Journal articles: 'Individualism Culture'

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Joseph, Paul. "Individualism and peace culture." Peace Review 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659408425818.

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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley, and Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.

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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.

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Müller, Hans-Peter, Alessandro Cavalli, and Alessandro Ferrara. "How Is Individuality Possible? Georg Simmel’s Philosophy and Sociology of Individualism." Simmel Studies 22, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 15–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051006ar.

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“How is society possible?” The mirror image of Simmel’s famous question is: “How is individuality possible?” To answer this question Simmel developed a philosophy and sociology of individualism. The “tragedy of individuality” consists of the hiatus between the social structure offering freedom and individuality and the culture unable to provide the necessary meaning and orientation. This is shown with respect to epistemic, structural, cultural and ethic individuality.

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Chan, K. Hung, Kenny Z. Lin, and Phyllis Lai Lan Mo. "An Empirical Study on the Impact of Culture on Audit-Detected Accounting Errors." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 22, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2003.22.2.281.

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This study draws on the theoretical framework of Hofstede's model to examine the impact of different cultural dimensions on audit-detected accounting errors. Based on the accounting errors detected in 80 foreign enterprises of different cultures operating in China, we test the direct effect of the cultural dimensions, power distance and individualism, on the magnitude of accounting errors. The results indicate that power distance and individualism have significant explanatory power in describing the differences in the relative magnitude of errors. Centralization of power in a few individuals, management override of controls, and less competent personnel are important attributes of a large power distance enterprise that contribute to larger errors. Enterprises of an individualist culture, which are characterized by higher personnel turnover and more reliance on accounting numbers for individual performance evaluation, are found to have larger errors. These results should be useful for auditors in assessing the likelihood of material errors from a cultural perspective.

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Martin, Daniel E. "Culture and unethical conduct: Understanding the impact of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism." Management Learning 43, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507611428119.

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This criterion study examined the impact of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism in working business students. Given globalization of business and recent business scandals, furthering our understanding of international ethics remains critical. Business students are the potential employees, managers and leaders of organizations in the future. In this study we focus on one form of unethical conduct by business students, i.e. actual plagiarism, and seek to determine the link between this behavior and cultural values of individualism/collectivism and associated stereotypes of Asian/Caucasian students. Our findings suggest that individualists plagiarize more than collectivists, and that no significant differences in plagiarism exist between Asian and Caucasian students, contrary to popular beliefs. The implications of these findings for scholars and managers are discussed.

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Tirupati, Srinivasan, and Padmavati Ramachandran. "Schizophrenia, recovery and the individual-cultural considerations." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219889320.

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Objectives: The concept of recovery in mental health has been embraced by many services across the world. Placing the individual (self) at the core of service delivery constituted a profound shift from service-driven models of care. However, cultures described as individualistic or collectivist may hold very different views of individuality. In cultures with collectivist orientation, the notion of ‘individualism’ is integrated into the structure and dynamics of the family. The families in such cultures play a major and lifetime role in caring for its members, making decisions and acting in consideration of the welfare of all. The needs and priorities of individuals, especially women, may be superseded by those of their families. This commentary is on the effect of culture on the identity of self in the recovery process and its relevance to mental health care. Conclusion: In multicultural societies like Australia that include Indigenous people, the process of acculturation may be different. For the Indigenous people, the shift was from a collectivist culture to one that was predominantly individualistic. In the provision of recovery-oriented mental health care, there needs to be an awareness of the cultural variations in the relational dynamics of individualism.

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Ismail, Kiran M. "Theorizing on the Role of Individualism-Collectivism in Tacit Knowledge Transfer Between Agents in International Alliances." International Journal of Knowledge Management 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2012010104.

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Taking insights from the extant literatures in cross-cultural management and organizational knowledge management, this paper explores the role of cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism in transfer of tacit knowledge between foreign agents. Tacit knowledge transfer is positively influenced by four key factors: absorptive capacity of target unit, source unit’s motivational disposition to share knowledge, cultural compatibility, and the extent of personal communication between foreign agents. It is proposed that the level of transfer of tactic knowledge between agents from collectivist cultures will be higher than the level of tacit knowledge transfer between agents from individualist cultures. It is also proposed that when there is cultural difference between foreign agents, the level of tacit knowledge transfer involving a source from a collectivist culture and a target from an individualist culture will be lower than transfer between an individualist source and a collectivist target. However, the proposed relationships are influenced by factors such as nature of knowledge, expectations of reciprocity, and the quality of interpersonal relationship between foreign agents. Several ideas for overcoming knowledge transfer obstacles and enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, as well as research implications of the proposed model are also discussed in detail.

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Thomas, David C., Stacey R. Fitzsimmons, Elizabeth C. Ravlin, Kevin Y. Au, Bjørn Z. Ekelund, and Cordula Barzantny. "Psychological Contracts across Cultures." Organization Studies 31, no. 11 (November 2010): 1437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380811.

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This paper explores the relationship between national culture and individuals’ psychological contracts. Predicted relationships were drawn from prior theory that identified cognitive and motivational mechanisms through which culture manifests its influence. The dominant forms of psychological contracts were evaluated against predictions based on the national-level cultural values of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in four countries. Results of interviews with 57 participants indicated that French interviewees (vertical individualist) described their psychological contracts as primarily exploitive, Canadians (horizontal individualist) as primarily instrumental, Chinese (vertical collectivist) as primarily custodial and Norwegians (horizontal collectivist) as primarily communitarian. Exploration of the conditions under which patterns deviated from those predicted by the theory indicates potential areas for future theoretical development.

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Santiago, Jose H., and Santo J. Tarantino. "Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.

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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.

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Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Gerard Roland. "Which Dimensions of Culture Matter for Long-Run Growth?" American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.492.

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We present empirical evidence that, among a variety of cultural dimensions, the individualism-collectivism dimension, based on Hofstede's (2001) data, is the most important and robustly significant effect of culture on long run growth. Other dimensions that have a significant effect, albeit less robust, are generally strongly correlated with individualism and convey similar information. We found no significant or robust effect on growth from cultural dimensions that are independent from the individualism-collectivism cleavage.

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Djaddang,CA, Dr Syahril, Shanti Lyshandra, Harimurti Wulandjani, and E. Sulistiawarni. "The Relationship between Self-Efficacy towards Audit Quality with Individualism Culture As Mediates: Evidence from Indonesia." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 4577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i4.06.

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This study investigates the effects of individualism culture on audit quality with self-efficacy as mediates. Specifically, it examines the mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between individualism culture to audit quality. Social cognitive theory is employed as a theoretical framework. Using the purposive sampling method, 101 auditors of individualism culture, self-efficacy Indonesian the Supreme Audit were selected as the sample. The results of this study show that self-efficacy has a significant impact on audit quality. This study also finds that individualism culture acts as a mediator variable. This study is for the Supreme Audit Agency, the Inspectorate, Directorate General of Taxes, government internal auditors and independent auditors and academics in the field of accounting education.

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Motak, Dominika. "Postmodern spirituality and the culture of individualism." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 21 (January 1, 2009): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67348.

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In recent years, the thesis about a fundamental shift in Western religiosity has become increasingly prominent in the scientific study of religion. Many new phenomena of today’s religious scene are seen as the manifestation of a resacralization/re-enchantment of the world, or even of spirituality/a spiritual revolution. The new religious world view that is taking shape presupposes an essential oneness of microcosm and macrocosm and a presence of the divine in man and in the world. The radical distinction between the temporal and supernatural worlds disappears, which seems to herald the advent of a new type of spirituality based on the idea of immanence. This new ‘all-inclusive spirituality’ has many forms of expression and is concerned with ‘the sacredness of life, nature and the universe’ and ‘all pathways that lead to meaning and purpose’. This ‘subjective turn’ means ‘a turn away from life lived in terms of external or “objective” roles, duties and obligations, and a turn towards life lived by reference to one’s own subjective experiences (relational as much as individualistic)’. All the above-mentioned explanatory frameworks to a certain extent employ the concept of individualization.This presentation examines the the concept of individualization as an approach for the understanding of today’s religious scene.

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Grant, William E., Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Stephen M. Tipton. "Individualism and the Tensions in American Culture." American Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1986): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2712858.

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Suryanto, Tulus, Danial Thaib2, and Muliyati Muliyati. "Individualism and Collectivism Culture to Audit Judgement." International Journal of Economics and Business Administration VII, Issue 2 (April 1, 2019): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/212.

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Yoo, Ji Seon, and Ye Ji Lee. "National Culture and Tax Avoidance of Multinational Corporations." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246946.

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This study tests the role of national culture in tax avoidance by multinational corporations (MNCs). Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions are used to measure cultural differences across countries: uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and power distance. The empirical results of the study imply that MNCs headquartered in countries with low uncertainty avoidance, low individualism, high masculinity, and low power distance engage in a higher level of tax avoidance than MNCs in countries with high uncertainty avoidance, high individualism, low masculinity, and high power distance. In addition, the cultural features of the parent company generally have a stronger influence on group-level tax avoidance than those of its subsidiaries. This study contributes to the literature by presenting empirical evidence of culture as a determinant of tax avoidance by MNCs.

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Bazzi, Samuel, Martin Fiszbein, and Mesay Gebresilasse. "Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of “Rugged Individualism” in the United States." Econometrica 88, no. 6 (2020): 2329–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16484.

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The presence of a westward‐moving frontier of settlement shaped early U.S. history. In 1893, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner famously argued that the American frontier fostered individualism. We investigate the “frontier thesis” and identify its long‐run implications for culture and politics. We track the frontier throughout the 1790–1890 period and construct a novel, county‐level measure of total frontier experience (TFE). Historically, frontier locations had distinctive demographics and greater individualism. Long after the closing of the frontier, counties with greater TFE exhibit more pervasive individualism and opposition to redistribution. This pattern cuts across known divides in the United States, including urban–rural and north–south. We provide evidence on the roots of frontier culture, identifying both selective migration and a causal effect of frontier exposure on individualism. Overall, our findings shed new light on the frontier's persistent legacy of rugged individualism.

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Kanagaretnam, Kiridaran, Chee Yeow Lim, and Gerald J. Lobo. "Influence of National Culture on Accounting Conservatism and Risk-Taking in the Banking Industry." Accounting Review 89, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 1115–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50682.

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ABSTRACT Using an international sample of banks and country-level indices for individualism and uncertainty avoidance as proxies for national culture, we study how differences in culture across countries affect accounting conservatism and bank risk-taking. Consistent with expectations, our cross-country analysis indicates that individualism is negatively (positively) related to conservatism (risk-taking) and uncertainty avoidance is positively (negatively) related to conservatism (risk-taking). We also find that cultures that encourage higher risk-taking experienced more bank failures and bank troubles during the recent financial crisis. Data Availability: Data are available from the sources identified in the text.

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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford, and Yin Zhang. "The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.

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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.

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Volkema, Roger, Ilias Kapoutsis, Ana Bon, and José Ricardo Almeida. "The Influence of Power and Individualism-Collectivism on Negotiation Initiation." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 20, no. 6 (December 2016): 673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2016150072.

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Abstract Negotiation is an essential business process, with the initiation of a negotiation likely to affect how the process unfolds. Despite the fact that opportunities are often lost when one or more parties fail to initiate, initiation has until recently been overlooked in negotiation process models and research. This paper reports findings from a study that examines the effects situational/contextual factors and culture have on the initiation process (engaging a prospective counterpart, making a request, and optimizing that request), focusing specifically on relative bargaining power (a situational factor) and individualism-collectivism. Higher bargaining power was found to increase the likelihood of initiation intentionality in general as well as the requesting and optimizing phases more specifically. In addition, individualism/collectivism was also found to affect initiation, with individualists more likely than collectivists to initiate a negotiation. Further, this effect was enhanced when individualists had high relative bargaining power. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, with suggestions for future research.

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Zarzycka, Beata, Anna Tychmanowicz, and Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska. "The Interplay between Religiosity and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism among Polish Catholic Students." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0045.

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Abstract Individualism-collectivism has emerged as one of the most important constructs to depict cultural differences and similarities. It is typical to examine individualism and collectivism through comparison between the cultures of the West and those of the East or comparison between various religious traditions, e.g. Christianity has been seen as the source of Western individualistic understanding whilst Buddhism as the source of Eastern collectivist understanding. The research presented in this paper explored the connections between individualism-collectivism and religiosity in Polish Catholic culture. Although Poland is an orthodox Catholic environment, gradually intensified secularization processes have been observed there. In two separate studies we examined relationships between individualism-collectivism and religiosity defined in a traditional (study 1) and secularized context (study 2).

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Zengrui, Tian, Guillermo Andres Buitrago, and Shoirahon Odilova. "Will a Collectivistic Culture protect your Intellectual Property? Effect of Individualism on Intellectual Property Protection." International Business Research 10, no. 11 (October 13, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n11p111.

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This study is intended to explore the effect of individualism on intellectual property rights protection. Using data from 92 countries, we found out that individualism index has positive and significant effect on IPR protection. More specifically, a 10-point increase in individualism index is associated with 0.4-point increase in IPR index. Moreover, individualism alone seems to explain nearly 45% of cross-national variation in IPR index. The mentioned significant effect remains robust even after considering the role of economic development, democracy, ethnic diversity, economic freedom and legal heritage.

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Zhan, Feng. "Individualism, synchronized stock price movements, and stock market volatility." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 371–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-10-2018-0305.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of national culture on herding behavior across international financial markets.Design/methodology/approachThe relation between national culture and investor behavior, and how it impacts overall market volatility is studied by examining synchronized stock price movements and stock market volatility in 47 countries around the world over the period of January 2003–May 2012.FindingsThe author finds that nations with lower values of individualistic culture are more likely to have a higher number of synchronized stock price movements. Further, the correlation between stock price movements apparently increases stock market volatility. Nations with high individualistic culture have a lower number of synchronized stock price movements and, thus, have lower levels of stock market volatility. The positive relationship between synchronized stock price movements and stock market volatility is stronger for emerging markets during the financial crisis from June 2007 to December 2008.Originality/valueThe empirical results in this paper indicate that a portion of the difference in market level volatility is attributed to the investor bias of different cultures. Investor behavior bias creates excess volatility that drives stock prices away from fundamentals. This impact is strong in nations with lower individualistic culture. The result from this research could also have a wide implication in the investment industry.

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Khilnani, Sunil. "Individualism and modern democratic culture: recent French conceptions." Economy and Society 25, no. 2 (May 1996): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085149600000013.

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Lattas, Andrew. "Primitivism, nationalism and individualism in Australian popular culture." Journal of Australian Studies 16, no. 35 (December 1992): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059209387117.

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Binder, Carola Conces. "Redistribution and the Individualism–Collectivism Dimension of Culture." Social Indicators Research 142, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 1175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1964-6.

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ORT, THOMAS. "ART: TO BE “INSIDE” OR “OUTSIDE” CULTURE." Modern Intellectual History 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2017): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000233.

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In the opening pages of his remarkable book about Marcel Duchamp, Jerrold Seigel writes that the French artist “cared more about his personal independence than he did about art itself. Beneath the succession of avant-garde movements there had always lurked an impulse of radical individualism, and no one represented it better than Marcel Duchamp” (PW, 10). Given the subject matter of this essay—the place of art in Seigel's thinking—it may seem odd to say so, but in one respect Seigel's attitude to art mirrors that of Duchamp: he cares less about art itself than about the impulse of radical individualism in modern society revealed through it.

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Xuhui, Wang, Jia Liu, and Frida Pacho. "Societal, Culture and Entrepreneurial Opportunities Exploitation of New Venture Activities: Mediating Role of Proactiveness." International Journal of Regional Development 5, no. 2 (October 11, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v5i2.13762.

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An unanswered question is concerned with the influence of culture of individualism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance in entrepreneurs’ opportunity exploitation of new venture activities in developing economies in the context of societal level. Based on the sample of 130 individual entrepreneurs in Tanzania, this paper analyses how culture of individualism, uncertainty avoidance and power distance influence entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation of new venture activities on societal level. The results indicated that the culture of individualism contributes highly on entrepreneurs’ opportunity exploitation of new venture activities. The results of uncertainty avoidance imply that the greater the uncertainty avoidance, the less the entrepreneurs’ chance to exploit opportunities of new venture activities. The proactive behaviour that was used as a mediator variable also contributes to the relationship between individualism, uncertainty avoidance and entrepreneurs’ opportunity exploitation of new venture activities. The study has made a contribution to the developing countries literature by focusing on individual entrepreneurs on societal level.

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Vehovar, Aleksandra, Alenka Kavkler, and Lidija Hauptman. "The The Impact of Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance on Interdependence of Tax Culture and Tax Evasion." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 16, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 821–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/16.4.821-840(2018).

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The paper presents, how factors of tax culture, such as individualism and uncertainty avoidance, affect the dependence of tax evasion on tax culture on a revised sample of 34 countries. The research reveals that in the analysed countries the higher the degree of individualism, the lower the rate (affected by the degree of individual’s influence) of tax evasion.

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Kvidal, Trine. "Tensions of Consumer Individualism." Nordicom Review 32, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0116.

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Abstract Globalizing poses particular challenges to likhet – Norwegian conceptualizations of alikeness – and with it the Norwegian conceptualization of individualism, because globalizing advances a different conceptualization of equality than the one on which likhet is based. The present essay explores cultural identity negotiations within Norwegian globalized consumer culture and addresses culturally expressed aspects of globalization as they emerge in negotiations of local identities in cultural texts. TV commercials are analyzed via a critical cultural theoretical framework. Specifically, three patterns that speak to likhet as a site of tension in a globalized context are discussed: exoticization, utilization, and juxtaposition.

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Budhathoki, Tribikram, Julien Schmitt, and Nina Michaelidou. "Does culture impact private label performance?" International Marketing Review 35, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-02-2016-0038.

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Purpose To better understand the disparity of private label performance across countries, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the role played by national culture. Two types of impact are considered: a direct influence of cultural dimensions on the performance of private labels in a country and an indirect one where national culture favours the development of modern retailers, which, in turn, benefits private label performance. Design/methodology/approach Using the five dimensions of the Hofstede model to describe national culture, this paper performs a structural equation modelling incremental building model approach using secondary data collected from a sample of 65 countries. Findings The results show that individualism (positively) and long-term orientation (negatively) directly impact private label performance. Moreover, four dimensions (individualism, masculinity, power distance and uncertainty avoidance) are shown to have a significant indirect impact on private label performance via the mediation of retail market development, positively for individualism and negatively for the three other dimensions. Practical implications The findings provide retailers with important insights into the critical decisions of the selection of new markets and adaptation of the private label strategy according to the culture of the country. Originality/value This research pioneers by being the first to determine the impact of all the dimensions of the Hofstede cultural model on private label performance, use a very large number of countries to test this impact and study the role of important retail market factors in this phenomenon.

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Ogihara, Yuji. "The Rise in Individualism in Japan: Temporal Changes in Family Structure, 1947-2015." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 8 (June 28, 2018): 1219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118781504.

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The present research examined whether Japanese culture became more individualistic between 1947 and 2015 by investigating temporal changes in indicators of family structure. Previous research has shown that Japanese culture has become more individualistic. However, the amount of research investigating temporal changes in individualism in Japan is small. Thus, it is important to examine whether Japanese culture has become more individualistic by investigating indicators that have not been used in previous research. Therefore, indicators of family structure that have been validated as indices of individualism were used to examine whether people came to live more independently from other family members. Analyses indicated that the rate of people living alone, the rate of nuclear households, and the divorce rate increased, while the rate of three-generation households and the household size decreased. These results showed that family structure became more individual-based in Japan, suggesting that Japanese culture changed toward greater individualism.

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Polat, Haci H. "Impact of Cultural Dimensions to Individualism, and Collectivism Dimension." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 12 (December 22, 2019): 1154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/12.10.2019/003.

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Globalization is growing and barriers seem to be dwindling. Therefore, trade barriers are eliminated, communication channels are simplifying business processes and the world appears to be shrinking to a village (Werlen, 2000, p. 23). The internalization of firms is a strategically planned result that has been motivated by major considerations, and one main factor for decision-making is the conception of psychic distance. Psychic distance is based on the cognitions of other cultures and influences the internationalization processes. Dow (2008, p. 1) revealed six main influencing factors: cultural differences, language, religion, level of education, industrial development and political system. Culture is a ambiguous construct and understanding how culture relates to psychological phenomena is essential to analyse the determining dimensions such as the individualism and collectivism dimension. There exists a broad vision of cultural dimensions and a controversial discussion is ongoing. The focus of these discussions is the differentiation between cultural values.

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Vincent, Bello Deva, and Osarumwense V. Iguisi. "YORUBA CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE IN NIGERIAN ORGANISATION." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 2 (September 2018): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe049.

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Culture and leadership research in the last decade witnessed a general upsurge. Empirical studies that determined the scores of the subgroup cultures and examined leadership styles and preferences in Nigeria, have not been exhaustively carried out. This study therefore examined subgroup cultures and leadership styles in Nigerian organizations. Due to the structure of most Nigerian public organizations which are characterized by multi-ethnic groups with heterogeneous cultural beliefs, this study examined the differences in the Hofstede’s culture dimensions’ scores, leadership styles and preferences among Yoruba subgroup in Nigeria with focus on Power Distance and Individualism/Collectivism. Survey research design was adopted, making use of questionnaire for data collection. The study made use of 345 members of staff purposively selected from among the Yoruba subgroups in the Central Bank of Nigeria Headquarters in Abuja. The data generated from the structured questionnaire were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for descriptive statistics. Hofstede’s culture dimensions of power distance and individualism/collectivism were computed using the Value Survey Module (VSM) developed by Hofstede. This study found that there is a high power distance among the Yoruba subgroup, and the leadership style preferred by the Yoruba’s is the democratic style of leadership and that the Yoruba subgroup is a collectivistic society.

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Mixa, Már Wolfgang, and Vlad Vaiman. "Individualistic Vikings: Culture, Economics and Iceland." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2015.11.2.12.

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Icelandic culture has generally been considered to share many similarities to the Nordic cultures. However, the financial crisis in 2008 painted a completely different picture, with the Nordic nations faring much less worse than Iceland, which saw its banking system becoming almost entirely worthless. Looking at traditional cultural yardsticks in the vein of the most commonly used research in the field of business and organizational management, generally linked to Hofstede´s dimensional studies, one would at first glance conclude that Icelanders would have behaved in a similar manner as people in the Nordic nations. By focusing on savings ratio, it is shown that Icelanders were much more risk-seeking during the prelude of the crisis. Many nations badly hit during the 2008 financial crisis have a high level of individualism inherent in their culture. Iceland fits this scenario. Thus while general cultural characteristics may lack explanatory power regarding economic behavior of people between cultures, the individual/collective cultural dimension may provide clues of what dangers (and possible strengths) lurk within societies from a financial point of view. Such developments may affect the financial stability of nations, especially those with a high level of individualism where financial liberalization with possible abuses is occurring.

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LeFebvre, Rebecca, and Volker Franke. "Culture Matters: Individualism vs. Collectivism in Conflict Decision-Making." Societies 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc3010128.

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Ezzy, Douglas. "A Simulacrum of Workplace Community: Individualism and Engineered Culture." Sociology 35, no. 3 (August 2001): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038038501000323.

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Billings, Dorothy K. "Expressive style and culture: Individualism and group orientation contrasted." Language in Society 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 475–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500000336.

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ABSTRACTHerein I examine the parallel, contrasting analyses of expressive patterns proposed by Bernstein for language, by Lomax for song, and by my interpretation of the arts and cultures of two Melanesian societies. The general thesis of this paper is that expressive patterns are related to cultural patterns in systematic ways, and that analysis of societies in terms of a contrast between individualism and group orientation reveals and documents one of those ways. Description of social structures in relation to this contrast is old, but its extension to expressive patterns is recent in anthropology. I argue that this model accounts for fundamental structural distinctions which underlie cultural contrasts in expressive patterns. (Sociolinguistics, conversational analysis, Melanesia, anthropological linguistics, ethnography of speech, isomorphism of expressive forms and social structure)

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Ezzy, Douglas. "A Simulacrum of Workplace Community: Individualism and Engineered Culture." Sociology 35, no. 3 (August 2001): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/s0038038501000323.

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Gerganov, Encho N., Margarita L. Dilova, Kristina G. Petkova, and Elena P. Paspalanova. "Culture-specific approach to the study of individualism/collectivism." European Journal of Social Psychology 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199603)26:2<277::aid-ejsp752>3.0.co;2-0.

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Wood, Benjamin. "Preserving Personhood: Quaker Individualism and Liberal Culture in Dialogue." Studies in Christian Ethics 27, no. 4 (October 9, 2014): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0953946814540743.

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Eaton, Liberty, and Johann Louw. "Culture and Self in South Africa: Individualism-Collectivism Predictions." Journal of Social Psychology 140, no. 2 (April 2000): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600461.

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Watling, Christopher, Erik Driessen, Cees P. M. van der Vleuten, Meredith Vanstone, and Lorelei Lingard. "Beyond individualism: professional culture and its influence on feedback." Medical Education 47, no. 6 (May 12, 2013): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/medu.12150.

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GREENHOUSE, CAROL J. "Sings of quality: individualism and hierarchy in American culture." American Ethnologist 19, no. 2 (May 1992): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00030.

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Merelman, Richard M. "On Culture and Politics in America: A Perspective from Structural Anthropology." British Journal of Political Science 19, no. 4 (October 1989): 465–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400005597.

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This article proposes a structuralist alternative to mainstream behavioural studies of political culture in the United States. After first describing the deficiencies in the mainstream approach, the article suggests that political culture as attitudes and values should be seen as surface elements of a deep cultural structure. The structuralist alternative is presented in some detail, with emphasis upon cultural narratives. Building upon structuralist theory, American political culture emerges as ‘mythologized individualism’, the ramifications of which are described in terms of American ideological cognition and in terms of American capacities to use culture as a means of realizing democratic ideals. In these latter respects, mythologized individualism is found wanting.

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Čeněk, Jiří. "Cultural dimension of individualism and collectivism and its perceptual and cognitive correlates in cross-cultural research." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.210.225.

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This paper reviews the current findings on the dimension of individualism/collectivism, which might be a useful tool for the comparison of different cultures and for the investigation of the effect of culture as a psychological concept on individual mental processes. The validity and reliability of the concept of the dimension of individualism/collectivism is discussed. The related theory of analytic and holistic thinking is introduced within a framework of extensive comparative research in the field of cross-cultural psychology. Several interesting research designs on cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception are described. The empirical part contains a short report of research conducted on a sample (N=92) of Czech and Czech Vietnamese university students using a scale of horizontal and vertical individualism/collectivism (Bartoš, 2010). The results do not fully support the traditional view of individualistic Europeans and collectivistic Asians.

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Gil, Adrian, Lance Eliot Brouthers, and Dawn L. Keig. "Top management team diversity, individualism–collectivism, and MNE performance." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 19, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595819870819.

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Existing theories of diversity typically focus on a limited range of usually American research settings and on a relatively narrow range of types of diversity. Here, we examine a less commonly used measure of diversity, top management team (TMT) functional diversity, for a sample of non-US multinational enterprises (MNEs) from a cross-cultural perspective. We theorize and empirically test the notion that the individualism–collectivism dimension of national culture moderates the relationship between TMT diversity (measured by functional heterogeneity) and firm performance such that greater functional diversity among TMTs in collectivistic national cultures improves firm performance, while greater functional diversity among TMTs in individualistic national cultures weakens MNE performance. Our empirical results based on a sample of MNEs from 25 countries support our hypotheses. The relationship between TMT functional heterogeneity and firm performance is strongly negative in highly individualistic national cultures but positive in collectivistic national cultures. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

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Strychalska-Rudzewicz, Anna. "The Impact of National Culture on the Level of Innovation." Journal of Intercultural Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joim-2016-0006.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether national culture has an impact on the level of innovation. The results of the analysis of data by means of statistical tools confirm that cultural factors play a big role in creating innovations. On the basis of the research, it can be assumed that the thesis formulated by Shane (1993) assuming the correlation of low power distance and strong individualism with innovation seems to be correct if we do not refer it to the Far East Asian countries. These countries seem to be very different culturally from the rest of the analyzed cultures. Low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance countries are in most cases more innovative in European countries. Impact of individualism versus collectivism is more debatable but generally in Europe more individualistic countries achieve better innovative results.

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Hutagalung, Inge. "Budaya Organisasi Dan Dinamika Ruang Redaksi." Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 5, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.5.1.1-6.

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ABSTRACT This research is a qualitative study with intrepretative paradigm, and it aims to describe and explain about how the organization culture can be also take a part in the process of gatekeping due to the publication process. The research results indicate that domination value of collectivism culture in media organization tend to lead the policy as well as the gatekeeping process for avoiding confrontation style in seeking and processing the news. In another side, the research results also indicate that domination value of individualism culture tend to lead the gatekeeping process more flexible depend on intuition and feeling of the journalist. Sometimes the journalist using a confrontation style in seeking and processing the news. However, even the media organization tend to have domination value of collectivism or individualism culture, both of them are conduct the process of gatekeeping based on the code of ethic and having an orientation to public sphere as well as their goals that are not only about making money, but also the pursuit of a certain ideal values. Keywords: value of collectivism, value of individualism, public sphere

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Davis, Lewis S., and Claudia R. Williamson. "Cultural roots of family ties." Journal of Institutional Economics 16, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 785–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137420000211.

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AbstractWe forward the hypothesis and empirically establish that variations in the strength of family ties are rooted in culture. In particular, we show that individualism is associated with looser family ties. We exploit the associations between contemporary individualism and historical climatic and disease environments to establish a causal relationship. At both the individual- and country-levels, we find strong support that individualism reduces family ties. The estimated effects are economically large and robust to a wide variety of potentially confounding variables.

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Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. "Culture and Disability: Advancing Comparative Research." Comparative Sociology 9, no. 2 (2010): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913210x12536181350999.

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AbstractCultures differ greatly as to which specific conditions they recognize as a disability, how they interpret matters of causation and consequence, and which kinds of remedy they believe adequate. The papers in this special issue of Comparative Sociology explore the institutional and cultural variation of disability as well as the underlying causes, including a culture’s degree of individualism / collectivism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Individualism Culture'

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