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Journal articles on the topic 'Indirect water reuse'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Odendaal, Peter E. "Recent Advances in Water Reuse Research in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (1991): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0662.

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Due to limited water resources, water reuse is pursued as a major component of an overall strategy to optimise water use in South Africa. Progress in South African water reuse research, mainly since 1985, is reviewed. In the field of potable reuse research, the topics addressed are epidemiological studies, activated carbon, the microbiology of reclaimed water, bioassaying, and reverse osmosis. Information is provided on the scale of direct agricultural and industrial reuse of purified sewage effluents. Indirect reuse is steadily increasing and research which traditionally addressed direct pota

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2

Aitken, Victoria, Sarah Bell, Sian Hills, and Lucy Rees. "Public acceptability of indirect potable water reuse in the south-east of England." Water Supply 14, no. 5 (2014): 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.051.

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Public controversy over planned indirect potable reuse of wastewater has been a significant obstacle to implementing proposed schemes in the United States and Australia. Surveys of public attitudes to water reuse have generally shown lower acceptance of indirect potable reuse compared with other reuse options, such as irrigation. The south-east of England is projected to experience a shortfall in water supply by 2020 and the largest water utility in the region, Thames Water, is investigating indirect potable reuse as a potential new supply option. The indirect potable reuse feasibility studies

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3

Nellor, Margaret H., Rodger B. Baird, and John R. Smyth. "Health Effects of Indirect Potable Water Reuse." Journal - American Water Works Association 77, no. 7 (1985): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05573.x.

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4

Wetterau, G. D., R. B. Chalmers, P. Liu, and W. Pearce. "Advancing indirect potable reuse in California." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 2 (2013): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.029.

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While indirect potable reuse (IPR) has been used in southern California (USA) since the 1970s, the commissioning of the 265-megalitre-per-day Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) in Orange County (California) showed the region's commitment to utilizing reuse as a major source of potable water augmentation. The treatment process used at GWRS has become the benchmark on which California regulations were based and which other IPR facilities are measured against. As the cities of Los Angeles and San Diego move forward with their own IPR programs, they have commissioned pilot-scale and demonstra

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5

Hatt, J. W., S. J. Judd, and E. Germain. "Screening optimisation for indirect potable reuse." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 12 (2011): 2846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.512.

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An automatic backflush pre-filter used for pre-treatment for secondary wastewater re-use was evaluated and optimised at two different mesh sizes over an 18 month period. The filter was initially run with a 500 μm rating mesh size, as recommended by the supplier of the downstream membrane filtration process, and then at 100 μm to investigate any change in water quality produced and associated improved membrane performance. With the 500 μm mesh in place, the filter fouling rate was low and a backflush was initiated every 3.5 h. For the 100 μm mesh the fouling rate was extremely rapid. Fouling wa

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6

Bell, Sarah, and Victoria Aitken. "The socio-technology of indirect potable water reuse." Water Supply 8, no. 4 (2008): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.104.

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Public acceptability is widely acknowledged as a key factor in the success of indirect potable water reuse (IPR) schemes. Social research has provided useful insights into the factors that influence public attitudes to IPR and guidelines for engaging the public. Recent IPR developments in Australia demonstrate that clear democratic processes for decision making are yet to be devised. The distinction between technology and society which underpins work in this field does not adequately reflect the nature of IPR and limits possibilities for more robust decision making processes. IPR is not simply

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7

Rodriguez, Clemencia, Paul Van Buynder, Richard Lugg, et al. "Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 3 (2009): 1174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031174.

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8

Traves, W. H., E. A. Gardner, B. Dennien, and D. Spiller. "Towards indirect potable reuse in South East Queensland." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (2008): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.635.

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Faced with limited water supply options in the longer term and the worst drought on record in the short term, the Queensland Government is constructing the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project which will supply up to 182 ML/day of purified recycled water for industrial and potable purposes. The project is one of a suite of capital works projects in progress which in the longer term will supply up to 10% of the region's potable water supply.

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9

Patterson, Larry N., D. J. (Jody) Zabolio, and Ellen T. McDonald. "Raw Water Supply Enhancement Through Creative Indirect Reuse – Upper Trinity Regional Water District's Chapman Lake Water Reuse Program." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 8 (2006): 4691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783778871.

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10

Cotruvo, Joseph A., and Katherine Y. Bell. "Need for Direct and Indirect Potable Water Reuse Specifications." Journal - American Water Works Association 106, no. 2 (2014): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0036.

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11

DeCarolis, James, Samer Adham, Zakir Hirani, Joan Oppenheimer, Shane Snyder, and Bill Pearce. "Evaluation of Advanced Water Treatment for Indirect Potable Reuse." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 10 (2006): 2683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783750961.

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12

Slobodin, Howard S., and Hope C. Shelton. "Old Water Becoming New Again." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 4, no. 3 (2018): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v4.i3.4.

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The reuse of treated wastewater effluent for municipal supply is not a new idea in Texas, having been contemplated for at least sixty years. However, its importance has grown in recent decades as traditional surface water sources have become fully subscribed. Reuse is recognized as a significant source of future supply for Texas in the 2017 Texas State Water Plan. The law related to reuse is, however, still very much a developing subject. Recent administrative actions and judicial decisions have better defined the contours of the entitlements necessary to reuse effluent discharged to state-own

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13

Drewes, J. E., T. Heberer, and K. Reddersen. "Fate of pharmaceuticals during indirect potable reuse." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (2002): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0058.

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The scope of this study was directed to examine different wastewater treatment technologies (activated sludge, trickling filter, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis) at full-scale facilities in Arizona and California leading to indirect potable reuse and their capability to remove pharmaceuticals. Additionally, the fate of selected pharmaceuticals was studied during soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) at sites where secondary and tertiary treated effluents are used for subsequent groundwater recharge. Facilities employing longer detention times during treatment (nitrifying and denitrifying plants) showed

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14

Pearce, William R., James DeCarolis, Samer Adham, and Zakir Hirani. "Indirect Potable Reuse, San Diego Tests Advanced Water Treatment System." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 10 (2007): 7887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707787168738.

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15

Exall, Kirsten. "A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 2. Applications." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 1 (2004): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.004.

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Abstract Common water reuse applications include agricultural and landscape irrigation with treated municipal wastewater, industrial recirculation of process waters, rainwater collection, and groundwater recharge for non-potable and indirect potable reuse. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada, with the focus of most of the water reuse effort within Canada on agricultural irrigation applications. Landscape irrigation and other non-potable urban uses are practised to some extent, but provide an opportunity for expanded application of

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16

Drewes, J. E., and P. Fox. "Source water impact model (SWIM) - a watershed guided approach as a new planing tool for indirect potable water reuse." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (2001): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0637.

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The scope of this study was to develop a model to assess the impact of source water quality on reclaimed water used for indirect potable reuse. The source water impact model (SWIM) considered source water qualities, water supply distribution data, water use and the impact of wastewater treatment to calculate reclaimed water quality. It was applied for sulfate, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at four water reuse sites in Arizona and California. SWIM was able to differentiate between the amount of salts derived by drinking water sources and the amount added by consumers. At all site

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17

Torretta, Vincenzo, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Giorgio Bertanza, and Maria Xanthopoulou. "Water reuse as a secure pathway to deal with water scarcity." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500090.

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An adequate access to water supply systems is crucial for a sustainable future. Climate change is expected to increase water shortage problems worldwide. Reuse/recycling of treated wastewater for domestic and/or agricultural purposes can be considered an interesting water supply: it is independent from seasonal drought and meteorological variability and able to cover the peak of water demand. In the case of direct reuse, the parameter of treated water must comply with the reuse limits for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids. In case of indirect reuse, the regu

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18

Lozier, J. "Two approaches to indirect potable reuse using membrane technology." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (2000): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0629.

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A pilot study was conducted at McAllen, Texas to evaluate two microfiltration technologies, Memcor and ZeeWeed, to treat secondary effluent from the city of McAllen south WWTP. The objectives of the study were to compare the ability of Memcor and ZeeWeed to pretreat secondary effluent for subsequent processing by RO and to evaluate the ability of the ZenoGem membrane bioreactor process to directly treat screened, de-gritted wastewater to a quality suitable for direct processing by RO. The results showed both Memcor and ZeeWeed to be competitive in their ability to produce a high quality filtra

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19

Rodriguez, Clemencia, Angus Cook, Brian Devine, et al. "Dioxins, Furans and PCBs in Recycled Water for Indirect Potable Reuse." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 5, no. 5 (2008): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5050356.

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20

Poussade, Y., A. Roux, T. Walker, and V. Zavlanos. "Advanced oxidation for indirect potable reuse: a practical application in Australia." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 9 (2009): 2419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.665.

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December 2008 marked the completion of Stage 2B of the Western Corridor Recycled Water (WCRW) Project in South East Queensland, Australia. With a maximum combined production capacity of 232 million litres of purified recycled water a day, it is the third largest recycled water scheme in the world and the largest in southern hemisphere. A seven-barrier approach has been used to ensure very highest quality, safe water is produced at all times for the purpose of indirect potable reuse. Three of these barriers occur in the advanced water treatment section of the WCRW Project: micro- or ultra-filtr

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21

Dingemans, Milou, Patrick Smeets, Gertjan Medema, et al. "Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits." Water 12, no. 5 (2020): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051264.

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Freshwater is a precious resource, and shortages can lead to water stress, impacting agriculture, industry, and other sectors. Wastewater reuse is increasingly considered as an opportunity to meet the freshwater demand. Legislative frameworks are under development to support the responsible reuse of wastewater, i.e., to balance benefits and risks. In an evaluation of the proposed European regulation for water reuse, we concluded that the proposed regulation is not practically feasible, as the water provider alone is responsible for the risk assessment and management, even beyond their span of

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22

Law, Ian B. "An Australian perspective on DPR: technologies, sustainability and community acceptance." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 3 (2015): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.180.

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Australia has had guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than potable reuse) since 2006. These guidelines were extended in May 2008 to cover potable reuse and have since been applied to two potable reuse schemes – one in Brisbane (Queensland) in 2011 and the second in Perth (Western Australia) in 2013. These guidelines cover both indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse (DPR) and outline the steps that must be followed in the planning and validation of such schemes. This paper summarizes: (i) recent work carried out in Australia on treatment trains and technologies

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23

Drewes, J. E., and S. J. Khan. "Contemporary design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse systems." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 1 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.148.

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Water scarcity driven by population growth, lack of conventional supplies, and climate change impacts have resulted in increasing interest worldwide in drinking water augmentation using treated wastewater effluents. Potable reuse can occur indirect or direct, but is also practiced in many places as ‘de facto reuse’, where upstream wastewater discharge occurs to drinking water supplies. With this increasing recognition of potable reuse, there is very limited guidance and standardization for proper design and operation of potable reuse schemes that is protective of public health. This study prov

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24

Lozier, J., and A. Fernandez. "Using a membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis system for indirect potable reuse." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (2001): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0127.

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The City of McAllen, Texas, with the assistance of CH2M HILL, has pilot tested an integrated membrane bioreactor (MBR)/reverse osmosis (RO) treatment train to reclaim municipal wastewater to a quality suitable for use as a new drinking water supply in the process called indirect potable reuse. Previous testing by the City (Phase 1) demonstrated the applicability and cost of microfiltration (Memcor and ZeeWeed systems) to enhance the quality of secondary effluent for subsequent treatment by RO and the feasibility of a membrane bioreactor system (ZenoGem) to produce RO feedwater directly from mi

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25

Venkatesan, Arjun K., Sajjad Ahmad, Walter Johnson, and Jacimaria R. Batista. "Salinity reduction and energy conservation in direct and indirect potable water reuse." Desalination 272, no. 1-3 (2011): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.007.

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26

Johnson, Walter S., Jacimaria R. Batista, and Sajjad Ahmad. "INDIRECT POTABLE WATER REUSE: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE LAS VEGAS VALLEY." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 16 (2007): 2708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707787960431.

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27

Arar, A. "Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in the Near East Region." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (1991): 2127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0669.

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Limited water supplies available in many countries of the Near East has led to a growing interest in the rational use of this increasingly important resource. Because wastewater irrigation ensures the reuse of resources and achieves better treatment of wastewater, plans have recently been formulated for large-scale use of this non-conventional source of water. Consequently, in several countries of the Near East Region, wastewater reuse in agriculture is an accomplished and accepted fact, with a high degree of social and political commitment. Intensive and direct reuse is being practised in Kuw

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28

Gao, Yi, Zhiguo Li, and Kashif Khan. "Effect of Cognitive Variables and Emotional Variables on Urban Residents’ Recycled Water Reuse Behavior." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082208.

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Urban residents’ perception of recycled water reuse is the foundation for the realization of recycled water reuse behavior. However, even though the perception factor is equipped, it does not mean that urban residents will use recycled water continuously for sure. Therefore, in this research, the authors try to put cognitive factors and emotional factors into a unified behavioral process. Based on this theory framework, the paper will interpret the initiation, formation and continuing process of recycled water reuse behavior of urban residents. On the basis of previous studies, this study esta

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29

Beard, Jack E., Marc F. P. Bierkens, and Ruud P. Bartholomeus. "Following the Water: Characterising de facto Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Netherlands." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (2019): 5936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215936.

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De facto (or indirect) wastewater reuse is the practice of extracting from surface water bodies which are impacted by treated wastewater (TWW) for anthropogenic use. The extent to which surface water bodies in the Netherlands are impacted by TWW is poorly understood, and the distribution of de facto reuse even more so. This study addresses these knowledge gaps, with a focus on reuse for agricultural irrigation. This is achieved via a novel application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) Explorer water quality model, allowing for the distribution of different flow components—namely TWW and f

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Tanik, A., A. Ekdal, F. Germirli Babuna, and D. Orhon. "Recent practices on wastewater reuse in Turkey." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 11 (2005): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0400.

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Reuse of wastewater for irrigational purposes in agriculture has been a widely applied practice all around the world compared to such applications in industries. In most of the developing countries, high costs of wastewater treatment stimulate the direct reuse of raw or partly treated effluent in irrigation despite the socio-cultural objections in some countries regarding religious rituals towards consuming wastewater. In Turkey, reuse applications in agriculture have been in use by indirect application by means of withdrawing water from the downstream end of treatment plants. Such practices a

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31

Liu, H. T., X. J. Kong, G. D. Zheng, and C. C. Chen. "Determination of greenhouse gas emission reductions from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion in China." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 1 (2015): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.472.

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Sewage sludge is a considerable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the field of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from sludge anaerobic digestion, including direct and indirect emissions as well as replaceable emission reduction due to biogas being reused instead of natural gas, were quantified respectively. The results indicated that no GHG generation needed to be considered during the anaerobic digestion process. Indirect emissions were mainly from electricity and fossil fuel consumption on-site and sludge transportation. Overall, the

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32

Levine, Bruno B., Kapal Madireddi, Valentina Lazarova, Michael K. Stenstrom, and Mel Suffet. "Treatment of Trace Organic Compounds by Membrane Processes: At the Lake Arrowhead Water Reuse Pilot Plant." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (1999): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0603.

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Organic and trace organic performance data for ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) at the Lake Arrowhead water reclamation pilot plant are analyzed to determine the treatment efficiency of these processes in an indirect potable reuse design. Four organic parameters were studied: dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), SUVA and base neutral analysis (BNA). UF and NF removed the larger compounds from the influent, but had no significant impact on the base neutral fraction with the exception of sterols. The RO process removed DOC

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33

Abrams, Michael. "Closing the Water Cycle." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 04 (2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-apr-3.

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This article discusses how wastewater can be recycled for consumption if there is scarcity of water. It gives the example of the Orange County plant that is in operation since 2008, and is the largest “indirect to potable reuse” plant in the world. It is “indirect” because that water does not flow straight from the plant to the faucet. Instead, after being treated with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and then ultraviolet light, the water is pumped back into the ground. Pumping water to an underground basin gives the county time to react if there’s a problem. The soil also works to remove acc

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34

Lahnsteiner, J., P. van Rensburg, and J. Esterhuizen. "Direct potable reuse – a feasible water management option." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 1 (2017): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.172.

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Abstract Direct potable reuse (DPR) can be more economic than indirect potable reuse as no environmental buffer is needed and conveyance and blending of the purified water with other potable sources is basically less expensive. Long-term experience in Windhoek (48 years) shows that treated domestic sewage can be safely and cost-efficiently utilized for potable reclamation (0.72 €/m3). A multiple barrier strategy is employed in order to attain the highest possible safety levels. There are three types of barriers: non-treatment, treatment and operational barriers. In recent years, new DPR scheme

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35

Erdal, U. G., L. Schimmoller, J. Lozier, and P. Fu. "Contrasting Finished Water Stabilization Approaches at Two Full-Scale Indirect Potable Reuse Plants." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 14 (2011): 3005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802720920.

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36

Barnes, Jesse L., Anjala S. Krishen, and Han-fen Hu. "Untapped Knowledge about Water Reuse: the Roles of Direct and Indirect Educational Messaging." Water Resources Management 35, no. 8 (2021): 2601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02853-z.

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Jeong, Hanseok, Hakkwan Kim, and Taeil Jang. "Irrigation Water Quality Standards for Indirect Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Contribution toward Sustainable Wastewater Reuse in South Korea." Water 8, no. 4 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8040169.

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Jansen, H. P., M. K. Stenstrom, and J. de Koning. "Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (2007): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.001.

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This paper demonstrates the development of indirect potable reuse (IPR) in the United States. A legislative review and a survey of plants show that IPR is becoming an integral part of water reclamation. Public resistance is the limiting factor to its development while technology is not.

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39

McAlister, T., M. Stephens, and A. Allen. "Aura, the city of colour – Australia's shining example of widescale integrated water cycle management." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 3 (2017): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.078.

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Aura, the ‘City of Colour’, is a 48,000 person masterplanned community on Queensland's Sunshine Coast. Aura commenced construction in 2015 and will be developed over the next 25 years. Aura sets a benchmark in Australia regarding large scale urban water sustainability through the application of techniques such as rainwater capture and reuse, construction and operational stormwater treatment, water conservation, advanced sewer system designs and potentially a major stormwater harvesting and indirect potable reuse scheme. This paper outlines the journey taken in seeing Aura advance from ‘concept

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40

Van Houtte, Emmanuel, and Johan Verbauwhede. "Operational experience with indirect potable reuse at the Flemish Coast." Desalination 218, no. 1-3 (2008): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.028.

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41

Seah, H., T. P. Tan, M. L. Chong, and J. Leong. "NEWater—multi safety barrier approach for indirect potable use." Water Supply 8, no. 5 (2008): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.130.

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Singapore, a small island city-state depends on four sources, namely local catchment, imported water from Malaysia, desalinated water, and NEWater, to provide for its daily water consumption of about 1.36 million m3 per day. NEWater, a high grade reclaimed water, is key in achieving water sustainability through the multiplying effect of water reuse. In addition to being used for direct non-potable use (DNU) in wafer fabrication processes and other industrial processes, NEWater is being injected into surface reservoirs for indirect potable use (IPU). To ensure the safety of NEWater for IPU, PUB

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42

Lodhi, A. G., A. N. Godrej, D. Sen, R. Angelotti, and M. Brooks. "A decision support system for indirect potable reuse based on integrated modeling and futurecasting." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 3 (2019): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.071.

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Abstract Optimal operation of water reclamation facilities (WRFs) is critical for an indirect potable reuse (IPR) system, especially when the reclaimed water constitutes a major portion of the safe yield, as in the case of the Occoquan Reservoir located in Northern Virginia. This paper presents how a reservoir model is used for predicting future reservoir conditions based on the weather and streamflow forecasts obtained from the Climate Forecast System and the National Water Model. The resulting model predictions provide valuable feedback to the operators for correctly targeting the effluent n

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Yangali-Quintanilla, Victor, Zhenyu Li, Rodrigo Valladares, Qingyu Li, and Gary Amy. "Indirect desalination of Red Sea water with forward osmosis and low pressure reverse osmosis for water reuse." Desalination 280, no. 1-3 (2011): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.066.

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Jeong, Han Seok, Ji Hoon Park, Choung Hyun Seong, Tae Il Jang, Moon Seong Kang, and Seung Woo Park. "Effects of Indirect Wastewater Reuse on Water Quality and Soil Environment in Paddy Fields." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 55, no. 3 (2013): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2013.55.3.091.

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45

Drewes, Jörg E., Martin Reinhard, and Peter Fox. "Comparing microfiltration-reverse osmosis and soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of water." Water Research 37, no. 15 (2003): 3612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00230-6.

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46

Drewes, Jörg E. "Water Quality Improvements through the Environmental Buffer in Indirect Potable Reuse – Perception and Reality." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 16 (2011): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802712677.

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Lawton, E., P. Antczak, S. Walker, E. Germain-Cripps, F. Falciani, and E. J. Routledge. "An investigation into the biological effects of indirect potable reuse water using zebrafish embryos." Science of The Total Environment 789 (October 2021): 147981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147981.

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Rodriguez, C., A. Cook, P. Van Buynder, B. Devine, and P. Weinstein. "Screening health risk assessment of micropullutants for indirect potable reuse schemes: a three-tiered approach." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 11 (2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.831.

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Indirect potable reuse schemes are an important consideration in the sustainable management of scarce water resources. However, communities still hold real concerns about the potential health risks of micropullutants in recycled water entering their potable water supply. Microfiltration or ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis is currently the standard treatment technology for potable use of recycled water. Nevertheless, membranes are not 100% efficient in the removal of trace organic contaminants and the potential health risks of these micropullutants need to be assessed. The aim of thi

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Solley, David, Bradley Rhodes, Mark Hordern, and Annalie Roux. "Pretreatment for micro- or ultra-filtration/reverse osmosis water reuse: experience from Mid-Eastern Australia." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 3-4 (2013): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.055.

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In the past decade, six micro- or ultra-filtration/reverse osmosis (RO) reuse treatment plants, ranging in capacity from 4 to 100 ML/d, have been constructed in South East Queensland, Australia. The plants produce water for a variety of purposes, from industrial use through to indirect potable reuse. The feed water for all these reuse plants is wastewater treated to a secondary biological nutrient removal standard with secondary clarification only. Two different pretreatment approaches have been adopted ahead of the membrane processes, with varying objectives and success. These pretreatment ap

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Kuttab, Atallah S. "Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (1993): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0186.

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Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies. In rur

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