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Journal articles on the topic 'Indirect Curing; Degree of Conversion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ayres, Ana Paula Almeida, Carolina Bosso Andre, Rafael Rocha Pacheco, et al. "Indirect Restoration Thickness and Time after Light-Activation Effects on Degree of Conversion of Resin Cement." Brazilian Dental Journal 26, no. 4 (2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-64402013x0024.

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<p>This study evaluated the effects of indirect restorative materials, curing conditions and time on the degree of conversion (DC) of a dual-cured resin cement using infrared spectroscopy. The resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE) was applied to the diamond surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit and activated using one of following conditions: self-cure, direct light exposure, light exposure through indirect restorative materials (resin nano-ceramic: Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE or feldspathic ceramic: Vita Blocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik). Four thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 o

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Xu, Wei, Guoyi Zhuang, Zhengxiong Chen, and Jintao Wei. "Experimental Study on the Micromorphology and Strength Formation Mechanism of Epoxy Asphalt During the Curing Reaction." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (2020): 2610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072610.

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The micromorphological changes and the strength formation mechanism of the curing of epoxy asphalt, which is mostly used for steel bridge deck pavements, were investigated. A tensile test was used to analyze the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the change in the epoxy peak area. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe two-dimensional and three-dimensional micromorphological changes, respectively, during the curing reaction of epoxy asphalt. The results o

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Grazioli, Guillermo, Alejandro Francia, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Cesar Henrique Zanchi, and Rafael Ratto De Moraes. "Simple and Low-Cost Thermal Treatments on Direct Resin Composites for Indirect Use." Brazilian Dental Journal 30, no. 3 (2019): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902473.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three low-cost additional thermal treatments, available in the dental office, on the mechanical, chemical and optical properties of a light-cured resin composite indicated for direct restorations but used as indirect restorative. The direct resin composite TPH3 (Dentsply) was light-polymerized using a light-emitting diode curing unit and submitted to three experimental additional thermal treatments: dry heat at 170 °C for 5 min, autoclave at 121 °C for 6 min, or microwave oven at 450 W for 3 min. The resin composite without any th

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Baldo, Vitor de Oliveira, Marlus da Silva Pedrosa, and Igor Studart Medeiros. "Post-cure heat treatments influence on mechanical and optical properties of resin composites." Brazilian Dental Journal 32, no. 4 (2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202104333.

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Abstract This study evaluated the effect of post-cure heat treatment (PCHT) on the Knoop microhardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), color changes, and contrast ratio (CR) of four resin composites (RCs): Z100 (3M ESPE), Z350 XT (3M ESPE), Estelite Omega (Tokuyama) and Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent). Specimens (12 × 1 mm) were prepared for each material (n = 10 / group). After curing, samples were subjected to PCHT for 10 min at 100°C or 170°C. Control group was maintained at room temperature (24°C) for the same time. The DC was analyzed by FT-NIR immediately and 24 h after the PCHT (n =

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Pick, Bárbara, Carla Castiglia Gonzaga, Washington Steagall Junior, Yoshio Kawano, Roberto Ruggiero Braga, and Paulo Eduardo Capel Cardoso. "Influence of Curing Light Attenuation Caused by Aesthetic Indirect Restorative Materials on Resin Cement Polymerization." European Journal of Dentistry 04, no. 03 (2010): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697845.

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Objectives: To verify the effect of interposing different indirect restorative materials on degree of conversion (DC), hardness, and flexural strength of a dual-cure resin cement.Methods: Discs (2 mm-thick, n=5) of four indirect restorative materials were manufactured: a layered glass-ceramic (GC); a heat-pressed lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic veneered with the layered glass-ceramic (LD); a micro-hybrid (MH); and a micro-filled (MF) indirect composite resin. The light transmittance of these materials was determined using a double-beam spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Bar-s

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Rejman, Daniel John, Theodore Eliades, Thomas G. Bradley, and George Eliades. "Polymerization Efficiency of Glass-Ionomer and Resin Adhesives under Molar Bands." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (2008): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/022207-88.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the degree of cure of a light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) under molar bands compared with a light-cured resin and a dual-cured resin. Materials and Methods: The 3 cements used were Fuji Ortho LC, Eagle Spectrum resin, and Variolink II dual-cure. Each sample was indirectly light cured for 20 seconds (10 seconds occlusally, 10 seconds cervically) under sections of molar bands, and the degree of cure was evaluated with micro-MIR FTIR spectroscopy. Results: The RMGI exhibited a significantly higher mean degree of cure (55.31%) than both of the resins

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Alzaidy, Ayah A., and Manal H. Abd-alla. "The effect of different curing distances on the microhardness of flowable bulk-fill composite materials." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 35, no. 4 (2023): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v35i4.3507.

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Background: The microhardness of a composite resin is a vital parameter that is used to determine its clinical behavior. Measuring the microhardness of a composite resin has been used as an indirect method to assess its degree of conversion and extent of polymerization. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of three curing distances (0, 2, and 4 mm) on the microhardness of the top and bottom surfaces of three types of flowable bulk-fill composite resins (smart dentin replacement, Opus bulk fill flow, and Tetric N). Material and method: Sixty-three specimens from the thr

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Roseira, Priscila Maito, Camila de Siqueira Gomes, Francielle Topolski, et al. "Effect of Photoinitiator Type and Photoactivation Condition on the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Resins." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 11, no. 1 (2022): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v11i1.5589.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of experimental orthodontic resins, containing different photoinitiators systems and photoactivated through a ceramic bracket, using a high irradiance and wide spectrum light emitting diode curing unit. Methods: Experimental resin composites (50:50 BisGMA/TEGDMA: 60% feldspar silanized particles) were formulated with different photoinitiators according to the following groups: phenylpropaneamine + amine DMAEMA (PPD), camphorquinone + amine DMAEMA (CQ) or bisacylphosphinic oxide (BAPO). A commercial orthodontic re

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9

Kirby, Scott, Igor Pesun, Anthony Nowakowski, and Rodrigo França. "Effect of Different Post-Curing Methods on the Degree of Conversion of 3D-Printed Resin for Models in Dentistry." Polymers 16, no. 4 (2024): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040549.

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The aim was to investigate the effects of different post-curing units on the chemical properties (degree of conversion) of 3D-printed resins for producing models in dentistry. The goal is to determine whether less-expensive post-curing units can be a viable alternative to the manufacturer’s recommended units. Forty-five samples were fabricated with an LCD printer (Phrozen Sonic Mini, Phrozen 3D, Hsinchu City, Taiwan) using MSLA Dental Modeling Resin (Apply Lab Work, Torrance, CA, USA). These samples were divided randomly into four different groups for post-curing using four distinct curing uni

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Carek, Andreja, Ksenija Dukaric, Helena Miler, Danijela Marovic, Zrinka Tarle, and Matej Par. "Post-Cure Development of the Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Curing Resin Cements." Polymers 14, no. 17 (2022): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173649.

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This study investigated the effect of different curing conditions on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of contemporary dual-curing resin cements. The material specimens were either light-cured directly, light-cured through a 1-mm lithium disilicate glass-ceramic layer, or self-cured. The degree of conversion was measured in 0.1-mm films using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 1 day, 7 days, and 28 days post-cure. Specimens used to study the flexural strength and modulus were prepared according to the ISO 4049 protocol, stored for 28 days post-cure, and subjected to accel

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Mousavinasab, Sayed-Mostafa, Mohammad Atai, Negar Salehi, and Arman Salehi. "Effect of shade and light curing mode on the degree of conversion of silorane-based and methacrylate-based resin composites." Journal of dental biomaterials 3, no. 4 (2024): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11461677.

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Statement of Problem: The degree of conversion depends on the material composition, light source properties, distance from light source, light intensity, curing time, and other factors such as shade and translucency. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the effects of different light-curing modes and shades of methacrylate and silorane-based resin composites on the degree of conversion of resin composites (DC). Materials and Methods: The methacrylate-based (Filtek Z250, 3M, ESPE) and low-shrinkage silorane-based (Filtek P90, 3M, ESPE) resin composites were used in three groups as fol

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Mousavinasab, Sayed-Mostafa, Mohammad Atai, Negar Salehi, and Arman Salehi. "Effect of shade and light curing mode on the degree of conversion of silorane-based and methacrylate-based resin composites." Journal of dental biomaterials 3, no. 4 (2024): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11116637.

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Statement of Problem: The degree of conversion depends on the material composition, light source properties, distance from light source, light intensity, curing time, and other factors such as shade and translucency. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the effects of different light-curing modes and shades of methacrylate and silorane-based resin composites on the degree of conversion of resin composites (DC). Materials and Methods: The methacrylate-based (Filtek Z250, 3M, ESPE) and low-shrinkage silorane-based (Filtek P90, 3M, ESPE) resin composites were used in three groups as fol

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Ling, Long, Yulin Chen, and Raj Malyala. "Assessment of Degree of Conversion and Volumetric Shrinkage of Novel Self-Adhesive Cement." Polymers 16, no. 5 (2024): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050581.

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The degree of monomer conversion and polymerization shrinkage are two of the main reasons for potential adhesion failure between the tooth structure and the restoration substrate. To evaluate the degree of conversion and polymerization shrinkage of a newly developed self-adhesive resin cement, the degree of conversion (DC) was measured using FTIR under different activation modes, temperatures, and times. Volumetric shrinkage was tested using the AcuVol video imaging method. The experimental cement showed a higher DC than other cements under self-curing. The DC of the experimental cement was hi

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Sahebalam, Rasoul, Alireza Boruziniat, Fahimeh Mohammadzadeh, and Abdolrasoul Rangrazi. "Effect of the Time of Salivary Contamination during Light Curing on Degree of Conversion and Microhardness of a Restorative Composite Resin." Biomimetics 3, no. 3 (2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics3030023.

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Saliva contamination is a major clinical problem in restorative procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the time of salivary contamination during light curing on the degree of conversion and the microhardness of a restorative composite resin. Eight groups of 10 samples for measuring the microhardness and eight groups of 5 samples for evaluating the degree of conversion were prepared. The samples of each group were contaminated with human saliva at a certain time. The first group (T0) was contaminated before light curing. The specimens in groups T2–T30 were contamina

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Lima, Adriano Fonseca, Kamila Menezes Guedes de Andrade, Louise Esther da Cruz Alves, et al. "Influence of light source and extended time of curing on microhardness and degree of conversion of different regions of a nanofilled composite resin." European Journal of Dentistry 06, no. 02 (2012): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698944.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light sources and curing time on the degree of conversion and microhardness of two surfaces within a nanofilled composite resinMethods: Four experimental groups (n=10) were formed in accordance with the light source (quartz-tungsten halogen (QTH – 600mW/cm2), or light-emitting-diode (LED -800mW/cm2)) and the time of curing (20 s or 40 s). The specimens were prepared with a circular mould (5 mm Ø and 2 mm thick), according to the respective protocol, and the Knoop microhardness and degree of conversion was measur

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M. Hamouda, Ibrahim, and Majed A. Almalki. "Evaluation and correlation of depth cure and degree of conversion of bulk-fill posterior restorative composite resins." Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2, no. 1 (2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2643-6612/009.

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Background: The problem of composite resin filling is the longer time consumed for incremental application. Bulk-fill composite resins were introduced to the market as substitutes for dental amalgam for restoration of posterior teeth. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the curing depth and degree of conversion of two bulk-fill composite resins. Materials and methods: . Specimens of specific dimensions were prepared from Glacier and SureFil (universal shade, A2), they classified as bulk-fill composite resins. Depth of cure, degree of conversion at different thicknesses for each m

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Periotto, Heloisa Amorim, Ana Daielly Da Silva, Isabella Saraiva Leão De Resende, Hellen Martins Jucá, Sérgio Lima Santiago, and Jiovanne Rabelo Neri. "Influence of soft-start curing protocol in the degree of conversion of a nanohybrid resin composite." Revista Odonto Ciência 33, no. 1 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2018.1.29828.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of the soft-start curing protocol in the degree of conversion of a nanohybrid composite.METHODS: Ten specimens were prepared from the polymerization of the composite resin Llis using two protocols: conventional (1000 mW/cm² for 20 seconds) or gradual (250 mW/cm² for 20 seconds + 1000 mW/cm² for 15 seconds). Then, analyzes were performed using a spectrophotometer and data were subjected to Two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. The significance level was 5%.RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the average resin conversion degree of composite value

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Dimitriadi, Maria, Aikaterini Petropoulou, Maria Zafiropoulou, Spiros Zinelis, and George Eliades. "Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of Modern Self-Adhesive Luting Agents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (2021): 12065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412065.

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New self-adhesive resin composite luting agents have currently been developed, claiming improved properties. The study aimed to evaluate the composition, degree of conversion, and mechanical properties of Panavia SA Plus (PSP), Panavia SA Universal (PSU), SpeedCem Plus (SPC) and TheraCem Ca (THC), with the resin luting agent Panavia V5 (PV5) serving as a control. The structure of the materials was studied by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM/EDX spectrometry. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared from each material under dual- and self-curing modes (n = 5/mode and material). After a 3-week storage perio

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Postnov, V. I., S. M. Kachura, and E. A. Veshkin. "MODELING OF THE CURING PROCESS OF A POLYMER RESIN AND CHANGES IN MICROHARDNESS IN ITS VOLUME." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 4 (2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-4-92-99.

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Curing parameters have the greatest impact on the physical and mechanical properties of FRP, therefore their optimum value is of particular importance for obtaining quality products. During curing temperature of the inner layers of the FRP can increase unevenly, which can lead to the formation of a gradient in the degree of conversion and heterogeneity of physical and mechanical properties. The article is devoted to the development of a mathematical model of the curing process of the EDT-69N resin, taking into account the kinetic parameters of curing and implementation thermophysical modeling

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Komori, P. C. P., A. B. Paula, A. A. Martin, R. N. Tango, M. A. C. Sinhoreti, and L. Correr-Sobrinho. "Effect of Light Energy Density on Conversion Degree and Hardness of Dual-cured Resin Cement." Operative Dentistry 35, no. 1 (2010): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-126-l.

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Clinical Relevance Light energy density can influence the curing of dual-cured resin cement. The ultimate physical properties of dual-cured resin cement depend on light energy delivered from the light-curing unit. It can guide the clinicians to select the appropriate curing unit for curing dual cement.

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El-Korashy, D. I. "Post-gel Shrinkage Strain and Degree of Conversion of Preheated Resin Composite Cured Using Different Regimens." Operative Dentistry 35, no. 2 (2010): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-072-l.

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Clinical Relevance The preheating of resin composite prior to curing yielded a better degree of conversion but had a negative impact on the induced post-gel shrinkage strain; soft-start mode is recommended, as it reduces the post-gel shrinkage strain without affecting the degree of conversion.

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Sorrentino, Edoardo, Ylenia Della Rocca, Guya Diletta Marconi, et al. "A mini-review on different polymerization protocols for resin-based dental composites." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 127, no. 2 (2023): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14686.

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Biocompatibility is one of the major prerequisites for safe clinical application of materials. Dental resin composites may release their components into oral environment, which can lead to adverse reactions. Several studies have identified that many organic components of composites resin, such as bisphenol-A-glycidyl-methacrylate (Bis-GMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) show a cytotoxic profile. Cytotoxicity is mainly sustained by free monomers released after polymerization process. Direct restorations are poly

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Mousa, A., and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Cure Characteristics of a Vinyl Ester Resin as Assessed by FTIR and DSC Techniques." Polymers and Polymer Composites 8, no. 7 (2000): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391120000807455.

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Thecuring kinetics of a vinyl ester (VE) resin has been investigated as a functionof curing temperature by using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing reaction was monitoredby the decrease in double bond intensities for both VE and styrene (St). Thisallowed us to estimate the fractional conversion (degree of cure) by differentmethods. DSC was used to determine the overall degree of cure at differenttemperatures as well as the rate of the curing reaction. A good correlationbetween the degree of cure obtained by the two above techni

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Fan, Shou Yuan, Jian Kui Chen, and Zhou Ping Yin. "Curing Kinetics of Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive in the Manufacturing Process of RFID Tags." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.17.

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The study of the epoxy-based anisotropic conductive adhesive in electronic packaging interconnects applications (chip-on-glass, chip-on-flex, etc. especially in RFID applications) has received particular attention. This is due to its potential advantages of finer pitch printing, reducing environmental contamination. The thermal curing process is critical to develop the ultimate electrical and mechanical properties of the ACA devices. In this article, the curing kinetics of ACA was studied with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) under constant heating rates conditions in the range of 520

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Chen, Xing Kai, Bing Yan Jiang, and Zhou Zhou. "Optimization of CFRP Pultrusion Process with NSGA-II and ANN." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2705.

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The temperature and curing degree of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) are coupled during pultrusion. In order to figure out the real-time temperature and curing degree of CFRP, the heat transfer model and curing model for resin were established on the basis of curing kinetics and heat transfer theory, and solved by the combination of finite element, finite different and indirect decoupling methods. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were utilized to monitor the temperature of CFRP on real-time during pultrusion, while the curing degree of CFRP was measured through Sorbitic extraction.

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Huang, Bei Qing, Kai Yuan Luo, Xian Fu Wei, Ling Ya Gu, and Mu Qun Yu. "Study on a Characterization Method of Curing Rate of UV Curing System Based on Rheokinetics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 262 (December 2012): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.454.

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Curing rate is one of the most important performance parameters of UV curing system. During the curing process, curing degree is closely related to curing rate. Cross linking and curing degree of the system could be reflected by rheological characteristics. A method based on rheokinetics was used to characterize radical polymerization reaction which initiated by UV light. Changes of G’ (dynamic modulus) in every stage of curing process were real-time monitored by a rheometer equipped with UV curing accessory. The influence of varieties and contents of photo-initiators on curing process of poly

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Soares, L. E. S., P. C. S. Liporoni, and A. A. Martin. "The Effect of Soft-start Polymerization by Second Generation LEDs on the Degree of Conversion of Resin Composite." Operative Dentistry 32, no. 2 (2007): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/06-45.

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Clinical Relevance Photo-polymerization using second generation LED and halogen light in the soft-start mode of curing was able to produce an adequate degree of conversion in resin composites. The lower degree of conversion produced by low power LED in the soft-start mode could lead to restoration failure, degradation of the organic matrix and recurrent caries.

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Flávio Reginato, Vagner, Samara Titon Boccardi, Yasmin Bucco, Victor Pinheiro Feitosa, Atais Bacchi, and Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani. "Bond Strength to Dentine and Degree of Conversion of Adhesive Systems." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 3, no. 4 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2022.3.4.206.

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Objectives: The study evaluated the bond strength, degree of conversion and fracture pattern of the hybrid layer in cement-dentin adhesion techniques. Materials and Methods: Bovine teeth dentin blocks were divided according to the cementation techniques: G1- Conventional three-step adhesive and dual-curing resin cement; G2- One-step self-etch adhesive and dual-curing resin cement; G3-Self-adhesive resin cement; and G4- Self-adhesive primer and dual-curing resin cement. Specimens were submitted to thermal cycling, chemical aging or water storage. Bond strength was evaluated by testing machine;

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Kim, Dohyun, Ji-Suk Shim, Dasun Lee, et al. "Effects of Post-Curing Time on the Mechanical and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional Printed Crown and Bridge Materials." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112762.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly being utilized in the dental field. After fabricating a prosthesis using a 3D printed resin, a post-curing process is required to improve its mechanical properties, but there has been insufficient research on the optimal post-curing conditions. We used various 3D printed crown and bridge materials in this study, and evaluated the changes in their properties according to post-curing time by evaluating the flexural strength, Weibull modulus, Vickers hardness, color change, degree of conversion, and biocompatibility. The obtained results confirmed t

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Faria-e-Silva, A. L., A. F. Lima, R. R. Moraes, E. Piva, and L. R. Martins. "Degree of Conversion of Etch-and-Rinse and Self-etch Adhesives Light-cured Using QTH or LED." Operative Dentistry 35, no. 6 (2010): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-066-l.

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Arrais, Cesar Augusto Galvão, Fenelon Martinho Pontes, Luis Presley Serejo dos Santos, Edson Roberto Leite, and Marcelo Giannini. "Degree of conversion of adhesive systems light-cured by LED and halogen light." Brazilian Dental Journal 18, no. 1 (2007): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402007000100012.

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This study evaluated the effect of blue light emitting diode (LED) and quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) on the degree of conversion (DC) of an etch-and-rinse Single Bond adhesive system (SB) and a mixture composed of primer solution and resin bond from Clearfil SE Bond self-etching adhesive system (CB) using Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). Adhesives were applied to potassium bromide pellet surfaces and FTIR analyses were performed before and after photo-activation for 10 s with either LED (Freelight 1 - 400 mw/cm²) or QTH (XL 3000 - 630 mw/cm²) light-curing units (n=8). Additional FTI

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Poca, Anthony, Kenza De Perretti Della Rocca, Karim Nasr, Romain Ducassé, and Thibault Canceill. "Effects of Translucency and Thickness of Lithium Disilicate-Reinforced Glass-Ceramic Veneers on the Degree of Conversion of a Purely Light-Curing Bonding Resin: An In Vitro Study." Polymers 15, no. 7 (2023): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071617.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in the degree of conversion (DC) of a light-curing composite resin when the thickness or the translucency of lithium disilicate-enriched glass-ceramic veneers are modified. IPS e. max® CAD blocks of the MT-A2, LT-A2 and MO1 types were cut to obtain four slices with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 mm to 1 mm. A strictly light-curing composite resin (G-aenial Universal Injectable) was injected in the empty part of a silicone mold so that the veneer could then be inserted under digital pressure to the stop. A 40 s light cure (1400 mW/cm2) wa

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Song, Jia Le, Chan Chan Li, Zhi Mi Zhou, Chao Qiang Ye, and Wei Guang Li. "Study on Curing Kinetics of MEP-15/593/660 System." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.31.

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Curing kinetics of MEP-15/593 system and MEP-15/593/660 system is studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Curing kinetic parameters are evaluated and the relationship between diluent 660 and the curing properties is investigated. The results show that the diluent 660 can not only reduce viscosity and activation energy, but also improve the degree of cure and conversion ratio.

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Lim, Bohyun, Dohyun Kim, Je Seon Song, Sunil Kim, Hoon Kim, and Yooseok Shin. "Influence of Post-Curing in Nitrogen-Saturated Condition on the Degree of Conversion and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Resin Crowns." Dentistry Journal 12, no. 3 (2024): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj12030068.

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Post-curing is the process of applying extra light to complete the polymerization process of 3D printing. The mechanical properties of light-cured three-dimensional (3D) printed resin can be improved by decreasing the oxygen concentrations during post-curing, and nitrogen-saturated post-curing has been applied for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the color stability of 3D-printed resin crowns that were post-cured in both normal air and nitrogen-saturated conditions. Crowns were fabricated with a 3D printer and post-cured in normal air (control group; air) or nitrogen-satu

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Es Sebar, Leila, Andrea Baldi, Allegra Comba, et al. "Could Tack-Curing Influence Margin Continuity and Conversion Degree of a Universal Dual-Curing Cement?" Materials 18, no. 12 (2025): 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122920.

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Proper polymerization protocol is crucial for the long-term success of full-ceramic crown restorations. This study investigates the margin continuity and degree of conversion (DC) of a universal dual-curing cement under full-ceramic crowns subjected to different polymerization protocols and thermal aging. Intact human upper central incisors and canines were prepared for crowns, digitally designed, and milled from reinforced lithium silicate (Celtra Duo, Dentsply). Crowns were cemented using a universal dual-curing cement (G-Cem One, GC) with two polymerization protocols: (G1) microbrush excess

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Giannini, M., A. P. A. Ayres, C. B. Andre, et al. "Curing conditions effects on degree of conversion of resin cement." Dental Materials 28 (January 2012): e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.07.111.

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Tonetto, Mateus Rodrigues, Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade, Shelon Cristina Souza Pinto, et al. "Degree of Conversion and Hardness of Two Different Systems of the VitrebondTM Glass Ionomer Cement Light Cured with Blue LED." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 2 (2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1307.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the physicochemical properties of the new formulation of the glass ionomer cements through hardness test and degree of conversion by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Forty specimens (n = 40) were made in a metallic mold (4 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness) with two resin-modified glass ionomer cements, VitrebondTM and VitrebondTM Plus (3M/ ESPE). Each specimen was light cured with blue LED with power density of 500 mW/cm2 during 30 s. Immediately after light curing, 24h, 48h and 7 days the hardness and degree of conversion was determined. The Vickers hardness was perf

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Borges, BCD, EJ Souza-Junior, WC Brandt, et al. "Degree of Conversion of Simplified Contemporary Adhesive Systems as Influenced by Extended Air-Activated or Passive Solvent Volatilization Modes." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 3 (2012): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-248-l.

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SUMMARY This study evaluated the effect of five methods of solvent volatilization on the degree of conversion (DC) of nine one-bottle adhesive systems using Fouriertransform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FTIR/ATR) analysis. Nine adhesives were tested: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), Adper Easy One (EO), One Up Bond F Plus (OUP), One Coat Bond SL (OC), XP Bond (XP), Ambar (AM), Natural Bond (NB), GO, and Stae. The adhesive systems were applied to a zinc-selenide pellet and 1) cured without solvent volatilization, 2) left undisturbed for 10 seconds before curing, 3) left undisturbed for 60 se

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Dewi, Wiwiek Utami, Rizky Sutrisna, Heru Supriyatno, Sotya Astutiningsih, and Mochamad Chalid. "Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Adhesive by Non-Isothermal DSC." Materials Science Forum 1114 (February 22, 2024): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e5vlmg.

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Non-isothermal DSC has been used to investigate the curing kinetics of epoxy adhesives (DGEBA-cycloaliphatic amine). The epoxy samples were scanned on DSC with five heating rates (5°C/min, 7.5°C/min, 10°C/min, 12.5°C/min, and 15°C/min). The curing kinetics were obtained through ASTM standards E2890 and E698 (the Ozawa and Kissinger methods). The kinetic parameters obtained include Ea (activation energy), A (pre-exponential factor), and n (reaction order). The activation energy calculated from the Kissinger and Ozawa method was slightly different but insignificant. The reaction rate (dα/dt) and

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Granado, Lérys, Stefan Kempa, Stefanie Bremmert, et al. "Isothermal DSC study of the curing kinetics of an epoxy/silica composite for microelectronics." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (2016): 000415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-tha24.

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Abstract Curing kinetics of an industrially important printed-circuit board (PCB) base material (epoxy-phenol/glass fillers) were studied from isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements between 150 and 190 °C. The extent of cure was calculated by integration of the exothermic peak and normalization by the total heat of reaction (obtained by non-isothermal DSC). The kinetic profiles show two regimes: one fast, and one slower. The completion was reached above 180 °C. The kinetic parameters have been elucidated using an isoconversional model-free kinetic method. The linearity

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Oltramare, Ramona S., Reto Odermatt, Phoebe Burrer, Thomas Attin, and Tobias T. Tauböck. "Depth-Related Curing Potential of Ormocer- and Dimethacrylate-Based Bulk-Fill Composites." Materials 14, no. 22 (2021): 6753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226753.

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The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the degree of C=C double bond conversion of high-viscosity dimethacrylate- or ormocer-based bulk-fill composites as a function of measurement depth. Four bulk-fill composites (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, x-tra fil, SonicFill, and Bulk Ormocer) and the conventional nanohybrid composite Tetric EvoCeram were applied in standardized Class II cavities (n = 6 per group) and photoactivated for 20 s at 1350 mW/cm2. The degree of conversion of the composites was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at seven measurement depths (0.15, 1,

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Moon, Hyun Kyung, Jong-Eun Won, Jae Jun Ryu, and Ji Suk Shim. "The Effect of the Initiator/Activator/Accelerator Ratio on the Degree of Conversion, Film Thickness, Flow, and Cytotoxicity of Dual-Cured Self-Adhesive Resin Cements." Materials 17, no. 14 (2024): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17143572.

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Although self-adhesive resin cements are convenient and less technique-sensitive materials for dental clinicians, they exhibit a lower degree of conversion due to acidic components in their composition. Supplementation of the initiator, accelerator, and activator in self-adhesive resin cements has been suggested to compensate for the lower degree of conversion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of self-curing initiators, self-curing activators, and accelerators on the degree of conversion (DC) of self-adhesive resin cements. A dual-cured self-adhesive resin was

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Ramírez-Herrera, Claudia A., Isidro Cruz-Cruz, Isaac H. Jiménez-Cedeño, Oscar Martínez-Romero, and Alex Elías-Zúñiga. "Influence of the Epoxy Resin Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Produced Bidirectional [±45°] Carbon/Epoxy Woven Composites." Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081273.

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This work focuses on investigating the curing process of an epoxy-based resin—Aerotuf 275-34TM, designed for aerospace applications. To study the curing degree of Aerotuf 275-34TM under processing conditions, woven carbon fiber fabric (WCFF)/Aerotuf 275-34TM composite laminates were produced by compression molding using different processing temperatures (110, 135, 160, and 200 °C) during 15 and 30 min. Then, the mechanical behavior of the composite laminates was evaluated by tensile tests and correlated to the resin curing degree through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

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Verde, Raffaele, Alberto D’Amore, and Luigi Grassia. "A Numerical Model to Predict the Relaxation Phenomena in Thermoset Polymers and Their Effects on Residual Stress during Curing—Part I: A Theoretical Formulation and Numerical Evaluation of Relaxation Phenomena." Polymers 16, no. 10 (2024): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101433.

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This paper analyzes the effect of crosslinking reactions on a thermoset polymer’s viscoelastic properties. In particular, a numerical model to predict the evolution of epoxy’s mechanical properties during the curing process is proposed and implemented in an Ansys APDL environment. A linear viscoelastic behavior is assumed, and the scaling of viscoelastic properties in terms of the temperature and degree of conversion is modeled using a modified version of the TNM (Tool–Narayanaswamy–Mohynian) model. The effects of the degree of conversion and structural relaxation on epoxy’s relaxation times a

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Wichai, Wassana, Kanin Nimcharoensuk, Niwat Anuwongnukroh, Surachai Dechkunakorn, and Pitchaya Roongrujimek. "Degree of Conversion of Three Light-Cured Orthodontic Adhesives." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.577.

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Introduction: The aim of this in-vitro study was to analyze the polymerization ability of 3 light-cured orthodontic adhesives by determining the degree of conversion (DC). Materials and Methods: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the DC after polymerization immediately, 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days. The adhesives investigated were Transbond XT (3M Unitek, USA), Grengloo (Ormco Corp., USA), and Green Glue (Hangzhou Biomaterials, China). Twelve stainless steel brackets (n=4) were used and the adhesives were cured with Bluephase G2 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein).

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Nimcharoensuk, Kanin, Niwat Anuwongnukroh, Surachai Dechkunakorn, Vanthana Sattabanasuk, Panya Sunintaboon, and Wassana Wichai. "Degree of Conversion of Experimental Light-Cured Orthodontic Adhesives." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.27.

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The objectives of this study were to compare the polymerization of three experimental light-cured orthodontic adhesives by determining their degree of conversion (DOC) and to compare the results with a control (Transbond XT; 3M Unitek, USA). Three formulas of an in-house orthodontic adhesive were divided according to monomer ratio (BisGMA:TEGDMA) into group 1 (8:2), 2 (7:3), and 3 (6:4), respectively, with 60-70 weight % of filler amount and 0.5 % of photoinitiator (TPO). All specimen (n=5 per group) were cured with a LED curing unit. The DOC was estimated using Fourier transform infrared (FTI

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Kozlov, Georgiy, Musa Bashorov, Abdulakh Mikitaev, and Gennady Zaikov. "The transition nanoreactor-nanoparticle in epoxy polymers curing process." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 4 (2008): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.04.281.

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It has been shown that for curing reaction in fractal space the reaction rate constant reduction is typical. Another typical feature of this reaction is the formation of a large number of microgels with smaller molecular weight in comparison with reaction in Euclidean space at the same conversion degree. The dimensional border between nanoreactor and nanoparticle for the curing reaction under consideration has been obtained.

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Marovic, Danijela, Matej Par, Paulina Daničić, et al. "The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 6 (2025): 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803.

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The first seconds of light curing are crucial for the development of most properties of dental composites, especially for the 3s high-irradiance curing. This study investigated the influence of rapid high-irradiance curing on temporal development of temperature, transmittance and conversion of bulk-fill composites. Four materials were tested: Filtek One (FO), Tetric PowerFill (PFill), Tetric PowerFlow (PFlow) and SDR flow+ (SDR+) and cured with three curing units (LCU): Valo Cordles, Bluephase PowerCure and Translux Wave in 3s (3 W/cm2), 10s (1 W/cm2) and 20s (1 W/cm2) curing protocols. Light

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Abdulhadi, Amir, Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar, Ahmed Mudhafar Mohammed, and Prof Antônio Soares. "Valuation the Oil leaching and the Degree of Conversion of Addition of Miswak (Salvadora Persica) Essential Oil to Orthodontic Adhesive." Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science 4, no. 1 (2024): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55145/ajbms.2025.4.1.002.

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This study inspects the Oil leaching and the Degree of Conversion of Addition of Miswak (Salvadora Persica) Essential Oil to Orthodontic Adhesive. Miswak oil was prepared from the Miswak root by the green method, and was added to the Heliosit adhesive at 1%,3% and 5% respectively. The degree of conversion was measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and the amount of leached oil was estimated by Spectrophotometer. The degree of conversion data was analyzed by Friedman test where p≤0.05. The degree of conversion was not affected by the oil added to the adhesive. While the leached oi

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Barreto, Bruno de Castro Ferreira, Anderson Catelan, Ricardo Coelho Okida, et al. "Effect of different light sources on degree of conversion, hardness and plasticization of a composite." Journal of Research in Dentistry 1, no. 2 (2013): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v1e22013134-139.

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Clinical performance of composite resins depends largely on their mechanical properties, and those are influenced by several factors, such as the light-curing mode. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different light sources on degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness (KHN) and plasticization (P) of a composite resin. Disc-shaped specimens (5 x 2 mm) of Esthet-X (Dentsply) methacrylate-based microhybrid composite were light-cured using quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) Optilight Plus (Gnatus) or light-emitting diode (LED) Ultraled (Dabi Atlante) curing units at 400 and 340

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