi Goulart”, composto por cultura material e relatórios de pesquisa produzidos durante o desenvolvimento do “Projeto Salvamento Arqueológico Uruguai” e do “Projeto Salvamento Arqueológico Uruguai: Usina Hidrelétrica de Itá”, entre os anos de 1980 e 1997. Para essa abordagem foi preciso construir um histórico dos projetos e da atuação da arqueóloga Marilandi Goulart, o que tornou possível conferir visibilidade aos resultados obtidos durante as pesquisas e avaliar criticamente as possibilidades e limitações no desdobramento de análises de acervos advindos de pesquisa arqueológica de contrato. As informações sobre os sítios e sua inserção no meio ambiente, os dados do material lítico e cerâmico produzidos por Marilandi Goulart e equipe, foram utilizados como evidências culturais da tra
In this dissertation I tried to understand the total number of people living in Alto Uruguai by human groups of the ceramic tradition named Tupiguarani, analyzing the archaeological sites of the flooded area by the UHE Itá. The analysis was based on the “Acervo Marilandi Goulart”, composed by the recovered cultural material and the reports produced during the development of the “Projeto Salvamento Arqueológico Uruguai” and of the “Projeto Salvamento Arqueológico Uruguai: Usina Hidrelétrica de Itá”, between 1980 and 1997. To emphasize the product and to critically evaluate the possibilities and limitations of researches based on collections resulting from rescue or contract projects, it was necessary to reconstruct the history of the mentioned projects, and also the activities of the executing archaeologist Marilandi Goulart. The information about the sites and their environmental insertion as well as the data about the lithic and the ceramic artifacts, produced by Marilandi Goulart and her staff were used as
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Lopes, Rafael Cardoso de Almeida. "A tradição polícroma da Amazônia no contexto do Médio Rio Solimões (AM)." Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia, 2018. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/8283.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqThis dissertation has the purpose of producing a regional history of the occupations of the producers of the pottery associated with the Amazonian Polychrome Tradition (TPA) in the area of the middle Solimões River. The case study of this research is the excavation and ceramic analysis of the São João site, near Lake Caiambé (Tefé-AM). To complete the objective the form and validity of the production of regional long-term indigenous histories will be discussed, a theoretical choice that will prioritize, in turn, the identification and analysis of past choices accumulated in the archaeological record and in the pottery remains. To size the scope of the research a literature review will present studies about the “TPA” category and about the archaeology and ethno-history of the Middle Solimões. The excavation and ceramic analysis of the São João site allowed a glimpse to the various forms that the producers of TPA occupied the landscape of the Solimoes River. The site and its ceramic analysis served as basis for the reinterpretation of the archaeology of the Middle Solimões and for the production of the regional history of these communities. The accumulated data led to the interpretation that this history is marked by the formation of interaction mosaics between ceramist groups.
A presente dissertação tem como propósito produzir uma história regional das ocupações de produtores das cerâmicas associadas a Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia (TPA) na área do médio rio Solimões. O estudo de caso da pesquisa é a escavação e análise cerâmica do sítio São João, próximo ao lago Caiambé (Tefé-AM). Para realizar esse objetivo será discutida a forma e validade da construção de histórias indígenas de longa duração, uma escolha teórica que priorizará, por sua vez, a identificação e análise das escolhas do passado acumuladas no registro arqueológico e nos vestígios cerâmicos. Para dimensionar o escopo da pesquisa, uma revisão bibliográfica apresentará trabalhos sobre a categoria TPA e sobre a arqueologia e etno-história do Médio Solimões. A escavação do sítio São João e sua análise cerâmica permitiram um vislumbre das variadas formas que os produtores da TPA ocuparam a paisagem do rio Solimões. A análise do sítio e de seu material cerâmico são a base para reinterpretar as pesquisas arqueológicas do Médio Solimões e produzir uma história regional dessas comunidades. Os dados acumulados levaram à interpretação que essa história é marcada pela formação de mosaicos de interações entre grupos ceramistas.
Laranjeiras, SE
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Kater, Thiago. "O sítio Teotônio e as reminiscências de uma longa história indígena no Alto Rio Madeira." Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia, 2018. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/8284.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqThe archaeological site Teotônio, located on the upper Madeira River, next to the homonymous waterfall submerged by the construction of a dam, is considered in this research as a significant and persistent place. Research indicates the upper Madeira as a special context where, unlike the rest of the Amazon, There are long and continuous human occupations, and wide linguistic and cultural diversity. Human presence dates back to 9,500 years BP at the Teotônio site, making it a microcosm of regional historical processes. This analysis focuses on archaeological ceramic material (dating from 3250 years BP) and the construction of the landscape, and seeks to understand how the indigenous ceramist peoples lived, managed and resignified this place. Finally, taking a regional view, i argue how evidence for continuity at this site could relate to broader temporal and geographical episodes, allowing the elaboration of an indigenous history of long duration.
O sítio arqueológico Teotônio, localizado no alto rio Madeira, junto à antiga cachoeira homônima, submersa por conta da construção da barragem de uma usina hidrelétrica, é encarado nessa pesquisa como um lugar significativo e persistente. Pesquisas indicam o alto rio Madeira como um contexto particular, onde diferentemente do restante da Amazônia, há ocupações humanas longas e contínuas, com ampla diversidade linguística e cultural. Com presença humana que remonta a 9500 anos atrás até hoje, o sítio Teotônio se torna cenário privilegiado de reflexão, um microcosmo desse processo histórico. Concentrando-se na análise do material arqueológico cerâmico (datado a partir de 3250 anos AP) e da construção da paisagem, a pesquisa procurou compreender como os povos ceramistas indígenas agiram nesse lugar, manejando-o e ressignificando-o. Ao cabo, a partir de uma visão regional, a continuidade existente nesse sítio pode-se referir a episódios temporais e geográficos mais amplos, permitindo a elaboração de uma história indígena de longa-duração.
Laranjeiras, SE
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Schaepe, David M. "Pre-colonial Sto:lo-Coast Salish community organization : an archaeological study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4498.
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This study integrates settlement and community archaeology in investigating pre-colonial Stó:lō-Coast Salish community organization between 2,550-100 years before present (cal B.P.). Archaeological housepits provide a basic unit of analysis and proxy for households through which community organization manifests in relationships of form and arrangement among housepit settlements in the lower Fraser River Watershed of southwestern British Columbia. This study focuses on spatial and temporal data from 11 housepit settlements (114 housepits) in the upriver portion of the broader study area (mainland Gulf of Georgia Region). These settlements were mapped and tested as part of the Fraser Valley Archaeology Project (2003-2006).
The findings of this study suggest a trajectory of continuity and change in community organization among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish over the 2,500 years preceding European colonization. Shifts between heterarchical and hierarchical forms of social organization, and corporate to network modes of relations represent societal transformations that become expressed by about 550 cal B.P. Transformations of social structure and community organization are manifest as increasing variation in housepit sizes and settlement patterns, and the development of central arrangements in both intra- and inter-settlement patterns. In the Late Period (ca. 550-100 cal. B.P.), the largest and most complex settlements in the region, including the largest housepits, develop on islands and at central places or hubs in the region’s communication system along the Fraser River. These complex sets of household relations within and between settlements represent an expansive form of community organization. Tracing this progression provides insight into the process of change among Stó:lō pithouse communities.
Societal change develops as a shift expressed first at a broad-based collective level between settlements, and then at a more discreet individual level between households. This process speaks to the development of communities formed within a complex political-economic system widely practiced throughout the region. This pattern survived the smallpox epidemic of the late 18th century and was maintained by the Stó:lō up to the Colonial Era. Administration of British assimilation policies (e.g., Indian Legislation) instituted after 1858 effectively disrupted but failed to completely replace deeply rooted expressions of Stó:lō community that developed during preceding millennia.
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Jacome, Camila Pereira. "Dos Waiwai aos Pooco - Fragmentos de história e arqueologia das gentes dos rios Mapuera (Mawtohrî), Cachorro (Katxuru) e Trombetas (Kahu)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-07072017-160154/.
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A região do rio Trombetas é uma das mais ricas e bem preservadas em diversidade humana e ambiental da Amazônia brasileira. Neste trabalho busco conciliar as perspectivas dessa diversidade humana, constituída por uma miríade de coletivos indígenas que habitam o rio Trombetas e dois dos seus maiores afluentes, Mapuera e Cachorro, com uma perspectiva da arqueologia. O diálogo entre as perspectivas indígenas e arqueológicas teve como partida dois pontos: a paisagem, envolvendo lugares que são sítios arqueológicos ou não, e os objetos cerâmicos arqueológicos. Para isso, apresento os sítios arqueológicos e cerâmicas pesquisadas no Projeto Norte-Amazônico (UFMG), e os mesmos temas pensados através da etnologia, assim como do meu próprio diálogo com os indígenas. Através desses dois recortes busco construir um encontro de narrativas sobre as temporalidades, seja nos registros materiais, lugares e cerâmica, seja na imaterialidade das memórias e mitos. Buscando, assim a relação entre a longa duração arqueológica e ancestralidade dos povos indígenas.The Trombetas River region is one of the richest and best preserved of the Brazilian Amazon in terms of its human and environmental diversity. In this study I seek to conciliate perspectives arising from this human diversity, which is constituted by a myriad of indigenous collectives who inhabit the Trombetas River and two of its largest tributaries, the Mapuera and Cachorro, with the an perspective of archaeology. The dialogue between indigenous and archaeological perspectives had two points of departure: the landscape, involving both places that are and others that are not archaeological sites; and archaeological ceramic artefacts. Towards this end I present archaeological sites and potteries investigated by the Projeto Norte-Amazônico (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) and discuss these issues through the lens provide by ethnographic literature and also based on my own dialogue with Amerindians. Thus, througharchaeology and ethnography I endeavour to build a meeting of narratives about temporalities - be this through the material record, in places and in pottery, be this in the immateriality of memories and myths. I seek to understand the relationship between the archaeological longue durée and the ancestrality of indigenous peoples.
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Simmons, Stephanie Catherine. "Exploring Colonization and Ethnogenesis through an Analysis of the Flaked Glass Tools of the Lower Columbia Chinookans and Fur Traders." Thesis, Portland State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1560956.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an historical archaeological study of how Chinookan peoples at three villages and employees of the later multicultural Village at Fort Vancouver negotiated the processes of contact and colonization. Placed in the theoretical framework of practice theory, everyday ordinary activities are studied to understand how cultural identities are created, reinforced, and changed (Lightfoot et al. 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008). Additionally uneven power relationships are examined, in this case between the colonizer and the colonized, which could lead to subjugation but also resistance (Silliman 2001). In order to investigate these issues, this thesis studies how the new foreign material of vessel glass was and was not used during the everyday practice of tool production.
Archaeological studies have found that vessel glass, which has physical properties similar to obsidian, was used to create a variety of tool forms by cultures worldwide (Conte and Romero 2008). Modified glass studies (Harrison 2003; Martindale and Jurakic 2006) have demonstrated that they can contribute important new insights into how cultures negotiated colonization. In this study, modified glass tools from three contact period Chinookan sites: Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village, and the later multiethnic Employee Village of Fort Vancouver were examined. Glass tool and debitage analysis based on lithic macroscopic analytical techniques was used to determine manufacturing techniques, tool types, and functions. Additionally, these data were compared to previous analyses of lithics and trade goods at the study sites.
This thesis demonstrates that Chinookans modified glass into tools, though there was variation in the degree to which glass was modified and the types of tools that were produced between sites. Some of these differences are probably related to availability, how glass was conceptualized by Native Peoples, or other unidentified causes. This study suggests that in some ways glass was just another raw material, similar to stone, that was used to create tools that mirrored the existing lithic technology. However at Cathlapotle at least, glass appears to have been relatively scarce and perhaps valued even as a status item. While at Middle Village, glass (as opposed to stone) was being used about a third of the time to produce tools.
Glass tool technology at Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village was very similar to the existing stone tool technology dominated by expedient/low energy tools; however, novel new bottle abraders do appear at Middle Village. This multifaceted response reflects how some traditional lifeways continued, while at the same time new materials and technology was recontextualized in ways that made sense to Chinookan peoples.
Glass tools increase at the Fort Vancouver Employee Village rather than decrease through time. This response appears to be a type of resistance to the HBC's economic hegemony and rigid social structure. Though it is impossible to know if such resistance was consciously acted on or was just part of everyday activities that made sense in the economic climate of the time.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates how a mundane object such as vessel glass, can provide a wealth of information about how groups like the Chinookans dealt with a changing world, and how the multiethnic community at Fort Vancouver dealt with the hegemony of the HBC. Chinookan peoples and the later inhabitants of the Fort Vancouver Employee Village responded to colonization in ways that made sense to their larger cultural system. These responses led to both continuity and change across time. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Rosenberg, J. Shoshana. "Study of Prestige and Resource Control Using Fish Remains from Cathlapotle, a Plankhouse Village on the Lower Columbia River." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2356.
Full textAbstract:
Social inequality is a trademark of Northwest Coast native societies, and the relationship between social prestige and resource control, particularly resource ownership, is an important research issue on the Northwest Coast. Faunal remains are one potential but as yet underutilized path for examining this relationship. My thesis work takes on this approach through the analysis of fish remains from the Cathlapotle archaeological site (45CL1). Cathlapotle is a large Chinookan village site located on the Lower Columbia River that was extensively excavated in the 1990s. Previous work has established prestige distinctions between houses and house compartments, making it possible to examine the relationship between prestige and the spatial distribution of fish remains. In this study, I examine whether having high prestige afforded its bearers greater access to preferred fish, utilizing comparisons of fish remains at two different levels of social organization, between and within households, to determine which social mechanisms could account for potential differences in access to fish resources. Differential access to these resources within the village could have occurred through household-level ownership of harvesting sites or control over the post-harvesting distribution of food by certain individuals.
Previous work in this region on the relationship between faunal remains and prestige has relied heavily on ethnohistoric sources to determine the relative value of taxa. These sources do not provide adequate data to make detailed comparisons between all of the taxa encountered at archaeological sites, so in this study I utilize optimal foraging theory as an alternative means of determining which fish taxa were preferred. Optimal foraging theory provides a universal, quantitative analytical rule for ranking fish that I was able to apply to all of the taxa encountered at Cathlapotle. Given these rankings, which are based primarily on size, I examine the degree to which relative prestige designations of two households (Houses 1 and 4) and compartments within one of those households (House 1) are reflected in the spatial distribution of fish remains. I also offer a new method for quantifying sturgeon that utilizes specimen weight to account for differential fragmentation rates while still allowing for sturgeon abundance to be compared to the abundances of other taxa that have been quantified by number of identified specimens (NISP).
Based on remains recovered from 1/4" mesh screens, comparisons between compartments within House 1 indicate that the chief and possibly other elite members of House 1 likely had some control over the distribution of fish resources within their household, taking more of the preferred sturgeon and salmon, particularly more chinook salmon, for themselves. Comparisons between households provide little evidence to support household-based ownership of fishing sites. A greater abundance of chinook salmon in the higher prestige House 1 may indicate ownership of fishing platforms at major chinook fisheries such as Willamette Falls or Cascades Rapids, but other explanations for this difference between households are possible. Analyses of a limited number of bulk samples, which were included in the study in order to examine utilization of very small fishes, provided insufficient data to allow for meaningful intrasite comparisons. These data indicate that the inhabitants of Cathlapotle were exploiting a broad fish subsistence base that included large numbers of eulachon and stickleback in addition to the larger fishes. This study provides a promising approach for examining prestige on the Northwest Coast and expanding our understanding of the dynamics between social inequality and resource access and control.
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Anichtchenko, Evguenia V. "Open passage ethno-archaeology of skin boats and indigeneous maritime mobility of North-American Arctic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/411811/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an examination of prehistoric maritime mobility in the Arctic regions of North America through the ethno-archaeological analysis of skin boats. Covering over 100,000 km of coastline, the skin boat traditions of the Arctic and Subarctic zones are arguably among the most expansive watercraft technologies in the world, dating back at least 10,000 years. Despite the considerable material record generated by this geographically and chronologically extended use, and the potential this record contains for understanding Arctic maritime mobility, skin boat datasets are rarely considered in scholarly discussions on prehistoric exchanges and population movement. This study aims at closing this gap by focusing on the skin boat record as a key dataset for assessing the scale, nature and significance of maritime mobility in the North-American Arctic. The analysis of particular regional trends and cross-regional patterns is based on review of three case studies. Moving west to east this review starts in the Bering Strait region with a particular focus on the Kukulik site on St. Lawrence Island. Maritime mobility in the Chukchi Sea region is assessed through the archaeological assembly of the Birnirk site near Point Barrow, Alaska. The third case study is focused on the Qariaraqyuk site on Somerset Island, extending the geography of the research to the Central Canadian Arctic. Individual boat parts and the information they provide for reconstructing complete watercraft are analyzed along with the boat fragment frequency and spatial distribution. This provides understanding of the statistical and social makeup of seafaring in Arctic North America, of the logistics of maritime mobility, of the larger scale cross-regional and chronological patterns of skin boat design and use, and, ultimately, of the role of seafaring in constructing cultural landscapes of the prehistoric Arctic.
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Morton, Sarah. "The legacies of the repatriation of human remains from the Royal College of Surgeons of England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:adba50f9-85b6-421d-b8bc-648c381611bc.
Full textAbstract:
The repatriation of the human remains of Indigenous peoples collected within a colonial context has been the subject of debate within UK museums over the last 30 years, with many museums now having returned human remains to their countries of origin. Although the repatriation of human remains is often characterised as the 'journey home', there has been a lack of consideration of the physical presence and mobility of the remains and the meanings created as they move through different spaces. This study uses the repatriations from The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS) to Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii as case studies to consider three key areas: (i) the impact of repatriation on museum landscapes; (ii) the journey of the repatriated remains and how this mobility intersects with wider discussions about restitution, sovereignty, identity, relatedness, memory and memorialisation; and (iii) the repatriation archives, how they are thought about by the institutions that hold them and their future potential and meaning within a post-colonial context. Taking a more-than-representational approach and engaging with the materiality, mobility and agency of the repatriated remains and the documentation that relates to them, this study bridges the gap between research considering the approach of museums to repatriation, and ethnographic studies on the meanings of the return of ancestral remains to individual communities. Combining work on museum geographies, deathscapes and absence opens up new ways of theorising and discussing repatriation through understanding the process in terms of the tension between absence and presence, and human remains as being in or out of place. Through engaging with the materiality and agency of the remains and viewing repatriation through a spatial lens, this thesis deals with aspects of the process that have received little attention in previous studies, foregrounding the challenging nature of repatriation for communities, the issues around unprovenanced remains, and discussions about the control, management and meaning of information and data, identifying that a significant legacy of repatriation for RCS is the documentation the museum continues to hold. What the journey of the ancestral remains repatriated by RCS illustrates is the emotive materiality of the remains, and agency that they and the distributed repatriation archive have as actors within social networks. It is therefore proposed that the concept of repatriation as having problematised human remains collections within UK museums is replaced with a nuanced and contextually sensitive understanding that recognises the role of the human remains in social interactions that impact on the emotional geographies of museum practice, and that rather than framing repatriation as post-colonial act that is either political or therapeutic, the return of ancestral remains be understood as part of a process of decolonisation in which there is space for discussion, disagreement and debate amongst all stakeholders.
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Mattsson, Ida. "Samiska offerplatser : En studie av syfte, brukningstid och kontinuitet i den samiska offerkulten." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388094.
Full textAbstract:
Sámi sacrificial sites were a central part of the Sámi pre-Christian belief. The Sámi saw the world from a holistic point of view where nature, humans and spirits were all connected. The interest for sacrificial sites have a long history and both older research and some more recent studies are available with new analysis methods. There are still unresolved questions regarding sacrificial sites such as those concerning how long the sacrificial sites have been used and what kind of continuity can be seen in the sacrificial practises. The aim of this paper is to analyse purpose, timespan and continuity of the sacrificial sites by combining a study of archaeological and historic material. The study concerns sacrificial sites that were separated from the living area and analyses the material from the two sacrificial sites, Unna Saiva and Viddjavárri. The study shows that the main purpose of the sacrifice was to gain wellbeing and good fortune in your everyday life as well as to maintain a good relationship with the nature and sprits. The overall timespan of the sacrificial practice was from the 6th and 8thcentury to 19thand 20thcentury with some traces to older and more recent dates. The continuity in the sacrificial practises can mainly be seen through the continuous purpose of the sacrifice and the continuity in selecting what parts of the animal to sacrifice.
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Wade, Richard Peter. "A systematics for interpreting past structures with possible cosmic references in Sub-Saharan Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05052009-174557/.
Full text
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Vera, Oliva Marcela. "Mänskliga kvarlevor från Eldslandet : Arkeologisk biografi om tre selknam-individer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414182.
Full textAbstract:
This work is an archaeological biography of three skeletons brought to Sweden from Tierra del Fuego in the late 1800s by scientist Otto Nordenskjöld and his Swedish expedition to the Magellan countries. These belonged to Selknam men killed by European farmers. In Sweden they were used in studies of comparative anatomy and as teaching and research material. They reflect the European colonial worldview of the 19th- and early 20th centuries, as well as a part of the colonial history of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.Este trabajo es una biografía arqueológica sobre tres esqueletos traídos a Suecia desde Tierra del Fuego a fines de 1800, por el científico Otto Nordenskjöld y su expedición sueca a los países magallánicos. Estos pertenecían a hombres selknam, asesinados por estancieros europeos. En Suecia fueron utilizados en estudios de anatomía comparada y como material de enseñanza e investigación. Son un reflejo de la cosmovisión colonial europea de los siglos XIX y principios del XX, así como una parte de la historia colonial de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego.
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Duchesne, Sylvie. "Pratiques funéraires, biologie humaine et diffusion culturelle en Iakoutie (16e-19e siècles)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30172.
Full textAbstract:
Étude, sur la base de 162 caractères issus de 179 tombes gelées parfaitement conservées, de l'évolution culturelle du peuplement de la Iakoutie du XVIe siècle au XIXe siècle. Les Iakoutes sont un peuple du nord-est de la Sibérie, de langue turque, éleveurs de bovins et de chevaux, entourés de populations de langue sibérienne, éleveurs de rennes. Dispersés en plusieurs tribus avant la colonisation russe, ils vont connaître au contact des Russes un "âge d'or" avant d'être assimilés à la culture russe orthodoxe au XIXe siècle. Leurs tombes gelées, avec des données cultuelles et biologiques intactes, jointes aux données historiques et à ce contexte écologique particulier, font de leur évolution culturelle un cas d'école exceptionnel pour l'interaction homme/milieu et pour les sciences humaines et sociales. Après une étude descriptive des caractères, des études multivariées, descriptives et décisionnelles, confrontent les différences entre âges, sexes, lignées, périodes et en- sembles géographiques ; elles sont confrontées ensuite à une analyse phylogénétique. Les premières analyses démontrent les changements économiques et religieux liés à l'évolution chronologique tandis que la phylogénie fournit des hypothèses sur la transmission culturelle, différenciée selon le sexe. Une phase de synthèse permet de confirmer la fondation méridionale de la culture iakoute, identifier ses mécanismes d'adaptations, puis d'évolutions face à la colonisation russe et enfin de reconnaître ses modes de transmissions et de diffusion qui l'ont fait évoluer d'un mode de vie traditionnel à un mode de vie orthodoxe russeStudy, on the basis of 162 characters from 179 perfectly preserved frozen burials, of the cultural evolution of the settlement of Yakutia from the 16th century to the 19th century. The Yakuts, people from north-eastern Sibe- ria, Turkic speaking, cattle and horse breeders, are surrounded by Siberian speaking people, reindeer herders. Divided into several tribes before the Russian colonization, they will experience in contact with the Russians a "golden age" before being assimilated into the Russian Orthodox culture in the 19th century. Their frozen tombs, with intact cultural and biological data, together with historical data and this particular ecological context place their cultural evolution as an exceptional school case for human-environment interaction and for the human and social sciences. After a descriptive study of the characters, multivariate, descriptive and decisional studies, comparing differences between ages, sexes, lineages, periods, geographical groups, are carried out; it is followed by a phylogenetic analysis. The first analyses demonstrate the economic and religious changes linked to chronological evolution, while phylogeny provides hypotheses on cultural transmission, differentiated according to sex. A phase of synthesis allows us to confirm the southern origins of the Yakut culture, to identify its mechanisms of adaptation, then of evolution in the face of Russian colonization, and finally to recognize its modes of transmission and diffusion that have made it evolve from a traditional way of life to a Russian orthodox way of life
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Chabot, April. "Custodians of the past: archaeology and Indigenous best practices in Canada." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32131.
Full textAbstract:
The current lack of federal heritage policy and legislation in Canada is examined through
a comparative study with two other formerly colonial Commonwealth countries, Australia and New Zealand. The full responsibility for protecting the nation’s cultural heritage has been left to individual provinces and a comparative study of policy and legislation across Canada is undertaken. The archaeological excavation at the site of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights has proven to be one of the most significant in the province of Manitoba and serves as the case study for this research. All of this comparative research aspires toward a single goal; the creation of a best practices model broadly applicable to the provinces of Canada, which aims to provide a basis for the creation of federal heritage policy and legislation in meaningful consultation with Indigenous communities.February 2017
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(9178481), Matthew D. Pike. "Continuity and Change in Indigenous Copper Technologies of the Arctic and Central Subarctic." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
A dissertation examining technological diversity in Indigenous copper metallurgy of the North American Arctic and Central Subarctic. Variation in technological diversity is assessed cross-culturally, chronologically, and geographically. This is accomplished using diversity statistics to characterize Richness and Evenness of spatiotemporal archaeological assemblages of copper artifacts, performing regression analysis to examine the relationship to the results of a GIS Path Distance analysis that models the cost of acquisition of raw or modified copper, and performing chi-square tests of independence to compare assemblages inter-regionally and temporally. Portable X-Ray Fluorescence was utilized to discriminate geologically pure copper from smelted trade copper and a comprehensive typology of copper artifacts was created using a compiled database of known copper artifacts from across the North American Arctic and central Subarctic. Inter-regional, chronological, and cross-cultural differences in technological diversity were identified and implications for Arctic and Subarctic archaeology and technological innovation are discussed.
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Bruchac, Margaret M. "Historical erasure and cultural recovery: Indigenous people in the Connecticut River Valley." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3275817.
Full textAbstract:
This work explores the impact of the “vanishing Indian” paradigm on historical, museological, and anthropological interpretations of Native American Indian peoples along the Quinneticook—the middle Connecticut River Valley of west-central Massachusetts. The seventeenth century documentation of the region’s Agawam, Nonotuck, Pocumtuck, Quaboag, Sokoki, and Woronoco people is surprisingly dense, but their presence after that time is poorly understood. Sophisticated systems for reckoning and maintaining Indigenous governance, trade, kin relations, and inter-tribal alliances, and various means of preserving localized knowledges, were in operation long before colonial settlement, and survived after colonization. The records of this activity and the movements of Native families to other locales were obscured, during the nineteenth century, by local White historians. Accurate understandings of local Native histories have subsequently been difficult to reconstruct, given the lack of ethnographic information in Euro-American records, the flawed representations of Native people and events in local town histories, and the failure to recognize the lineal descendants of middle Connecticut River Valley Native families among today’s Western Abenaki populations. I suggest that the “invisibilizing” of the valley’s Native peoples is a trick of misdirection, caused, in part, by the research interests of three local collectors: geologist Edward Hitchcock Jr. of Amherst College, antiquarian George Sheldon of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, and zoologist Harris Hawthorne Wilder of Smith College. These men unearthed numerous Native individuals from local gravesites, and amassed thousands of artifacts, portraying the skeletal remains of dead Indians as “real,” while representing their descendants as “unreal” remnants of the presumably more authentic Native past. This project, therefore, discusses the ways in which local Native histories and oral traditions were marginalized, ignored or colonized, at the same time that Native bodies were being exoticized, fetishized, and commodified. One means of decolonizing the valley’s Native history is a four-part process that: first, reveals the discursive processes that disconnected living Native peoples from their own histories; second, investigates the physical interferences of archaeological collectors; third, articulates the persistence of Native families over time by linking oral traditions, family names, and material evidence; and fourth, begins to repair some of the damage done by restoring and repatriating the scattered archaeological collections. To illustrate the impact of misrepresentation on local Native histories, I discuss the appearances, in various documents over time, of one local Native family lineage (from Shattoockquis to Sadochques to Msadoques to Sadoques), and their repeated efforts to make their presence known to Deerfield historians. This case study directs attention to some of the Indigenous knowledges and territorial understandings that could be used to construct more accurate regional narratives. In sum, this work aims to demonstrate how decolonizing methodologies can reveal heretofore missing connections, while establishing a more equitable social venue within which the real work of restorative history can begin.
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Maloney, Tim Ryan. "Technological organisation and points in the southern Kimberley." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/122922.
Full textAbstract:
The anthropogenic manipulation of stone is ubiquitous in every
part of the world,
throughout human prehistory. The durability of stone technologies
creates an enduring
material link between the tool maker and the archaeologist,
particularly in Australia, where
stone tools are a dominant component of the extant archaeological
record, and as such,
provide fundamental access to our understanding of the technology
and lifeways of
Australia’s Indigenous ancestors. This research, which is part
of the ARC Linkage project:
Lifeways of the First Australians, analyses stone artefacts from
excavated and surface
assemblages in the southern Kimberley region. This thesis by
compilation focuses on the
technological development of points, which are a distinctive,
Holocene component of the
Australian lithic suite, in order to test a series of hypotheses,
which are presented in a
collection of published manuscripts, and unpublished manuscripts
currently being
reviewed.
Lithic artefacts are produced by reduction. When a stone is
worked into a tool, it reduces in
size, with some fragments resulting in usable pieces, others in
debitage. The process of
reduction forms the basic premise for this thesis, where
reduction is quantified by a
morphological methodology outlined in Chapters 1 and 2, and
applied to a number of
assemblages in order to reconstruct the life history of stone
tools from the Kimberley region
(Chapters 3 – 7). Chapter 3 presents a robust chronology for
point technology in the
Kimberley region, where direct percussion points first appear in
the archaeological record
between 6,000 and 5,000 years ago, and Kimberley Points appear
within the last 1,000
years. Chapter 4 provides detailed examination of a large,
excavated point assemblage from
the Mt Behn rock shelter. This analysis demonstrates that points
were produced within a
reduction continuum, where changes in reduction intensity and
artefact morphology were
sensitive to environmental change during the mid to late
Holocene. Chapter 5 presents
analyses of multiple surface assemblages across the Kimberley,
where backing technology
is shown to be a regular component of point technologies. The
presence of the Kimberley
Backed Point challenges the existing model of spatial
distributions of backing in Australia.
Chapter 6 presents a remarkable point from Carpenters Gap 1,
which was recovered with
sizable portions of adhering hafting resin, an organic resin
which was directly dated. This
artefact provides the most compelling evidence for hafting
technology used in the mid to
late Holocene, and reveals that people were hafting small,
lightly reduced points with both
mastic and binding. Chapter 7 employs a novel approach to model
the level of pedagogy, or
teaching and learning, present in two different point reduction
sequences. This manuscript
demonstrates that pedagogy can be gleaned from stone artefact
assemblages, and shows
that Kimberley Points represent a shift towards a greater
emphasis on a formal pedagogy
within the last millennium of Kimberley prehistory. Finally, this
thesis culminates in Chapter 8, which presents a summary of the
conclusions and discussions offered throughout the
manuscripts, and recommends areas of research for further
investigation.