Relevant bibliographies by topics / Individualism Culture

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Individualism Culture'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Joseph, Paul. "Individualism and peace culture." Peace Review 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659408425818.

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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley, and Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.

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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.
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Müller, Hans-Peter, Alessandro Cavalli, and Alessandro Ferrara. "How Is Individuality Possible? Georg Simmel’s Philosophy and Sociology of Individualism." Simmel Studies 22, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 15–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051006ar.

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“How is society possible?” The mirror image of Simmel’s famous question is: “How is individuality possible?” To answer this question Simmel developed a philosophy and sociology of individualism. The “tragedy of individuality” consists of the hiatus between the social structure offering freedom and individuality and the culture unable to provide the necessary meaning and orientation. This is shown with respect to epistemic, structural, cultural and ethic individuality.
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Chan, K. Hung, Kenny Z. Lin, and Phyllis Lai Lan Mo. "An Empirical Study on the Impact of Culture on Audit-Detected Accounting Errors." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 22, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2003.22.2.281.

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This study draws on the theoretical framework of Hofstede's model to examine the impact of different cultural dimensions on audit-detected accounting errors. Based on the accounting errors detected in 80 foreign enterprises of different cultures operating in China, we test the direct effect of the cultural dimensions, power distance and individualism, on the magnitude of accounting errors. The results indicate that power distance and individualism have significant explanatory power in describing the differences in the relative magnitude of errors. Centralization of power in a few individuals, management override of controls, and less competent personnel are important attributes of a large power distance enterprise that contribute to larger errors. Enterprises of an individualist culture, which are characterized by higher personnel turnover and more reliance on accounting numbers for individual performance evaluation, are found to have larger errors. These results should be useful for auditors in assessing the likelihood of material errors from a cultural perspective.
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Martin, Daniel E. "Culture and unethical conduct: Understanding the impact of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism." Management Learning 43, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507611428119.

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This criterion study examined the impact of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism in working business students. Given globalization of business and recent business scandals, furthering our understanding of international ethics remains critical. Business students are the potential employees, managers and leaders of organizations in the future. In this study we focus on one form of unethical conduct by business students, i.e. actual plagiarism, and seek to determine the link between this behavior and cultural values of individualism/collectivism and associated stereotypes of Asian/Caucasian students. Our findings suggest that individualists plagiarize more than collectivists, and that no significant differences in plagiarism exist between Asian and Caucasian students, contrary to popular beliefs. The implications of these findings for scholars and managers are discussed.
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Tirupati, Srinivasan, and Padmavati Ramachandran. "Schizophrenia, recovery and the individual-cultural considerations." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219889320.

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Objectives: The concept of recovery in mental health has been embraced by many services across the world. Placing the individual (self) at the core of service delivery constituted a profound shift from service-driven models of care. However, cultures described as individualistic or collectivist may hold very different views of individuality. In cultures with collectivist orientation, the notion of ‘individualism’ is integrated into the structure and dynamics of the family. The families in such cultures play a major and lifetime role in caring for its members, making decisions and acting in consideration of the welfare of all. The needs and priorities of individuals, especially women, may be superseded by those of their families. This commentary is on the effect of culture on the identity of self in the recovery process and its relevance to mental health care. Conclusion: In multicultural societies like Australia that include Indigenous people, the process of acculturation may be different. For the Indigenous people, the shift was from a collectivist culture to one that was predominantly individualistic. In the provision of recovery-oriented mental health care, there needs to be an awareness of the cultural variations in the relational dynamics of individualism.
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Ismail, Kiran M. "Theorizing on the Role of Individualism-Collectivism in Tacit Knowledge Transfer Between Agents in International Alliances." International Journal of Knowledge Management 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2012010104.

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Taking insights from the extant literatures in cross-cultural management and organizational knowledge management, this paper explores the role of cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism in transfer of tacit knowledge between foreign agents. Tacit knowledge transfer is positively influenced by four key factors: absorptive capacity of target unit, source unit’s motivational disposition to share knowledge, cultural compatibility, and the extent of personal communication between foreign agents. It is proposed that the level of transfer of tactic knowledge between agents from collectivist cultures will be higher than the level of tacit knowledge transfer between agents from individualist cultures. It is also proposed that when there is cultural difference between foreign agents, the level of tacit knowledge transfer involving a source from a collectivist culture and a target from an individualist culture will be lower than transfer between an individualist source and a collectivist target. However, the proposed relationships are influenced by factors such as nature of knowledge, expectations of reciprocity, and the quality of interpersonal relationship between foreign agents. Several ideas for overcoming knowledge transfer obstacles and enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, as well as research implications of the proposed model are also discussed in detail.
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Thomas, David C., Stacey R. Fitzsimmons, Elizabeth C. Ravlin, Kevin Y. Au, Bjørn Z. Ekelund, and Cordula Barzantny. "Psychological Contracts across Cultures." Organization Studies 31, no. 11 (November 2010): 1437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380811.

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This paper explores the relationship between national culture and individuals’ psychological contracts. Predicted relationships were drawn from prior theory that identified cognitive and motivational mechanisms through which culture manifests its influence. The dominant forms of psychological contracts were evaluated against predictions based on the national-level cultural values of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in four countries. Results of interviews with 57 participants indicated that French interviewees (vertical individualist) described their psychological contracts as primarily exploitive, Canadians (horizontal individualist) as primarily instrumental, Chinese (vertical collectivist) as primarily custodial and Norwegians (horizontal collectivist) as primarily communitarian. Exploration of the conditions under which patterns deviated from those predicted by the theory indicates potential areas for future theoretical development.
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Santiago, Jose H., and Santo J. Tarantino. "Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.

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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.
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Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Gerard Roland. "Which Dimensions of Culture Matter for Long-Run Growth?" American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.492.

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We present empirical evidence that, among a variety of cultural dimensions, the individualism-collectivism dimension, based on Hofstede's (2001) data, is the most important and robustly significant effect of culture on long run growth. Other dimensions that have a significant effect, albeit less robust, are generally strongly correlated with individualism and convey similar information. We found no significant or robust effect on growth from cultural dimensions that are independent from the individualism-collectivism cleavage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Chimene, António Marcos. "A independência dos auditores em Moçambique : efeito cultural." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4466.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo pretendeu analisar a importância dos factores que afectam a independência dos auditores (ou seja, as necessidades do investidor, retenção de clientes, valores e obrigações profissionais e pressões de tempo/ orçamentárias) em dois cenários e, em fase de realização dos trabalhos de auditoria. O primeiro cenário (caso 1) está relacionado com pressão de tempo em face de prazo de entrega do relatório de auditoria enquanto o segundo (caso 2) refere-se a relação especial com o cliente de auditoria. A amostra é composta por 60 auditores Moçambicanos de 6 empresas de auditoria que operam em Moçambique. No caso 1, os resultados sugerem que a promessa da firma de auditoria de entregar relatório no prazo estabelecido foi a principal e único factor com poder explicativo sobre a decisão de fazer mais trabalho de auditoria antes de assinar o relatório. No caso 2, os resultados sugerem que a influência do problema de tempo vs orçamento e a situação de emprego do auditor, na sua relação com seu antigo colega e superior hierárquico, foi o principal factor com poder explicativo sobre a decisão de fazer mais trabalho de auditoria antes de assinar o relatório. O segundo factor mais importante foi incapacidade da firma de auditoria de facturar o cliente pelos trabalhos adicionais. Por último, nos dois cenários, os resultados sugerem que a associação entre o Colectivismo de Hofstede (1991) e a decisão do auditor de efectuar trabalho adicional de auditoria foi positiva e fraca.
This research examine the importance of the factors affecting the independence of auditors (i.e., investor needs, client retention, professional values and obligations, and time/ budget pressures) on two scenarios, and in progress of audit work. The first scenario (case 1) is related to time pressure in the face of delivery of the audit report while the second (case 2) refers to the special relationship with the audit client. The sample includes 60 Mozambicans auditors from six audit firms operating in Mozambique. In case 1, the results suggest that the promise of the audit firm to deliver the report within the prescribed period was the main and unique factor with explanatory power on the decision to do more work before signing off on the audit report. In case 2, the results suggest that the influence of time-budget problem and employment status of the auditor, in his relationship with his former colleague and superior, was the primary factor for doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. The second most important factor was the inability of the audit firm to bill the customer for additional work. Finally, in both scenarios, the results suggest that the Hofstede's Individualism vs. Collectivism (1991) was positive and weakly associated with the auditor's decision to perform additional audit work.
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Pinheiro, Bruno Miguel Braia. "Independência dos auditores portugueses : o efeito cultural." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5906.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo pretendeu analisar a importância dos factores que afectam a independência dos auditores (ou seja, as necessidades do investidor, retenção de clientes, valores e obrigações profissionais e pressões de tempo/orçamentárias), em dois cenários e em fase de realização dos trabalhos de auditoria. O primeiro cenário (caso 1) está relacionado com a pressão de tempo em face do prazo de entrega do relatório de auditoria, enquanto que o segundo (caso 2) se refere à relação próxima com o cliente de auditoria. A amostra é composta por 100 auditores que exercem actividade em Portugal. No caso 1, os resultados sugerem que a importância da confiança dos accionistas na profundidade da auditoria foi o principal e único factor com poder explicativo sobre a decisão de fazer mais trabalho de auditoria antes de assinar o relatório de auditoria. No caso 2, os resultados sugerem que a obrigação do auditor de servir como representante independente na investigação de todas as questões relevantes foi o principal factor com poder explicativo sobre a decisão de fazer mais trabalho de auditoria antes de assinar o relatório de auditoria. Nos dois cenários, os resultados sugerem que não existe associação entre a construção de individualismo de Hofstede (1991) e a decisão do auditor de efectuar trabalho adicional de auditoria. A média dos factores do colectivismo é ligeiramente superior à média dos factores do individualismo, sugerindo uma ligeira tendência dos auditores portugueses para serem colectivistas. Verificámos, por análise de regressão linear, que as características sociodemográficas, em ambos os casos, não influenciam a probabilidade de fazer trabalho adicional antes de assinar o relatório de auditoria.
This research examines the importance of factors that influence audit independence (i.e., investor needs, client retention, professional values and obligations, and time budget pressures) in two scenarios and in an audit work environment. Case 1 is related with pressure of signing off the audit engagement and case 2 refers to the tenure relationship between audit team and the client (former audit member). The sample includes 100 external auditors working in Portugal. In case 1, the results suggest that stockholder’s reliance on the thoroughness of the audit was the primary factor for doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. In case 2, the results suggest that auditor’s obligation to serve as the independent representative in investigating all relevant matters was the primary factor for doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. In both scenarios, results suggest that there is no association between Hofstede construction of individualism (1991) and the decision of doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. The mean of colectivism factors is slightly superior than the mean of individualism factors, suggesting that there is a minor tendency to Portuguese auditors to act accordingly to collectivism construction of Hofstede. Based on a regression analysis we found that social-demographic characteristics, in both scenarios, do not influence the probability of doing more work prior to signing off on the audit.
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Pires, Pedro Giovanetti Cesar. "Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister e as formas de individualismo dos séculos XVIII e XIX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-27042015-121729/.

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Esta pesquisa propõe-se investigar o romance Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister, de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), publicado em 1796. Nosso objetivo é realizar, com a análise do romance, uma reconstrução sociológica da noção de formação do indivíduo expressa na obra, articulando-a com o processo de emeregência da noção moderna de liberdade individual. Para tanto, recorre-se a três conceitos-chave do pensamento de Georg Simmel: o conceito de cultura, individualismo quantitativo e individualismo qualitativo. Ao relacionar o enredo do romance com as transformações na estrutura social ocorridas nos séculos XVIII e XIX, as quais são analisadas a partir dos conceitos de Simmel, nosso objetivo é esclarecer a visão de modernidade que se apresenta na obra de Goethe, bem o seu potencial crítico relativo à questão da liberdade individual.
This research aims to investigate the novel Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), published in 1796. Our goal is to build, with the analysis of the novel, a sociological reconstruction from the idea of individual self-cultivation which the novel express and articulate this idea with the process of construction of the modern individual freedom ideal. To perform that, this research uses three key-concepts from Georg Simmel: the concept of culture, quantitative individualism and qualitative individualism. By relating the novels story with the changes of the social structure in the XVIII and XIX centuries, our objective is to clarify the vision of modernity from Goethes novel, as well explore its critical potential on the subject of individual freedom.
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Cramer, Matthew Howard. "Trust development and the influence of the individualist/collectivist paradigm." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23778.

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This research investigates the role that the individualist/collectivist dimension plays in the selection of the preferred method of building trust. Sixty five middle managers from a primary metal producer were analysed using two surveys. The individuals were classified as either individualists or collectivists and then asked to rate several statements regarding a preferred means of trust. The various means of developing trust were calculative, predictive, intentionality, capability and transference. The data collected should that only with calculative trust development did a clear preference exist between collectivists and individualists. The four remaining trust development processes were equally likely to be used by either group. The data also showed that neither race, nor language nor ethnic group could be used as a predictor of assignment to either cultural dimension. The selection of the sample population and the subsequent influence of organisation specific phenomenon were found to be highly influential on the selection of trust building process. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Shiroya, Tamiyo. "La "spiritualité", une nouvelle forme rhizomique de religiosité : étude comparative s'appuyant sur des festivals de spiritualité au Japon, en France et aux Pays-Bas." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0419.

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Le déclin voire la disparition de la religion dans les sociétés modernes est abondamment discuté dans le domaine des sciences sociales et particulièrement de la sociologie des religions durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle.Interrogeant ce point de vue, cette thèse vise à rendre compte d'une nouvelle forme de religiosité, la spiritualité, qui tend à se développer mondialement, surtout dans les sociétés industrielles avancées, depuis la fin du XXe siècle, pénétrant diverses sphères de la vie sociale : les loisirs, la santé, la nutrition, l’éducation, l'économie, la politique, etc.Il s’agit de dresser un état des lieux de ce phénomène, qui se déroule en dehors des cadres religieux institutionnels et principalement via une démarche individuelle, en focalisant sur ses liens avec des facteurs socioculturels et avec les religions traditionnelles dans trois sociétés choisies : japonaise, française et néerlandaise. Au-delà, cette étude s’intéresse aux rapports de cette « religion invisible » avec la société civile, à ses potentialités comme source d’engagements multiples.Cette recherche repose sur le travail de terrain mené au sein de festivals dédiés à la spiritualité, l'une des expressions centrales de ce phénomène, en s’appuyant sur des méthodes qualitatives : l’entretien et l’observation participante sont les principales approches. Ce travail nous amène à constater que la spiritualité, phénomène mondialisé, se nuance et se décline pourtant localement sous l’influence des contextes politiques et sociétaux
The decline or even disappearance of religion in modern societies is extensively discussed in the field of social sciences and in particular in the world of sociology of religion during the second half of the 20th century.Questioning this view, this thesis aims to account for a new form of religiosity, spirituality, which tends to develop on a worldwide scale, especially in advanced industrial societies, since the late 20th century, penetrating various spheres of social life: leisure, health, nutrition, education, economy, politics, etc.The goal is to provide an overview of this phenomenon, which has been unfolding outside institutionalized religious frameworks, mainly through an individual approach, focusing on links with socio-cultural factors and with traditional religions in three selected societies: Japanese, French, and Dutch. Furthermore, this study is interested in the relationship of this "invisible religion" with the civil society and in its potentialities as a source of multiple commitments.This research is based on fieldwork conducted in festivals dedicated to spirituality, a central expression of spirituality, which this work attempts to assess through qualitative methods: interviews and participant observation are the main approaches. This research makes us understand that spirituality, although globalized, is nuanced and declined nevertheless locally under the influence of political and societal contexts
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Hook, Joshua N. "Forgiveness, Individualism, and Collectivism." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1451.

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Stevenor, Brent A. "Culture Shift: Values of Generation X and Millennial Employees." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1560502107953501.

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Nguyen, Tram, and Özden Aylin Cakanlar. "The influence of culture on impulse buying : A cross-cultural study on impulse buying." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53485.

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Background: Impulse buying is increasingly grown and it creates up to 80% of all purchases in certain low involvement product categories. In Sweden, a Swede can spend 20000SEK a year for impulse shopping in average. On the other hand, impulse buying is calculated to be strongly grown in the emerging markets such as Vietnam and Turkey. Due to the steady economic growth of 7% every year in Vietnam, it leads to a higher demand in shopping of the consumers. Similarly, Turkey’s economy is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and consequently leads to the increase of impulse buying behavior among the customers. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to expand the understanding of the impulse buying behavior by looking further into the role of culture in cross-cultural contexts Hypothesis:   H1-There is a significant relationship between individualism-collectivism and impulse buying behavior. H2- There is a significant relationship between power distance and impulse buying behavior. H3- There is a significant relationship between uncertainty-avoidance and impulse buying behavior H4- There is a significant relationship between masculinity-femininity and impulse buying behavior Methodology: Three focus groups and seven interviews are served as the pre-study and a cross-cultural questionnaire is substantially conducted across three countries: Sweden, Turkey and Vietnam. Findings: Culture generates certain effects on impulse buying behavior and the influence is diverse across these countries. However, the findings also indicate that there could be other factors that could affect impulse buying behavior.
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Button, Virginia Mary. "The aesthetic of decline : English Neo-Romanticism c. 1935-1956." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309604.

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Khoury, Haitham A. "Measuring culture : the development of a multidimensional culture scale." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001741.

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Books on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Boyne, Roy. Subject, society, and culture. London: SAGE, 2001.

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The inner ocean: Individualism and democratic culture. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992.

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Abercrombie, Nicholas. Individualism, collectivism and gender in popular culture. Salford: University of Salford, Department of Sociology, 1991.

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The cult of individualism: A history of an enduring American myth. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013.

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Eucharist and American culture: Liturgy, unity, and individualism. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2010.

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Psychotherapy, American culture, and social policy: Immoral individualism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

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Callero, Peter L. The myth of individualism: How social forces shape our lives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.

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Callero, Peter L. The myth of individualism: How social forces shape our lives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.

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Callero, Peter L. The myth of individualism: How social forces shape our lives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.

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The myth of individualism: How social forces shape our lives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Zhu, Xudong, and Jian Li. "Analyzing “Collective Individualism Learning”: Implications and Values." In Classroom Culture in China, 29–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1827-0_3.

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Dale, Allan. "Individualism and the Northern Cattle Industry." In Beyond the North-South Culture Wars, 53–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05597-8_5.

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McRobbie, Angela. "Jackie Magazine: Romantic Individualism and the Teenage Girl." In Feminism and Youth Culture, 81–134. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21168-5_5.

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Zhu, Xudong, and Jian Li. "Investigating “Collective Individualism Learning Model”: Ideas and Theories." In Classroom Culture in China, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1827-0_1.

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Zhu, Xudong, and Jian Li. "Contextualizing “Collective Individualism Learning”: A Chinese Classroom Cultural Perspective." In Classroom Culture in China, 17–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1827-0_2.

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Bell, Michael. "‘Affective Individualism’ and the Cult of Sentiment." In Sentimentalism, Ethics and the Culture of Feeling, 11–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595507_2.

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Cohen, Phil. "Teaching Enterprise Culture: Individualism, Vocationalism and the New Right." In Rethinking the Youth Question, 275–325. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25390-6_10.

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Li, Wen-Chin, Don Harris, Lon-Wen Li, and Thomas Wang. "The Differences of Aviation Human Factors between Individualism and Collectivism Culture." In Human-Computer Interaction. Interacting in Various Application Domains, 723–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02583-9_78.

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Shishah, Wesam. "Evaluation of Adaptive Teamwork System Based upon Individual Differences in Culture Dimension (Individualism - Collectivism)." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 100–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63184-4_6.

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Holzbachová, Ivana. "K pojetí kultury u Gillese Lipovetského." In Filosofie jako životní cesta, 119–29. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9458-2019-7.

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With a bit of exaggeration, it could be claimed that Lipovetsky’s lifetime work has focused on (contemporary or post-modern) culture. Surprisingly, Lipovetsky has never defined the concept of culture. It is, thus, necessary to reconstruct it from his work. The presented paper analyses the concept of culture on the background of Lipovetsky’s account of fashion. This account is very broad. Lipovetsky emphasises that fashion covers a large area extending from clothing, social intercourse and religion all the way to an account (and self-constitution) of man. In this regard, Lipovetsky puts special emphasis on the development of individualism in modern society. He also points out inconsistencies in the understanding and the manifestations of individualism.
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Conference papers on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Shah Jahan Miah, Md. "Accessibility Improvement of Multicultural Educational Web Interface by using the User Centred Design (UCD) Approach." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2769.

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Designing of web accessibility features need to accommodate cultural differences in the multicultural world. This paper finds the literature on how the web accessibility features of educational website can be improved for multicultural users by using the User Centred Design (UCD) approach. This paper reviews previous research on multicultural approach, accessibility functions and UCD approach. The reviews found some multicultural factors interpreted in terms of some cultural variables like Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, Universalism, Masculinity, Neutral Culture, Specific culture and Achievement level during the designing of multicultural web sites, and the close observation on multicultural user’s understanding is important in designing well-functioned accessibility features. This paper explores the background on the UCD approach in designing the multicultural web accessibility, beyond the access for users from different cultures. In particular, this paper intends to explain the opportunity of UCD approach in designing the multicultural accessibility features.
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Stojanovska, Slagjana, and Kristina Velichkovska. "COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.85.

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This paper aims to examine the challenges of cross-cultural communication in multicultural teams and the resolution of conflicts arising during that process of communication. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on individuals coming from various cultural backgrounds to determine how cultural differences affect the organizational communication styles, their perception of conflict situations and the choice of conflict resolution procedures. The study is underpinned by a literature review of cross-cultural communication and theories on culture, conflict resolution and multicultural team dynamics. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory will be used to define the cultural differences using four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity. The outcome of the study assesses the intercultural communication competence of employees in North Macedonia and gives recommendations on how to improve communication and avoid conflicts that plague multicultural teams.
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Fischer, Ricarda Anna-Lena, Rita Walczuch, and Emitza Guzman. "Does Culture Matter? Impact of Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance on App Reviews." In 2021 IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society (ICSE-SEIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icse-seis52602.2021.00016.

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Krasnov, Vladimir, and Lyudmila Sargina. "MEASURES OF CULTURE – INDIVIDUALISM, COLLECTIVISM, POWER DISTANCE – AND FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL ECONOMIES." In Collection of scientific works of the participants of the XI International Kondratieff Conference. ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-34-0-2020-234-244.

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Trauth, Eileen M. "Who owns my soul? The paradox of pursing organizational knowledge in a work culture of individualism." In the 1999 ACM SIGCPR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/299513.299655.

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DeLorenzo, Gary, Frederick Kohun, Vladimir Burcik, Alzbeta Belanova, and Robert Skovira. "A Data Driven Conceptual Analysis of Globalization — Cultural Affects and Hofstedian Organizational Frames: The Slovak Republic Example." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3343.

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It has been argued that culture effects how individuals implement, understand, live, and do business within a defined political, organizational, and ethnic environment. This essay presents a context for analyzing possible cultural shifts based on Hofstede and Hofstede’s conception that a society’s culture constituted in and presented in individuals’ views and routines determines an identifiable cultural profile. In particular, Hofstede’s indices on Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity and Individuality are applied to two populations—one a United States university population and the other from a Slovak Republic university. The overall purpose is to determine if Hofstede’s orginal research findings are the same today in an era of the internet, globalization, and economic change.
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Merchant, John, and Sylnovie Merchant. "Information Technology and the Work/Cultural Orientations of Americans, Mexicans and Germans." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3118.

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From a business perspective, the political and economic effectiveness of the United States in the global market-place will depend on individual abilities to communicate with people from other cultures. Most multinational corporations have one individual from one culture managing employees from other cultures. This has led to conflict, law-suits, and reduced productivity. To date, US business people sent overseas have not fared well compared to their counterparts from Europe and Asia, primarily because of cultural conflicts. The future success of American business, therefore, is its ability to interact with other cultures and to understand the orientations of these individuals.
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Al Majzoub, Khaled, and Vida Davidavičienė. "Development of ICT: conceptual comparative analysis of consumer behavior in Europe and Asia." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.090.

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Today’s society is becoming the information and communication technology societies, where ICT is responsible for the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information in every aspect of society (Xiang, Magnini, & Fesenmaier, 2015). The following article will present a comparative analysis of one aspect of consumer changes caused by ICT, which is e-commerce between Europe and Asia, using Hofstede’s culture dimensions (Power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance). Purpose – to provide a comparative analysis of consumer behavior changes caused by ICT between Europe and Asia. Research methodology – a synthesis of review of the literature. Findings – provide insight into the difference in consumer behavior changes caused by ICT, between Europe and Asia and provide the basis for future researches. Research limitations – future research should include empirical research and study of other solution and other factors that affect consumer behavior. Practical implications – the practical implication of the article provide a framework for organizations to take into consideration, the difference in consumer behavior between countries when it is targeting their markets. Originality/Value – no comparative.
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"The Benefits and Challenges of Living, Teaching and Working in Today’s Diverse World." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4355.

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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this report is to provide an understanding of cultural diversity in today’s global economy and to understand what shapes our identities and what influences our behavior. Background: Culture is the way of functioning in today’s world and it refers to the shared language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed down from one generation to the next. Cultural diversity helps individuals recognize and respect the stewpot of today’s world and promoting cultural diversity and cultural competency helps individuals define and respect the diversity that encompasses today. Cultural competence also helps individuals embrace values and cultural nuances that are not necessarily akin to the one’s the individual possesses. Individuals interact with others to build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures. Furthermore, diversity makes the world a more interesting place to live, as people from diverse backgrounds contribute language, new ways of thinking, new knowledge, and different experiences. Methodology: A non-systematic literature review by way of reviewing articles that were found in many of major databases under the terms “Diversity in the workplace” since the year 2010 was conducted. Findings: This study identified major findings that would help individuals shape the diversity encountered and provides an avenue toward unity.
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E. Merchant, John. "Communicating Across Borders: A Proposed Model for Understanding Cross-Cultural Issues for the Successful Strategic Implementation of Information Systems." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2534.

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While there has been a great deal of research on the application and implementation of IS, there is less research on the variables which can contribute to the successful strategic implementation of IS and its relation to the cultural/work values of the people involved in the implementation. We are familiar with the two paradigms for evaluating IS, the first calls for the evaluation to be based on the relation to design specification - or user needs. The second concentrates on the performance related aspects which consider outcome of the system. This paper presents a model, based on research of different cultures, that outlines an approach to consider in relating the correlation of IS to the Culture and Work values of the individuals in a particular cultural setting.
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Reports on the topic "Individualism Culture"

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Bazzi, Samuel, Martin Fiszbein, and Mesay Gebresilasse. Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of “Rugged Individualism” in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23997.

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Davis, Robert D. Community Value Above Individualism: A Common Cultural Element in Modern Suicide Bombers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada539970.

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Goertzel, Benjamin. Virtual Scavenger Hunt: An AI-Powered Virtual Environment Designed for Training Individuals in Effective Teamwork, and Analyzing Cross-Cultural Behavior. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada513941.

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Peitz, David, and Naomi Reibold. White-tailed deer monitoring at Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas: 2005–2020 trend report. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285087.

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From 16 years (2005–2020) of monitoring trends in white-tailed deer within a defined survey area of Arkansas Post National Memorial, we have been able to demonstrate both population declines and recoveries. The adjusted count of deer had a seven-fold increase between 2007 and 2011 following a two-year decline and a three-fold increase between 2017 and 2019 following a six-year decline. Overall, the deer population has declined slightly, averaging a 0.5% reduction in herd size annually. The number of deer in the survey area ranged from 16.77 ± 21.26 (mean + 95% CI) individuals/km2 in 2007 to 118.95 ± 39.03 individuals/km2 in 2011. The amount of visible area surveyed each year varied between 0.25 and 0.47 km2 (coefficient of variation = 16.47%). If the white-tailed deer population becomes too large, this poses several problems for Arkansas Post National Memorial. First, it adds a level of complexity to implementing active natural resource management critical to preventing the cultural landscapes of Arkansas Post National Memorial from changing into something that has little resemblance to the historical character of the park. Deer deferentially browse native vegetation over exotic vegetation, thus promoting the spread of exotic species, and the success of tree planting can be curtailed by heavy deer browsing. Second, controlling deer related disease, some of which can affect domestic livestock and human health in and around the park, becomes increasingly difficult when there are more deer. Third, as additional ancillary data suggests, the largely unreported and costly deer-vehicle collisions in and around Arkansas Post National Memorial have the potential to increase if the deer populations grow.
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Fajardo-Zapata, Álvaro Luis, Yuri Lilian González Valencia, Jenny Fabiola Hernández Niño, Myriam Leonor Torres Pérez, and Héctor Andrés Hernández. Percepción del riesgo en el ámbito laboral. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecisa.3203.

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Introducción: Se presenta el tema de la percepción del riesgo como un elemento pertinente en el ámbito laboral para la prevención de Accidentes de Trabajo y Enfermedad Laboral. Desarrollo: Existen factores y teorías relacionadas que tratan de abordar este tema y dar una explicación coherente con el actuar humano; se mencionan las características estructurales o institucionales, los aspectos individuales y los psicológicos. En lo estructural se destaca, la cultura organizacional hacia la seguridad, el cumplimiento, la confianza y el compromiso de las organizaciones hacia la seguridad de los trabajadores. En lo individual, se plantea que la presión ejercida por los compañeros en el sitio de trabajo, influye en cómo los trabajadores perciben y asumen el riesgo y en lo psicológico, el nivel de conocimiento del individuo sobre el riesgo, juega un papel muy importante, ya que las personas que tienen menos información sobre éstos en los sitios de trabajo son menos propensas a correr riesgos, mientras que quienes tienen un grado mayor de conocimiento tienen la posibilidad de correr más riesgos. Se debe agregar, que la tendencia hacia el optimismo es otro de los factores que inciden en la percepción del riesgo; muchos trabajadores creen que un accidente es menos probable que les ocurra a ellos que a otras personas y subestiman los riesgos de su actividad laboral.
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Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment, and Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators: H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.

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Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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The COVID Decade: understanding the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726583.001.

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The British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review on the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. This report outlines the evidence across a range of areas, building upon a series of expert reviews, engagement, synthesis and analysis across the research community in the Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (SHAPE). It is accompanied by a separate report, Shaping the COVID decade, which considers how policymakers might respond. History shows that pandemics and other crises can be catalysts to rebuild society in new ways, but that this requires vision and interconnectivity between policymakers at local, regional and national levels. With the advent of vaccines and the imminent ending of lockdowns, we might think that the impact of COVID-19 is coming to an end. This would be wrong. We are in a COVID decade: the social, economic and cultural effects of the pandemic will cast a long shadow into the future – perhaps longer than a decade – and the sooner we begin to understand, the better placed we will be to address them. There are of course many impacts which flowed from lockdowns, including not being able to see family and friends, travel or take part in leisure activities. These should ease quickly as lockdown comes to an end. But there are a set of deeper impacts on health and wellbeing, communities and cohesion, and skills, employment and the economy which will have profound effects upon the UK for many years to come. In sum, the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities and differences and created new ones, as well as exposing critical societal needs and strengths. These can emerge differently across places, and along different time courses, for individuals, communities, regions, nations and the UK as a whole. We organised the evidence into three areas of societal effect. As we gathered evidence in these three areas, we continually assessed it according to five cross-cutting themes – governance, inequalities, cohesion, trust and sustainability – which the reader will find reflected across the chapters. Throughout the process of collating and assessing the evidence, the dimensions of place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term) played a significant role in assessing the nature of the societal impacts and how they might play out, altering their long-term effects.
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