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Journal articles on the topic 'Indirect Evaporation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cichoń, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Reducing energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in moderate climates by applying indirect evaporative cooling." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400019.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air conditioning systems in moderate climates. The counter-flow indirect evaporative heat and mass exchanger is compared with commonly used recuperation unit in terms of achieved energy. The performance analysis of the indirect evaporative exchanger is carried out with original ε-NTU-model considering condensation from treated air. It was found that the indirect evaporative exchanger employed as a heat recovery device, allows to obtain higher performance than conventional recuperator. Addition

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2

Budagovskyi, Anatolij, and Viliam Novák. "THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 59, no. 2 (2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-011-0006-8.

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THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporationEvaporation of water from the soil is described and quantified. Formation of the soil dry surface layer is quantitatively described, as a process resulting from the difference between the evaporation and upward soil water flux to the soil evaporating level. The results of evaporation analysis are generalized even for the case of water evaporation from the soil under canopy and interaction between evaporation rate and canopy transpiration is accounted for. Relationships describing evapotranspiration increase due to evaporati

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3

Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi, and Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.

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4

Kim, Nae-Hyun. "Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in an Indirect Evaporative Cooler Made of Plastic Film/Paper." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 04 (2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500261.

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In this study, a thermal model of indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) was constructed. An IEC made of plastic film/paper composite was tested, and the results were compared with predictions of the model. In adddition, parametric study was conducted using the model. The model was based on [Formula: see text]-NTU analysis of wet surface heat and mass transfer. Especially, the model considered air leakage, nonuniform overall heat transfer coefficient and entrance region. Comparison of the predictions of the model with limited experimental data showed favorable results. Parametric study using the mo

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CHOWDHURY, A., H. P. DAS, and S. D. GAIKWAD. "Determination of relative contribution of different meteorological elements on evaporation." MAUSAM 50, no. 4 (2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v50i4.1949.

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The present study deals with influence of radiation, maximum temperature, hours of bright sunshine, relative humidity and surface wind on evaporation at Calcutta, Pune and New Delhi. Daily data from 1991-94 of January, May, June, July and October have been utilized. Direct and indirect influence of the weather factors have been determined through "path analysis" and discussed. Multiple regression equations have also been developed with evaporation as the dependent variable and the above five weather parameters as independent variables.  The results reveal that radiation and maximum

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6

Berning, Torsten, Henrik Sørensen, and Mads Pagh Nielsen. "A Computational Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in an Indirect Evaporative Cooler Using the Spray Dryer Model." Energies 17, no. 11 (2024): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112676.

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Indirect evaporative coolers (IECs) for air conditioning rely on liquid water being sprayed into the exhaust stream of used air to induce evaporation and cool down the incoming stream of fresh air in an indirect heat exchanger. This paper describes a computational fluid dynamics analysis that makes use of the particle transport model to simulate the evaporation of the water droplets at the exhaust side of an IEC using a pre-implemented spray dryer model. Critical parameters include the average size of the droplets and the amount of water sprayed into the system. In addition to droplet evaporat

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7

Yaropud, Vitalii. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE AIR HEAT EXCHANGER OF THE SIDE-EVAPORATION TYPE." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 2(113) (August 30, 2024): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2024-2-6.

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Over the past two decades, many new devices based on renewable energy have been introduced for heating purposes: new heat recovery units, heat pumps, solar systems and many others However, no devices based on renewable energy sources have been widely applied in the field of cooling until now. This poses an important scientific challenge for researchers worldwide. A new solution that can solve the above-mentioned problems is direct and indirect air cooling through evaporation. Evaporative air coolers use the cooled heat of water evaporation to provide cooling and are less dependent on fossil fu

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8

Shevnina, Elena, Miguel Potes, Timo Vihma, Tuomas Naakka, Pankaj Ramji Dhote, and Praveen Kumar Thakur. "Evaporation over a glacial lake in Antarctica." Cryosphere 16, no. 8 (2022): 3101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3101-2022.

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Abstract. The study provides estimates of summertime evaporation over a glacial lake located in the Schirmacher oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Lake Zub (alternately named Lake Priyadarshini and referred to throughout as Lake Zub/Priyadarshini) is the second-largest lake in the oasis, and its maximum depth is 6 m. The lake is also among the warmest glacial lakes in the oasis, and it is free of ice during almost 2 summer months. The summertime evaporation over the ice-free lake was measured using the eddy covariance method and estimated on the basis of five indirect methods (bulk-ae

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9

Dalaf, Adham Ahmed, Maki Haj Zidan, and Aadel A. Al-Kumait. "Improving the Behavior of Indirect Evaporative Cooler*." Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 3 (2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.01.03.02.

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    ndirect evaporative cooling is one of the technologies currently used to build highly efficient air conditioning systems and low power consumption. A computer program was created to predict the effectiveness of an indirect-evaporation cooling system which operates based on Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) to determine the environmental conditions and proper system design. Several variables that affect the performance of the system have been studied; the amount of volumetric flow of air ranged from (1050 cfm) to (1550 cfm) for the dry side, and changing from 700 cfm to 12

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10

Kim, Seong-Bhin, Kwang-Am Moon, Hwi-Ung Choi, and Kwang-Hwan Choi. "Experimental Study on the Performance of an Air Conditioning Unit with a Baffled Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Energies 17, no. 13 (2024): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133231.

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Indirect evaporative coolers (IECs) use the latent heat of water evaporation to cool air. This system has the advantage of operating at low power without a compressor and does not increase the absolute humidity of the air. However, an IEC is difficult to use on its own because its cooling capacity is limited by the theoretical constraint of the wet-bulb temperature of the ambient air. Therefore, an air conditioning unit (ACU) was integrated with an IEC and experimentally evaluated in this study. The dry and wet channels of the IEC were integrated with an ACU evaporator and a condenser, unlike

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11

Sun, Tiezhu, Xiaojun Huang, Caihang Liang, Riming Liu, and Xiang Huang. "Prediction and Analysis of Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Performance by Artificial Neural Network Method." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134673.

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The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, an

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12

Shan, Zhigang, Niaojun Sun, Wei Wang, et al. "Investigating the Role of Wave Process in the Evaporation Duct Simulation by Using an Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave Coupled Model." Atmosphere 15, no. 6 (2024): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060707.

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In this study, a diagnostic model for evaporation ducts was established based on the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) models. Utilizing this model, four sensitivity tests were conducted over the South China Sea from 21 September to 5 October 2008, when four tropical cyclones affected the study domain. These tests were designed with different roughness schemes to investigate the impact mechanisms of wave processes on evaporation duct simulation under extreme weather conditions. The results indicated that wave processes primarily i

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13

Jayakody, Harith, Raya Al-Dadah, and Saad Mahmoud. "Cryogenic Energy for Indirect Freeze Desalination—Numerical and Experimental Investigation." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010019.

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Renewed interest in freeze desalination has emerged due to its advantages over other desalination technologies. A major advantage of the freeze desalination process over evaporative methods is its lower energy consumption (latent heat of freezing is 333.5 kJ/kg and latent heat of evaporation is 2256.7 kJ/kg). Cryogenic fluids like LN2/LAir are emerging as an effective energy storage medium to maximise utilisation of intermittent renewable energy sources. The recovery of this stored cold energy has the potential to be used for freeze desalination. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling wa

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14

Chernyshev, B., L. Jean-Korotkova, Y. Gurov, et al. "Charged Particles Evaporation in the Stopped Pion Absorption Reactions." KnE Energy 3, no. 1 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v3i1.1720.

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In the present work we have analyzed evaporation spectra and yields of p,d,t formed in the reaction of stopped pion absorption. It is shown that the values of equilibrium temperature obtained through the usage of proposed model are in agreement with the values obtained in various other experiments. We also discuss the A-dependences of the evaporation yields and consider possible contributions of the “indirect” evaporation processes.

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15

Hashim, Rasha, Salman Hammdi, and Adel Eidan. "Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling." Basrah journal for engineering science 22, no. 1 (2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.22.1.5.

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Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative co

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16

Pawłowski, Mateusz, Jerzy Gagan, and Dariusz Butrymowicz. "Assessment of Efficiency of Heat Transportation in Indirect Propane Refrigeration System Equipped with Carbon Dioxide Circulation Loop." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610422.

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Recent research on indirect cooling systems using natural refrigerants has become increasingly common. One such solution is the gravity-induced circulation loop. The paper provides model considerations of the configuration of an indirect propane refrigeration system equipped with a circulation loop using carbon dioxide as a heat transfer fluid. Close attention has been paid to the analytical modelling of the carbon dioxide circulation loop operation. The model was formulated to determine the optimum height of the liquid downcomer based on the determination of flow resistance and heat transfer

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17

Rezaee, Vahid, and Arash Houshmand. "Feasibility Study Of Maisotsenko Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Cycle In Iran." GeoScience Engineering 61, no. 2 (2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0015.

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Abstract This paper presents energy and exergy analysis of air cooling cycle based on novel Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooling cycle. Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) provides desired cooling condition above the dew point and below the wet bulb temperature. In this study, based on average annual temperature, The Iran area is segmented into eleven climates. In energy analysis, wet-bulb and dew point effectiveness, cooling capacity rate and in exergy analysis, exergy input rate, exergy destruction rate, exergy loss, exergy efficiency, exergetic COP and entropy generation rate for Iran's weather

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18

Gorbachev, M., and V. Terekhov. "A comparative analysis of schemes of indirect evaporation type apparatuses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2057, no. 1 (2021): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2057/1/012130.

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Abstract In this paper, a comparative analysis of schemes of heat and mass transfer devices of indirect evaporation type is carried out. These devices are a family of plane-parallel channels, in one of which the evaporation of water film takes place. Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer devices is based on solving a system of differential equations that represent the heat balance equations for each of the channels. Numerical studies are carried out in a wide range of input parameters: temperature t0 = 15÷50°C, relative air humidity ϕ0 = 20÷100%, and Reynolds number Re = 50÷1500. The

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19

Havlík, Jan, Tomáš Dlouhý, and Michel Sabatini. "THE EFFECT OF THE FILLING RATIO ON THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIRECT DRUM DRYER." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 1 (2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0049.

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This article investigates the effect of the filling ratio of the indirect rotary dryers on their operating characteristics. For moist biomass drying before combustion, the use of indirect drum dryers heated by a low pressure steam has proven to be highly suitable. Regarding the design of new dryers, it is necessary to experimentally verify the operating characteristics for specific materials and drying conditions. For this purpose, a set of experiments on a steam heated rotary drum dryer were carried out with green wood chips containing 60 to 66 wt% of moisture. The following operational chara

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20

Stefaniak, Łukasz, Juliusz Walaszczyk, Michał Karpuk, Krzysztof Rajski, and Jan Danielewicz. "The Possibility of Intermittent Water Spray Implementation in a Non-Porous Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Energies 18, no. 4 (2025): 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040882.

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Evaporative cooling is a sustainable and energy-efficient technology based on water evaporation to achieve cooling. It uses air (R-729) and water (R-718) as refrigerants, so its effect on global warming is limited. Recent research focuses development of porous heat exchanger surfaces to be used in evaporative cooling technology with intermittent water spray. However, non-porous surfaces were not investigated. Here, we present the possibility of implementing intermittent water spray in a non-porous indirect evaporative cooler. The experimental results show that it increases the cooling capacity

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21

Metzger, Jutta, Manuela Nied, Ulrich Corsmeier, Jörg Kleffmann, and Christoph Kottmeier. "Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (2018): 1135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1135-2018.

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Abstract. The Dead Sea is a terminal lake, located in an arid environment. Evaporation is the key component of the Dead Sea water budget and accounts for the main loss of water. So far, lake evaporation has been determined by indirect methods only and not measured directly. Consequently, the governing factors of evaporation are unknown. For the first time, long-term eddy covariance measurements were performed at the western Dead Sea shore for a period of 1 year by implementing a new concept for onshore lake evaporation measurements. To account for lake evaporation during offshore wind conditio

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22

Caruana, Roberta, Stefano De Antonellis, Luca Marocco, and Manfredo Guilizzoni. "Modeling of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems: A Review." Fluids 8, no. 11 (2023): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8110303.

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Air-to-air indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) systems are particular heat exchangers that use the latent heat of evaporation of water to cool down an air stream, without increasing its specific humidity, thus guaranteeing adequate thermohygrometric conditions in the refrigerated environment with low energy consumption. Dew-point indirect evaporative cooling (DIEC) systems are based on the IEC technology, but they recirculate a part of the air taken from the room to be refrigerated, in order to possibly achieve a lower air temperature. IEC and DIEC systems are becoming increasingly common these

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23

Hasan, Raed Abdulkareem, Mahmod A. Abdulqader, Azil Bahari Alias, et al. "Advancements and Performance of Evaporative Cooling Technologies: Applications, Benefits, and Future Prospects." KHWARIZMIA 2025 (July 3, 2025): 30–41. https://doi.org/10.70470/khwarizmia/2025/004.

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Evaporative cooling is a widely adopted technology for various applications, including industrial processes, HVAC systems, building cooling, and microclimate regulation. It is known for its cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness compared to conventional refrigerants. With buildings accounting for a significant portion of global energy use, enhancing cooling technology efficiency is critical. This review explores recent advancements in evaporative cooling technologies, particularly those involving desiccants, membranes, and hybrid systems, such as air-mediated ind

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Pettijohn, J. Cory, and Guido D. Salvucci. "A New Two-Dimensional Physical Basis for the Complementary Relation between Terrestrial and Pan Evaporation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 2 (2009): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1026.1.

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Abstract Archived global measurements of water loss from evaporation pans constitute an important indirect measure of evaporative flux. Historical data from evaporation pans shows a decreasing trend over the last half century, but the relationship between pan evaporation and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation is complex, leading to ambiguities in the interpretation of these data. Under energy-limited conditions, pan evaporation Epan and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation E increase or decrease together, whereas in moisture-limited conditions these fluxes form a complementary relati

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25

Gorbachev, Maksim V., and Viktor I. Terekhov. "Comparative analysis of heat and mass transfer apparatus schemes for indirect-evaporative air cooling." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2022-4-18-28.

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In this paper, a comparative analysis of schemes of heat and mass transfer devices of indirect evaporation type is carried out. These devices are a family of plane-parallel channels, in one of which the evaporation of water film takes place. Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer devices is based on solving a system of differential equations that represent the heat balance equations for each of the channels. Numerical studies are carried out in a wide range of input parameters: temperature from 15 to 50 °С, relative air humidity from 20 to 100 %, and Reynolds number 50…1500. The calcu

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26

Du, Ying, Lujun Li, Xiaojun Song, and Fei Wang. "A Study on Mechanism of Evaporation Reduction of Desulfurization Wastewater in Air Cooling Tower." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2694, no. 1 (2024): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2694/1/012002.

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Abstract It’s a new technology for the concentration and reduction of desulfurization wastewater by the indirect air cooling tower. In this paper, indoor experiments are conducted to explore the evaporation characteristics of the evaporation tower and the evaporation law of desulfurization wastewater in the filler and analyze the factors affecting the evaporation characteristics, and a power plant adopting this technology is tested to verify the conclusion of the indoor experiments. The results show that the evaporation rate of the evaporation tower is positively correlated with the cross-sect

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27

Nahda Alifa Zahira Putri, Ika Yuliani, and Sri Widarti. "Pengaruh Pemakaian Jenis Bahan Bakar Terhadap Kinerja Boiler dengan Metode Langsung dan Tidak Langsung." Jurnal Surya Teknika 11, no. 1 (2024): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jst.v11i1.7324.

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Boilers produce steam by heating water using heat energy from burning fuel. This research analyzes the effect of fuel type on the performance of the 52-B-101C boiler at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional RU VI Balongan. The performance parameters calculated are the evaporation ratio and efficiency using direct and indirect methods according to ASME Standard: PTC 4-1. The research results show that the use of 50% and 100% natural gas produces an evaporation ratio of 13,166 and 19,911, direct efficiency of 67.113% and 86.893%, and indirect efficiency of 87.699% and 85.758%. In conclusion, the use

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28

ALFALEH, AYMAN. "Effect of walking speed on the evaporation coefficient of defence workwear." Industria Textila 75, no. 06 (2024): 783–89. https://doi.org/10.35530/it.075.06.202416.

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The ripstop fabrics are highly appreciated in the military and defence workwear. One of the qualities requirements in defence clothing is quick evaporation. The effect of the wearer’s walking speed on textile fabric evaporation during capillary rise was investigated in this study. To achieve this, two steps were taken: modelling the capillary considering evaporation and estimating the coefficient of evaporation using a program designed for image analysis. The walking speed was simulated by varying the air velocity from 0 m/s (non-walking) to 1 m/s (walking) and 2 m/s (running). Results conclus

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Nowak, Bernard, and Zbigniew Kuczera. "Heat Power Determination of Dv-290 Refrigerator’s Evaporator on the Basis of Thermodynamic Parameters of Inlet Air / Określenie Mocy Cieplnej Parownika Chłodziarki Dv-290 Na Podstawie Parametrów Termodynamicznych Powietrza Wlotowego." Archives of Mining Sciences 57, no. 4 (2012): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10267-012-0060-z.

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Abstract The present paper introduces a method for calculating the thermal power of DV-290 mining air cooler’s evaporator. The power usually differs from the nominal power given by the manufacturer. The thermodynamic parameters of cooled air are not obtained as a result of in situ measurements, but in indirect manner that is by determining the evaporation and condensation’s pressure values of R407C refrigerant. The pressure dependencies formulated as a function of air enthalpy at the evaporator’s inlet were obtained using calculations of a computer program which solves the system of equations

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Chen, Hai Feng, Jian Hua Zhu, Long Jie Chen, and Miao Gen Qian. "Preparation and Contrast of Transparent Conductive TiO₂/Ag/ZnS Film by Magnetron Sputtering and Evaporation Coating Deposition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1152.

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In this paper, TiO2/Ag/TiO2 and TiO2/Ag/ZnS films were prepared by evaporation coating (EC) and magnetron sputtering (MS). To test the resistance and light transmission rate to characterize the coating effect, both the size of indirect resistance that the relative thickness of the situation. By comparing the single magnetron sputtering and evaporation coating fabricated by the two transparent conductive oxide films (TCO) material conductivity and light transmission properties, determine a reasonable process. Firstly, the first layer is TiO2 film by magnetron sputtering, and then coating Ag fil

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Khrystian, Ye V., and I. V. Tytarenko. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR LOCOMOTIVES CAB." Science and Transport Progress, no. 18 (October 25, 2007): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2007/17432.

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The existing systems of an air conditioning by mobile machines are considered, the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses is performed. The improved conditioning system for a locomotive cabin is proposed on the basis of regenerative indirect evaporation cooling.

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Safe, Abdolah, Fatemeh Sabokkhiz, Mohamad Hosein Ramesht, Morteza Djamali, and Abdolmajid Naderi Beni. "Study Clastic Sediments and Evaporite Deposits’ Changes in the Sedimentary Core Lake Maharlou, Iran." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 4 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n4p1.

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The continental environments, lakes are proper for deposition locations of evaporites. Evaporite minerals are formed wherever the evaporation rate is more than incoming water to the basin. In this article the evaporate deposits (Calcite, Gypsum and Halite) are studied in a sedimentary core of Lake Maharlou, Zagros Mountains, South of Iran. The core sample treated for getting Magnetic Susceptibility values along with the core as well as basic sedimentological data including grain size, Total Organic Matter and carbonate contents. NaCl is determin ed by gravimetric analysis. Loss on Ignition is

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Chen, Xi, Yuanyuan Cui, Chao Wen, Bin Wang, and Wei-Lin Dai. "Continuous synthesis of methanol: heterogeneous hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate over Cu/HMS catalysts in a fixed bed reactor system." Chemical Communications 51, no. 72 (2015): 13776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc05030h.

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Continuous fixed-bed catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate (EC) to methanol and ethylene glycol (EG), an emerging synthetic process of methanol via indirect conversion of CO<sub>2</sub>, was successfully performed over Cu/HMS catalysts prepared by the ammonia evaporation (AE) method.

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Шацкий, Vladimir Shatskiy, Гулевский, and Vyacheslav Gulevskiy. "Modeling of work of plate water evaporation coolers of indirect operation principle." Forestry Engineering Journal 3, no. 4 (2014): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2199.

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More complex mathematical model is proposed which is a system of partial differential equations of elliptic and parabolic type with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions, which are not involved in the heat transfer coefficients, the deter-mination of the numerical values of which is very difficult. For its implementation diffe-rence analogue of the proposed model was built with Nx steps along the length of the channel, Ny steps along the section of channels, Ny / 2 +1 steps of the cross section of the plate. The presented model and the method of its implementation makes it possible

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35

Emelyanov, Slava. "Low-energy electromagnetic radiation as an indirect probe of black-hole evaporation." Nuclear Physics B 913 (December 2016): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2016.09.011.

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36

Zeng, D. W., C. S. Xie, M. Dong, et al. "Spinel-type ZnSb2O4 nanowires and nanobelts synthesized by an indirect thermal evaporation." Applied Physics A 79, no. 8 (2004): 1865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-2916-3.

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37

Ginzburg, Sivan, and Eliot Quataert. "Black widow evolution: magnetic braking by an ablated wind." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495, no. 4 (2020): 3656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1304.

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ABSTRACT Black widows are close binary systems in which a millisecond pulsar is orbited by a companion, a few per cent the mass of the sun. It has been suggested that the pulsar’s rotationally powered γ-ray luminosity gradually evaporates the companion, eventually leaving behind an isolated millisecond pulsar. The evaporation efficiency is determined by the temperature Tch ∝ F2/3 to which the outflow is heated by the flux F on a dynamical time-scale. Evaporation is most efficient for companions that fill their Roche lobes. In this case, the outflow is dominated by a cap around the L1 point wit

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Petrovic, Milica, Martina Gilic, Jovana Cirkovic, et al. "Optical properties of CuSe thin films - band gap determination." Science of Sintering 49, no. 2 (2017): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1702167p.

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Copper selenide thin films of three different thicknesses have been prepared by vacuum evaporation method on a glass substrate at room temperature. The optical properties of the films were investigated by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Surface morphology was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Copper selenide exhibits both direct and indirect transitions. The band gap for direct transition is found to be ~2.7 eV and that for indirect transition it is ~1.70 eV. Photoluminescence spectra of copper selenide thin films have also been analyzed,

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Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi, Endang Susilowati, Elfi Susanti VH, and Setiyani Setiyani. "ACTIVITY TEST OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) LEAF METHANOL EXTRACT AS CONTRACEPTION ANTIFERTILITY TO WHITE MICE (Rattus norvegicus)." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2010): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21632.

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The aim of this research is to know about if the guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages indicate a positive test as contraception antifertility to white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The sample is guava leaf from Mungkid, Magelang Central of Java Indonesia. The animals experiment are the white mice on 140-300 g for female, 200-250 g for male and about 3 months of age in average. The steps of this research are : (1) preparing sample, i.e. washing, drying on to indirect sunlight and make the sample into powder, (2) isolation the guava leaf powder in so

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Al-Sharafi, Z., S. Mohyeddine, Samir Osman Mohammed, and R. M. Kershi. "Structural and Optical Properties of Germanium Thin Films Prepared by the Vacuum Evaporation Technique." Physics Research International 2014 (February 17, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/594968.

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Germanium (Ge) thin films have been deposited onto the glass substrates by the vacuum evaporation technique. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of the germanium thin films was investigated. The structural and optical properties of thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis techniques. XRD results showed that the structure of the deposited thin films changed from amorphous phase for the films, which deposited at room temperature, to crystalline phase for the films, which deposited at high temperature. Optimum temperature to obtain a good crys

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Jeon, Min-Ju. "Investigation of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for R744 in a Horizontal Smooth Tube of R744/R404A Hybrid Cascade Refrigeration System—Part 1: Intermediate Temperature Region." Energies 15, no. 6 (2022): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062285.

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In this study, the evaporation heat transfer characteristics of an intermediate temperature of R744 in a smooth horizontal tube, when operating as an indirect refrigeration system (IRS) among hybrid cascade refrigeration systems (HCRSs), are evaluated. Studies on the characteristics of intermediate-temperature evaporation heat transfer under the operating conditions of evaporators used in actual refrigeration systems, such as IRS, cascade refrigeration systems, and HCRS, used in supermarkets are lacking. Thus, this study provides basic data on the characteristics of evaporation heat transfer o

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Yan, Ming, Xinnan Song, Jin Tian, et al. "Construction of a New Type of Coal Moisture Control Device Based on the Characteristic of Indirect Drying Process of Coking Coal." Energies 13, no. 16 (2020): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164162.

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This paper presents an in-depth study on the indirect drying characteristics and interface renewal. By comparing the drying rate curve, it is found that shortening the surface drying stage, which contains a repeated evaporation-diffusion-condensation process of moisture, is the key to improve the total drying efficiency. By stirring the coal and realizing the interface renewal between the bottom layer and the surface layer, the drying efficiency reached seven times than that of static indirect drying. Based on indirect heat transfer with high heat and mass transfer rate, a new type of indirect

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Steveler, E., H. Rinnert, X. Devaux, M. Dossot, and M. Vergnat. "Indirect excitation of Er3+ ions in silicon nitride films prepared by reactive evaporation." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 22 (2010): 221902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521279.

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Shutov, Vladimir, Robert E. Gieck, Larry D. Hinzman, and Douglas L. Kane. "Evaporation from land surface in high latitude areas: a review of methods and study results." Hydrology Research 37, no. 4-5 (2006): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2006.022.

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Evaporation (ET) from land surfaces in high latitudes is examined on a circumpolar perspective based upon the study results obtained in various environments, from boreal forest (taiga) to the high Arctic desert. Direct and indirect methods of evaporation measurement are reviewed, as well as numerous computational techniques. We have focused upon methods conveniently adopted for calculating evaporation when detailed information on meteorological conditions within the surface boundary layer is not available. These methods range from complicated ones, such as eddy correlation, energy balance and

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Гулевский, В. А., Е. Н. Осипов, and В. П. Шацкий. "Cooling of the Tehnical Objects Using Water-Evaporation Coolers." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 2(58) (September 17, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.58.2.002.

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Постановка задачи. Рассматривается задача охлаждения воздуха технических объектов с помощью водоиспарительных охладителей рекуперативного принципа действия. Результаты. Выводится уравнение нестационарного теплового баланса ограниченного объема с технологическим оборудованием с учетом его охлаждения рекуперативными водоиспарительными охладителями. Представлены математическая модель теплофизических процессов в косвенных водоиспарительных воздухоохладителях рекуперативного принципа действия и метод ее реализации. Модель содержит дифференциальные уравнения в частных производных, описывающие перено

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Liu, Qiuyu, Ying Yan, Lei Meng, Zhengyu Zhang, and Ping Zhou. "Influence of Airflow Disturbance on the Uniformity of Spin Coating Film Thickness on Large Area Rectangular Substrates." Coatings 12, no. 9 (2022): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091253.

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Spin coating is widely used to form a uniform film on a solid substrate. Airflow disturbance has been considered as one of the most influential factors of film thickness, especially for spin coating on large area noncircular substrates. However, the exact mechanism of airflow disturbance influence, such as air shear force effect or indirect effects on evaporation, so far, remains ambiguous. In this work, the influence mechanism of airflow disturbance on film uniformity on large rectangular substrates is studied. The experiment with airflow disturbance is artificially introduced and contrasts w

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Havlík, Jan, and Tomáš Dlouhý. "Indirect Dryers for Biomass Drying—Comparison of Experimental Characteristics for Drum and Rotary Configurations." ChemEngineering 4, no. 1 (2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010018.

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This paper focuses on indirect biomass drying. It compares the operating characteristics of a laboratory-scale drum dryer and a pilot-scale rotary dryer. Before the design of an industrial dryer for a specific material, it is important to experimentally prove the process and to determine the drying characteristics of the material. To verify the portability of experimental results for indirect dryers, a drum dryer with indirect electric heating in a laboratory scale was designed and built to test and study the process of indirect drying. Based on the results obtained on a small-scale device, a

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Alamri, Saleh N., and Ahamed A. Joraid. "Smart Windows with Different Thicknesses of V₂O₅ as Ion Storage Layers." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.743.

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Smart windows were fabricated with different thicknesses of amorphous V2O5, which acts as an ion storage layer. In these devices, V2O5 was deposited by thermal evaporation at a substrate temperature of 200 oC, and an electrochromic layer (WO3) was deposited by electron beam evaporation at a substrate temperature of 250 oC. Both layers were amorphous. V2O5 was found to exhibit direct-forbidden electron transitions, whereas the WO3 layer exhibited indirect-allowed electron transitions. An increase in the thickness of V2O5 from 78 nm to 313 nm reduced the colouration efficiency from 64 to 48 cm2/

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BATISHCHEVA, Ksenia A., Yuliya N. Vympina, and Evgeniya G. ORLOVA. "The influence of laser treatment of aluminum-magnesium alloy surface on the ”self-assembly” of nanoparticles during the evaporation of colloidal solution." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 7, no. 1 (2021): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2021-7-1-26-43.

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Establishing the characteristics of the self-assembly of micron and sub-micron particles when colloidal solution droplets evaporate from solid surfaces is an urgent problem. This is explained by the possibility of using these structures obtained by droplet technologies to create and optimize the production of direct and indirect liquid cooling devices, electronic and sensor working boards, current-conducting coatings, optical crystals, and chemo sensors. The method used in this study for processing of metals and alloys by laser radiation is prospective for controlling the processes at the liqu

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Ranjan, Pushpesh Lal, and Pankaj Verma. "Mathematical Modeling of Mass and Heat Transfer of Convective Air Drawing of Apple." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 6 (2025): 3438–45. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.72837.

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The aim of the current research is to dry apples using a solar dryer with a desiccant cycle in two modes: direct radiation -convection and indirect radiation -convection. Two types of drying methods, direct and indirect with desiccant and without desiccant, moisture content, and drying in open air were used. Pre - prepared apple slices (flavored with cinnamon) were placed on a specific -sized mesh, the initial weight of the samples was measured, and they were placed inside the solar dryer with a desiccant cycle in two modes: direct radiation -convection and indirect radiation -convection. Duri

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