Journal articles: 'Indigenous fruit tree marula'

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Fujioka, Yuichiro. "Changes in Rural Society in Namibia and in Use of Marula （Sclerocarya birrea）, An Indigenous Fruit Tree: Political Ecology of Semi-natural Vegetation." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 60, no. 3 (2008): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg.60.3_197.

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Moyo, Mack, Manoj G. Kulkarni, Jeffrey F. Finnie, and Johannes Van Staden. "After-ripening, Light Conditions, and Cold Stratification Influence Germination of Marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro] Seeds." HortScience 44, no. 1 (2009): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.119.

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Marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro (Anacardiaceae)] is used in many African countries as a food crop and is also in demand for industrial purposes. The fruit pulp has high vitamin C levels and the nuts have a high protein and oil content. The fruit pulp is commercially used in the production of an alcoholic beverage (Amarula Cream) and the oil is gaining importance in the cosmetic industry. Although attempts are being made to domesticate this high-value indigenous tree, there is very limited information available on aspects of seed germination. Our study investigated the role of light, temperature, cold stratification, and after-ripening on seed germination of S. birrea. Temperatures between 25 and 35 °C favored germination of opercula-removed seeds under continuous dark conditions. White light completely inhibited seed germination with the inhibitory effect being reversed when seeds were transferred to dark conditions. This photoinhibitory effect on opercula-removed seeds was lost after 12 months of seed storage at room temperature in the dark. Cold stratification (5 °C) of intact seeds for 14 days significantly improved germination (65%) as compared with nonstratified seeds (32%). Pregermination treatments (acid scarification, boiling water, dry heat, soaking, and plant growth regulators) of S. birrea seeds did not promote germination. Seeds of S. birrea can be considered orthodox because they tolerated desiccation without significant loss of viability. Both intact and opercula-removed seeds readily imbibe water suggesting physiological rather than physical dormancy. The highest germination percentage was recorded under constant dark conditions at 25 °C for opercula-removed seeds exposed to an after-ripening period of 12 months. This study indicates that after-ripening, light conditions, and cold stratification are critical factors for germination of S. birrea seeds.

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NERD, AVINOAM, YOSEF MIZRAHI, and YOSEF MIZRAHI. "INTRODUCTION OF MARULA, AN UNEXPLOITED FRUIT TREE FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA, TO THE ISRAELI NEGEV." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 48, no. 3 (2000): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/nlbc-pv9f-qck8-bhb9.

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., W. Mojeremane, and S. O. Tshwenyane . "Azanza garckeana: A Valuable Edible Indigenous Fruit Tree of Botswana." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3, no. 5 (2004): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2004.264.267.

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Mkungunugwa, Tafadzwa, Shepherd Manhokwe, Armistice Chawafambira, and Munyaradzi Shumba. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Activated Carbon Obtained from Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) Nutshell." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (May 10, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5552224.

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Globally, a ninth of people use polluted water sources because an estimated 300–400 Mt of waste and 90% of sewage are discharged into water bodies from industries and developing countries, respectively. The utilisation of indigenous fruit pits in producing novel adsorbents will greatly benefit in wastewater treatment. In most underdeveloped countries, activated carbon (AC) is imported at a high cost. The study was aimed at synthesising and characterisation of AC obtained from Marula nutshell. Carbonization of organic matter from Marula nutshell was carried out at 200°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. Sulphuric (H2SO4) and phosphoric (H3PO4) acids were used as activating agents at concentrations of 20–60% ( v / v ). Physicochemical characteristics of the AC, such as bulk density, moisture, ash, pH, and iodine number, were analyzed using standard methods. Functional groups and total carbon content were determined using the FTIR spectroscopy and Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur (NCS) analyzer, respectively. The values of carbon yield and total carbon in activated samples with H2SO4 and H3PO4 were 32.2–93.2%, 26.9–95.8%, and 46–79%, 20.8–69.8%, respectively. The pH, ash, moisture, and bulk density of activated high carbon samples with H2SO4 ranged from 2.4–6.1, 0.65–3.49%, 1.3–8.4%, and 0.42–0.62 gcm−3, respectively. Activated high carbon samples with H3PO4 had 2.7–3.2, 11.3–29.8%, 4.7–14.6%, and 0.39–0.54 gcm−3 pH, ash, moisture, and bulk density, respectively. The synthesised AC samples with 40% H3PO4 at 500°C had the highest iodine value of 1075.7 mg/g. FTIR results showed the presence of aliphatic carboxylic acid salt, inorganic nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate groups in the synthesised AC and were not significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from commercial AC. The untreated Marula nutshell had some aliphatic hydrocarbon (alkanes), inorganic phosphate ( PO 4 3 − ), aliphatic ester (–COO), and aliphatic carboxylic acid salt (–C(=O)O–) groups. A novel adsorbent, AC was produced from Marula nutshell with the potential to be used in water treatment.

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Morris, Steve, David Humphreys, and Dan Reynolds. "Myth, Marula, and Elephant: An Assessment of Voluntary Ethanol Intoxication of the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Following Feeding on the Fruit of the Marula Tree (Sclerocarya birrea)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79, no. 2 (2006): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499983.

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Mokgolodi, Neo C., You-fang Ding, Moffat P. Setshogo, Chao Ma, and Yu-jun Liu. "The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization: a case of the marula tree." Forestry Studies in China 13, no. 1 (2011): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0110-1.

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Phatu, W. Mashela, M. Pofu Kgabo, and Nzanza Bombiti. "Responses of Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri) indigenous fruit tree to three soil types." African Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 12 (2013): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar12.573.

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Muchugi, Alice, Ramni Jamnadass, Samuel Muthemba, Robert Kariba, and Hendre Prasad. "Genome Sequencing to Unlock the Potential of African Indigenous Fruit Tree Species." Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 29, no. 3 (2016): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2016.00074.7.

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Akinnifesi, Festus K., Simon A. Mng'omba, Gudeta Sileshi, et al. "Propagule Type Affects Growth and Fruiting of Uapaca kirkiana, a Priority Indigenous Fruit Tree of Southern Africa." HortScience 44, no. 6 (2009): 1662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1662.

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One of the limitations of Uapaca kirkiana on-farm cultivation is the long juvenile phase to reach a stable fruiting stage. Marcots and grafts have been identified as feasible and reliable propagation methods for precocious fruiting, but the effects of different propagule types on tree growth and fruit yield have not been evaluated. There is limited knowledge on development and growth forms for trees derived from different propagules. Grafts and marcots were compared with saplings to assess the variability in 1) field growth and fruiting of U. kirkiana; and 2) dry matter allocation pattern and tree development models among trees derived from different propagules. Tree development models were used to examine differences among trees from different propagules. The results show that number of branches and fruit load significantly differed between vegetative propagules and saplings, whereas tree height, root collar diameter, crown spread, and fruit size and weight were similar 8 years after establishment. The results suggest differences in intraspecific scaling relationships between height and diameter among propagule sources. Saplings showed a significantly better fit (r2 = 0.891; P < 0.0001) to the scaling relationship than grafts (r2 = 0.724; P = 0.002) and marcots (r2 = 0.533; P = 0.018). After 3 years, marcots and grafts started producing fruits. Fruit load was greatest in marcots despite some fruit abortions; thus, marcots had greater fruit yield, early growth, and development and better dry matter allocation.

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McMullin, Stepha, Ken Njogu, Brendah Wekesa, et al. "Developing fruit tree portfolios that link agriculture more effectively with nutrition and health: a new approach for providing year-round micronutrients to smallholder farmers." Food Security 11, no. 6 (2019): 1355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00970-7.

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Abstract A sufficient intake of fruits can alleviate micronutrient deficiencies and reduces the risks of a number of associated diseases. In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, however, the production and consumption of fruits are inadequate on average and in particular so in specific seasons. To better incorporate fruits into local food systems while addressing the challenge of seasonal availability, World Agroforestry (ICRAF) has developed a methodology based on “fruit tree portfolios” that selects socio-ecologically suitable and nutritionally important fruit tree species for farm production, to meet local consumption needs. We here present this approach and illustrate it with data from a case study involving Western and Eastern Kenya. The approach uses mixed methods to capture on-farm fruit tree diversity and seasonality at a household level (n = 600 in our case study), the months of household’s food security and insecurity (n = 600) and food consumption patterns at an individual level, to identify dietary gaps (n = 294 women and child pairs in our example). In our case study, 31 fruit tree species were reported on farms in our Western Kenya sample (9 of which were indigenous) and 51 (27 indigenous) in Eastern Kenya. In addition, the median number of food-insecure months per household was four (ranging from 0 to 9 months) in Eastern Kenya and three (0 to 12 months) in Western Kenya. Finally, using 24-h recalls the proportion of women that had consumed a fruit the day before the interview was around 55% in Western Kenya and 80% in Eastern Kenya, with consumption averaging 93 and 131 g, respectively. Using these parameters for each site and fruit tree phenology and food composition data sets, we derived context-specific recommendations that involve promoting 11 fruit tree species to address micronutrient gaps.

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Wilson, A. L., and C. T. Downs. "Fruit nutritional composition and non-nutritive traits of indigenous South African tree species." South African Journal of Botany 78 (January 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.04.008.

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Chawafambira, Armistice, Mahmood Moosa Sedibe, Augustine Mpofu, Matthew Achilonu, and Fatih Yildiz. "Uapaca kirkiana, an indigenous fruit tree in sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review." Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (2020): 1766735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1766735.

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Rimlinger, Aurore, Marie-Louise Avana, Abdon Awono, et al. "Trees and their seed networks: The social dynamics of urban fruit trees and implications for genetic diversity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0243017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243017.

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Trees are a traditional component of urban spaces where they provide ecosystem services critical to urban wellbeing. In the Tropics, urban trees’ seed origins have rarely been characterized. Yet, understanding the social dynamics linked to tree planting is critical given their influence on the distribution of associated genetic diversity. This study examines elements of these dynamics (seed exchange networks) in an emblematic indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa, the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), within the urban context of Yaoundé. We further evaluate the consequences of these social dynamics on the distribution of the genetic diversity of the species in the city. Urban trees were planted predominantly using seeds sourced from outside the city, resulting in a level of genetic diversity as high in Yaoundé as in a whole region of production of the species. Debating the different drivers that foster the genetic diversity in planted urban trees, the study argues that cities and urban dwellers can unconsciously act as effective guardians of indigenous tree genetic diversity.

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., W. Mojeremane, and S. O. Tshwenyane . "The Resource Role of Morula (Sclerocarya birrea): A Multipurpose Indigenous Fruit Tree of Botswana." Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 6 (2004): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.771.775.

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Akinnifesi, F. K., S. A. Mng'omba, G. Sileshi, O. C. Ajayi, and J. L. Mhango. "FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION RESEARCH EFFORTS ON COMMODITISING INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREE CROPS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 806 (January 2009): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.806.79.

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Sanni, Chinwe I., Joshua Kayode, and Benson O. Ademiluyi. "Ethnobotany and Conservation of Indigenous Fruit Tree Species in Akoko Division of Ondo State, Nigeria." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Botany 38b, no. 1 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-3196.2019.00002.8.

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Mithöfer, Dagmar, and Hermann Waibel. "Income and labour productivity of collection and use of indigenous fruit tree products in Zimbabwe." Agroforestry Systems 59, no. 3 (2003): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:agfo.0000005230.09714.b4.

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Rimlinger, A., L. Marie, M. L. Avana, et al. "New microsatellite markers for Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae), an indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa." Molecular Biology Reports 47, no. 3 (2020): 2391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05270-4.

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Asaah, Ebenezar K., Zac Tchoundjeu, and Patrick Van Damme. "Beyond vegetative propagation of indigenous fruit trees: case of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam and Allanblackia floribunda Oliv." Afrika Focus 25, no. 1 (2012): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02501006.

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Indigenous fruits/nuts of Africa’s humid tropics are increasingly being recognized for their contribution to food security, health (nutrition/medicine), income generation, employment and environmental benefits. However, cultivation of the trees yielding these fruits/nuts is constrained by lack of improved planting materials that are true-to-type and have a short enough juvenile phase to fruit production. In addition, information on both above and belowground growth attributes of these species is scarce. This paper presents an overview of the results of a doctoral research focused on two African indigenous fruit tree species, i.e. Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam (Burseraceae) and Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae), which are currently under domestication. For D. edulis, the objective was to assess and compare the structural and fine rooting systems together with the above ground growth attributes of fruiting trees propagated either sexually or vegetatively. The research aim for A. floribunda was to shorten the long juvenile phase before first fruiting through grafting techniques. In summary, the results from the studies on D. edulis suggest that vegetative propagation of the species, reduces the long juvenile phase to fruiting and maintains trueness in the transfer of desirable traits over generations, it also results in trees that are apparently less competitive for below ground resources, have more stable root system, and are bigger in stature and higher in carbon sinks compared to trees of seed origin. In parallel, A. floribunda was shown to be amenable to grafting both under nursery and field (in situ) conditions. Furthermore, a grafted A. floribunda tree transplanted in the field in 2007, flowered and carried a single fruit to maturity after 4 years, thereby reducing the long juvenile period to first fruit production from about 10-12 years reported in literature to less than 5 years. The findings of this doctoral research are therefore pertinent to efforts towards indigenous fruit/nut tree domestication. However, research should be confirmed as it can be considered a pilot study, one that aims to obtain insights into the effect of vegetative propagation methods on above and below ground growth and development of improved planting materials of D. edulis and A. floribunda under domestication.

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Cádiz-Gurrea, María, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, and Antonio Segura-Carretero. "Enhancing the Yield of Bioactive Compounds from Sclerocarya birrea Bark by Green Extraction Approaches." Molecules 24, no. 5 (2019): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050966.

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Sclerocarya birrea is a tree indigenous to Southern Africa with significant importance in rural livelihoods for food, medicine, and carving. The bark, which contains 10–20% tannin, provides several pharmacological benefits as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant medication, among others. This study compared different extraction techniques used to recover bioactive compounds from marula bark. For this purpose, solid–liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were performed under selected conditions, using only “food-grade” solvents. The potential use of the proposed extraction methodologies was evaluated in term of yield, and the individual phenolic composition determined by HPLC–ESI–TOF–MS. PLE provided a high extraction yield in all experimental conditions. With regard to bioactive compounds composition, a total of 71 compounds, a significant percentage of which in a galloyl form, were distributed in five major categories. The largest number of compounds, mostly flavonoid aglycones, were extracted by PLE, generally when the extraction was developed at low temperatures. SFE did prove effective as a way of extracting antidiabetic proanthocyanidins. Advanced extraction techniques represent a powerful tool to obtain bioactive compounds from S. birrea bark, which can be used as supplements or food ingredients, promoting the valorization of this crop.

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Nkosi, Noluthando Nonjabulo, Theodorus Hendrik Cornelis Mostert, Sebinasi Dzikiti, and Nontuthuko Rosemary Ntuli. "Prioritization of indigenous fruit tree species with domestication and commercialization potential in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67, no. 6 (2020): 1567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00932-5.

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Samling, Benedict Anak, Zaini Assim, Woei-Yenn Tong, et al. "Cynometra cauliflora L.: An indigenous tropical fruit tree in Malaysia bearing essential oils and their biological activities." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 9 (2021): 103302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103302.

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Majumder, Indrani, Sayan Sau, Bikash Ghosh, Subhasis Kundu, Debjit Roy, and Sukamal Sarkar. "Response of growth regulators and micronutrients on yield and physico-chemical quality of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. BAU Kul-1." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (2017): 2404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1545.

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Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) is an indigenous delicious, nourishing fruit grown widely throughout the India but faces heavy fruit drop due to several biotic and abiotic stress factors resulted in declining trend of ber pro-duction over the year. Keeping these facts in foreground, replicated field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal with eleven treatments consist two different levels of NAA, GA3, 2,4-D, ZnSO4 and H3BO3 along with a control (water spray). Results of investigation revealed that application of 2,4-D @ 10 mg/l recorded highest fruit set (48.80%). Maximum fruit retention (42.83%) and total no. of fruits/tree (514) were obtained with the application of NAA @ 20 mg/l. Application of GA3 @ 20 mg/l recorded significantly (p≤0.05) higher yield (30.67 kg/tree), fruit weight (60.5 g), fruit length (5.8 cm), fruit breadth (5.1 cm), pulp to seed ratio (13.9) and specific gravity (1.104) as well as economic returns over control during both the year of experiment. Among the treatments H3BO3 at 0.4% recorded the highest TSS (11.7°Brix), total sugar (8.33%), reducing sugar (5.21%) and TSS: Acid (107.36) ratio with lowest fruit acidity (0.10 %) whereas highest vitamin-C content of fruit was recorded with GA3 at 20 mg/l (64.68 mg / 100 g) followed by NAA at 20 mg/l. Results suggest that twice spraying of GA3 @ 20 mg/l and H3BO3 at 0.4% is vital for optimizing yield components, yield and quality of ber (cv. BAU Kul-1) in trans-Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

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Vigilante, T., and D. M. J. S. Bowman. "Effects of individual fire events on the flower production of fruit-bearing tree species, with reference to Aboriginal people's management and use, at Kalumburu, North Kimberley, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03157.

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This study used a number of landscape-scale natural experiments to investigate the influence of individual fire events on the reproductive output of key fruit-bearing woody species [Buchanania obovata Engl. (two leaf forms), Persoonia falcata R.Br., Planchonia careya (F.Muell.) Knuth, Syzygium eucalyptoides (F.Muell.) B.Hyland, Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) T.Hartley & Perry. and Terminalia cunninghamii C.Gardner] around Kalumburu, North Kimberley, Australia. Flowering level was used as an estimate of reproductive success as sampling was done prior to fruit development.Terminalia cunninghamii was found to flower earlier and more prolifically in areas burnt in the early dry season of 1999 than in areas left unburnt; however, there was no significant difference between these treatments in 2000. Flowering levels were significantly reduced in burnt treatments (from early to mid-dry season fires) for Buchanania obovata (large-leafed form), Persoonia falcata, Planchonia careya, Syzygium eucalyptoides and Syzygium suborbiculare. Positive correlations occurred between the minimum foliage height and total tree height of Buchanania obovata small-leafed form (r = 0.78, y = 0.61x + 0.003), large-leafed form (r = 0.87, y = 0.59x + 0.10) and Syzygium suborbiculare (r = 0.76, y = 0.43x + 0.54). Above a height of 2 m, most trees have the majority of their foliage located in the top half of the tree. In all cases, flowering levels increased with foliage height intervals.The results indicate that fire events and their timing can have an impact on the reproductive cycle of fruit-tree species. Indigenous people have managed these resources through the careful use of fire. The conservation of fruit-tree species and frugivorous-animal species could benefit from (i) the careful management of areas with high densities of fruit-bearing species, and (ii) spatially and temporally diverse fire regimes across broader landscape units.

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Dejene, Agamy, Agúndez, and Martín-Pinto. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Fruit Tree Species in Lowland Areas of Ethiopia." Forests 11, no. 2 (2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020177.

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This study aimed to provide baseline information about wild edible tree species (WETs) through surveying of different ethnic groups in dryland areas in Ethiopia. Here the data about WETs are scant, and WETs status is unexplained under the rampant habitat degradation. Use forms, plant parts used, status, ethnobotanical knowledge, conservation needs as well as those threats affecting WETs were reviewed. The study identified 88 indigenous wild edible plants, of which 52 species were WETs. In most cases, fruits were found as the dominant use part, and they were used as raw but were occasionally cooked and preserved. Roots and bark uses are also reported from Ximenia americana and Racosperma melanoxylon respectively. June, July and August were critical periods observed for food shortage in most of the regions. However, in the Gambella region, food shortages occurred in most months of the year. The respondents in this region suggested that WETs could potentially provide them with enough food to make up for the shortage of food from conventional agricultural crops. From the respondents’ perception, Opuntia ficus-indica, Carissa edulis and Ficus vasta were among the most difficult to locate species, and they also received the highest conservation attention. Because of the variety of WETs and existing different threats, a management strategy is required for future conservation, as WETs are vital for the livelihood of local communities and are also necessary to devise a food security strategy for Ethiopia. The lesson obtained could also be useful in other dryland parts in developing countries with similar contexts.

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Gautam, Ishwori Prasad, and Tek Prasad Gotame. "Diversity of Native and Exotic Fruit Genetic Resources in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (March 17, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28114.

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Diversity in fruit genetic resources in Nepal is contributed by wild, indigenous and exotic sources. This study was carried out to bring together the available fruit species and cultivars at various stations of Department of Agriculture (DoA), Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Agriculture and Forest University (AFU) and private farms until the Fiscal Year 2017/2018. Altogather there were 47 species of fruits from tropical zone of Terai (Tarahara, Janakpur, Sarlahi, Parwanipur and Khajura) to cold temperature zone of high hills (Marpha, Rajikot and Satbanj) across the country. Apple diversity was found at Horticulture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla and has introduced 25 spur type cultivars. National Citrus Research Programme (NCRP), Dhankuta was citrus most diversity areas and has maintained 130 exotic and indigenous germplasms of citrus species followed by NCFD, Kirtipur. Mango diversity was noted at RARS, Tarahara (16 cultivars), RARS, Parwanipur (25 cultivars), Farm of DoA-Sarlahi (30 cultivars), Farms of DoA-Janakpur (18 cultivars), AFU-Rampur (17 cultivars). Some of the private nurseries like Everything Organic Nursery, Patlekhet, Kavre and international organization like Technology Demonstration Centre of ICIMOD, Godawari, Lalitpur were also found to be a diversity centre of many exotic and indigenous germplasms of fruit species. These indigenous fruit genetic resources were also used to develop varieties such as Sunkagati-1 and Sunkagati-2 and Tehrathum Local of acid lime, Khoku Local of mandarin orange, 'Malbhog' of banana which were notified by the National Seed Board, SQCC. The unique fruit genetic resources were ‘Pharping Local’ (Asian sand pear), ‘Sindhuli Junar’ (sweet orange), ‘Dhankuta Local’ and ‘Manakamana Local’ (mandarin), Local Malbhog (banana), Bhaktapure Lapsi (Nepalese hog plum) etc. which have superior traits than exotic fruits. Unique and wild fruit species were yellow, black and red raspberries (Rubus ellipticus, R. foliolosus and R. acuminatus respectively), bale (Aegle marmelos), pummelo (Citrus grandis), citron (Citrus medica), sweet lime (Citrus limettoides), butter tree or chiuri (Basia buttyacea), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), black plum (Syzygium cumini), wild apple (Mallus baccata), rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), bayberry (Myrica esculanta), edimayal (Pyrus pashia), black and white ebony (Diospyrus malbarica), wild species of olive (Olea ferruginea and O. glandulifera), wild kiwifruit (Actinidia callosa) etc. Most of the diversity studies were based on phenotypic descriptions. We believe that the number of species and genotypes listed in this article would be increased if detail survey is further carried out. Way forward to utilize these valuable genetic resources has also been discussed in this manuscript.

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Phan, Anh Dao Thi, Maral Seidi Damyeh, Saleha Akter, et al. "Effects of Fruit Maturity on Physicochemical Properties, Sugar Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Harvested Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana)." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07819.

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Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), belonging to the family Combretaceae, is endemic to Australia and has a long history of traditional medicinal applications and food cuisine by the Australian Indigenous people. This study investigated the effects of maturity stages on the morphology, physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids (TSS), total acid content (TAC), and pH), soluble sugar profile and antioxidant capacity of Kakadu plum (KP) fruits that were wild harvested from different trees and classified into four different maturity stages (immature to mature). TSS and TAC were determined by standard assays/procedures, main sugars by UHPLC–MS/MS and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity) by spectrophotometry. The results showed that soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) ranging from 1.3 to 17.7% dry weight (DW), TSS (17.0–52.7% DW) and TAC (1.3–6.7% DW) increased with maturity. However, antioxidant capacity (TPC in the range of 7.4–21.9% DW and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity from 22 to 76% inhibition at the extract concentration of 20 g·L−1) did not follow the same trend as the one observed for soluble sugars, TSS and TAC. These differences were associated with the tree-to-tree variability as a consequence of the wild harvest condition. This study provides important information to both the KP industry and Indigenous enterprises regarding the selection of the appropriate maturity stage to harvest KP fruit to target for different markets (e.g., low-sugar vs. high-sugar fruit).

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Phan, Anh Dao Thi, Maral Seidi Damyeh, Saleha Akter, et al. "Effects of Fruit Maturity on Physicochemical Properties, Sugar Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Harvested Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana)." Proceedings 68, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021068019.

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: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), belonging to the family Combretaceae, is endemic to Australia and has a long history of traditional medicinal applications and food cuisine by the Australian Indigenous people. This study investigated the effects of maturity stages on the morphology, physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids (TSS), total acid content (TAC), and pH), soluble sugar profile and antioxidant capacity of Kakadu plum (KP) fruits that were wild harvested from different trees and classified into four different maturity stages (immature to mature). TSS and TAC were determined by standard assays/procedures, main sugars by UHPLC–MS/MS and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity) by spectrophotometry. The results showed that soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) ranging from 1.3 to 17.7% dry weight (DW), TSS (17.0–52.7% DW) and TAC (1.3–6.7% DW) increased with maturity. However, antioxidant capacity (TPC in the range of 7.4–21.9% DW and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity from 22 to 76% inhibition at the extract concentration of 20 g·L−1) did not follow the same trend as the one observed for soluble sugars, TSS and TAC. These differences were associated with the tree-to-tree variability as a consequence of the wild harvest condition. This study provides important information to both the KP industry and Indigenous enterprises regarding the selection of the appropriate maturity stage to harvest KP fruit to target for different markets (e.g., low-sugar vs. high-sugar fruit).

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Abdelaziz, Selouka Mint, Fouteye Mint Mohamed Lemine, Hasni Ould Tfeil, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, and Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary. "Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity and Ethnobotanical Uses of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Fruits from the Arid Zone of Mauritania, Northwest Africa." Plants 9, no. 3 (2020): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030401.

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Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits of 30 B. aegyptiaca trees naturally growing in the hyper-arid and arid zones in Mauritania were evaluated by following standard procedures. Ethnobotanical uses of fruit pulps and kernel were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Balanites aegyptiaca fruit pulp is a good source of sugars (33 g/100 g dry matter (DM)), polyphenols (264 mg GAE/100 g DM) and flavonoids (34.2 mg/100 g DM) with an average antioxidant activity of 519 µmol TEAC/100 g DM. The fruit kernel is rich in lipids (46.2 g/100 g DM) and proteins (29.5 g/100 g DM). Fruits from the hyper-arid zone exhibited high level of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and soluble tannins. Almost all of the informants (97.14%) reported the use of fruit pulp in folk medicine to treat diabetes, while 72.86% reported using the fruit pulp to treat hypertension. Kernel oil is mainly employed as ointments in the treatment of paronychia (57.14%) and dermal infections (35.71%). The predominant methods for preparing/administering fruit pulp/Kernel were maceration (58.8%), sucking fruit pulp (25.7%) and decoction (24.2%). Balanites aegyptiaca fruit contain both nutritional and health-promoting phytochemicals that could be of interest in the development of strategies for sustainable use of this neglected indigenous fruit tree.

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Yeboah, J., M. A. D. Segbefia, A. M. Dadzie, et al. "Cutting Propagation of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) Tree Using Shoot Types and Application of Auxin." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 12 (2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n12p213.

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The shea is a medium-sized fruit tree indigenous of Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa with great economic potential and ecological components. Planting by seed takes a long time to fruit because of its slow growth. Factors affecting its development among other things are physiological and biochemical. The 2 &times; 2 factorial experiment set up in the rainy season was arranged in a randomized complete block with three (3) replications. The selected period was characterized by moderate cloud cover and temperature with the following factors; type of cuttings (apical and rejuvenated) and hormone concentration (0 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L). The different types of cuttings dipped in different hormone concentration showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) rooting performance. Rejuvenated cuttings dipped in 10,000 mg/L of IBA (auxin) rooted best and produced more and long roots. The presence of high (p &lt; 0.05) levels of endogenous indole acetic acid, sugars and proteins contributed to the good rooting in the rejuvenated cuttings. Plant nutrients like endogenous zinc and nitrogen in the cuttings also enhanced rooting for the rejuvenated cuttings.

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Boadi, Samuel, Mark Baah-Acheamfour, Francis Ulzen-Appiah, and Ghulam Murtaza Jamro. "Nontimber Forest Product Yield and Income fromThaumatococcus danielliiunder a Mixed Tree Plantation System in Ghana." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/524863.

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Thaumatococcus danielliiis a wild sourced tropical understorey herb that is harvested for its foliage and fruits from which thaumatin—a proteinous sweetener—is extracted. With increased demand for natural sweeteners, uncontrolled harvesting ofT. danielliifrom the wild is suggested to be neither sustainable nor match industrial demands. This study determined the implication of controlled foliage harvesting ofT. danielliiunder a mixed indigenous tree plantation stand.T. danielliiplants within plots of dimension 3 m × 4 m were thinned to uniform foliage population of about 12 leaves/m2and subsequently harvested at 16 weeks interval for 64 weeks at four different foliage harvesting intensities: (i) no harvesting (control), (ii) 25% harvest, (iii) 50% harvest, and (iv) 75% harvest. Data on agronomic characters and total income from the sale of fruit and harvested foliage were collected and analysed. We found that foliage harvest intensity affected(P<0.001)number of flowers in the order: 18 (control) > 6 (25%) ≥ 1 (50%) and 0 (75%). Foliage harvest intensity also significantly(P=0.036)influenced fruit number and ranged from 11458/ha for the control to 4583/ha for the 75% harvest. Total income from fruit and foliage sales was greatest for the 50% harvest (US $ 17,191.32), followed by 75% harvest (US $ 12, 310.24) and lowest for the no harvest treatment (US $ 107.44). Thus, proper management ofT. danielliithrough controlled harvesting of the foliage under mixed tree plantation system could promote sustainable yield and income to farmers.

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Wilson, A. L., and C. T. Downs. "Knysna Turacos (Tauraco corythaix) do not improve seed germination of ingested fruit of some indigenous South African tree species." South African Journal of Botany 78 (January 2012): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.05.006.

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Mng’omba, Simon A., Festus K. Akinnifesi, Alfred Mkonda, et al. "Ethnoecological Knowledge for Identifying Elite Phenotypes of the Indigenous Fruit Tree,Uapaca kirkianain the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 39, no. 4 (2014): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.980486.

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Tinggal, Serudin, and Thean S. Tee. "594 PB 170 MANGIFERA PAJANG - PROSPECT FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MANGO IMPROVEMENT." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 517b—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.517b.

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Magifera panjang Kostermans, indigenous to Brunei is widely adapted to lowland and hilly areas. The vigorous tree grows tall (30 - 40 metres high). Grafting on M. indica stock or own stock has dwarfing effect and shortens juvenile stage to stimulate fruit production within 5-6 years. The obicular fruits are large with tough brown skin. The thick golden yellow flesh is juicy, pleasant to eat, having aromatic fragrance. Some cultivars are less fibrous. The fruit has wide traditional usage and demand is seemingly unsatisfiable. Mangifera pajang is quite tolerant to various diseases affecting mangoes. Insect pests do not appear to damage the trunk or the fruits.. The blossoms on stout and erect flowering spikes attract a host of pollinators. Anthracnose problem is unknown even in the wet season. These features are useful for possible transfer to the more susceptible M. indica cultivars.

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Dolley, Narang, Nicolee Lyngdoh, Siddhartha Singh, Mayanglambam Chandrakumar Singh, Mongjam Bishwapati Devi, and Budhindra Nath Hazarika. "Domestication of Phoebe cooperiana in the Eastern Himalayas: population variation in morphological and biochemical fruit parameters." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 4 (2020): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000210.

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AbstractPhoebe cooperiana U.N Kanjilal ex A. Das is an indigenous forest tree species yielding fruits consumed widely across the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. As part of an initiative to domesticate the species, phenotypic variation in fruit and seed morphology as well as the biochemical properties of the pulp were assessed for 14 populations within the state. Nine fruit and seed characters were measured and 12 biochemical parameters of the fruits were analysed. Five trees were selected from each population and a minimum of 30 fruits were collected from each tree. Analysis of variance indicated significant variation in all fruit and seed morphological parameters. The coefficient of variation for fruit weight was reported to be 5.02%, seed weight 5.60%, pulp weight 5.36% and pulp fruit ratio 4.14%. Among biochemical parameters which are of nutritive value, crude protein, vitamin E and A were higher than that found in most common fruits and vegetables. These traits also showed significant variation among the 14 selected populations with crude protein values ranging between 5.99 and 10.76%, vitamin E between 4.80 and 7.33 mg/100 g and vitamin A between 1.88 and 3.13 mg/100 g. The fruits are also high in phenol with a mean value of 22.19 mg/g and displayed promising 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging properties averaging 56.94% antioxidant activity. However, cyanogen content in the fruits was higher than the permissible amount for human consumption, for which processing is recommended before use. The opportunities for domestication are discussed and some promising traits and populations that can be utilized in the domestication programme are identified.

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Ofori, D. A., T. Peprah, G. Koech, P. Anjarwalla, M. Munjuga, and R. Jamnadass. "Survival, growth performance and reproductive biology of Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev., a high valued indigenous fruit tree species in Ghana." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63, no. 5 (2015): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0283-x.

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Abe, Tetsuto. "Predator or disperser? A test of indigenous fruit preference of alien rats (Rattus rattus) on Nishi-jima (Ogasawara Islands)." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 3 (2007): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070213.

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The Black Rat Rattus rattus has invaded many of the Ogasawara Islands, including Nishi-jima. To evaluate the effects of this alien rat on fruits in Nishi-jima, I set out 1 772 fruits of five indigenous tree species and tracked them for two months by locating attached long-labelled lines. The rats consumed more than 95% of the small Neolitsea sericea var. aurata and Livistona boninensis fruits. For larger fruits, rats consumed 48.3% of Pandanus boninensis, 11.2% of Terminalia catappa, and 64.4% of Ochrosia nakaiana. Larger fruits were carried further than small fruits, however, the ratio of survival to frugivory decreased with increasing distance carried in all species. The role of Rattus rattus as seed disperser is limited, and its fruglvory impact is more serious for trees producing small fruits.

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Sijacic-Nikolic, Mirjana, Jelena Milovanovic, and Marina Nonic. "Forest genetic resources in Serbia: State and recommendations for improvement in this area." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1051s.

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Forest genetic resources, which represent genetic diversity contained in the thousands of forest tree species, take a significant place in total biodiversity of Serbia. The forest ecosystems of Serbia include about 250 indigenous tree species which, according to geographical-floral elements, belong to the Middle-European, Pontic and Mediterranean element. Within the available gene pool, special attention should be addressed to wild fruit tree species and those species which are relict, endemic, rare and endangered according to the IUCN categorization. The regulatory basis for conservation and directed utilization of forest genetic resources in Serbia can be found in the strategic and legal acts in the field of environmental protection, nature conservation and forestry. Previous activities in the conservation of forest genetic resources are insufficient, whereby the level of their endangerment is continuously increasing as a result of deforestation and climate change. This situation requires a clear definition of a national strategy of conservation and directed utilization of forest genetic resources in Serbia, as a basis for planning activities in this area based on best practices.

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BLESSINGTON, TYANN, ELIZABETH J. MITCHAM, and LINDA J. HARRIS. "Growth and Survival of Enterobacteriaceae and Inoculated Salmonella on Walnut Hulls and Maturing Walnut Fruit." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 9 (2014): 1462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-075.

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Postharvest contamination of in-shell walnuts may occur when the fruit is dropped to or harvested from the orchard floor or as the outer hull is removed with mechanical abrasion and water. To evaluate the effect of maturity on the potential for microbial contamination, ‘Howard’ walnut fruits were collected weekly from the tree canopy, from 6 to 7 weeks before to 1 week after typical commercial harvest. The numbers of microorganisms able to form colonies on plate count agar, MacConkey agar (presumptive Enterobacteriaceae), or violet red bile lactose agar (presumptive coliforms) were compared on whole walnut fruits collected by hand directly from the tree or after exposure to the orchard floor for 10 min or 24 h. Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 was inoculated at &lt;1 to 8 log CFU/g onto 5-g hull pieces (from walnut fruit of different maturities) and stored at ambient temperature (23 to 26°C) in unsealed bags (38 to 90% relative humidity [RH] within bag) or in low humidity (20 to 45% RH) or high humidity (68 to 89% RH) for up to 14 days. Salmonella at 2 or 5 log CFU/ml was inoculated onto hulls before or up to 14 days after blending with water. As the walnut fruit matured, the indigenous bacterial levels on the surface increased, irrespective of whether fruit was collected from the tree or the ground. The RH influenced the growth of inoculated bacteria on hull pieces: Salmonella declined to &lt;0.3 log CFU/g within 24 h at low RH but multiplied from 2 to 6 log CFU/g over 14 days of storage at &gt;40% RH. Salmonella populations declined to &lt;1 CFU/ml within 24 h in freshly blended green hulls but survived or multiplied in blended brown hulls or in blended green hulls that had been stored for 24 h or more before being inoculated.

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Chawafambira, Armistice, Moosa Mahmood Sedibe, Augustine Mpofu, and Matthew Achilonu. "Probiotic Potential, Iron and Zinc Bioaccessibility, and Sensory Quality of Uapaca kirkiana Fruit Jam Fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba." International Journal of Food Science 2020 (December 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8831694.

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Uapaca kirkiana is an underutilised indigenous fruit tree (IFT) found in the miombo ecological zone in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa is home to many nutritionally insecure people who suffer from micronutrient deficiency. The incorporation of probiotic strains in jams as a possible way of enhancing mineral accessibility, food quality, and health is limited in Africa. This study monitored the probiotic potential, bioaccessible iron and zinc, and organoleptic properties of U. kirkiana fruit jam fermented with L. rhamnosus yoba. U. kirkiana fruits were collected from semiarid rural areas of Zimbabwe. The L. rhamnosus yoba strain was obtained from the Yoba for Life Foundation, Netherlands. Mineral and biochemical properties of the probiotic jam were analysed using AOAC standard methods. The U. kirkiana fruit tree was ranked first as a food resource by most rural populations in Zimbabwe. The probiotic jam formulation had 55% (wt/vol) U. kirkiana fruit pulp, 43% (wt/vol) sugar, 1.25% (wt/vol) pectin, 0.5% (wt/vol) citric acid, and 0.25% (wt/vol) L. rhamnosus yoba strain. The probiotic jam had 6.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/mL viable L. rhamnosus yoba cells. Iron and zinc content (mg/100 g w.b.) was 4.13 ± 0.22 and 0.68 ± 0.02 with pH 3.45 ± 0.11 , respectively. Nutrient content was g/100 g w.b., carbohydrate 66 ± 4.1 , fat 0.1 ± 0.01 , crude protein 0.2 ± 0.01 , ash 0.7 ± 0.02 , and crude fiber 0.3 ± 0.01 . Bioaccessible iron and zinc were 6.55 ± 0.36 % and 16.1 ± 0.50 % and increased by 4% and 2% in the probiotic jam, respectively. Mineral bioaccessibility and nutrient content were significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) in jam with 0.25% L. rhamnosus yoba. Jam acceptance rating was 83%. The probiotic jam can be used as a sustainable food containing probiotic with potential nutritional and health benefits.

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Akinnifesi, F. K., J. Mhango, G. Sileshi, and T. Chilanga. "Early growth and survival of three miombo woodland indigenous fruit tree species under fertilizer, manure and dry-season irrigation in southern Malawi." Forest Ecology and Management 255, no. 3-4 (2008): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.025.

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Yin, Xinhua, Jinhe Bai, and Clark F. Seavert. "Pear Responses to Split Fertigation and Band Placement of Nitrogen and Phosphorus." HortTechnology 19, no. 3 (2009): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.3.586.

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Single broadcast application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the soil surface results in low use efficiency of applied N and P in pear (Pyrus communis) production systems in Oregon and the Pacific northwestern United States. A field experiment was conducted from 2005 through 2006 to evaluate the effects of split fertigation and band placement as alternate N and P management practices in ‘Anjou’ pears growing on a Parkdale loam soil near Parkdale, OR. Measurement and analysis of tree nutrition, fruit yield, quality, and storability, as well as indigenous soil nutrient supply was the scope of the experiment. To evaluate fertilizer management practices on pear growth and productivity, the following four treatments were tested with a randomized complete block design replicated four times: 1) broadcast application of N and P on the soil surface in a 10-ft-wide, weed-free strip centered on the tree row, 2) band placement of N and P on both sides of tree rows in 1 × 1-ft ditches (width × depth), 3) 1 × 1-ft ditches were dug using the band placement equipment, the dug soil was completed returned to the ditch without any fertilizer, and the broadcast application of N and P on the soil surface was applied on a 10-ft-wide, weed-free strip centered on the tree row, and 4) fertigation of N and P split into five equal applications throughout the growing season. Nitrogen and P fertilizers were applied to treatments 1, 2, and 3 at 100 lb/acre N and 55 lb/acre P, while treatment 4 received only 80 lb/acre N and 44 lb/acre P. The 2-year average results show leaf N and P concentrations in the fall were increased by 10.0% and 10.6%, respectively, with split fertigation compared with broadcast application on the soil surface. Band placement increased leaf N by 7.1% relative to broadcast application on the soil surface with soil disturbance caused by band placement. Split fertigation and band placement slightly increased fruit yield, but increased marketable fruit (the total of excellent and very slightly scalded fruit) by 20.9% and 11.1% (absolute value) when compared with broadcast application of N and P and broadcast application of N and P with soil disturbance caused by band placement, respectively, and after 3 months of cold storage. No detrimental effects on fruit weight or reduction in soil amino sugar N were observed from lowering the N and P application rates by 20% with split fertigation. Overall, split fertigation and band placement of N and P can be used to replace single broadcast application on the soil surface on pear orchards to reduce fruit superficial scald during cold storage and improve the use efficiency of applied N and P in the mid-Columbia region of Oregon.

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Aremu, Adeyemi Oladapo, Khayelihle Ncama, and Abiodun Olusola Omotayo. "Ethnobotanical uses, biological activities and chemical properties of Kei-apple [Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim]: An indigenous fruit tree of southern Africa." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 241 (September 2019): 111963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111963.

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Popoviciu, Dan Razvan, Ticuta Negreanu-Pirjol, Ludmila Motelica, and Bogdan-Stefan Negreanu-Pirjol. "Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Total Phenolic Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity of Indigenous Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. Fruits." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 4 (2020): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.4.8064.

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Scarlet/red firethorn, Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem., is a common ornamental shrub, commonly cultivated nowadays in Romania and many other countries, in gardens or hedges. The tree has small white flowers and it produces small bright colored berries. The fruit is bitter and astringent, making it inedible when raw. The fruit can be cooked to make jellies, jams, sauces and marmalade. In this study, the Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem fruits from three common cultivars named �Orange Glow�, �Red Column� and �Soleil d�Or�, were collected from different individuals in Constanta city, Romania. Both frozen and dried (80�C) fruits were analyzed for the active principles content such as, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds correlated with antioxidant activity. Carotenoids were determined by acetone extraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, flavonoids, by methanol extraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometry and total phenolic, by methanol extraction, Folin-Ciocalteu reaction and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The total antioxidant capacity was quantified through photochemiluminescence method by comparison with the standard substance used for calibration, Trolox� as tocopherol analogue (ACL procedure) using Photochem apparatus, Analytik Jena AG, Germany. The average carotenoid content in fresh frozen fruits ranged between 278-545 mg/kg (dry weight equivalent), while in dry material 133-203 mg/kg. Total flavonoids averaged 1415-4953 mg/kg in fresh fruits, increasing after heat-drying to 2981-5759 mg/kg. Fresh fruits contained a total amount of phenolic compounds of 11501-21107 mg/kg DW gallic acid equivalent, while dry fruits averaged 5749-8261 mg/kg GAE. Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. fruits emphasized an increased antioxidant activity correlated with a high content of potentially bioactive compounds, especially of phenolic compounds, both in frozen and heat-dried state. �Red Column� and �Orange Glow� are the most promising varieties of the three cultivars, for potential pharmaceutical applications.

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Malik, S. K., Rekha Chaudhury, O. P. Dhariwal, and Salim Mir. "Genetic diversity and traditional uses of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) in high-altitude north-western Himalayas of India." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (2010): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000304.

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Wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is an economically important fruit crop for folk and marginal farmers and local tribal populations in the high-altitude difficult terrains of north-western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh states of India. This is a multi-purpose fruit tree species which, besides its fresh edible fruits, is preserved for use in diverse ways depending upon the type of cultivar. Seed kernel of apricot is used as edible nut and for the production of edible oil. In the present study, 147 diverse accessions of wild and cultivated apricot belonging to 28 folk cultivars were collected and characterized for fruit, stone and kernel characters. Indigenous traditional uses and importance of fruits and kernels of these folk cultivars have been recorded and described. Promising table-type cultivars identified were Margulam, Lodi, Shakarpara, Narmo and Khurmani, while drying-type cultivars were Halman, Shakarpara, Rakchey Karpo and Tachu. Cultivars Chuli and Shadi were the most common types and widely distributed with vast variability, while other cultivars had localized presence. Some of these folk cultivars have high potential for promotion as commercial cultivars of apricot in this high-altitude area basically depending upon traditional production system. Genetic resource management including collection, characterization and documentation of existing variability of apricot is of immense importance for safe conservation and commercialization of potential cultivars to enhance farmer's livelihood in this fragile agroecosystem.

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Goenster, S., M. Wiehle, K. Kehlenbeck, R. Jamnadass, J. Gebauer, and A. Buerkert. "INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES IN HOMEGARDENS OF THE NUBA MOUNTAINS, CENTRAL SUDAN: TREE DIVERSITY AND POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVING THE NUTRITION AND INCOME OF RURAL COMMUNITIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.41.

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Vicent, A., and J. García-Jiménez. "Risk of establishment of non-indigenous diseases of citrus fruit and foliage in Spain: An approach using meteorological databases and tree canopy climate data." Phytoparasitica 36, no. 1 (2008): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980742.

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Nguyen, Mai Phuong, Philippe Vaast, Tim Pagella, and Fergus Sinclair. "Local Knowledge about Ecosystem Services Provided by Trees in Coffee Agroforestry Practices in Northwest Vietnam." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120486.

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In recent decades in northwest Vietnam, Arabica coffee has been grown on sloping land in intensive, full sun monocultures that are not sustainable in the long term and have negative environmental impacts. There is an urgent need to reverse this negative trend by promoting good agricultural practices, including agroforestry, to prevent further deforestation and soil erosion on slopes. A survey of 124 farmers from three indigenous groups was conducted in northwest Vietnam to document coffee agroforestry practices and the ecosystem services associated with different tree species used in them. Trees were ranked according to the main ecosystem services and disservices considered to be locally relevant by rural communities. Our results show that tree species richness in agroforestry plots was much higher for coffee compared to non-coffee plots, including those with annual crops and tree plantations. Most farmers were aware of the benefits of trees for soil improvement, shelter (from wind and frost), and the provision of shade and mulch. In contrast, farmers had limited knowledge of the impact of trees on coffee quality and other interactions amongst trees and coffee. Farmers ranked the leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala as the best for incorporating in coffee plots because of the services it provides to coffee. Nonetheless, the farmers’ selection of tree species to combine with coffee was highly influenced by economic benefits provided, especially by intercropped fruit trees, which was influenced by market access, determined by the proximity of farms to a main road. The findings from this research will help local extension institutions and farmers select appropriate tree species that suit the local context and that match household needs and constraints, thereby facilitating the transition to a more sustainable and climate-smart coffee production practice.

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Newton, Philip J. "Movement and impact of Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in citrus orchards after inundative releases against the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 1 (1988): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300016096.

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AbstractInundative releases of the indigenous egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made against Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) in two sweet orange orchards in the Transvaal lowveld, South Africa. The rate of parasitism was raised to similar levels in the two release areas, but there was a significant decrease in crop damage in only one of them. Although the larval population was twice as large in a control orchard, the losses there were compensated for by a larger total crop. Three explanations for the different performances of the parasitoids are examined. Movement away from release areas was not apparent. Rates of parasitism at the tops or bottoms of trees or at the four cardinal aspects were not significantly different overall but should have been to compensate for the linear increase in numbers of host eggs with height, and the larger numbers on the warmer northern and eastern sides of trees. Parasitism was higher at the tree tops than at the bottoms in the orchard that lost the least fruit. The stochastic processes governing host-egg distribution on fruit were also important. Pest density was higher in the release areas than the control, and eggs were distributed more contagiously in the orchard with the most crop loss.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Indigenous fruit tree marula'

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