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1
Ohgushi, Takayuki, Oswald Schmitz, and Robert D. Holt, eds. Trait-Mediated Indirect Interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511736551.
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Ecology and evolution of trait-mediated indirect interactions: Linking evolution, community, and ecosystems. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Walker, L. J. Guidelines for the assessment of indirect and cumulative impacts as well as impact interactions. [S.l.]: Hyder, 1999.
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Parr, S. Study on the assessment of indirect and cumulative impacts as well as impact interactions. [S.l.]: Hyder, 1999.
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Parr, S. Study on the assessment of indirect and cumulative impacts as well as impact interactions. [S.l.]: Hyder, 1999.
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Expressing opinions in French and Australian English discourse: A semantic and interactional analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2010.
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Redewiedergabeverfahren in der Interaktion: Individuelle Variation bei der Verwendung einer kommunikativen Ressource. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2015.
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Traitmediated Indirect Interactions Ecology And Evolution Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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(Editor), Elizabeth Holt, and Rebecca Clift (Editor), eds. Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics). Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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Ecological Communities: Plant Mediation in Indirect Interaction Webs. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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Price, Peter W., Takayuki Ohgushi, and Timothy P. Craig. Ecological Communities: Plant Mediation in Indirect Interaction Webs. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2012.
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Takayuki, Ohgushi, Craig Timothy P, and Price Peter W, eds. Ecological communities: Plant mediation in indirect interaction webs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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Siegel, David A. Democratic Institutions and Political Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.35.
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Democratic institutions directly alter the way citizens interact with government; electoral institutions are a straightforward example of this. But they also act indirectly. Knowing that one’s vote will be counted can alter one’s perception of other forms of political contestation, such as dissent. Political networks can also have both direct and indirect effects. For example, they not only characterize who has direct influence over one’s thinking, but also delimit available information by specifying the pathways across which information travels. The conditional effects of institutions and networks should be expected to interact; a free press might have a reduced impact when political networks constrain the dissemination of information, or social capital as captured by network ties might improve democratic performance only in the presence of supportive institutions. This chapter explores the types of three-way interactions this dual conditionality suggests and discusses their consequences for the study of comparative politics.
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1966-, Holt Elizabeth, and Clift Rebecca, eds. Reporting talk: Reported speech in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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15
Michaelian, Kourken, and Santiago Arango-Muñoz. Collaborative Memory Knowledge: A Distributed Reliabilist Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0013.
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Collaborative remembering, in which two or more individuals cooperate to remember together, is an ordinary occurrence. Ordinary though it may be, it challenges traditional understandings of memory knowledge in terms of justified memory beliefs held within the minds of single subjects. Collaborative memory has come to be a major area of research in psychology, but it has so far not been investigated in epistemology. This chapter conducts an initial exploration of the epistemological implications of collaborative memory research, arguing that the findings of this research support a novel theory of knowledge: distributed reliabilism. The chapter also argues for broadening the concept of collaborative memory to include not only direct interactions among subjects but also more indirect, technology-supported, and -mediated interactions.
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Lambert, David G. Mechanisms and determinants of anaesthetic drug action. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0013.
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This chapter is broken into two main sections: a general description of the principles of ligand receptor interaction and a discussion of the main groups of ‘targets’; and explanation of some common pharmacological interactions in anaesthesia, critical care, and pain management. Agonists bind to and activate receptors while antagonists bind to receptors and block the effects of agonists. Antagonists can be competitive (most common) or non-competitive/irreversible. The main classes of drug target are enzymes, carriers, ion channels, and receptors with examples of anaesthetic relevance interacting with all classes. There are many examples in anaesthesia where multiple interacting drugs are co-administered—polypharmacology. To give an example: neuromuscular blockade. Rocuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker acting as a competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Rocuronium competes with endogenous acetylcholine to shift the concentration–response curve for contraction to the right. The degree of contractility is less for a given concentration of acetylcholine (agonist) in the presence of rocuronium. Using the same principle, the rightward shift can be compensated by increasing the amount of acetylcholine (as long as the amount of rocuronium presented to the receptor as an antagonist remains unchanged, its action can be overcome by increased agonist). Acetylcholine at the effect site is increased by acetylcholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine. One of the side-effects of neostigmine is that it acts as an indirect parasympathomimetic. In the cardiovascular system this would lead to muscarinic receptor-mediated bradycardia; these effects are routinely reversed by the competitive muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate.
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Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.
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This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous (fecundity potential, growth rate, mortality risk, maturation probability) and discrete states (maturation status). The results from plant population demography analysis demonstrate the utility of hierarchical modelling as a mechanism for the synthesis of complex information and interactions.
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Schechter, Elizabeth. Objection from Sub-Cortical Structures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0005.
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This chapter explains and responds to the major objection to the duality claims, the objection from sub-cortical structures. What gives rise to the duality intuition is that, after split-brain surgery, mental state interaction appears to operate oddly indirectly—when the mental states in question are in opposite hemispheres. Nonetheless, interhemispheric mental interaction is not entirely indirect, that is, not exclusively mediated by sensation/perception and re/action. According to the objection from sub-cortical structures, remaining direct interhemispheric interaction is substantial enough to support the 1-thinker claim over the 2-thinkers claim. I argue instead that remaining direct interhemispheric interaction is not so substantial, and that what remaining direct interhemispheric interaction there is remains consistent with the 2-thinkers claim that the rest of the data support. R and L are thus not discrete but still distinct thinkers.
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Manucci, Luca. Populism and the Media. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.17.
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This chapter discusses three aspects of the relationship between populist discourses and the media: the process of mediatization of politics, the impact of media populism on democratic quality, and the link between new media and populism. The aim is to summarize theories and results present in the relevant literature, while advancing a more sophisticated framework for analysis based on a clear definition of populism as an ideology articulated discursively. In particular, the chapter proposes to consider the media sphere and the political realm as an integrated system for the production of user-friendly political news, thus overcoming the fictitious opposition between media and political-logic. Populist discourses should therefore be considered as the result of a constant flow of direct, indirect, and mixed interactions between political and media actors.
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Levi, Marcel, and Tom van der Poll. Coagulation and the endothelium in acute injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0307.
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Vascular endothelial cells play a pivotal mediatory role in many responses to systemic inflammation, including the cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation in sepsis. Endothelial cells respond to the cytokines expressed and released by activated leukocytes, but can also release cytokines themselves. Furthermore, endothelial cells are able to express adhesion molecules and growth factors that may not only promote the inflammatory response further, but also affect a myriad of downstream responses. It has recently become clear that, in addition to these mostly indirect effects of the endothelium, injured endothelial cells directly interfere with platelet-vessel wall interactions, neutrophil entrapment through formation of extracellular nets, and activation of inflammation and coagulation mediated by microparticles. The role of the glycocalyx as an important interface between the endothelium and regulation of coagulation in inflammatory states has also gained a lot of recent attention.
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James, Philip. Human biology and the urban environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0011.
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Climate change and the rapid movement of people and goods over great distances are changing global disease patterns. Human health and well-being are also being adversely affected by the absence of biodiverse, vegetation-rich green spaces. The human body adapts poorly to urban life. The result is ill health. A typology of interactions (intentional, incidental, and indirect) between people and nature is set out. Similarly, benefits of contact with nature in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. The emergent central mechanism linking urban environments to ill health is studied. Urban environments cause chronic, low level stress resulting in the release of cortisone (a stress hormone), decreased physical activity, and increased calorie intake, all of which lead to chronic cellular inflammation and to the life-style diseases of the twenty-first century: depression, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia.
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Hale Williams, Michelle. The Political Impact of the Radical Right. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.16.
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Popular and partisan reactions to multiculturalism have proven pervasive in societies around the world. As governments work to direct policy toward immigrants, law and order, and social welfare provision, among other areas, populist radical right-wing parties have contributed to the discourse, agendas, and policy responses. Still, scholars debate the precise role of radical right-wing parties and the degree of causal credit due to them. This chapter contends that despite the causal complexity, evidence of RRP impact can be found in contextualized understanding of dynamic interactions within national party systems affected by sociopolitical conditions, actors, and institutions. It examines four indicators of RRP impact with evidence from Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and several other countries around the world. Radical right-wing party impact can be either direct or indirect, as RRPs mediate issue debates, particularly on immigration, multiculturalism, and national identity.
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Espelage, Dorothy L., Jun Sung Hong, and Gabriel J. Merrin. Relational Aggression and Bullying in a School Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0015.
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Relational aggression, or “indirect bullying” or “social aggression,” includes behaviors that are directed at damaging relationships or feelings of acceptance, friendship, or group inclusion. Relational aggression is distinct from physical bullying, and research evidence suggests that relational aggression perpetration and victimization may lead to behavioral problems and negative psychosocial functioning. Drawing from social cognitive theory and social-ecological perspectives, this chapter reviews the literature on correlates and predictors of relational aggression among children and adolescents. Supporting the social cognitive theory, existing literature demonstrates that impulsivity and anger are positively related to increases in relational aggression among adolescents, and empathy is negatively linked to relational aggression. Relational aggression appears to play out because of interactions between individual characteristics, family dynamics, peer relations, and school climates that foster aggression. It is imperative that anti-bullying policies and intervention programs focus on relational aggression and should include components that foster healthy relationships among youth.
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Daachi, Boubaker, Tarek Madani, and Karim Djouani. Adaptive Neural Networks and Robots Intelligent Control in Direct or Indirect Interaction with Humans. Elsevier, 2020.
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Daachi, Boubaker, Tarek Madani, and Karim Djouani. Adaptive Neural Networks and Robots Intelligent Control in Direct or Indirect Interaction with Humans. Elsevier, 2019.
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Geneviève, Giudicelli-Delage, Manacorda Stefano, Tricot Juliette, Association de recherches pénales européennes (France), and II Università di Napoli. Dipartimento di discipline giuspubblicistiche italiane, europee e comparate., eds. L' intégration pénale indirecte: Interactions entre droit pénal et coopération judiciaire au sein de l'Union européenne. Paris, France: Société de législation comparée, 2005.
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Lal, Mira, and Roch Cantwell. Preconceptual to postpartum mental health: mental illness and psychosomatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines the advancing field of mental health and psychosomatic disease from preconception to the postpartum period. The reader is reminded of the normal adaptation of different organ systems to pregnancy. This adaptation affects both physical and emotional functioning, and is further modified by the pregnant woman's social circumstances. The transition to the pathological or diseased condition may follow an exaggeration of the physiological alterations or could occur due to health conditions specific to pregnancy. This may result in manifestations due to mind-body interactions that cause psychosomatic disease. Common and unfamiliar psychosomatic clinical conditions associated with childbearing such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, hyperemesis gravidarum, and substance misuse are discussed, along with the unfamiliar, such as schizophrenia and seizures. Pregnancy-related acute-on-chronic psychosomatic presentations, besides those arising de novo in labour, are illustrated by vignettes representing real-life encounters. Controversies in management are debated to acquaint the less familiar with these clinical challenges, which require patient-centred care. Promoting health during childbearing not only pertains to the health of the mother, but also to the well-being of her infant. This entails concomitant attention to both in order to enhance the physical, mental and social health of the mother-infant dyad. An urgency for improved understanding of biopsychosocial initiating factors is reflected in an UK surveillance report, `Saving Lives Improving Mother's Care: It confirms the continuing fall in fatalities from 'direct' pregnancy-related physical causes, but a rise due to under-recognition of 'indirect' psychiatric causes that represent the psychosomatic interface.
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Kirchman, David L. The physical-chemical environment of microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0003.
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Many physical-chemical properties affecting microbes are familiar to ecologists examining large organisms in our visible world. This chapter starts by reviewing the basics of these properties, such as the importance of water for microbes in soils and temperature in all environments. Another important property, pH, has direct effects on organisms and indirect effects via how hydrogen ions determine the chemical form of key molecules and compounds in nature. Oxygen content is also critical, as it is essential to the survival of all but a few eukaryotes. Light is used as an energy source by phototrophs, but it can have deleterious effects on microbes. In addition to these familiar factors, the small size of microbes sets limits on their physical world. Microbes are said to live in a “low Reynolds number environment”. When the Reynolds number is smaller than about one, viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. For a macroscopic organism like us, moving in a low Reynolds number environment would seem like swimming in molasses. Microbes in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats live in a low Reynolds number world, one of many similarities between the two environments at the microbial scale. Most notably, even soil microbes live in an aqueous world, albeit a thin film of water on soil particles. But the soil environment is much more heterogeneous than water, with profound consequences for biogeochemical processes and interactions among microbes. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the physical-chemical environment of microbes in biofilms is quite different from that of free-living organisms.
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Beck, Sigrid. Focus Sensitive Operators. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.007.
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This chapter investigates operators that evaluate alternatives. An indirect analysis of association with focus (Rooth (1992) is assumed, according to which there is just one focus evaluating operator. In addition to focus, questions and polarity items are considered. Both also involve an operator that evaluates alternatives. The alternative semantic tier is thus used in several types of construction, and the interaction of the respective operators has to be investigated. A compositional semantic analysis of alternatives is argued for that is based on distinguished variables.
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Echterhoff, Gerald, and René Kopietz. The Socially Shared Nature of Memory: From Joint Encoding to Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0007.
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This chapter explores incidental, indirect ways in which memory is shaped by interpersonal interaction and communication, that is, without collaboration of several individuals on an explicit memory task. The first section discusses research showing that encoding stimuli together with another person improves memory for the experience. Some studies examine memory effects from task sharing and joint action, while others explore effects of the mere joint experience of stimuli. The second section turns to effects of social sharing in communication on memory, specifically, the effects of conversational retellings and the audience-tuning effect on memory. Regarding explanations for the audience-tuning effect, the chapter focuses on shared reality theory and review evidence for the motives and goals underlying shared-reality creation.
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Platteau, Jean-Philippe, Giulia Camilotti, and Emmanuelle Auriol. Eradicating Women-Hurting Customs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0015.
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Since the birth of modern development economics in the period immediately following the Second World War, attention has been mostly directed to the determinants of long-term economic growth performance and, in a subsequent stage, to issues of income distribution and poverty reduction. Social engineering refers to deliberate attempts, often under the form of legislative moves, to promote changes in customs and norms that hurt the interests of marginalized population groups. This implies discussing the main possible interaction frameworks leading to anti-women equilibria, and deriving policy implications from the corresponding games. The theoretical arguments are illustrated by examples drawn from available empirical works, thus providing a reasoned survey of the literature. This chapter explores the analytical conditions under which social engineering is more or less likely to succeed than more indirect approaches when it comes to suppressing gender-biased customs.
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Davis, John B. Competing Conceptions of the Individual in Recent Economics. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0008.
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This article characterizes the Homo economicus conception in terms of three linked properties that are central to it as an atomist conception. On the standard view, individuals: have exogenous preferences; interact only (or almost only) in an indirect manner with one another through the price mechanism; and are unaffected in these two respects by the aggregate effects of their interaction with one another. The new research programs differ in how objectionable they find each of these properties, as befits their different commitments to synchronic or diachronic forms of explanation. Furthermore, this article reviews the role of synchronic and diachronic types of explanations in the possible emergence of a new general research program, discusses embedded individual microfoundations for that general program, and closes with speculations regarding the role of thinking about individuals in a future synthesis of the new research programs.
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Mendes, Wendy Berry, and Keely A. Muscatell. Affective Reactions as Mediators of the Relationship Between Stigma and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.10.
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This chapter provides an overview of how emotions can contribute to poorer health among stigmatized populations. First, it describes some of the primary affective responses that stigmatized individuals might experience, including externalizing emotions, uncertainty, and anxious affect. These affective responses can occur as a result of interacting with individuals who display subtle or overt signs of bias or perceiving a system as unfair, or they can occur from expectations based on prior experiences that shape perception. Second, this chapter reviews how these affective states may alter underlying biological processes to directly influence health. Finally, it examines indirect pathways whereby emotion processes potentiate health-damaging behaviors, such as poor eating habits, restless sleep, excessive alcohol and drug abuse, and risky behavior. Overall, research in this area suggests that affective experiences resulting from stigmatization can change biology and behavior in ways that can ultimately lead to poor health.
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Hegre, Håvard. Civil Conflict and Development. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.9.
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This article examines the relationship between civil conflict and development. After outlining definitions of conflict and development, it considers a number of explanations of why they are empirically related. The extent to which conflict, such as civil war, is due to development is discussed, along with how conflict affects development. The article then describes the routes through which conflict reduces development, namely destruction, disruption, diversion, and dis-saving. It also considers why development reduces the risk of conflict, paying particular attention to poverty as motivation for conflict, opportunities for violence entrepreneurs, poor state capacity, decreased lootability in diversified economies, higher costs to violence in densely interacting societies, indirect effect through political institutions, and education and the cognitive ability to maintain peaceful relations. The article concludes by assessing future prospects for the conflict–development linkage, as well as the role of development in reducing incidences of armed conflict worldwide.
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Romagnoli, Stefano, and Giovanni Zagli. Blood pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0131.
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Two major systems are available for measuring blood pressure (BP)—the indirect cuff method and direct arterial cannulation. In critically-ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the invasive blood pressure is the ‘gold standard’ as a tight control of BP values, and its change over time is important for choosing therapies and drugs titration. Since artefacts due to the inappropriate dynamic responses of the fluid-filled monitoring systems may lead to clinically relevant differences between actual and displayed pressure values, before considering the BP value shown as reliable, the critical care giver should carefully evaluate the presence/absence of artefacts (over- or under-damping/resonance). After the arterial pressure waveform quality has been verified, the observation of each component of the arterial wave (systolic upstroke, peak, systolic decline, small pulse of reflected pressure waves, dicrotic notch) may provide a number of useful haemodynamic information. In fact, changes in the arterial pulse contour are due the interaction between the heart beat and the whole vascular properties. Vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, shock states (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, distributive, obstructive), valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation), ventricular dysfunction, cardiac tamponade are associated with particular arterial waveform characteristics that may suggest to the physician underlying condition that could be necessary to investigate properly. Finally, the effects of positive-pressure mechanical ventilation on heart–lung interaction, may suggest the existence of an absolute or relative hypovolaemia by means of the so-called dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness.
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Hallett, Tim, and Matthew Gougherty. Bourdieu and Organizations. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.12.
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This chapter examines the relationship between Bourdieu’s sociology and organizational research, some of the ways he has been influential, how his ideas have been used, and new opportunities to push his research. In helping to spark the cultural turn in sociology, Bourdieu indirectly influenced the new institutionalist approach within organizational sociology. Although organizations were rarely the primary focus of his own work, we argue that there are traces of an organizational sociology in some of his canonical books. Much like his other work, this implicit approach is centered on the field-capital-habitus triumvirate. However, organizational scholars influenced by Bourdieu tend to focus on and modify the concepts of field and capital. Given recent calls to apply Bourdieu’s full conceptual framework to the study of organizations, we examine the promise and the potential pitfalls of incorporating Bourdieu’s concepts into the scholarship on the micro-foundations of institutions, especially as it relates to social interaction.
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Smith, Christopher J. Dancing Revolution. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042393.001.0001.
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This book is a social history, theorizing participatory dance in New World public spaces as a tool that has enabled subaltern communities’ political resistance to hegemonic control. Drawing upon musicology, ethnomusicology, iconography, anthropology, dance studies, and folklore, and spanning examples from the eighteenth through the twenty-first century, it identifies recurrent strategic patterns in the music, movement, and “noise” that political minorities--including persons of color, economic underclasses, women, gays, and other resistance movements--have employed to oppose, contest, and transgress dominant cultures’ social control. The book applies multidisciplinary analytical practices to movement and sound in historical idioms, little documented by period scholarship, whose data are indirect, inferential, and reconstructive. Case studies include frontier Pentecostalism; Native American resistance; Shakerism; African American communities; the English- and French-speaking Caribbean; film and theatrical dance; the Stonewall Uprising and Chicago 1968 protests; twentieth-century noise ordinances; and punk-rock, hip hop, and twenty-first-century global protest movements. Examples in diverse media, from prose description to watercolor to film, are selected in order to showcase the consistency of these political understandings across diverse situations and to demonstrate the synthesis of analytical approaches, which this topic mandates. The book argues for understanding participatory music and motion--bodies and sound interacting in contested public spaces--as a central, intentional, effective, and recurrent resistance strategy in American social history.
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Dadlez, E. M., ed. Jane Austen's Emma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190689414.001.0001.
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Legend has it that, when asked whether he still read novels, the philosopher Gilbert Ryle responded “Yes, all six, every year,” referring to Jane Austen’s six completed works. Her novels have invited an unusual degree of explicitly philosophical attention from scholars, none more so than Emma. That is unsurprising, given that Austen’s writing invariably addresses questions about virtue and vice, human interaction and rivalry, motivation and commitment, presenting readers with ethical and other dilemmas set in a variety of naturalistic contexts. Questions about social and economic class and social obligations are raised. Austen reflects on self-knowledge and self-awareness, considers how it is that people justify their convictions, and investigates both the nature and the effects of imagination and emotion on human conduct and choices. She dwells on the ways in which evidence is taken note of or disregarded, and the effects of biases on decision and action. Accordingly, many philosophers have a decided soft spot for Austen, and reading Austen is often held to promote philosophical reflection. Emma offers particular opportunities for such reflection, evident when style as well as content is considered. Emma’s radically experimental presentation of events through the distorting lens of the protagonist’s mind, what is now referred to as free indirect style, foregrounds Austen’s then-unique blending of third- and first-person points of vantage. Such narratival perspective-shifting presents unique opportunities for insight and reflection. Among Emma’s manifold stylistic innovations are also the hilariously Joycean stream-of-consciousness monologues, capturing in an instant a portrait of character, state of mind, and motivations.
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Hickmott, Sarah. Music, Philosophy and Gender in Nancy, Lacoue-Labarthe, Badiou. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474458313.001.0001.
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This book looks at the way music is used, characterised and understood in the work of Nancy, Labarthe and Badiou. Despite the differences in their philosophical-theoretical positions, they all invoke music – both directly and indirectly – to negotiate their relationship to ontology, politics, ethics and aesthetics. The book situates these texts in a longer genealogy of musico-philosophical interactions and also brings them into dialogue with recent musicological approaches, thus showing how an inherited idea of what music ‘is’ is often assumed rather than critically re-evaluated. It argues that though music is instrumentalized by progressive thinkers as a way of shifting theoretical/philosophical paradigms, it nonetheless does so in a way that has a strong sense of continuity with previous thinking on music. Secondly, the book highlights the way in which music in its metaphysical-ontological guise is often conceived as synonymous with Western high art classical music (which is itself constructed as absolute and transcendent, and ontologically independent of its means of (re)production or context) whilst non-literate, popular, folk and world musics – on the occasions that they are addressed and not simply ignored or denigrated – are notably considered almost exclusively in terms of their social-cultural or technological contexts. Finally, the book demonstrates that much of this takes place through a simultaneous instrumentalization of gender as an organisational category for philosophy, and one which all too often has the consequence of sending women – along with music – to the beyond of pre-, inter-, or post-signification.
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Rensmann, Thilo, ed. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in International Economic Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.001.0001.
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While international trade and investment is still dominated by larger multinational enterprises (MNEs), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly reaching out beyond their traditional domestic habitat. A significant number of SMEs today are engaged in transboundary trade and investment and in the wake of the digital revolution the phenomenon of ‘born global’ SMEs can be increasingly observed. In addition, many SMEs enter the global economy indirectly via global value chains. International economic law, with its traditional focus on MNEs and their interests, is only slowly waking up to this new reality. At the same time, it is increasingly recognized that the internationalization of SMEs provides the key to creating more sustainable and inclusive global economic growth. The 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals, for example, expressly call for the facilitation of increased access for SMEs to international trade and investment. This book undertakes a first attempt at systematically analysing the interaction between SMEs and international economic law. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of international trade and investment law focusing on issues of particular interest to SMEs, such as trade in services, government procurement, and trade facilitation. Salient regional and transregional developments are taken into account, including the implications of the TPP and the TTIP negotiations for SMEs. Close attention is also devoted to the concern of many states that further liberalization of international trade and investment would unduly restrict the regulatory space necessary to protect and promote the legitimate interests of domestic SMEs.
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Garretson, Jeremiah J. The Path to Gay Rights. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479822133.001.0001.
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Why Tolerance Triumphed is the first accessible, data-driven account of how the LGBTQ movement achieved its most unexpected victory---the liberalization of mass opinion on gay rights. The current academic understanding of how social movements change mass opinion---through sympathetic media coverage and endorsements from political leaders---cannot provide an adequate explanation for the phenomenal success of the LGBTQ movement at changing the public’s views. The book argues that these factors were not the direct cause of changing attitudes, but contributed indirectly by signalling to other LGBTQ people across the United States that their lives were valued. The net result was a huge increase in the number of LGBTQ people who ‘came out’ and lived their lives openly. Building on recent breakthroughs in social and political psychology, the study introduces the theory of Affective Liberalization. This theory states that meeting and interacting with lesbians and gays in person---or by watching lesbian and gay characters via entertainment media---leads to more durable attitude change by subtly warming peoples’ subconscious reactions to lesbians and gays. Using expansive date-sets and cutting edge social science methods, the book finds that increased exposure to LGBTQ people, triggered by ACT-UP’s activism, provides a singular, compelling and complete explanation for the success of the LGBTQ movement in changing mass opinion.
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Isendahl, Christian, and Daryl Stump, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Historical Ecology and Applied Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672691.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume presents theoretical discussions, methodological outlines, and case-studies describing the discursive overlap of the theoretical and methodological framework of historical ecology, and the emerging sub-discipline of applied archaeology. Historical ecology is based on the recognition that humans are not only capable of modifying their environments, but that all environments on earth have already been directly or indirectly modified. This includes anthropogenic climate change, widespread deforestations, and species extinctions, but also very local alterations, the effects of which may last a few years, or may have legacies lasting centuries or more. The volume presents a range of case-studies that highlight how modern environments and landscapes have been shaped by humans, and includes outlines of the methods we can use to better understand these changes. Authors include anthropologists, archaeologists, human geographers, and historians, all of whom are focussed not just on defining human impacts in the past, but on the ways that understanding these changes can help inform contemporary practices and development policies. Some present examples of how ancient or current societies have modified their environments in sustainable ways, while others highlight practices that had unintended long-term consequences. The possibility of learning from these practices are discussed, as is the potential of using the long history of human resource exploitation as a method for building or testing models of future change. Rather than merely acting as advocates for historical data, the chapters collected here also warn of the limitations of drawing simple lessons from the history of interactions between humans and their environments, and note that doing so is potentially just as damaging as ignoring these rich sources of data.
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Pomerantz, Anita. Asking and Telling in Conversation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927431.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The work contains nine published conversation analytic articles by Anita Pomerantz on asking and telling practices. Each paper explicates complexities involved when people ask or tell something. Asking and telling practices are used to exchange information, share evaluative reactions, offer compliments, and make accusations. The ways in which participants perform the actions reflect how they orient to those actions and to the matter asked about or reported. The timing of asking or telling within a sequence of actions and/or interactional project bears on how the talk and action are formed and understood. Implicit and explicit knowledge claims and expectations are foundational to asking and telling activities. Assumptions are associated with participants’ directly and indirectly seeking or providing information. Reporting or asking about praiseworthy or blameworthy matters implicates an attribution of responsibility. Moral orientations influence asking and telling activities. The conversation analytic papers included in this work range from Pomerantz’s earliest research on preference organization to her more recent work on asking and telling. For each article, there is a lead-in that identifies the research interests that drove the analysis and a commentary that provides her current sense of the analysis. The introductory and concluding chapters discuss the complexities of asking and telling in the light of the articles’ findings, and they illuminate the links the papers have to one another. Pomerantz shares her views about the program of conversation analytic research, a view that is reflected both in the studies and in her commentaries.