Academic literature on the topic 'Indirect Expense'
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Journal articles on the topic "Indirect Expense"
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Anojan, Vickneswaran. "Tax Revenue, Total Expense, Gross Domestic Production and Budget Deficit: A Study in Sri Lanka." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 4 (August 25, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n4p17.
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The main aim of this study is to find out relationship among tax revenue, total expense, gross domestic production and budget deficit of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Budget deficit is a vital problem in Sri Lanka. This research mainly considers three independent variables such as tax revenue, total expense and gross domestic production and budget deficit is dependent variable of this research. Data of this study collected from annual report, ministry of finance and central bank reports of Sri Lanka. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed with the help of SPSS to analyze research data, answer research questions, reach research objectives and test hypothesis in this study. Correlation analysis confirmed that there are positive significant relationship between direct tax revenue and gross domestic production (98.4%), direct tax revenue and budget deficit (98.6%), indirect tax revenue and gross domestic production (99.2%), indirect tax revenue and budget deficit (98.5%), capital expense and gross domestic production (99.3%), capital expense and budget deficit (98.5%), recurrent expense and gross domestic production (98.7%), recurrent expense and budget deficit (99.3%), gross domestic production and budget deficit (97.2%) of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Regression analysis confirmed that 98.9% of gross domestic production depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue of the Sri Lanka. Capital expense has significant impact on the gross domestic production of the country (P = 0.024). 99.4% of budget deficit depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax and indirect tax of Sri Lanka. Further it can be stated that indirect tax revenue and recurrent expense have significant impact on the budget deficit of Sri Lanka (P < 0.05). This study concludes that there is possibility to change budget deficit and gross domestic production through capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Sri Lanka.
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Zeller, Thomas L., Anthony J. Senagore, and Gary Siegel. "Manage indirect practice expense the way you practice medicine." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42, no. 5 (May 1999): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02234130.
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Ramireddy, Jeba Karunya, Daniel Sathiya Sundaram, and Rabin K. Chacko. "Cost Analysis of Oral Cancer Treatment in a Tertiary Care Referral Center in India." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2017.2.1.17-21.
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Introduction: As much as the number of oral cancer patients is a heavy burden to the health care system in India, so much is the economic burden to the patient and the relatives, especially in India where most do not have any financial cover for their medical expenditure. Objectives: To find out the approximate cost of treatment of oral cancer through various modalities, and calculate the proportion of direct and indirect expenses, and then identify the factors which would increase the indirect expenses so as to come up with recommendations which will reduce the indirect cost thereby reducing the financial burden to the patient.Methods: A retrospective observational study was done in a tertiary care center for cancer treatment and the direct cost (medical expense), indirect cost (non-medical expense) incurred by the patients, their economic status and source of fund for payment of the expenses were obtained. Results: The proportion of indirect cost was about 38.72% of the total cost for patients who underwent a single modality treatment with surgery, around 34.73% for a combination treatment with surgery and RT (Radiotherapy), about 79.63% for treatment with conventional Radiotherapy without surgery and about 49.61% for treatment with IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radio Therapy) without surgery. Availability of financial aid or cover is abysmally poor. The rate of discontinuance of treatment is also very high according to this study.Conclusion: The proportion of the indirect cost is very high and the total expenditure can be reduced by approximately 30% by following measures discussed in this article.
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Shah, Rajiv. "INDIRECT ENRICHMENT IN THE SUPREME COURT." Cambridge Law Journal 76, no. 3 (November 2017): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197317000757.
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A customer purchases services from a supplier to which VAT at the applicable rate is added but VAT was not actually due. Is the customer able to recover these payments by bringing an unjust enrichment claim against the Revenue and Customs Commissioners? “Yes”, answered the Court of Appeal, on the basis that as a matter of “economic reality” the Commissioners were enriched at the expense of the customers, and that such an enrichment was unjust because VAT was not actually due. Lord Reed, giving the unanimous judgment of the Supreme Court, reversed that decision: Investment Trust Companies (In Liquidation) v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2017] UKSC 29; [2017] 2 W.L.R. 1200. The customers did not have an unjust enrichment claim against the Commissioners because their enrichment was not “at the expense of” the customers.
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Khasanah, Ulfatul, Rina Sulistyowati, Agung Hirmantono, and Mas’adah Mas’adah. "Pengaruh informasi akuntansi biaya terhadap nilai perusahaan serta implikasinya terhadap tanggungjawab perusahaan kepada stakeholder." Jurnal Ekonomi Modernisasi 16, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jem.v16i2.4981.
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This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of cost accounting information on firm value and its implications for corporate responsibility to stakeholders. This research was conducted at consumer goods industrial sector companies listed on the IDX. The sample in this study consisted of 18 companies for 5 years, so that the data processed in this study were 90 data. Data analysis techniques using path analysis. The results showed that the indirect effect of the variable production costs on interest expense through firm value was non-significant. Meanwhile, the indirect effect of the production costs on tax expense through firm value is significant. Likewise, the indirect effect of the production costs variable on dividends through firm value, which is also significant. The research results can be considered for the company in terms of debt policy and dividend policy and for the government in determining taxes.
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Guzmán-Montes, Gema Yolanda, Renata Heras-Ovalles, and Rafael Laniado-Laborín. "Indirect patient expenses for antituberculosis treatment in Tijuana, Mexico: is treatment really free?" Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 3, no. 10 (November 5, 2009): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.489.
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Background: One of the main problems faced by the Mexican National Tuberculosis Program is the high rate of patients abandoning treatment. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of unaccounted costs of tuberculosis (TB) treatment in Tijuana, Mexico. Methodology: Subjects were recruited at 21 health centres. Patients had confirmed active pulmonary TB, had been on treatment for more than 12 weeks, and were aged 18 years and older. The questionnaire provided information about demographics, past and current episodes of TB, and various categories of expenses. Results: The study included 180 patients as follows: 48 had been diagnosed with tuberculosis in the past (26.6%) and had either currently relapsed or failed treatment; 160 (88.8%) were under directly observed therapy (DOT); 131 (72.8%) attended a health centre; and the rest received directly observed treatment at home. The daily cost of transportation to the health centre was MXN $25.88 + 3.22 (1 USD = 13 MXN). Thirty-two patients (17.8%) had to buy medication at least once, with a monthly medication expense of MXN $440.5 + 40.3. Patients receiving DOT at the health centre reported daily food and beverages expenses, spending MXN $56.5 + 10.1. Forty-two patients reported laboratory testing expenses, on average MXN $558.8 + 85.8 per month. Eighty patients (42.4%) reported expenses on radiographic/ultrasound studies, on average MXN $562.9 + 72.1 per six-month regimen. Conclusions TB diagnosis and treatment posed a significant economic burden on patients in terms of both cost and affordability; clinic-based DOT may contribute disproportionately to the costs incurred by patients.
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Kim, Sangwan. "Cross-sectional variation in revenue-expense relation and cost of equity." Managerial Finance 44, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 1311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2016-0171.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether revenue-expense matching is inversely associated with cost of capital and information asymmetry, respectively, in the equity markets. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a firm-specific measure of revenue-expense matching consistent with Dichev and Tang (2008). To obtain a proxy for cost of equity, this paper uses the average ex ante implied cost of capital estimate calculated from analysts’ forecast data, which are based on the Feltham–Ohlson residual income valuation framework. In additional tests, this paper uses the probability of informed trades (PIN) as a proxy for information asymmetry among equity investors. This paper employs both OLS and fractional logit regression models to test main predictions. Findings This paper documents that firms with high revenue-expense matching enjoy a lower cost of capital, supporting the direct impact of high matching on cost of capital by increasing the precision of public information signals. Further, matching of contemporaneous revenues and expenses is inversely associated with information asymmetry, suggesting that the indirect impact of high matching on cost of capital through its impact on information asymmetry is also plausible. Originality/value Although an extensive body of literature has established a link between various disclosure/earnings properties and cost of capital, this research is the first to establish a link between matching and cost of capital. This paper fills the void in the literature by showing that revenue-expense matching – a fundamental property of accounting earnings – affects equity investors’ required rate of returns.
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Beauregard, Michael A., and Steven K. Ayer. "Maintaining performance." Facilities 36, no. 11/12 (August 6, 2018): 618–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-11-2017-0111.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the value of K-12 indirect facility maintenance and operation expense spending in Arizona and how the prioritization of work enables academic performance.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from more than 200 academic districts over a five-year period to measure the correlation between plant maintenance and operations and academic outcomes. A qualitative analysis provided an in-depth understanding of how routine work is prioritized.FindingsResults of the correlative model indicate that no positive relationship exists between academic performance and facility expense spending within the sample population. The lack of a positive correlation may be a result, in whole or in part, of many variables. The qualitative analysis, however, provided a more in-depth understanding of how academic districts manage educational facilities and how the prioritization of work may factor into a correlation.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the link between academic performance, expressed in terms of a return-on-assets, and facility management. The contribution of this paper is the documentation of facility maintenance and operations organizational structures to include the method of prioritizing routine work and the process of indirect expense spending in support of K-12 public education in the state of Arizona.
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Nepran, A. V., T. M. Bolotova, and O. M. Holovanova. "Methods of Costs Allocation for Equipment Maintenance and Operation in Determining Industrial Products’ Costs." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 1, no. 47 (2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-1-85-90.
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The method of costs allocation for equipment maintenance and operation has been analyzed. It is especially important to properly allocate costs by type of product at those industrial enterprises, where a complex range of products is produced as a result of a single production process. The main method for calculating the product cost unit in industry is calculating the product cost and expense budget. Differentiated methods should be used in allocating indirect costs between particular products or types of products, depending on the nature of a cost, its economic nature, and its connection with the process of forming production cost. In calculating production cost, costs for production maintenance and management are identified, having a very diverse composition. A big group of expenses connected with equipment operation (depreciation on operating equipment and vehicles; maintenance repair of the equipment and shop-floor travelers; wear of low-value tools; the wages of workers engaged in equipment maintenance; maintenance materials) is singled out in a special spending pattern. It is established that quite accurate results are also used in a number of industries. For example, the method of allocation of indirect costs allows the maintenance costs and equipment operation costs to be reasonably allocated, thus making it possible to more accurately calculate the production cost and make management decisions on this basis. It should be noted that, since indirect costs include a large number of various production costs, which differ in many economic respects, allocation of all indirect costs should not be carried out on a single basis.
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Rachmawati, Sistya. "ASIMETRI INFORMASI MEMODERASI BEBAN PAJAK TANGGUHAN DAN MANAJEMEN LABA." JURNAL INFORMASI, PERPAJAKAN, AKUNTANSI, DAN KEUANGAN PUBLIK 5, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jipak.v5i1.4470.
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<strong><strong></strong></strong><em>The objective of this research is to ident6 the direct and indirect influences of deffered tax expense toward earning management which is moderated by asymmetry Information. This research examines </em>50 <em>manufacturing companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange and issues auditedfinancial statement since 2004-2006. The statistical method </em><em>used to test the hypothesis is Multiple Regression Model. The empirical result of this research indicates that deffered tax expense has influence to Earning Management. Test results suggest that by using the Multiple regression analysis, deffered tax expense have a direct positive significant influences to earning management, while asymmetry information have no significant influences toearning management. The control variable Cash Flow operation have positive significant influence toEarning Management, while size and growth has no significant influence Earning Management.</em><strong><strong></strong></strong>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indirect Expense"
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Vojtová, Alena. "Náklady zdanění ve vybraném podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417363.
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The diploma thesis deals with the problem of measurement costs of taxation. The purpose of the thesis is to identify these costs and to calculate them in the selected company. Subsequently, partial measures leading to their optimization are proposed. Proposals are evaluated for their feasibility in practice.
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"Maintaining Performance: Evidence-Based Educational Facility Management Through A Decision-Support Tool Leveraging Prior Empirical Research." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53753.
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abstract: Public institution facility operations and maintenance is a significant factor enabling an institution to achieve its stated objectives in the delivery of public service. To meet the societal need, Facility Directors must make increasingly complex decisions managing the demands of building infrastructure performance expectations with limited resources. The ability to effectively measure a return-on-investment, specific to facility maintenance indirect expenditures, has, therefore, become progressively more critical given the scale of public institutions, the collective age of existing facilities, and the role these institutions play in society.
This research centers on understanding the method of prioritizing routine work in support of indirect institutional facility maintenance expense through the lens of K-12 public education in the state of Arizona. The methodology documented herein utilizes a mixed method approach to understand current facility maintenance practices and assess the influence of human behavior when prioritizing routine work. An evidence-based decision support tool, leveraging prior academic research, was developed to coalesce previously disparate academic studies. The resulting process provides a decision framework for prioritizing decision factors most frequently correlated with academic outcomes.
A purposeful sample of K-12 unified districts, representing approximately one-third of the state’s student population and spend, resulted in a moderate to a strong negative correlation between facility operations and student outcomes. Correlation results highlight an opportunity to improve decision making, specific to the academic needs of the student. This research documents a methodology for constructing, validation, and testing of a decision support tool for prioritizing routine work orders. Findings from a repeated measures crossover study suggest the decision support tool significantly influenced decision making specific to certain work orders as well as the Plumbing and Mechanical functional areas. However, the decision support tool was less effective when prioritizing Electrical and General Maintenance work orders.
Moreover, as decision making transitioned away from subjective experience-based judgment, the prioritization of work orders became increasingly more consistent. The resulting prioritization, therefore, effectively leveraged prior empirical, evidence-based decision factors when utilizing the tool. The results provide a system for balancing the practical experience of the Facility Director with the objective guidance of the decision support tool.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Construction Management 2019
Books on the topic "Indirect Expense"
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Merkesdal, Sonja, and Wilfried Mau. Health economics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0031.
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The economic burden of rheumatic diseases for society, various payers, and last but not least the individual patient has been increasingly recognized. In addition to the well-known impact of back pain and osteoarthritis, the upcoming new and expensive therapies have made this issue especially intriguing in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A mean international estimate of the total annual costs of RA, mainly consisting of direct resource consumption and indirect costs due to productivity losses relating to paid work, comes to about €5600. Other inflammatory rheumatologic diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus erythematosus) generate similar costs. The implementation of expensive biological drugs in rheumatic care has also led to the pressing need to determine the relation of their costs and clinical outcome (e.g. quality-adjusted life-years, QALYs) in order to compare different treatment strategies in defined patient groups. In RA the health-economic evidence for the cost-effectiveness of biologicals is already quite substantial in terms of treatment of early and advanced RA, as last option treatment of patients refractory to TNF inhibitors. Their cost-effectiveness as first line treatment is less clear. All biologicals have proved their cost-effectiveness in various settings depending on patient selection. It has been clearly demonstrated that adherence to the current guidelines, including monitoring of their effectiveness. leads to cost-effective scenarios. In TNF-refractory RA, abatacept and rituximab have proved to be economically favourable strategies. Economic data on other inflammatory rheumatic entities is relatively sparse. Incomplete long-term and observational data are still the most prominent gaps in health-economic evidence relating to rheumatic disorders.
Book chapters on the topic "Indirect Expense"
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Birks, Peter. "‘At the expense of the claimant’: direct and indirect enrichment in English law." In Unjustified Enrichment, 493–525. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511495519.019.
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Brennan, Jason, and Phillip Magness. "Answering Taxpayers." In Cracks in the Ivory Tower, 258–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846282.003.0011.
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This chapter considers the many perks enjoyed by colleges at the expense of taxpayers. American colleges and universities spend about half a trillion dollars a year on direct operations. Federal, state, and local governments cover a large portion of these expenses. Overall, colleges get about 37 percent of their revenue from the government. This number does not include indirect spending, such as the public goods colleges consume without having to pay taxes. Colleges do not pay for roads, police, fire departments, military defense, and so on, in the communities where they operate. They also enjoy substantial tax benefits on everything from the property they own to the purchases they make to the way they invest money under their endowments. Thus, colleges receive other hidden subsidies and perks not reflected in those numbers.
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Kupchik, Aaron. "Financial Costs of School Security and Punishment." In The Real School Safety Problem. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520284197.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 examines the financial impact of school security and punishment practices. Unlike most other governmental efforts, school safety practices seem to have evaded prior scrutiny of their costs. This chapter estimates their direct and indirect costs, including the expense of security infrastructure and disciplinary personnel, as well as the future costs of lost wages and justice system involvement that may result from school punishment. Estimates show that school security and punishment are very costly, despite the fact that prior research shows them to be fairly ineffective and even harmful.
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Moreau, Sophia. "Discrimination and Subordination." In Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 5, 117–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841425.003.0005.
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This chapter develops an original account of what unjust subordination consists in. It then uses this account to argue that both direct and indirect discrimination are often wrongful because of their contribution to unjust subordination. The chapter begins by arguing that we need to move away from individualistic conceptions of subordination and to consider subordination as something that happens to a person by virtue of her membership in social groups. It then lays out a set of four common and morally salient features of situations in which one social group is subordinated by others, and it uses these to help analyze cases of discrimination. In particular, the chapter calls attention to the role of “structural accommodations.” These are policies, practices, and physical structures that tacitly accommodate a more privileged group’s needs at the expense of subordinated groups. Structural accommodations help us understand how indirect discrimination, too, can be wrongfully subordinating.
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Kurnick, David. "George Eliot’s Lot." In Empty Houses. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151519.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on George Eliot's tangled engagement with the drama. It begins with an analysis of the mutual constitution of theatricalized space and characterological interiority in Romola (1863) and Felix Holt (1866)—transitional novels in which her emphasis on psychological inwardness works at the expense of demonized crowds. But during this period she also undertook a dramatic work that challenged her most fundamental formal and ethical commitments. Conceived as a play but published as an epic poem mixing dramatic and narrative forms, The Spanish Gypsy shows Eliot refusing both the novel as a form and the inward cultivation it seems designed to encourage. The Spanish Gypsy includes narrative passages that take the grammatical form of free indirect discourse, in which a character's habits of mind are mimicked by the narrator's prose. But the exteriorized perspective demanded by the dramatic origin of The Spanish Gypsy assures that these eminently psychologizing sentences emanate from and attach to no character in particular, instead appearing to echo in an auditorium populated with spectators. Eliot carried this experiment in externalized forms of psychological narration into the novels she wrote next, Middlemarch (1871–72) and especially Daniel Deronda (1876).
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Grimm, Joshua. "‘At the Expense of Human Values’." In Ex Machina, 35–48. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348301.003.0003.
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Ex Machina plays against type extremely well, and it is, in part, particularly effective because of the genre tropes are relatively consistent. There’s really only one term to cinematically describe a reclusive, temperamental genius working on a project he hopes will change humanity: the mad scientist. In the history of science fiction film, the mad scientist has traditionally either been directly responsible for a crisis (potential or realized) by creating the problem, or indirectly responsible by trying to control something so powerful that no one could possibly control it. The latter was used largely in the 1950s and 1970s by reflecting the two perceived threats during those eras: atomic/nuclear power and pollution, respectively. But in these films, the extent of the power being studied must be balanced against what that scientist is trying to accomplish. In Ex Machina, Nathan’s portrayal is a fascinating one, embodying the Silicon Valley, “work hard, play hard” bro-culture we see in the U.S. tech industry, and he’s able to completely detach his own actions/desires from his work, a cognitive dissonance that allows him to create a line of slaves at the same time he tries to reproduce artificial intelligence. This chapter will place Nathan within the larger context of science fiction’s history of mad scientists, analyzing similarities and determining what those differences mean.
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Castelnuovo, Gianluca, Giada Pietrabissa, Gian Mauro Manzoni, Stefania Corti, Margherita Novelli, Maria Borrello, Emanuele Maria Giusti, et al. "A Stepped Care mHealth-Based Approach for Promoting Patient Engagement in Chronic Care Management of Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes." In Transformative Healthcare Practice through Patient Engagement, 192–214. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0663-8.ch008.
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Diabesity could be defined as a new global epidemic of obesity and being overweight with many complications and chronic conditions. The financial direct and indirect burden of diabesity is a real challenge in many Western health-care systems. Even if multidisciplinary protocols have been implemented, significant limitations in the chronic care management of obesity with type 2 diabetes concern costs and long-term adherence and efficacy. mHealth approach could overcome limitations linked with the traditional, restricted and highly expensive in-patient treatment of diabesity. The mHealth approach could help clinicians by motivating patients in remote settings to develop healthier lifestyles and could be implemented in the Chronic Care Model. A practical stepped-care model for diabesity, including mhealth approach and psychological treatments with different intensity, is discussed.
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Worthy, Ben. "31. Parliament and Freedom of Information." In Exploring Parliament. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198788430.003.0031.
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This chapter considers the impact of the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 2000 on the UK Parliament. Since 2005, FOI 2000 has helped make both the House of Commons and the House of Lords more open and accountable. The most high-profile effect of the law came in 2009, when it played a part in exposing the abuse of the expense allowance system. Despite the scandal, it is not clear whether FOI has transformed the culture of the two Houses. Nevertheless, the law has indirectly sparked a series of other reforms, so that FOI now sits alongside a whole range of instruments intended to make Parliament more open and accessible. The chapter first provides an overview of what FOIs consist of, their application to legislatures and Westminster specifically, before analysing the extent of the impact of FOI 2000 on the UK Parliament.
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Hendrix, Burke A. "Self-Care and Proportionality." In Strategies of Justice, 164–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833543.003.0005.
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Within unjust societies, the political claims of groups facing persistent injustice may come in conflict with one another. Even if it would be possible for all of their claims to be resolved at once within an ideal world, real political choices will often require decisions about how strongly to seek improvements for one’s own group at the expense of others. Can groups seek to reduce their own disadvantage even if this blockades the efforts of other groups to achieve justice, or even collaterally worsens their situation? The chapter argues that giving priority to such self-care is permissible, and perhaps required. While disadvantaged social actors should strive to build wider coalitions where they can, competing groups can reasonably seek to improve conditions for their own members first where such alliances do not emerge. The chapter illustrates with examples of directly competing Aboriginal land claims, as well as more indirectly competing political situations.
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Blinder, Victoria, and Francesca M. Gany. "Financial Toxicity in Cancer Treatment." In Psycho-Oncology, edited by Matthew J. Loscalzo, 616–20. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190097653.003.0077.
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Financial toxicity is a preventable cancer treatment side effect, encompassing the subjective financial distress and objective financial burden that result from increased spending and decreased earning after diagnosis. The prevalence of financial toxicity has increased with new expensive cancer treatments and insurers gradually shifting costs to patients. Patients with financial toxicity experience increased symptom burden, treatment nonadherence, and cancer-related death. The patients at highest risk are young, female, and nonwhite. For low-income patients, the indirect costs of cancer care can be especially burdensome and include child/elder care, transportation, unpaid work absences or job loss, cancer-related comorbidity treatment costs, and fulfilling dietary requirements. Psychosocial impacts include depression, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life. Patients in palliative care have rated financial distress as more severe than physical, familial, and emotional distress. Interventions and policy changes are needed to ameliorate the effects of financial toxicity, especially for the most vulnerable groups.
Conference papers on the topic "Indirect Expense"
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Zeh, Christopher, Ole Willers, Thomas Hagemann, Hubert Schwarze, and Joerg R. Seume. "Evaluation of the Rotor Temperature Distribution of an Automotive Turbocharger Under Hot Gas Conditions Including Indirect Experimental Validation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16077.
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Abstract While turbocharging is a key technology for improving the performance and efficiency of internal combustion engines, the operating behavior of the turbocharger is highly dependent on the rotor temperature distribution as it directly modifies viscosity and clearances of the fluid film bearings. Since a direct experimental identification of the rotor temperature of an automotive turbocharger is not feasible at an acceptable expense, a combination of numerical analysis and experimental identification is applied to investigate its temperature characteristic and level. On the one hand, a numerical conjugate heat transfer (CHT) model of the automotive turbocharger investigated is developed using a commercial CFD-tool and a bidirectional, thermal coupling of the CFD-model with thermohydrodynamic lubrication simulation codes is implemented. On the other hand, experimental investigations of the numerically modelled turbocharger are conducted on a hot gas turbocharger test rig for selected operating points. Here, rotor speeds range from 64.000 to 168.000 rpm. The turbine inlet temperature is set to 600°C and the lubricant is supplied at a pressure of 300 kPa with 90°C to ensure practically relevant boundary conditions. Comparisons of measured and numerically predicted local temperatures of the turbocharger components indicate a good agreement between the analyses. The calorimetrically determined frictional power loss of the bearings as well as the floating ring speed are used as additional validation parameters. Evaluation of heat flow of diabatic simulations indicates a high sensitivity of local temperatures to rotor speed and load. A cooling effect of the fluid film bearings is present. Consequently, results confirm the necessity of the diabatic approach to the heat flow analysis of turbocharger rotors.
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Samanta, I., R. K. Shah, and A. Wagner. "Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Applications." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2515.
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At its essence, a fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to form electricity, heat, and water. The source of this hydrogen may be from natural gas, coal, gasoline, diesel, alcohols, or natural decomposition products. Pure hydrogen is the ideal fuel, but it needs to be obtained by processing fossil fuels (natural gas, gasoline, diesel, oil, coal, etc.), biofuels (e.g., landfill gas, anaerobic digester gas, etc.), or chemical intermediates, or must be produced via renewable energy sources through electrolysis of water. Currently pure hydrogen is produced cryogenically at both a great energy and fiscal expense. In this paper, we cover all important fuel reforming processes for generating hydrogen for fuel cells and then discuss the associated reformers. The common techniques utilized for external fuel reforming processes are steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming. For high temperature fuel cells, direct and indirect internal reforming techniques are used and will be discussed. The methods for reforming of chemical intermediates (alcohol and ammonia), reforming of bio-fuels and aviation fuels are also discussed in this paper. For low temperature fuel cells such as PEM, carbon monoxide is a poison that adversely affects fuel cell performance. The CO content must be reduced to below 100 ppm. This is accomplished by use of the water-gas shift reaction, preferential oxidation, methanation, or may be accomplished by membrane separation techniques. Special emphasis in this paper will be the challenges and opportunities in fuel processing for fuel cells.
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van Heek, A. I. "ACACIA: A Small Scale Nuclear Power Plant With Cogeneration Capabilities." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30512.
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Nuclear power currently only serves the market segment of large scale base load electricity generation. Other energy markets, like cogeneration and heat production or market segments like the smaller scale (but still industrial) electricity production are entirely served with fossil fuels (and hydropower). When these fuels at acceptable prices are being depleted and if actively marketed, and if an inherently safe small-scale nuclear plant could be developed and marketed, a huge market could emerge for this new form of nuclear power. Pebble Bed High Temperature Reactor technology is most suitable for designing small inherently safe nuclear reactors. The oldest small designs were meant for application as district heating plants, making full use of the self-controlling features of nuclear reactors. The ACACIA concept (AdvanCed Atomic Cogenerator for Industrial Applications) is a design for industrial cogeneration, producing 13.6 MW of electricity and 17 tons of industrial quality steam per hour, with a total efficiency of 63%. In case the electricity production would be maximized at the expense of the steam quality, an electrical output of 16.5 MW could be achieved, and the plant efficiency would rise to 86% (electric efficiency 41%). The heat source is a pebble bed reactor with 40 MW of thermal power. The energy conversion system is a direct recuperated helium cycle with a radial compressor and an axial helium turbine. A number of operational and safety related transients have been calculated with two different simulation codes. The safety related transient analyses show the reactor power and the fuel temperature bebaviour after a full loss of coolant accident, and illustrate the inhrently safe nature of the plant. The operational transient simulations show the suitability of the system for an industrial user. Furthermore, the transport of radioactive fission products within the primary circuit has been analyzed. A cost study shows high kWh-costs compared to large scale generating plants, but the treatment of scaling factors for this particular case needs continued attention. However, for those areas in the world without fossil fuel supply networks and with only small-scale demand, ACACIA will still be an economic option. To improve matching with non-utility market needs, the current ACACIA design will be adapted from a direct cycle system to an indirect cycle system, where primary cycle will be strictly separated from the remainder of the plant. A conceptual comparison with the direct cycle system will be discussed.
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Harvego, E. A., J. E. O’Brien, and M. G. McKellar. "System Analyses of High and Low-Temperature Interface Designs for a Nuclear-Driven High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75473.
Full textAbstract:
As part of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project, an evaluation of a low-temperature heat-pump interface design for a nuclear-driven high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) hydrogen production plant was performed using the UniSim process analysis software. The low-temperature interface design is intended to reduce the interface temperature between the reactor power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant by extracting process heat from the low temperature portion of the power cycle rather than from the high-temperature portion of the cycle as is done with the current Idaho National Laboratory (INL) reference design. The intent of this design change is to mitigate the potential for tritium migration from the reactor core to the hydrogen plant, and reduce the potential for high temperature creep in the interface structures. The UniSim model assumed a 600 MWt Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) operating at a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa and a reactor outlet temperature of 900°C. The low-temperature heat-pump loop is a water/steam loop that operates between 2.6 MPa and 5.0 MPa. The HTE hydrogen production loop operated at 5 MPa, with plant conditions optimized to maximize plant performance (i.e., 800°C electrolysis operating temperature, area specific resistance (ASR) = 0.4 ohm-cm2, and a current density of 0.25 amps/cm2). An air sweep gas system was used to remove oxygen from the anode side of the electrolyzer. Heat was also recovered from the hydrogen and oxygen product streams to maximize hydrogen production efficiencies. The results of the UniSim analysis showed that the low-temperature interface design was an effective heat-pump concept, transferring 31.5 MWt from the low-temperature leg of the gas turbine power cycle to the HTE process boiler, while consuming 16.0 MWe of compressor power. However, when this concept was compared with the current INL reference direct Brayton cycle design and with a modification of the reference design to simulate an indirect Brayton cycle (both with heat extracted from the high-temperature portion of the power cycle), the latter two concepts had higher overall hydrogen production rates and efficiencies compared to the low-temperature heat-pump concept, but at the expense of higher interface temperatures. Therefore, the ultimate decision on the viability of the low-temperature heat-pump concept involves a tradeoff between the benefits of a lower-temperature interface between the power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant, and the reduced hydrogen production efficiency of the low-temperature heat-pump concept compared to concepts using high-temperature process heat.
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Schlecht, B., and Thomas Rosenlöcher. "Determination of Maximum Loads for Drive Train Components in Thrusters Using Flexible Multibody-System Models." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20068.
Full textAbstract:
The usage of modern thrusters allows to combine the functions of the drive and the ship rudder in one assembly, which are separated in conventional ship propulsions. The horizontally oriented propeller is supported in a vertically rotatable nacelle, which is mounted underneath the ship hull. The propeller can directly or indirectly driven by an electric motor or combustion engine. The direct drive requires the installation of a low speed electric motor in the nacelle. The present paper concentrates on indirect drives where the driving torque is transferred by bevel gear stages and shafts from the ship to the propeller. Due to the closed and inaccessible construction high demands on the reliability have to be achieved. Especially for the design of the highly loaded bevel gear stages accurate information to the occurring loads are required. The available experience to the operation of thrusters show, that primarily rarely occurring special load cases must be considered in the design process. Such operational conditions can only be determined by expensive long-term measurements. By means of a detailed multibody system simulation model of the thruster it is already possible to develop a basic knowledge to the dynamic properties of the drive train and to determine design loads for drivetrain components.
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Schubert, Andreas, Nicolas Wolf, Henning Zeidler, and Jo¨rg Schneider. "Indirect Approach to Ultrasonic Superposition in Micro-EDM." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50240.
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Micro Electro Discharge Machining is a well known process for machining microstructures with highest precision in hard and brittle or tough materials. The deeper the structures and therefore higher the aspect ratio, the more difficult it is to remove the ablated particles from the discharge zone and keep the process in stable condition. Flushing can be aided by vibration of either tool or workpiece. Thus, applying ultrasonic vibration to micro EDM has proven to enhance the process significantly. The vibration is most efficiently induced via the tool or workpiece directly to the discharge zone. However, to achieve an ultrasonic vibration of the tool or workpiece, a complex vibration system that operates in resonant mode is needed. Any crucial change of the vibrating parts results in a demanding and therefore expensive adjustment of the vibrating system. With this setup, the application of ultrasonic vibration is only profitable for large scale serial production. In this work a different approach of ultrasonic superposition to the EDM is proposed. A highly focused ultrasonic vibration is induced into the dielectric in a way to directly influence the discharge zone. This indirect ultrasonic superposition can be easily applied since it is independent of the tool or workpiece geometry. Experiments are carried out to examine the effects of the indirect ultrasonic superposition on the EDM process. First results show the possibility of enhancing micro-EDM by this approach.
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Lu, Xiaohong, Furui Wang, Kun Yang, Yixuan Feng, and Steven Y. Liang. "An Indirect Method for the Measurement of Micro-Milling Forces." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2769.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nowadays, the measurement of micro-milling forces is mainly achieved by a force transducer. However, the frequency of force signal is high, due to the spindle super-speed, which leads to failure of the micro-milling forces measurement by using common force sensors. Additionally, micro force sensors with high-resolution and high sampling frequency are preferred, but they are often expensive. To determine the average micro-milling force with low cost and high precision, we propose an indirect method, by determining the power of the main transmission system of a micro-milling machine. First, the measurement system for the micro-milling machine tool power was introduced, and various sensors were used to measure the current and voltage respectively. Then, a high-frequency sampling system based on the Labview was developed to process the current and voltage signals, and to obtain the power data of the main transmission system. Through this process, the indirect measurement of micro-milling forces was achieved. Finally, we validated the effectiveness of the developed on-line measurement system and the proposed indirect measurement method for average micro-milling force by using experiments. The proposed method is practical and low-cost, and it can lay the foundation for further research on cutting energy consumption.
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Volovoi, Vitali V., Mark Waters, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "Comparative Assessment of Direct and Indirect Probabilistic Methods for Thermomechanical Analysis of Structural Components in Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38510.
Full textAbstract:
Various sources of uncertainty greatly affect the life of structural components of gas turbines. Probabilistic approaches provide a means to evaluate these uncertainties; however, the accuracy of these approaches often remains unknown. Published quantitative studies of the effectiveness of various uncertainty quantification techniques are usually based on very simple examples. This is contrasted by the large-size finite element models that are used for complex geometries of critical structural parts such as turbine blades or nozzles. In such real-life applications the expenses of the “function calls” (runs of these models) preclude systematic studies of probabilistic methods. These expenses are attributed not only to the actual runs of the model, but to the difficulties in parametrically changing the model as well. Such a “complexity gap” leads to a justifiable concern over whether the trends identified in academic studies are relevant to these industrial applications. As a result, structural engineers end up with the number of function calls that they can afford rather than what would be needed for the required level of accuracy. The present effort intends to bridge this gap by studying a mid level problem: a simplified notional finite element model of a gas turbine component is presented. Despite its simplicity, the model is designed to reflect the major features of more realistic models. The parametric changes of the model are fully automated, which allows for performing an extensive set of benchmark tests that help to determine the relative merits of various existing probabilistic techniques for component life assessment. Several meta-modeling techniques are investigated and their performance compared based on direct sampling methods. In this context, various Design of Experiments (DoE) methods are studied. The results are used to construct the Response Surface Equations (RSE) as well as the kriging models. It is emphasized that changes in the relative locations of the critical points induced by variation of independent parameters can critically affect the overall fidelity of the modeling; the means of remedying such a degradation in precision are discussed. Finally, it is shown that when the ranges of independent variables are large, kriging generally provides precision that is an order of magnitude better than RSE for the same DoE.
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Zakeri, Vahid, and Siamak Arzanpour. "Studying the Design of PWM Controllers for Air Motors With an Indirect Approach of Speed Measurement." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40228.
Full textAbstract:
Efficiency of the air motors is a function of different variables, including the head and velocity of the fluid at the inlet and outlet of the air motor, and the load on its shaft. Among these variables, angular velocity control of air motors is a challengeable area for engineering. Although servo valves seem to be promising solutions for this application, however, they are slow and expensive. As a result, they cannot properly manage the fluctuations and discontinuities of the flow as well as the disturbances in the load for the optimum efficiency. This paper has studied designing of a PWM controller for air motors by investigating different pulses with different frequencies and duty cycles. In addition, considering practical point of view, speed-measurement in rotary systems can be challengeable and sometimes impossible. These changes such as detachment and reattachment of the shaft of the system, or installing the encoder around the shaft are sometimes impossible practically Thus, this paper has also presented an indirect method of speed-measurement by using vibration signature of air motors measured by accelerometers and microphones. The experimental results indicate the capability and suitability of this indirect measurement.
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Kumar, Vivek, Levent E. Aygun, Naveen Verma, James C. Sturm, and Branko Glisic. "Static and Dynamic Strain Measurements using Sensing Sheets for Damage Detection." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0390.
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<p>Damage detection in structures is an important part of structural health monitoring (SHM). Two approaches for detecting damages are indirect and direct sensing. Indirect sensing uses sparse array of sensors and complex algorithms to determine the extent and localization of damage. Crack initiation can best be captured with direct sensing as it provides resolved information about the anomalous behavior near cracks. Direct sensing, however, is expensive because of the need to install a large array of densely packed sensors. A novel solution developed recently is the use of two-dimensional sensing sheets designed to cover large areas of structures. Such sheets are based on large area electronics (LAE) with flexible thin film resistive strain sensors embedded in polyimide substrate along with the relevant electronics. This paper explores the use of sensing sheets for damage detection using static and dynamic measurement. Laboratory testing on aluminum beam is used to demonstrate the performance of these sheets in idealized conditions. Sensing sheets employed on a pedestrian bridge are used to evaluate their performance in real life condition where the strains measurements are compared with the fiber-optic sensors already present on the bridge. Finally, sources of measurement errors and limitations are discussed.</p>