Relevant bibliographies by topics / Indirect Mechanism

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Indirect Mechanism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 2 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Zhao, Hanyi, Yixiang Tian, Xiangyun Zhou, Luping Zhang, and Wei Meng. "Rating Regulatory Mechanism Effect Promotion under the Environmental Issuance Effects: Based on the Incentive Difference Hotelling Model." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105368.

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Issuance effects are regarded as one of the most important aspects referring to the regulatory guidelines of green corporate bond ratings. This paper developed a new incentive difference Hotelling model, considering four major factors, i.e., the direct effect of issuance, the indirect effect of issuance, the reputation of rating agencies and the regulatory penalties. In this model, how the direct effect and the indirect effect impact the dual rating mechanism and the integrated rating mechanism was discussed. Numerical experiments were conducted to explore the regulatory effects on the two def
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Broulík, Jan. "Preventing Anticompetitive Conduct Directly and Indirectly: Accuracy Versus Predictability." Antitrust Bulletin 64, no. 1 (2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18822611.

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This article argues that economic evaluations of optimal antitrust rules ought to fully recognize antitrust predictability as a relevant factor. It discusses the differences between the direct and indirect mechanism of preventing anticompetitive conduct and between the roles assumed by accuracy and predictability of antitrust adjudication within these mechanisms. While operation of the direct mechanism depends only on accuracy, the indirect mechanism in addition requires predictability to work well. Since a great majority of anticompetitive conduct is prevented indirectly rather than directly,
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MIYAKE, Hitoshi, Atsushi NISHIDA, and Jun SHIRAHATA. "Indirect Flight Muscle Type's Muscle EMG and Indirect Flight Mechanism." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.5 (2003): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.5.0_87.

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CRUNDWELL, F. K. "The Indirect Mechanism of Bacterial Leaching." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 19, no. 1 (1998): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509608962434.

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Liu, Weiming. "Mechanism of indirect initiation of detonation." Combustion and Flame 159, no. 5 (2012): 1997–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.12.021.

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Heupel, Monika. "Indirect Accountability for Extraterritorial Human Rights Violations." International Studies Perspectives 21, no. 2 (2019): 172–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz019.

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Abstract This article examines how states and international organizations can be held to account for extraterritorial human rights violations. I develop and investigate the potential of what I call an “indirect accountability” mechanism. In indirect accountability relationships, accountability fora do not directly hold states and international organizations that commit extraterritorial human rights violations to account as these are frequently immune to direct accountability claims. Instead, they hold them to account indirectly by addressing accountability claims to an implicated third party,
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Kojima, Naoki. "Two-Dimensional Mechanism Design and Implementability by an Indirect Mechanism." Theoretical Economics Letters 07, no. 06 (2017): 1595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2017.76107.

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ZHANG, Hong-mei, Fa-zhi QI, Jin-gui MAN, and Miao WANG. "Encryption-based indirect incentive mechanism in BitTorrent." Journal of Computer Applications 32, no. 9 (2013): 2391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2012.02391.

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FLØYSTRUP, ANTON, and ARNE P. SKOUBY. "Investigations upon the Mechanism of Indirect Warming." Acta Medica Scandinavica 136, no. 6 (2009): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1950.tb19351.x.

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MIYAKE, Hitoshi, Atsushi NISHIDA, and Jun SHIRAHATA. "Indirect Flight Mechanism as a Resonance Model." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2004.16 (2004): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2004.16.305.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Shay, Gemma. "The anti-tumour effect of bisphosphonates : a direct or indirect mechanism?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186676.

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Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are the standard treatment in cancerassociated bone disease due to their ability to inhibit osteoclast-mediated resorption. However, beyond their anti-resorpitive activity there is increasing evidence from preclinical studies to demonstrate that N-BPs can also have an anti-tumour effect, although the mechanism is still unclear. In vitro studies suggest that anti-tumour effects may be due to direct effects on tumour cells (by inhibiting protein prenylation) or via indirect effects on other cell types. The studies described in this thesis sought to ans
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Podhaizer, Elizabeth. "A direct and indirect mechanism for CCR5 in morphine and HIV-1 mediated neurodegeneration." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3402.

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A DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISM FOR CCR5 IN OPIOID AND HIV-1 MEDIATED NEURODEGENERATION By Elizabeth M. Podhaizer, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Kurt F. Hauser, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection currently affects over 34 million people worldwide, and despite the use of cART, the prevalence of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive impairments (HAND) has not declined. A
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Beltrán, Alanis Martha Alicia, and Sánchez Javier Arnulfo Cruz. "An exploratory research : Fear and the need of security interplay as a business mechanism." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71161.

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Background: Humanity builds and writes its history. Overtime the need of feeling secure has been present originated from an emotion, a condition and reaction: the fear of threats or danger. The impact of human fear over the humanity behaviour leads for searching ways of reducing such fear. Consequently, security companies have a potential opportunity for fulfilling this human need reducing the phenomenon of fear. Some organisations and companies discovered that human fear can be used as tool for influencing the individual behaviour and for consumption purposes. Aim: Developing a research and d
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Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann le [Verfasser]. "Indirect facilitation as a structuring mechanism of submersed aquatic plants : a buffering role under biotic and abiotic constraints / Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1017933790/34.

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Shah, Santosh. "Structural and Functional Studies of DNA Nucleases: SgrAI and Mk0566." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311237.

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DNA nucleases are essential for various biological functions such as replication, recombination, and repair. Restriction endonucleases (REs) are excellent model system for the investigation of DNA recognition and specificity. SgrAI is a type IIF RE that cuts an 8 base pair primary sequence. In addition to its primary cleavage activity it also cleaves secondary sequences, but only appreciably in the presence of the primary sequence. The longer flanking DNA exhibits much greater activated DNA cleavage by SgrAI (>1000 fold activation by secondary site). Interestingly, the asymmetric cleavage seen
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Hernández, Maria Eugenia Newman Dianne K. "Mechanisms of indirect mineral reduction by bacteria /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2004. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-06042004-011242.

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McGregor, Angus H. "Liver death and regeneration : indirect mechanisms of paracetamol toxicity." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24945.

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Background: Paracetamol overdose (POD) remains a pressing clinical problem as despite the availability of a safe and effective antidote, patients continue to die or require a liver transplant. Recent evidence suggests that toxicity after POD may be more than a simple direct toxic effect as has previously been accepted and that Kupffer cells and cytokine4s such as TNF-a are involved in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Paracetamol and Hepatocyte Apoptosis Examination of liver in patients after POD revealed hepatocyte apoptosis occurring alongside striking regenerative activity. Apoptosis is imp
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Wen, Pi Hua. "Indirect boundary element formulations for dynamic fracture mechanics." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282554.

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Liu, Frances D. (Frances Deen). "Mechanical modulation of indirect repair mechanisms for improved hematopoietic recovery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119976.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 243-264).<br>Hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation is a curative treatment for multiple hematologic malignancies. However, the myeloablative conditioning regimens preceding cell delivery have rendered the rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery after transplantation an outstanding challenge. Successful long-term engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells is dependent largely on the surrounding
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Kudzotsa, Innocent. "Mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects on glaciated clouds simulated numerically." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6605/.

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Various improvements were made to a state-of-the-art aerosol-cloud model and it was validated against observations from field campaigns. The robustness of this aerosol-cloud model is in its ability to explicitly resolve all the known modes of heterogeneous cloud droplet activation and ice crystal nucleation. The model links cloud particle activation with the aerosol loading and chemistry of seven different aerosol species. Continental and maritime cases were simulated for the purposes of validating the aerosol-cloud model, and investigating the salient microphysical and dynamical mechanisms of
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Books on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Wen, Pi hua. Indirect boundary element formulations for dynamic fracture mechanics. Wessex Institute of Technology, 1995.

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Jagannathan, Ravi. Why don't issuers choose IPO auctions?: The complexity of indirect mechanisms. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Brew, Paul Alan. Are the thyroidal effects following exposure to propyl gallate due to a direct or indirect mechanism? 1996.

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Patlewicz, Grace. Are the effects seen following exposure to propyl gallate on the thyroid due to a direct or indirect mechanism? 1996.

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Hattis. Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Natl Technical Information, 1986.

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Groeneveld, A. B. J., and Alexandre Lima. Vasodilators in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0035.

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Vasodilators are commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to control arterial blood pressure, unload the left or the right heart, control pulmonary artery pressure, and improve microcirculatory blood flow. Vasodilator refers to drugs acting directly on the smooth muscles of peripheral vessel walls and drugs are usually classified based on their mechanism (acting directly or indirectly) or site of action (arterial or venous vasodilator). Drugs that have a predominant effect on resistance vessels are arterial dilators and drugs that primarily affect venous capacitance vessels are venous di
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Schiller, Wendy J., and Charles Stewart. Political Dynamics and Senate Representation. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163161.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the links between the indirect electoral mechanism and patterns of representational behavior that appear to differ markedly from that exhibited by U.S. senators today. Specifically, it examines whether U.S. senators' institutional activities were connected to the dynamics underlying their election to office—for example, whether their election was resolved on the first ballot or required joint session balloting to resolve, and their margin of victory. The chapter proceeds in three parts. First, it presents a quantitative analysis of the patterns of separate or joint electi
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Joe, Verhoeven. Part IV Invalidity and Termination of Treaties, 18 Invalidity of Treaties: Anything new in/under the Vienna Conventions? Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0018.

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This chapter analyses the alleged customary character of the grounds of invalidity as provided for in articles 46–53 of the Vienna Convention. It considers both merits and deficiencies. It asks: What are the other possible grounds of invalidity? The chapter also covers the originality of the procedural mechanism as organized in articles 65–67. Further topics include: validity of (direct or indirect) reservations to those articles, especially to article 66.a; analysis of states entitled to claim invalidity; and the effects of invalidity (ratione materiae, ratione personae, and ratione temporis)
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Eland, John H. D., and Raimund Feifel. Diatomic molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0003.

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Double ionisation of most of the experimentally accessible diatomic molecules has been studied previously by several techniques, including Auger spectroscopy, double electron transfer, kinetic energy release, and high-level theory. New double photoionisation spectra of HBr, HI, N2, CO, NO, O2, Br2, ICl, and I2 are presented here with analysis to identify the electronic states of the doubly charged ions. A simple empirical model is introduced to estimate double ionisation energies on the basis of orbital energies. For CO, NO, and O2, an indirect double ionisation mechanism is found, involving d
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Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou, and Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0214.

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Modern practice typically utilizes indirect angiography by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging as the first-line diagnostic tool for renal artery stenosis, with no established screening tool able to meaningfully impact the pre-test probability of a positive finding. Neither can any current imaging technique reliably predict patient, blood pressure, or renal outcome following renal artery revascularization, although promising developments have been made in recent years.A major mechanism of hypertension in renovascular hypertension is overproduction of renin in response to hypoperf
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Book chapters on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Miyake, Hitoshi. "Resonance Model of the Indirect Flight Mechanism." In Bio-mechanisms of Swimming and Flying. Springer Japan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53951-3_4.

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Canas, José A. "Size of Earthquakes in Southern Mexico from Indirect Methods." In Source Mechanism and Seismotectonics. Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8654-3_9.

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Gavrilovich, Irina, Sébastien Krut, Marc Gouttefarde, and François Pierrot. "Determination of a Rigid Body Orientation by Means of Indirect Measurements." In New Trends in Mechanism and Machine Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44156-6_7.

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Dona’, Domenico, Basilio Lenzo, Paolo Boscariol, and Giulio Rosati. "A Mixed Direct/Indirect Method for Generating Energy-Efficient Motion Laws for an Inverted Pendulum." In Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45770-8_32.

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Röth, Leonce. "Pathway Analysis, Causal Mediation, and the Identification of Causal Mechanisms." In Texts in Quantitative Political Analysis. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12982-7_6.

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AbstractThis chapter presents the systematic analysis of causal mechanisms from the perspective of pathway analysis as an essential complement to conventional approaches to causation. It builds on the evidence that credible causal identification defies design-based strategies such as randomization or linear mediation analysis unless their research designs are supported by reliable mechanistic knowledge. The chapter reasons that the reliable causal identification of a mechanism requires the concept of ‘natural indirect effect’ and a double-nested counterfactual strategy. It discusses the empiri
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Gao, Shixiang, Tao Zheng, Xun Zhan, et al. "A Static Recognition Mechanism for Indirect Call Based on Static Single Assignment." In Pervasive Computing and the Networked World. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09265-2_12.

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Besshaposhny, Maksim N., Lyudmila V. Evgrafova, Vera V. Lazar, Nikolay A. Pichuzhkin, and Andrey B. Grachev. "Innovative Mechanism to Increase the Efficiency of Indirect Employment of the Rural Population." In The Challenge of Sustainability in Agricultural Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73097-0_101.

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Anh, La Thi Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Kim Cuc, Pham Thanh Hien, Tran Thi Nga, Ta Van Doanh, and Tran Minh Hieu. "Research on the Characteristics of the Length, Breadth, and Diagonal Hand Dimensions of Male Students by Indirect Measurement Method." In Advances in Asian Mechanism and Machine Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91892-7_61.

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Hemao, Zhang, Wang Sheng, Xue Yan, and Wang Xu. "Simulation and Analysis of the Coupling Mechanism of the Indirect Effect of Aircraft Lightning." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4067-6_35.

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Brönmark, Christer, and Stefan E. B. Weisner. "Indirect effects of fish community structure on submerged vegetation in shallow, eutrophic lakes: an alternative mechanism." In The Dynamics and Use of Lacustrine Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2745-5_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Segall, S. M., D. Fingas, R. A. Gummow, and John Shore. "Improving the Quality of ECDA Indirect Inspection Data." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09038.

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Abstract The quality of the indirect inspection data is a critical factor in conducting a successful ECDA. It is therefore essential to increase the accuracy of the field data collection, to improve the data processing and to effectively present the results. This paper describes several challenges faced during this continuous improvement process. Techniques for obtaining accurate field data for assessing the risk of AC corrosion are reviewed. Data processing considerations are presented in the context of a case of third-party damage. The implications for similar DCVG indications on the same li
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Cheung, Chi Chung, Chun-Ming Cheung, Pak-Sam Tam, et al. "DNN Classifiers with Segmentation Method and Indirect Labeling Mechanism to Classify Driving Behaviors through a Smartphone-based IoT System." In 2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919976.

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Chung, Y., K. R. Pytlewski, and D. M. McGarry. "Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of TP304L Stainless Steel Underground Piping with Tape Wrapped ER/E316L Welds." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01247.

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Abstract TP304L stainless steel piping with 0.22-inch (6-mm) thick ER/E316L field weld joints, tape wrapped and buried underground, developed large open cavities in the pipe outside surfaces, primarily in the base metal along the weld crown in less than nine months. Indirect evidence for MIC as the responsible corrosion mechanism is presented. What have been referred to as "MIC characteristics" in the literature have been reviewed and laboratory diagnostic procedures for MIC identification are discussed.
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Gummow, R. A., S. Segall, and D. Fingas. "An Alternative View of the Cathodic Protection Mechanism on Buried Pipelines." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07531.

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Abstract The conventional understanding of the cathodic protection mechanism is illustrated in the definition of cathodic protection arising from the research of Mears and Brown in 1938. That is, cathodic protection is complete when the corrosion cell cathodes are polarized electronegatively to the open circuit potential of the most electronegative anode site on the structure. Typically, the reduction reactions, that transfer cathodic protection current across the structure/electrolyte interfaces produce hydroxyl ions, raise the pH at the interface. For steel, an increase in pH reduces the cor
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Moghissi, Oliver, Wei Sun, Concepcion Mendez, José Vera, and Trevor Place. "Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology for Liquid Petroleum Pipelines." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07169.

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Abstract A proposed method for Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (LP-ICDA) has been developed that is consistent with the general principles of other Direct Assessment (DA) methods. The scope of LP-ICDA complements those of dry gas ICDA (DG-ICDA) and wet gas ICDA (WG-ICDA). LP-ICDA (as with other DA methods) is intended to serve as an integrity verification tool, playing the same role within pipeline integrity management as in-line inspection (ILI) and hydrotesting (either as a replacement or as a complement). The method relies on 1) identifying a mechanism for cor
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Lin, Tien-Sheng, I.-Ming Tsai, and Sy-Yen Kuo. "Quantum Transmission Integrity Mechanism for Indirect Communication." In 2009 Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks - ICCCN 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccn.2009.5235303.

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O’Brien, Jeffrey D., and Matthias Ihme. "Species Dependency of the Compositional Indirect Noise Mechanism." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63076.

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Indirect combustion noise is a growing concern for aviation engine designers. It is typically associated with the distortion of “hot spots” (entropy structures) and vortical structures that generate excess noise as they are convected by an accelerating mean flow. Recently, it has been shown theoretically that fluctuations in a gas’s chemical composition can act as an additional source of indirect noise in aviation engines. This work examines this composition noise mechanism, focusing on the underlying chemical effects that drive this source of indirect noise. Since the mechanism has yet to be
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Kurihara, Satoshi, Kensuke Fukuda, Shinya Sato, and Toshiharu Sugawara. "Multi-Agent Coordination Mechanism Based on Indirect Interaction." In 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (AINAW'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ainaw.2007.259.

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Watanabe, Shingo, Akihiro Chiyonobu, and Toshinori Sato. "Indirect Tag Search Mechanism for Instruction Window Energy Reduction." In 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2007.98.

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Khazaei, Hossein, and Yue Zhao. "Indirect Mechanism Design for Efficient and Stable Renewable Energy Aggregation." In 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8973629.

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Reports on the topic "Indirect Mechanism"

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Moghissi. PR-186-04305-R01 Liquid Petroleum - Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010709.

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LP-ICDA is intended to serve as an integrity verification tool, playing the same role within pipeline integrity management as in-line inspection (ILI) and hydrotesting (either as a replacement or as a complement). The method relies on: Identifying a mechanism for corrosion susceptibility; Detecting a property associated with this mechanism through an indirect measurement; Performing a direct observation of the pipe (e.g., by excavation); and Correcting for any discrepancies between the predictions and observations.
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Wicker, Louise, Ilan Shomer, and Uzi Merin. Membrane Processing of Citrus Extracts: Effects on Pectinesterase Activity and Cloud Stability. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568754.bard.

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The U.S. team studied the role of cations and pH on thermolabile (TL-PE) and thermostable (TS-PE), permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, affinity to ion exchange membranes, mechanism of cation and pH activation, and effect on PE stability. An optimum pH and cation concentration exists for activity and UF permeation, which is specific for each cation type. Incomplete release of PE from a pectin complex resulted in low PE binding to cationic and anionic membranes. Incubation of PE at low pH increases the surface hydrophobicity, especially TL-PE, but the secondary structure of TL-PE is no
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Mascagni, Giulia, Roel Dom, and Fabrizio Santoro. The VAT in Practice: Equity, Enforcement and Complexity. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.002.

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The value added tax (VAT) is supposed to be a tax on consumption that achieves greater economic efficiency than alternative indirect taxes. It is also meant to facilitate enforcement through the ‘self-enforcing mechanism’ – based on opposed incentives for buyers and sellers, and because of the paper trail it creates. Being a rather sophisticated tax, however, the VAT is complex to administer and costly to comply with, especially in lower-income countries. This paper takes a closer look at how the VAT system functions in practice in Rwanda. Using a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualita
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Jagannathan, Ravi, Andrei Jirnyi, and Ann Sherman. Why Don't Issuers Choose IPO Auctions? The Complexity of Indirect Mechanisms. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16214.

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Parkins. L51743 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines in Contact with Near-Neutral pH Solutions. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010322.

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While much has been learned about low pH stress corrosion cracking in the decade since it was recognized, a review of the published papers and reports since the last overview of the subject in 1992 indicates that there is still much to be understood about this matter. Most of the laboratory studies have involved dilute solutions based upon those found in the vicinity of cracks in operating lines, but the possible role of bacteria, for which there is supporting field evidence, has not received systematic study. The trans-granular service cracking has been reproduced in the laboratory, most read
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Prusky, Dov, Noel Keen, and John Browse. Modulation of the synthesis of the main preformed antifungal compound as abasis for the prevention of postharvest disease of C. gloeosporioides in avocado fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575273.bard.

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The most important pathological factor limiting fruit life after harvest in subtropical fruits are quiescent infections of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Prusky and Keen elucidated the mechanism of resistance in avocado fruits to quiescent infections of C. gloeosporioides and determined that the major biocide involved is the preformed compound,1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-13, 15 diene. Two possibilities exist for maintaining fungitoxic levels of antifungal compounds in the tissue of ripening fruits: (i). Prevention of catabolism (ii). Induction of synthesis. Previ
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7

Lee-Gammage, Samuel. What is land use and land use change? Edited by Tara Garnett. Food Climate Research Network, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/4af265b4.

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Human use and alteration of land has profound effects on the environment, both locally where it takes place, and at the planetary scale via climate change and other mechanisms. This building block explains what is meant by land use and land use change, both direct and indirect.
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8

Author, Not Given. Study of Mechanisms of Aerosol Indirect Effects on Glaciated Clouds: Progress during the Project Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1109347.

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Phillips, Vaughan T. J. Study of Mechanisms of Aerosol Indirect Effects on Glaciated Clouds: Progress during the Project Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1096796.

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10

Haltia, Olli, and Kari Keipi. Financing Forest Investments in Latin America: The Issue of Incentives. Inter-American Development Bank, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011573.

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This paper discusses the topic of deforestation in Latin America and the Caribbean and the use of incentives as support for private forestry investments. The paper develops the idea of using targeted and cost-effective incentives that must take into account cultural and social factors. In addition, cost recovery mechanisms for incentive schemes should ideally be indirect, based on taxes and fees.
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