Journal articles: 'Individual toxicity'

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Grandjean, P. "Individual susceptibility to toxicity." Toxicology Letters 64-65 (December 1992): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(92)90171-f.

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Piatkov, Irina, Colin Rochester, Trudi Jones, and Steven Boyages. "Warfarin Toxicity and Individual Variability—Clinical Case." Toxins 2, no. 11 (October 28, 2010): 2584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins2112584.

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Jones, David, Alan G. Scarlett, Charles E. West, and Steven J. Rowland. "Toxicity of Individual Naphthenic Acids toVibrio fischeri." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 22 (November 15, 2011): 9776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201948j.

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Smiley-Walters, Sarah A., Terence M. Farrell, and H. Lisle Gibbs. "High levels of functional divergence in toxicity towards prey among the venoms of individual pigmy rattlesnakes." Biology Letters 15, no. 2 (February 2019): 20180876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0876.

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Venom is a complex molecular phenotype that shows high levels of variation in expressed proteins between individuals within and between populations. However, the functional significance of this variation in terms of toxicity towards prey is largely unknown. Here, we assessed the relative toxicity of venom from individual pygmy rattlesnakes ( Sistrurus miliarius ) on brown anoles ( Anolis sagrei ) using a novel assay involving tests of fixed doses of venom from individual snakes on individual lizards. We found high levels of functional variation between individual venoms within populations with individual differences (nested within population) explaining 3.6 times more variation in toxicity than population differences. Our results suggest a previously unappreciated adaptive significance to within-population variation in venom. They argue that selective mechanisms that maintain variation within populations may be of equal or greater importance to divergent selection leading to local adaption between populations as evolutionary explanations of venom variation within species.

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Schmiegelow, Kjeld. "Advances in individual prediction of methotrexate toxicity: a review." British Journal of Haematology 146, no. 5 (September 2009): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07765.x.

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Pai, Prathamesh S. "Treatment Intensification in the ‘High-risk’ Individual." International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 1, no. 2 (2010): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1016.

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Abstract The high-risk individual merits treatment intensification. However, there are concerns with CERT. More supportive care is necessary as toxicity is higher. Treatment related death is a reality. Hence before we set out to prescribe concurrent chemoradiation we would need to stratify them according to the risk factors, their performance status and bear in mind the costs involved in intensive support during treatment. Apart from chemoradiation we need to explore emerging treatment strategies such as fractionated radiation therapy, and targeted therapies such as epidermal growth factor receptor blockade which might offer better if not similar results but with lesser toxicity.

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Syvak, L. A., S. A. Lyalkin, T. Ye Tarasenko, N. V. Kasap, M. Y. Klimanov, N. N. Maydanevich, A. V. Askolsky, and N. O. Verovkina. "PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY FOR CHEMOTHERAPY." Likarska sprava, no. 7-8 (December 30, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.7-8.2018(10).

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The study of individual sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs is aimed at providing treatment with the most effective schemes that will not only prolong the life of patients with cancer, but also improve its quality and eliminate unwanted toxicity.

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Syvak, L. A., S. A. Lyalkin, T. Ye Tarasenko, N. V. Kasap, M. Y. Klimanov, N. N. Maydanevich, A. V. Askolsky, and N. O. Verovkina. "PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY FOR CHEMOTHERAPY." Likarska sprava, no. 7-8 (December 30, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/vd.7-8.2018(10).

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The study of individual sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs is aimed at providing treatment with the most effective schemes that will not only prolong the life of patients with cancer, but also improve its quality and eliminate unwanted toxicity.

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Stogner, Steven W., and D. Keith Payne. "Oxygen Toxicity." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 12 (December 1992): 1554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601214.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the biochemistry of oxygen metabolism, including the formation of free radicals and the role of endogenous antioxidants. Pathophysiologic correlates underlying the clinical manifestations of oxygen toxicity are reviewed and management strategies are outlined. DATA SOURCES: References from basic science and clinical journals were selected from the authors' files and from a search of a computerized database of the biomedical literature. STUDY SELECTION: Articles selected for review included both historical and current literature concerning the biochemistry and pathophysiology of oxygen toxicity in animals and humans. DATA SYNTHESIS: The benefits of oxygen therapy have been known for many years; however, its potential toxicity has not been recognized until the last two decades. The lungs, the eyes, and, under certain conditions, the central nervous system are the organs most affected by prolonged exposure to hyperoxic environments. Free radical formation during cellular metabolism under hyperoxic conditions is recognized as the biochemical basis of oxygen injury to cells and organs. Endogenous antioxidants are a primary means of detoxifying reactive oxygen species and preventing hyperoxia-induced cellular damage. When this defense fails or is overwhelmed by the excessive production of hyperoxia-induced free-radical species, distinctive morphologic changes occur at the cellular level. The amount of hyperoxia required to cause cellular damage and the time course of these changes vary from species to species and from individual to individual within the same species. Age, nutritional status, presence of underlying diseases, and certain drugs may influence the development of oxygen toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: There is currently no reliably effective drug for preventing or delaying the development of oxygen toxicity in humans. Use of the lowest effective oxygen concentration, the avoidance of certain drugs, and attention to nutritional and metabolic factors remain the best means currently available to avoid or minimize oxygen toxicity. Research is continuing into more effective ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disorder.

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Griffiths, Stephen John. "Implications of individual particulate matter component toxicity for population exposure." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 4, no. 3-4 (June 16, 2010): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0077-4.

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Sheppard, D. Craig, and Brad Swedlund. "Toxicity of Individual Pyrethrin Esters to House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.3.279.

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Six pyrethrin esters were separated from whole pyrethrum by using high performance liquid chromatography on a silica column. Dilutions of individual esters were applied topically to house flies (Musca domestica L.) and compared to whole pyrethrum and transpermethrin. LD50's averaged from two significant dosage-mortality regressions per chemical were in ascending toxicity: Cinerin I (1.77 μjg/fly), jasmolin I (1.28 μjg/fly), pyrethrin II (0.49 μg/fly), jasmolin II (0.46 μg/fy). cinerin II (0.43 μg/fly), pyrethrin I (0.20 μg/fly)> 25% pyrethrin extract (0.11 μg/fly) and trans-permethrin (0.0072 μg/fly).

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Blythe, David, and L. Peter Hackett. "Cardiovascular and neurological toxicity of venlafaxine." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 5 (May 1999): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678840165.

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1 We report a case of venlafaxine overdose and describe pharmacokinetic data on drug disposition. 2 Case report. Serial venlafaxine levels were measured and drug half-life calculated and compared to data at therapeutic concentrations. Metabolite concentrations were also measured and the potential for toxicity described with reference to individual variation in such metabolism 3 Venlafaxine can cause significant cardiac and neurotoxicity. Its potential for causing such toxicity may be dependent on whether an individual has the extensive metaboliser cytochrome CYP2D6 phenotype or the poor metaboliser phenotype

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Roumak, V. S., N. V. Umnova, and G. A. Sofronov. "MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF DIOXIN TOXICITY." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 69, no. 3-4 (August 21, 2015): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69.i3-4.1000.

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Background: Using methods of molecular toxicology to study dioxin intoxication consequences the contribution was accessed of pathologic alterations induced and manifested by specific biomarkers and ecogenetic effects among Vietnamese population living on contaminated territories. The causes of variability in individual sensitivity to toxic activity were also evaluated. Materials and methods: Individual biomedical indices were compared between those living in contaminated with dioxins (n =8142) and control (n =4421) regions. Dioxin concentrations were measured by high resolution chromato-mass spectrometry (84 samples). The characteristics of cytochrome P-450 system state (94 persons) and cytogenetic parameters (368 persons, 331 450 cells) reflected the molecular and genetic effects. Variable sensitivity to dioxins was demonstrated by associations of genetic polymorphism (CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, n =195) and congenital morphogenetic variants among children (n =1734). Results: Numerous consequences were demonstrated among the exposed individuals: noticeable absobtion of dioxins from environmental objects; direct effects of P-450 system’s induction; systemic alterations in nucleus and genetic stability; changes in cellular generation’s rate. The associations were revealed of genetic polymorphism in xenobiotic biotransformation / detoxification system and the peculiarities of development and morphogenesis among exposed children. Conclusion: Characteristics of population chronicle intoxication with dioxins permitted to describe its numerous preclinical and clinical manifestations, to show the key elements in pathogenesis of revealed alterations. Future investigations are to create the groundwork for developing a method for prevention of dioxin pathology induction and realization based on revealing preclinical signs and effects of intoxication.

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Chen, Chung-Yuan, Shih-Lan Chen, and Erik R. Christensen. "INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED TOXICITY OF NITRILES AND ALDEHYDES TO RAPHIDOCELIS SUBCAPITATA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 5 (2005): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-147r.1.

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Abudayyak, Mahmoud, Gül Ozhan, and Buket Alpertunga. "Individual differences in efficacy and toxicity of the platinum-based drugs." Toxicology Letters 211 (June 2012): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.218.

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Sarikahya, Nazli Boke, Peyker Kayce, Nurhayat Tabanca, Alden S. Estep, James J. Becnel, Ikhlas A. Khan, and Suheyla Kirmizigul. "Toxicity of Cephalaria Species and their Individual Constituents against Aedes aegypti." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 7 (July 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000715.

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Crude acetone and ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of 21 Cephalaria species collected from Turkey were investigated for larvicidal and adult topical activity against Aedes aegypti. The ethanol extracts from C. elazigensis var. purpurea, C. anatolica, and C. elmaliensis possessed the highest mortality against first instar Ae. aegypti larvae. Luteolin-7 -O-β-D-glycoside (1), isolated from C. elmaliensis ethanol extract, demonstrated 33% and 53% mortality at 0.1 μg/mL concentration against first instar ORL (susceptible) and PR (pyrethroid resistant) strains, respectively. C. scoparia acetone extract showed 100% mortality against adult Ae. aegypti. From this extract compounds 2-8 were isolated. Compound 2 (isoorientin) possessed the highest toxicity with 31.7% and 65% mortality at a 10 μg/mL concentration against adult ORL and PR strains, respectively. This is the first screening report of potential insecticides from Cephalaria species against the yellow fever mosquito, Ae. aegypti, and the active compounds (1 and 2) could lead to the development of a new class of insecticide.

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Bakhtyar, Sajida, and Marthe Monique Gagnon. "Toxicity assessment of individual ingredients of synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs)." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, no. 9 (September 20, 2011): 5311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2342-x.

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Kaiser, Klaus L. E., and Virginia S. Palabrica. "Photobacterium phosphoreum Toxicity Data Index." Water Quality Research Journal 26, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 361–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1991.017.

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Abstract This toxicity data index gives a compilation of some 1350 acute toxicity data of individual organic compounds for the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, commonly known as Microtox™ test. The index contains 5-min, 15-min and 30-min toxicity data in both logarithmic (log (L/mmol) and non-logarithmic (mg/L) formats for approximately 1300 chemicals sorted by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) accession numbers. In addition to the toxicity data, this index reviews correlations of the luminescent bacteria toxicity test data with a multitude of other acute toxicity tests on aquatic and terrestrial species, with emphasis on the 96-hr acute lethality data of 200 individual chemicals to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). A high collinearity between these two tests is demonstrated over nearly ten orders of magnitude in toxicity variation as expressed on a molar basis for compounds acting with several known toxicity mechanisms. These results indicate the usefulness of the luminescent bacteria bioassay as a simple, fast and comparatively inexpensive alternative to in-vivo bioassays with higher organisms.

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Grun, N., C. A. den Otter, M. Sintemaartensdijk, J. Osinga, F. E. L. van den Elzen, A. N. van der Vegt, J. de Haan, et al. "P14.13 Severe hematological toxicity during chemoradiation for glioblastoma: Identification of clinical and pharmacological risk factors and consequences for the individual patient." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2021): ii40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab180.138.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Besides early tumour progression, standard first-line radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in de novo glioblastoma patients is abrogated frequently by severe haematological toxicity. This leads to treatment delays with unknown effect on efficacy and to more hospital visits with increased disease burden. In the present study, we identified clinical and pharmacological risk factors for temozolomide induced severe hematological toxicity. Furthermore, we describe the burden of toxicity for patients and evaluate the effect of severe toxicity on prognosis. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of adult patients with a histological confirmed glioblastoma (n=363), treated with standard treatment regimen at the Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam between 2000 and -2020. Severe haematological toxicity was defined as a CTCAE (version 5.0) grade ≥3. We used Pearson Chi-Square test to analyze differences in patient characteristics between the groups (no vs. severe toxicity) and paired samples T- Test to analyze fluctuations in cell counts. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify patient- and treatment characteristics associated with severe hematological toxicity. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to estimate Hazard Ratio’s for the association between survival and severe hematological toxicity. RESULTS Female gender (OR 8.05, 95%CI 2.96–21.89, p<0.001) and older age (age > 70 years; OR 2.44, 95%CI 1.12–5.31, p=0.025) were independent risk factors for severe toxicity. Concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide was discontinued in respectively 56% and 35% of the patients. In general, patients with severe hematological toxicity had a treatment delay of 22 ± 48 days. Of all patients with severe hematological toxicity during chemoradiation, 96% developed toxicity after ≥4 weeks of treatment (p<0.001). Females who received highest temozolomide-doses (4th quartile) had a longer survival than females with low cumulative temozolomide doses (1st quartile). Patients, who developed severe toxicity had much more hospital visits (20; range 12–26), and were admitted more frequently to the hospital. Severe haematological toxicity was not related to survival (HR 1.04; 95%CI 0.74–1.45). CONCLUSION Female gender and age >70 years are risk factors for severe hematological toxicity. Severe hematological toxicity relates to temozolomide exposure and results in a significant treatment burden for patients. Low temozolomide exposure results in decreased survival. Patient tailored therapy may result in better treatment outcomes.

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Raghavan, R. Venkat, Anil Melath, K. Subair, and T. P. Mohammed Feroz. "Titanium toxicity-A review." JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY DENTAL RESEARCH 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.38138/jmdr/v6i2.15.

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Titanium is a commonly used inert bio-implant material within the medical and dental fields. Although the use of titanium is thought to be safe with a high success rate, in some cases, there are rare reports of problems caused by titanium. Even though various recent advancement in the implant has been implicated in this era, still titanium is gold stranded among dental implant materials. In most of these problematic reports, only individual reports are dominant and comprehensive reporting has not been performed. This comprehensive article has been prepared to review the toxicity of titanium and its alloy materials in the field of dentistry. Keywords: Allergy; implant toxicity; titanium implants; titanium particles; Yellow nail syndrome

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Yu, Song, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu, and Aibo Wu. "Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 5917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165917.

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Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. Nevertheless, the combinations of FB2 + FB3 and FB1 + FB2 + FB3 showed a synergistic effect at low concentration and an antagonistic effect at high concentration. We also found that myriocin (ISP-1) could alleviate the cytotoxicity induced by fumonisin in GES-1 cells. Finally, this study may help to determine or optimize the legal limits and risk assessment method of mycotoxins in food and feed and provide a potential method to block the fumonisin toxicity.

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Fernandez-Alba, A. R., L. Piedra, M. Mezcua, and M. D. Hernando. "Toxicity of Single and Mixed Contaminants in Seawater Measured with Acute Toxicity Bioassays." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.221.

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Different types of organic pollutants commonly detected in seawater have been evaluated by acute toxicity bioassays. Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Selenastrum capricornotum were selected to test toxic effects of individual compounds and mixtures of these compounds, obtaining EC50values in the range of 0.001 to 28.9 mg/l. In the case of mixtures, synergistic toxic responses were seen for a clear majority of the cases (>60%). Mixtures containing methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) exhibit accelerated processes that result in a change in concentration required to produce a toxic effect; for example, in the case of mixtures containing MTBE and Diuron and Dichlofluanid.

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Iswarya, V., M. Bhuvaneshwari, N. Chandrasekaran, and Amitava Mukherjee. "Individual and binary toxicity of anatase and rutile nanoparticles towards Ceriodaphnia dubia." Aquatic Toxicology 178 (September 2016): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.007.

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Lambert, Ronald J. W., and Douglas A. Dawson. "New models for the time dependent toxicity of individual and combined toxicants." Toxicology Research 8, no. 4 (2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tx00005d.

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Starodub, M. E., P. T. S. Wong, C. I. Mayfield, and Y. K. Chau. "Influence of Complexation and pH on Individual and Combined Heavy Metal Toxicity to a Freshwater Green Alga." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-140.

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The effect of complexation and pH on heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) toxicity to a freshwater green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda, was investigated. Extracellular ligands produced by S. quadricauda were capable of binding heavy metals and reducing their single and combined toxicities. Apparent complexing capacities and the ability of the sediment humics and artificial complexing agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and glycolic acid to ameliorate Cu, Zn, or Pb toxicity were also assessed. The toxicity of metals to algal growth was enhanced at acidic pH. Combined toxicity of these metals was significantly greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 8.5 or pH 6.5. Synergistic effects (between Cu, Zn, and Pb) towards algal growth increased at low pH. Specific heavy metals, their respective concentrations, the presence of complexing ligands, and pH influence both individual and combined heavy metal toxicities.

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Dey, Simli, Anirban Das, Arpan Dey, and Sudipta Maiti. "Membrane affinity of individual toxic protein oligomers determined at the single-molecule level." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 26 (2020): 14613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00450b.

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Taylor, Nadine, Alex Gavin, and Mark Viant. "Metabolomics Discovers Early-Response Metabolic Biomarkers that Can Predict Chronic Reproductive Fitness in Individual Daphnia magna." Metabolites 8, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo8030042.

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Chemical risk assessment remains entrenched in chronic toxicity tests that set safety thresholds based on animal pathology or fitness. Chronic tests are resource expensive and lack mechanistic insight. Discovering a chemical’s mode-of-action can in principle provide predictive molecular biomarkers for a toxicity endpoint. Furthermore, since molecular perturbations precede pathology, early-response molecular biomarkers may enable shorter, more resource efficient testing that can predict chronic animal fitness. This study applied untargeted metabolomics to attempt to discover early-response metabolic biomarkers that can predict reproductive fitness of Daphnia magna, an internationally-recognized test species. First, we measured the reproductive toxicities of cadmium, 2,4-dinitrophenol and propranolol to individual Daphnia in 21-day OECD toxicity tests, then measured the metabolic profiles of these animals using mass spectrometry. Multivariate regression successfully discovered putative metabolic biomarkers that strongly predict reproductive impairment by each chemical, and for all chemicals combined. The non-chemical-specific metabolic biomarkers were then applied to metabolite data from Daphnia 24-h acute toxicity tests and correctly predicted that significant decreases in reproductive fitness would occur if these animals were exposed to cadmium, 2,4-dinitrophenol or propranolol for 21 days. While the applicability of these findings is limited to three chemicals, they provide proof-of-principle that early-response metabolic biomarkers of chronic animal fitness can be discovered for regulatory toxicity testing.

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Mutch, Elaine, Peter G. Blain, and Faith M. Williams. "Interindividual Variations in Enzymes Controlling Organophosphate Toxicity in Man." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 2 (March 1992): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100209.

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1 Interindividual variations in an unexposed population have been defined for five enzymes involved in organophosphate (OP) toxicity. The enzymes measured were: red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (NTE), serum cholinesterase (ChE), serum paraoxonase and serum arylesterase. 2 AChE and arylesterase were normally distributed in the population whilst the distribution of NTE, ChE and paraoxonase deviated significantly from normal. 3 Assay precision and intra-individual variability were measured for each of the enzymes; the effect on interindividual variation was assessed. 4 Variations in enzyme activities between individuals could have profound effects on susceptibility to OP toxicity. Prior determination of these enzymes may be predictive of susceptibility. 5 Lymphocyte NTE has some limitations as an indicator of exposure to neurotoxic OPs.

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Banerjee, Robyn, Santam Chakraborty, Ian Nygren, and Richie Sinha. "Predicting acute small-bowel toxicity in patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation: A comparison of peritoneal space versus small-bowel loop contouring techniques." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2012): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.4_suppl.673.

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673 Background: In lieu of contouring individual small bowel loops, the peritoneal space (PS) has been suggested as a possible surrogate volume for predicting small bowel toxicity. A dose-volume relationship for the PS has not been firmly established. The aim of this study was to determine whether contours of the PS better predict significant acute small bowel toxicity in neoadjuvant rectal cancer patients when compared with contours of individual small bowel loops. Methods: A standardized contouring method was developed for the PS and retrospectively applied to the radiation treatment plans of sixty-seven patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. All patients had locally advanced disease, no evidence of metastases, and received concurrent radiation and infusional 5-Fluorourocil chemotherapy. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) data was extracted and analyzed against patient toxicity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and logistic regression was carried out for both contouring methods. Results: Grade ≥ 3 small bowel toxicity occurred in 16% (11/67) of patients. Volumes of the contoured small bowel loops correlated with grade ≥ 3 toxicity at each 5 Gray (Gy) dose level from 5 to 45 Gy, with the greatest area under the curve (AUC) measuring .964 (p=.000) associated with the volume receiving at least 25 Gy (V25). Volumes of the contoured PS predicted toxicity from 5 to 40 Gy, with the greatest AUC also at the V25 and measuring .896 (p=.000). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a less than 15% risk of acute grade ≥ 3 toxicity was associated with a V25 of 215 cc for the small bowel and 710 cc for the PS. Conclusions: DVH analysis of peritoneal space volumes predicts grade ≥ 3 small bowel toxicity in neoadjuvant rectal cancer patients, suggesting the peritoneal space is a reasonable surrogate for contouring individual small bowel loops. However, contouring individual small bowel loops is a more sensitive method for predicting toxicity at each dose increment. For both contouring methods, the greatest sensitivity for predicting toxicity was associated with the volume receiving at least 25 Gy (V25).

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Namjoshi, Anjali A., and Augustine S. Aruna. "Multiple Episodes of Phenytoin Toxicity in an Elderly Patient." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 13, no. 3 (May 1997): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259701300305.

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Objective: To describe a case involving multiple episodes of phenytoin toxicity leading to hospitalization over a period of 13 months in an elderly man and to review the risk factors contributing to drug toxicity in this individual. Case Summary: A 70-year-old African-American man presented four times with phenytoin toxicity manifested as ataxia and bilateral nystagmus, leading to multiple hospitalizations over 13 months. Each time the phenytoin concentration was dangerously high, and each time the symptoms of toxicity resolved without serious consequences when phenytoin therapy was temporarily stopped. Each toxicity episode was characterized by a variety of risk factors. Discussion: The risk factors contributing to the drug toxicity in this elderly individual are discussed. Conclusions: This case illustrates that age is not an independent risk factor for adverse drug reactions and that appropriate and comprehensive geriatric pharmaceutical care approaches are necessary to prevent and/or reduce the incidence of these reactions.

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Jonker, D., M. A. Jones, P. J. van Bladeren, R. A. Woutersen, H. P. Til, and V. J. Feron. "Acute (24 hr) toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxicants in rats compared with the toxicity of the individual compounds." Food and Chemical Toxicology 31, no. 1 (January 1993): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(93)90178-2.

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Chandrakala, V., and Utpal Kumar Sanki. "Review of Present Trends and Future Scope of Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development Process." International Journal of PharmTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.130108.

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Pharmacogenomics combines traditional pharmaceutical sciences such as biochemistry with annotated knowledge of genetics, protein chemistry, and DNA polymorphisms. The difference of therapeutic efficacy of the same drug in different individual can be best explained by the study of genetic polymorphisms that underlie individual differences in drug response. The small change of the genome in one individual may make a drug inefficacious as oppose to the other patients. Such variability will bring the individualization of the therapy to obtain the best effects of the drug, as an example autologous dendrimer got a tremendous success in the cancer therapy of the individual. Markers of exposure can determine whether the desired target tissues of a subject have been exposed to a drug at physiological concentrations. Gene expression profiling is a tool that can be used to characterize chemically induced toxicity in cells and/or animal models, in order to provide plausible explanations for observed toxicity in preclinical testing. Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day in future be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup by the use of microarray technology to express the gene which in turn helps to develop receptor protein. The stability of the drug and its toxicity can be predicted prior to administration of the drug to the subject through the knowledge of computer assisted structural simulation and DNA reactivity technology respectively. This article provides some critical aspects of drug developments, clinical trial design and ethical issues which are centered with pharmacogenomics.

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Penman, Sophie L., Alice S. Carter, and Amy E. Chadwick. "Investigating the importance of individual mitochondrial genotype in susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190233.

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The mitochondrion is an essential organelle responsible for generating cellular energy. Additionally, mitochondria are a source of inter-individual variation as they contain their own genome. Evidence has revealed that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation can confer differences in mitochondrial function and importantly, these differences may be a factor underlying the idiosyncrasies associated with unpredictable drug-induced toxicities. Thus far, preclinical and clinical data are limited but have revealed evidence in support of an association between mitochondrial haplogroup and susceptibility to specific adverse drug reactions. In particular, clinical studies have reported associations between mitochondrial haplogroup and antiretroviral therapy, chemotherapy and antibiotic-induced toxicity, although study limitations and conflicting findings mean that the importance of mtDNA variation to toxicity remains unclear. Several studies have used transmitochondrial cybrid cells as personalised models with which to study the impact of mitochondrial genetic variation. Cybrids allow the effects of mtDNA to be assessed against a stable nuclear background and thus the in vitro elucidation of the fundamental mechanistic basis of such differences. Overall, the current evidence supports the tenet that mitochondrial genetics represent an exciting area within the field of personalised medicine and drug toxicity. However, further research effort is required to confirm its importance. In particular, efforts should focus upon translational research to connect preclinical and clinical data that can inform whether mitochondrial genetics can be useful to identify at risk individuals or inform risk assessment during drug development.

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Bruera, Gemma, Stefania Mastropietro, Luigia Dari Salisburgo, Pierluigi Cosenza, and Enrico Ricevuto. "Toxicity syndromes, patient-related clinical indicator of toxicity burden induced by intensive triplet chemotherapy-based regimens in metastatic gastrointestinal cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e15013-e15013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15013.

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e15013 Background: Cancer treatments induce symptoms and signs superimposing on clinical and cancer-related status of individual patient, defining heterogenous toxicity syndromes (TS). We reviewed intensive first line triplet chemotherapy-based regimens developed in fit metastatic gastro-intestinal cancers (mGI), based on FIr/FOx schedule including fluorouracil and weekly alternating irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Methods: Metastatic colorectal (mCRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC), gastric carcinoma (mGC) patients were enrolled by careful decision-making in real life phase II studies: FIr-B/FOx, adding bevacizumab (BEV), in overall, and FIr-C/FOx-C, adding cetuximab (CET), in KRAS/NRAS wild-type mCRC, respectively; FIr/FOx in mPDAC; FD/FOx, adding docetaxel (D), in mGC. Toxicity, and individual limiting toxicity syndromes (LTS), classified as limiting toxicity alone (LTS-single site, LTS-ss) or associated to other limiting or G2 toxicities (LTS-multiple sites, LTS-ms) were evaluated and compared by chi-square test. Results: FIr-B/FOx and FIr-C/FOx-C in mCRC, FIr/FOx in mPDAC, FD/FOx in mGC, respectively reported activity, efficacy and limiting toxicities similar to other triplet chemotherapy-based regimens. Reported LTS: FIr-B/FOx in mCRC 44%, LTS-ms 24% and LTS-ss 20%, in young elderly (yE) 46%, LTS-ms significantly increased vs LTS-ss; FIr-C/FOx-C in KRAS/NRAS wild-type mCRC 65.5%, significantly increased LTS-ms vs LTS-ss, in yE 83%; FIr/FOx in mPDAC 27.5%, mostly LTS-ms, in yE 38.4% all LTS-ms; FD/FOx in mGC 30%, all LTS-ms, in yE 25%. Conclusions: LTS meet the need of an innovative clinical parameter of patient-related toxicity burden, indicating global and individual tolerability, including differential spectrum and intensities of TS related to cancer treatment and according to clinical status of the individual patient. LTS integrated with conventional toxicity evaluation may help properly select patients fit for intensive medical treatments in mGI cancers.

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Khodykina, N. V., L. P. Tochilkina, O. N. Novikova, M. S. Sroslov, A. Ya Pocheptsov, and Yu I. Velikorodnaya. "ACUTE TOXICITY OF CERIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES." Toxicological Review, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2019-3-56-62.

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The resorptive effects of 0.01 M cerium nanodioxide sol upon single intraperitoneal administration to rats have been studied. The acute exposure to nanoparticles was found to have a dose-dependent general toxic effect on the body (weight loss, inflammatory changes in the abdominal organs, modification of individual behavior, hematological changes, metabolic imbalance), which develops on the background of POL activation. The prooxidant effect of cerium dioxide nanoparticles is demonstratively manifested at relatively high exposure levels (80–8 mg / kg). The threshold dose for the general toxic effect (Limch integr) is equal to 0.8 mg / kg.

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Lystrup, Robert M., and Jeffery C. Leggit. "Caffeine Toxicity Due to Supplement Use in Caffeine—Naïve Individual: A Cautionary Tale." Military Medicine 180, no. 8 (August 2015): e936-e940. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00045.

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KUBENA, L. F., W. E. HUFF, R. B. HARVEY, T. D. PHILLIPS, and G. E. ROTTINGHAUS. "Individual and Combined Toxicity of Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Toxin in Broiler Chicks." Poultry Science 68, no. 5 (May 1989): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0680622.

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GIROIR, L. E., W. E. HUFF, L. F. KUBENA, R. B. HARVEY, M. H. ELISSALDE, D. A. WITZEL, A. G. YERSIN, and G. W. IVIE. "The Individual and Combined Toxicity of Kojic Acid and Aflatoxin in Broiler Chickens." Poultry Science 70, no. 6 (June 1991): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701351.

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Samoilov, A. S., R. V. Nikonov, V. I. Pustovoit, and M. S. Kljuchnikov. "Using heart rate variability to determine individual resistance to the hyperbaric oxygen toxicity." Sports medicine: research and practice 10, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2020.3.73.

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Van Gisbergen, M., S. Masroor, E. E. J. M. Smeets, M. J. Verhesen, A. P. M. Stassen, L. Dubois, C. Oberije, H. J. M. Smeets, and P. Lambin. "OC-0377 Individual radiation toxicity prediction, how does mtDNA influence normal tissue response?" Radiotherapy and Oncology 133 (April 2019): S187—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30797-2.

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Yamamoto, Hiroshi, Ikumi Tamura, Yoshiko Hirata, Jun Kato, Keiichiro Kagota, Shota Katsuki, Atsushi Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Kagami, and Norihisa Tatarazako. "Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach." Science of The Total Environment 410-411 (December 2011): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.040.

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Hedau, Madhuri, R. S. Ingole, S. W. Hajare, M. V. Ingawale, S. V. Kuralkar, and S. J. Manwar. "Histopathological alterations in individual and combined toxicity of chlorpyrifos and acetamiprid in broilers." Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 42, no. 2 (2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2018.00020.2.

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Morgan, John D., David G. Mitchell, and Peter M. Chapman. "Individual and combined toxicity of manganese and molybdenum to mussel,Mytilus edulis, larvae." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37, no. 1 (December 1986): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01607765.

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Van Kirk, Robert W., and Sheryl L. Hill. "Demographic model predicts trout population response to selenium based on individual-level toxicity." Ecological Modelling 206, no. 3-4 (August 2007): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.003.

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Semenenko, Vladimir A., Sergey S. Tarima, Kiran Devisetty, Charles A. Pelizzari, and Stanley L. Liauw. "Validation of Normal Tissue Complication Probability Predictions in Individual Patient: Late Rectal Toxicity." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 85, no. 4 (March 2013): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2375.

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Prior, Phillip, Kiran Devisetty, Sergey S. Tarima, Colleen A. F. Lawton, and Vladimir A. Semenenko. "Consolidating Risk Estimates for Radiation-Induced Complications in Individual Patient: Late Rectal Toxicity." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 83, no. 1 (May 2012): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.041.

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Nenaah, Gomah. "Individual and synergistic toxicity of solanaceous glycoalkaloids against two coleopteran stored-product insects." Journal of Pest Science 84, no. 1 (September 10, 2010): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0329-y.

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He, Hongzhi, Guikui Chen, Jing Yu, Jinbo He, Xiaolong Huang, Shufeng Li, Qiu Guo, Tianhong Yu, and Huashou Li. "Individual and Joint Toxicity of Three Chloroacetanilide Herbicides to Freshwater Cladoceran Daphnia carinata." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 90, no. 3 (December 5, 2012): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0898-y.

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Samoilov, A. S., R. V. Nikonov, V. I. Pustovoit, and M. S. Kljuchnikov. "Using heart rate variability to determine individual resistance to the hyperbaric oxygen toxicity." Sports medicine: research and practice 10, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2020.3.73.

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Liu, Tao, Lei Chen, and Xiaoyong Pan. "An Integrated Multi-Label Classifier with Chemical-Chemical Interactions for Prediction of Chemical Toxicity Effects." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 21, no. 6 (August 27, 2018): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207321666180601075428.

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Aims and Objective: Chemical toxicity effect is one of the major reasons for declining candidate drugs. Detecting the toxicity effects of all chemicals can accelerate the procedures of drug discovery. However, it is time-consuming and expensive to identify the toxicity effects of a given chemical through traditional experiments. Designing quick, reliable and non-animal-involved computational methods is an alternative way. Method: In this study, a novel integrated multi-label classifier was proposed. First, based on five types of chemical-chemical interactions retrieved from STITCH, each of which is derived from one aspect of chemicals, five individual classifiers were built. Then, several integrated classifiers were built by integrating some or all individual classifiers. Result and Conclusion: By testing the integrated classifiers on a dataset with chemicals and their toxicity effects in Accelrys Toxicity database and non-toxic chemicals with their performance evaluated by jackknife test, an optimal integrated classifier was selected as the proposed classifier, which provided quite high prediction accuracies and wide applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Individual toxicity'

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