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1
Bulle, Nathalie, and Denis Phan. "Can Analytical Sociology Do without Methodological Individualism?" Philosophy of the Social Sciences 47, no. 6 (June 16, 2017): 379–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393117713982.
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The explanatory power of structures in analytical sociologists’ agent-based models brings into question methodological individualism. We defend that (a) from an explanatory point of view, the syntactic properties of models require semantic conditions of interpretation drawn from a conceptual research framework; (b) in such a framework, social/relational structures have only partial, explanatory power (counterfactual); and (c) taking the explanation further through generative mechanism modeling necessitates calling upon methodological individualism’s generic framework of interpretation that relies on social actors’ rational capacity. According to this interpretive framework, forces in action in society are governed by the subjective meaning of/the reasons for individual actions.
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Ely, James W. "THE PROGRESSIVE ERA ASSAULT ON INDIVIDUALISM AND PROPERTY RIGHTS." Social Philosophy and Policy 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 255–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052511000252.
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AbstractThis essay examines the far-reaching attack on individualism and property rights which characterized the Progressive Era of the early twentieth century. Scholars and political figures associated with Progressivism criticized the individualist values of classical liberalism and rejected the traditional notion of limited government espoused by the framers of the Constitution. They expressed great confidence in regulatory agencies, staffed by experts, to effectuate policy. Progressives paved the way for the later triumph of statist ideology with the New Deal in the 1930s.The essay traces the sources of the Progressive antipathy to individual rights to the influence of Bismarck’s program in Imperial Germany and the Social Gospel theology. It gives attention to the views of leading Progressive intellectuals who stressed the perceived need for increased governmental power and governance by an educated elite. The essay also explores the impact of Progressivism on constitutional law, arguing that the rise of “sociological jurisprudence,” with its skepticism about courts and stress on judicial deference to legislative judgments, served to advance the Progressive political agenda. Progressives looked with disfavor on any constitutional doctrine which curtailed governmental authority. The Progressive movement left a lasting legacy of diminished regard for individualism and a jurisprudence which stripped property of muscular constitutional protection.
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Bulle, Nathalie. "Methodological individualism as anti-reductionism." Journal of Classical Sociology 19, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x18765536.
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The demarcation criterion of methodological individualism is not defined in relation to entities ultimately involved in explanation – individuals to the exclusion of structures – as supposed by its reductionist interpretations. It introduces an epistemological approach that distinguishes between causal powers representing driving forces – they arise from individual (trans-situational) rational capacities – and structural properties which do not exert a causal power but have nevertheless a crucial causal role – they define the situational properties on the basis of which individuals’ rational capacities are developed. Whereas the forces in action in society are governed by the subjective meaning of/the reasons for individual actions, social structures have an explanatory or causal role insofar as they affect the subjective meaning of/the reasons for individual actions.
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Huber, Brigitte, Matthew Barnidge, Homero Gil de Zúñiga, and James Liu. "Fostering public trust in science: The role of social media." Public Understanding of Science 28, no. 7 (September 5, 2019): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662519869097.
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The growing importance of social media for getting science news has raised questions about whether these online platforms foster or hinder public trust in science. Employing multilevel modeling, this study leverages a 20-country survey to examine the relationship between social media news use and trust in science. Results show a positive relationship between these variables across countries. Moreover, the between-country variation in this relationship is related to two cultural characteristics of a country, individualism/collectivism and power distance.
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Charmaz, Kathy. "The Power of Constructivist Grounded Theory for Critical Inquiry." Qualitative Inquiry 23, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800416657105.
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The pragmatist roots of constructivist grounded theory make it a useful method for pursuing critical qualitative inquiry. Pragmatism offers ways to think about critical qualitative inquiry; constructivist grounded theory offers strategies for doing it. Constructivist grounded theory fosters asking emergent critical questions throughout inquiry. This method also encourages (a) interrogating the taken-for-granted methodological individualism pervading much of qualitative research and (b) taking a deeply reflexive stance called methodological self-consciousness, which leads researchers to scrutinize their data, actions, and nascent analyses. The article outlines how to put constructivist grounded theory into practice and ends with where this practice could take us.
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Rose, Brad, and George Ross. "Socialism’s Past, New Social Democracy, and Socialism’s Futures." Social Science History 18, no. 3 (1994): 439–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017090.
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The ideas of socialism grew in ordinary people’s lived experience of all-encompassing markets, totalizing doctrines of individualism, the power of capitalist property over human dignity and destiny, and equations between market success and human merit. Codified into doctrine, socialism was pro-ductivist, seeing the work experience as that which determined personal identity and the shape of social collaboration. It was also class analytical, mapping the social world in terms of classes in conflict and specifying the working class as the central social actor and agent for change. Third, it was egalitarian democratic, rejecting arbitrary distinctions determining different stations in life. Finally, socialism was Utopian, revolutionary at least in aspiration if not always in deed. The capitalist order could be, and ought to be, radically transcended. Socialism, which would follow, would reappropriate control over work and its fruits by “the workers” and would facilitate full democracy, equality, and the consecration of a creative and cooperative social order.
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Bal, Ellen, Erella Grassiani, and Kate Kirk. "Neoliberal individualism in Dutch universities: Teaching and learning anthropology in an insecure environment." Learning and Teaching 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2014.070303.
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This article is based on our own experiences and that of several of our colleagues teaching social and cultural anthropology in different Dutch institutions for higher learning. We focus in particular on teaching and learning in two small liberal arts and science (LAS) colleges, where anthropology makes up part of the social science curriculum and/or is part of the core curriculum. The data collected from our own critical reflections developed during informal discussion and from formal interviews with colleagues, together with literature on recent changes in academia, leads us to argue that neoliberal individualism, shaped by management tactics that constantly measure individual performance and output, is making academia an increasingly insecure place in which to work and study. The consequences of this insecurity include increasing mental health problems among both students and staff, intensifying competition at the expense of collegiality and collaboration and an overall decrease in the quality of academic jobs and teaching. Although the discipline of anthropology can help us better understand our own conditions, the personalisation of problems and the focus on success obscure the anthropological lens, which looks at social and cultural structures of power and depends on critical reflexivity.
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Bielsa, Esperança. "From ‘the people’ to the crowd: The push for independence in Catalonia." Social Science Information 60, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/05390184211021354.
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This article examines the sociological value of Elias Canetti’s work on crowds and power. It explores crowd action and imagery in the push for Catalan independence through the analysis of materials published on Twitter by Tsunami Democràtic, which emerged to coordinate the response to the sentencing of Catalan political leaders after the unilateral declaration of independence. It then goes on to discuss how a crowd-based approach offers a supplementary perspective to contemporary studies of populism, on the one hand, and to accounts that primarily focus on the role of social media in organizing political protest movements, on the other. An analysis of crowds not only avoids both methodological holism and methodological individualism. It also helps to understand why so many people were mobilized beyond the power of concepts, ideologies and discourse.
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Vincent, Bello Deva, and Osarumwense V. Iguisi. "YORUBA CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE IN NIGERIAN ORGANISATION." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 2 (September 2018): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe049.
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Culture and leadership research in the last decade witnessed a general upsurge. Empirical studies that determined the scores of the subgroup cultures and examined leadership styles and preferences in Nigeria, have not been exhaustively carried out. This study therefore examined subgroup cultures and leadership styles in Nigerian organizations. Due to the structure of most Nigerian public organizations which are characterized by multi-ethnic groups with heterogeneous cultural beliefs, this study examined the differences in the Hofstede’s culture dimensions’ scores, leadership styles and preferences among Yoruba subgroup in Nigeria with focus on Power Distance and Individualism/Collectivism. Survey research design was adopted, making use of questionnaire for data collection. The study made use of 345 members of staff purposively selected from among the Yoruba subgroups in the Central Bank of Nigeria Headquarters in Abuja. The data generated from the structured questionnaire were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for descriptive statistics. Hofstede’s culture dimensions of power distance and individualism/collectivism were computed using the Value Survey Module (VSM) developed by Hofstede. This study found that there is a high power distance among the Yoruba subgroup, and the leadership style preferred by the Yoruba’s is the democratic style of leadership and that the Yoruba subgroup is a collectivistic society.
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Pyke, Karen. "The Micropolitics of Care in Relationships between Aging Parents and Adult Children: Individualism, Collectivism, and Power." Journal of Marriage and the Family 61, no. 3 (August 1999): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353568.
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Jaffro, Laurent, and Vinícius França Freitas. "Why Thomas Reid Matters to the Epistemology of the Social Sciences." Philosophical Quarterly 70, no. 279 (June 13, 2019): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqz031.
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Abstract Little attention has been paid to the fact that Thomas Reid's epistemology applies to ‘political reasoning’ as well as to various operations of the mind. Reid was interested in identifying the ‘first principles’ of political science as he did with other domains of human knowledge. This raises the question of the extent to which the study of human action falls within the competence of ‘common sense’. Our aim is to reconstruct and assess Reid's epistemology of the sciences of social action and to determine how it connects with the fundamental tenets of his general epistemology. In the first part, we portray Reid as a methodological individualist and focus on the status of the first principles of political reasoning. The second part examines Reid's views on the explanatory power of the principles of human action. Finally, we draw a parallel between Reid's epistemology and the methodology of Weberian sociology.
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Barry, Norman. "SOME FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL CAPITALISM." Social Philosophy and Policy 20, no. 1 (December 18, 2002): 178–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052503201084.
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The collapse of Communism and the retreat from, in theory as well as practice, even moderate forms of collectivism have left even the non-Marxist forms of socialism in disarray. While it is true that forms of collectivism have remarketed themselves under meretricious, insubstantial doctrinal headings such as the “Third Way,” an unstable amalgam of capitalism, communitarianism, and welfarism, there has been little original work on how an economy and society might organize itself so as to have neither the superficially objectionable features of modern capitalism nor the economically untenable and morally odious properties of full-blooded socialism. The former might include vast inequality in resource ownership, the unequal political power such inequality might generate, the increasing alienation produced by the soulless possessive individualism that is allegedly engulfing the world, and a myriad of other complaints that are regularly leveled at capitalism.
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Callahan, Daniel, Barbara Koenig, and Meredith Minkler. "Promoting Health and Preventing Disease: Ethical Demands and Social Challenges." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 18, no. 2 (July 1998): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/74eg-ehty-8b05-vqfy.
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This article argues that a critical impasse has been reached in American health promotion and disease prevention and examines the three factors that must be confronted and addressed if we are to move forward. These factors are: 1) the cultural and political contexts of health promotion, including the continuing tension between individualism and a common good/public health perspective, 2) the increasing power of narrow, biomedical conceptualizations of disease and illness, and 3) the variety of ethical options available to governments, employers and HMO's concerned with changing unhealthy behaviors. A public interest perspective on health promotion then is presented, with attention to both the obstacles it faces and the advantages it may hold as we pursue the goal of a healthy society at the turn of the century.
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McMahon, Christopher. "The Ontological and Moral Status of Organizations." Business Ethics Quarterly 5, no. 3 (July 1995): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857398.
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Abstract:The paper has two parts. The first considers the debate about whether social entities should be regarded as objects distinct from their members and concludes that we should let the answer to this question be determined by the theories that social science finds to have the most explanatory power. The second part argues that even if the theory with the most explanatory power regards social entities such as organizations as persons in their own right, we should not accord them citizenship in the moral realm. Rather we should accept moral individualism, the thesis that only individual humans can have rights and duties. The moral status of corporations and other organizations is often thought to depend on their ontological status. In particular, it is thought to depend on whether they can be said to exist as distinct entities, and especially as persons distinct from the individuals who are their members. In this article I argue that the two questions are actually independent of each other. No matter what the ontological status of organizations, they should not be accorded citizenship in the moral realm in their own right.
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Halkos, George, and Antonis Skouloudis. "Revisiting the relationship between corporate social responsibility and national culture." Management Decision 55, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-12-2016-0868.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) at the macro-level and well-established dimensions of national culture offered by Hofstede’s framework. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a composite index for quantifying CSR proliferation and present new findings on the role of cultural specificity – proxied by Hofstede’s dimensions – on CSR endorsement among national business sectors. Findings Results indicate that cultural perspectives pertaining to “long-term vs short-term orientation” as well as “indulgence vs restraint” affect positively the composite CSR index, while “uncertainty avoidance” has a negative impact. In contrast, the effect of “power distance,” “individualism” and “masculinity” is found to be insignificant. Originality/value The study offers new insights to institutional theorists as well as political economy researchers for a deeper investigation of informal institutions, such as culture, which shape national or regional specificities of CSR and retain a moderating effect on the voluntary/self-regulation activities of business entities.
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Khalil, Omar, Laila Marouf, and Nadia Khalil. "Academics’ Knowledge Sharing Intentions and Behaviours: The Influence of Espoused Culture, Social Norm, and Attitude." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 20, no. 02 (April 26, 2021): 2150016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649221500167.
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Knowledge sharing (KS) is a social phenomenon, and whether or not academics practise KS depends mostly on their individual and social characteristics. Although KS is informed by culture, the external validity of the empirical results of most of the research investigating the influence of culture, defined and operationalised at the macro (national or organisational) level, on KS is problematic since the cultural orientation of individuals in a particular society or organisation may not be homogeneous. This study adopted a Theory of Reasoned Action-based model to analyze the influence of espoused individualism–collectivism (IC), espoused uncertainty avoidance (UCA), social norm (SN), and attitude (ATT) on academics’ KS intentions and behaviours. The results are derived using a data set from a large public Arabian University. SN, ATT, and intention positively influence KS behaviour. Collectivism positively influences SN, ATT, intention, and behaviour. Unexpectedly, uncertainty tolerance positively influences ATT and intention. These results provide significant statistical support for the explanatory power of the model. They also put forward empirically based evidence that adds much-needed nuance to the current discourse on KS intention and behaviour and informs policies and strategies that enhance KS in the academe.
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Latham, Kevin. "Nothing but the Truth: News Media, Power and Hegemony in South China." China Quarterly 163 (September 2000): 633–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000014594.
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The post-Mao reform era in China has seen the demise of utopianism. Where once the rhetoric of an unfolding socialist utopia worked to spur on the masses in their subjugation to a national cause, since the 1980s the rhetoric has entailed varying degrees of hedonism with the proliferation of consumerism, individualism, self-reliance and personal responsibility devolved to the individual or family. This has produced Chinese worlds increasingly riven with anachronisms represented by the apparent contradictions of a “planned market” or “socialist market” economy. The realm of media production in the 1990s has found itself caught in the middle of this sphere of social and rhetorical contention, engendering its own contradictions. Indeed the contradictions exhibited there may be more exaggerated than elsewhere; most notably in how Party control of the media has continued alongside increasing pressures on media organizations to compete for readerships, audiences and advertisers on an open market. Characteristic of this situation has been the emergence of new forms of media populism.
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MARWAY, HERJEET, and HEATHER WIDDOWS. "Philosophical Feminist Bioethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180114000474.
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Abstract:The end of the last century was a particularly vibrant period for feminist bioethics. Almost two decades on, we reflect on the legacy of the feminist critique of bioethics and investigate the extent to which it has been successful and what requires more attention yet. We do this by examining the past, present, and future: we draw out three feminist concerns that emerged in this period—abstraction, individualism, and power—and consider three feminist responses—relationality, particularity, and justice—and we finish with some thoughts about the future.
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ROWE, ADAM. "The New Creed of the Nation: Charles Eliot Norton, E. L. Godkin, and the Meaning of Freedom in the Civil War Era." Journal of American Studies 54, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 671–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875819000082.
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This article describes the intellectual collaboration and friendship between Charles Eliot Norton and E. L. Godkin as they established one of the most influential American journals of the late nineteenth century, The Nation. Their friendship provides a fascinating case study of an important strain of American political thought at the pivotal moment in its transition from the antebellum to the postbellum eras. In their different ways, Norton and Godkin struggled to reconcile the communal ideal of enlightened self-government with the ideal of liberal individualism, and, at the same time, the promise of egalitarian democracy with the realities of state power and machine politics. No sudden reversal or abrupt change of principle marked their political outlook. Instead there was a gradual loss of confidence in the powerful vision that brought all their contradictory commitments brilliantly together, and made it seem as though all that was best in the old order might be retained undiminished in the new.
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Oktay, Sadiye, Serdar Bozkurt, and Kübra Yazıcı. "The Relationship Between Carbon Disclosure Project Scores and Global 500 Companies: A Perspective From National Culture." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211014521.
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This research aims to examine the relationship between voluntary carbon disclosures and national cultures of Global 500 companies that direct the world economy. The research is essential in terms of showing the results of the Paris agreement, which is considered to have an impact on climate change, one of the most outstanding variables affecting sustainability, in the national context. Our study is one of the few on the sustainability theories (stakeholder, legitimacy, signaling, and system) and the relationship between carbon disclosures and the context of national culture both. As a consequence of this research, the relationships between Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) data and the national culture to which Global 500 companies belong were determined. In this context, CDP climate scores also differ in five dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, individualism, power distance, long-term orientation, indulgence) other than Hofstede’s masculinity dimension. CDP’s water security values differ only in the social aspect to avoid uncertainty. Also, we find that the Paris agreement makes a difference in carbon disclosures.
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Sheehi, Stephen. "A SOCIAL HISTORY OF EARLY ARAB PHOTOGRAPHY OR A PROLEGOMENON TO AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEBANESE IMAGO." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 208a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070341.
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This article examines Arab photography in Ottoman and Mandate Lebanon. It begins to explain how the photographic image naturalized the discourses of individualism, class identity, and nationalism that were germinated in the political economy and the organic intellectual culture of the late Ottoman Empire. Inspired less by Orientalist imagery or mimicry of the West than by specific ideological planks of capitalism and modernity, images produced by professionals Sabunji and the Kovas and such amateurs as Salim Abu Izz al-din and Marie Khazen instituted a new process of desiring capitalist production, accumulation, and commodity consumption in Lebanon. Photography reified the imago (the discursive imagined self) of the Lebanese bourgeois as a composite of private and public and sectarian and secular identities—but first and foremost as an individual. However, theWestern narrative that associates photography with the secularism of the bourgeois self finds its limits in the sectarian political economy and power sharing of Lebanon.
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García-del Junco, Julio, Eva M. Sánchez-Teba, Mercedes Rodríguez-Fernández, and Irene Gallardo-Sánchez. "The Practice of Religious Tourism among Generation Z’s Higher Education Students." Education Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090469.
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The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the possibilities offered by religious tourism according to Generation Z’s education in values. Both the theoretical and empirical frameworks of the research have focused on Hofstede’s Cultural Model, aiming to predict with a certain level of success the influence of cultural and social values on the consumption of religious tourism by the young age segment of Generation Z. A cross-cultural analysis was performed using exponential sampling (Snowball Sampling). All respondents were higher education students. The surveys were carried out using “Google Forms”. The results obtained allow the design of a communication plan for the management of Religious Tourism according to the dimensions of Masculinity-Femininity, Individualism-Collectivism, Distance to Power, Risk Aversion, and Long-term Orientation.
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Travaglino, Giovanni A. "Support for Anonymous as vicarious dissent: Testing the social banditry framework." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 2 (August 18, 2017): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217722037.
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This research uses the social banditry framework to propose that voiceless individuals in an unjust context may express their grievances vicariously. Specifically, it holds that individuals who perceive the system as unjust but lack political efficacy, express their anger against the system as support for actors whose behavior disrupts the system’s functioning. These actors are situated outside conventional societal and political structures of power and institutions. To test the social banditry framework, two studies investigate attitudes toward Anonymous, a group of hackers who challenge the status quo using online tactics such as trolling. Study 1 ( N = 304) demonstrates that appraising the system as more unjust and perceiving lower political efficacy are positively linked to anger against the system, which in turn predicts more positive attitudes toward Anonymous. In contrast, stronger injustice-fueled anger and stronger political efficacy predict intentions to engage in direct forms of political action, such as protesting or voting. Study 2 ( N = 410) replicates these findings, and theorizes and tests the role of individualistic and collectivistic values in predicting vicarious and direct expressions of dissent. Study 2 demonstrates that endorsement of horizontal individualism predicts positive attitudes towards Anonymous, whereas horizontal collectivism predicts engagement in direct political action. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Miao, Chao, Ronald H. Humphrey, Shanshan Qian, and Jeffrey M. Pollack. "Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: an exploratory meta-analysis." Career Development International 23, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-01-2018-0019.
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Purpose The topic of entrepreneurial intention, which refers to a person’s degree of interest in creating a new business venture, has received close scrutiny in the entrepreneurship literature. The empirical results regarding the relation between emotional intelligence (EI) and entrepreneurial intention were nevertheless mixed across studies. Based on fit theory and trait activation theory, the purpose of this paper is to explain the fundamental reason for the mixed findings in the extant literature thus far. Design/methodology/approach Random-effects meta-analyses, based on 12 studies (along with 12 effect sizes), were performed to not only investigate the overall relation between EI and entrepreneurial intention but also to examine the moderators (i.e. individualism (vs collectivism), masculinity (vs femininity), power distance, long-term orientation (vs short-term orientation), uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence (vs restraint)) that influence this relation. Findings The results of this meta-analysis demonstrated that EI is positively related to entrepreneurial intention; the positive relationship between EI and entrepreneurial intention is stronger in long-term-oriented cultures; and the positive relationship between EI and entrepreneurial intention does not significantly differ based on a culture’s level of collectivism, masculinity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence. Originality/value This meta-analysis advances the current understanding of the relation between EI and entrepreneurial intention from cross-cultural perspectives.
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ALVIM, Mônica Botelho, Emmanuela BOMBEN, and Natália CARVALHO. "“Pode deixar que eu resolvo!” - retroflexão e contemporaneidade." PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES - Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica 16, no. 2 (2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18065/rag.2010v16n2.7.
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Our purpose in this paper is to assess a debate regarding retroflection as a constant contact interruption in contemporanity. We intend to approach the subject in question by taking Gestalt-therapy as main theoretical reference and evoking authors whom exam contemporanity, such as Guy Debord and Stuart Hall. Retroflection is understood as an interruption of the creative adjustment that obstructs contact when it comes to interaction, which means, the individual dismiss contact with others, instead of interacting he turns to himself the energy that would otherwise flow to the relation. This dynamic seems to evolve a kind of individualism present and valued in contemporanity world: self-sufficiency, self-control, permanent urge for activity and being busy, belief that others are not available and therefore: “I must solve my problems on my own, I can handle it alone”. The power of achievement and success create part of the contemporanity set, which detains the consumerism - a vehicle for spectacle - that disguise the emptiness and loneliness.
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Harms Smith, Linda. "‘Blaming-the-poor’: Strengths and development discourses which obfuscate neo-liberal and individualist ideologies." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815594218.
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Critical interrogation of social work texts reveals ideologies contributing to hegemonic ‘taken-for-granted’ knowledge that maintains oppressive power relations. In the South African context of ongoing inequality after the 1994 democratic transition, neo-liberal ideologies have structured and constrained social work knowledge and practice constitutive of social change. Similarly, conservative neo-liberal ideologies underpinning social work knowledge and discourse act performatively to shape practice and social realities. This article, based on a section of the author’s PhD study, examines one of the thematic ideological trends found in post-1994 social work texts on poverty and social development, which reflect neo-liberal, individualist ideologies of ‘blaming-the-poor’ and personal culpability for poverty. A selection of three texts is discussed, illustrating processes and modes of operation of these ideologies in the various approaches proposed.
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Lukšiŭ, Igor. "Corporatism packaged in pluralist ideology: the case of Slovenia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2003.09.007.
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Corporatism has been an influential doctrine in the Slovenian polity since its beginning. After the onset of democratization in the early 1990s, its influence remains strong. Forms of corporatism are embodied in the National Council as the second chamber of parliament, in the chamber system, the system of social partnership and the RTVS (Public Television of Slovenia) Council. It is also present in certain socio-political priorities such as a higher value being placed on partnership over competition, on fairness over human rights, on community over individualism. Social pluralism has always been a part of Slovenian public life. Political pluralism emerged at the end of the 19th century and was never fully developed. There has always been a strong inclination in the political life of Slovenia to organize around interest groups and editorial boards of various publications, a tendency that reveals a plurality of voices but a general unwillingness to fight for political power. It could also be concluded that the development of pluralism in Slovenia relies heavily on corporatism because of the general lack of liberal foundations.
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Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador. "A Sea of Whiteness: Teaching Sexuality through a New Sociology at a U.S. American University." Teaching Sociology 49, no. 3 (July 2021): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x211022455.
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This article connects sociological analyses of race to sexuality to rethink the teaching of the sociology of sexualities. Through the use of the image of the sea, I locate whiteness as a root for the challenges in current pedagogical approaches at my institution, knowing that it is merely an example of multiple others facing similar problems at the structural level. Using autoethnography as a method to illustrate personal experiences in the classroom and the institution, I engage in two interrelated topics that structure this article. First, I explore how teaching sexualities studies from a sociological angle requires teaching about power. In the second part, I delve into how a neoliberal engagement with individualism and students’ singular social location influence the potential in students’ learning. The discussion and concluding parts propose thinking through some of the previous teaching on the sociology of sexualities to create it anew.
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Lyubimova, Tatyana B. "Uniformity vs. Unity." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, no. 7 (October 10, 2019): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-7-54-72.
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The question of whether it is possible to philosophize outside the categories of rationalist philosophy is not limited to methodology. It has ideological overtones. Namely, the rationalism that has developed in philosophy in modern times, after Descartes, is inevitably supplemented by mechanics. The world is seen as a machine, the living is reduced to mechanisms. Rationalism becomes a machine of mentality. Taking it as a model of normal thinking, giving it a universal value, we thereby impose Western way of thinking on other cultures with a different mentality. The question, therefore, is not about the method of scientific knowledge but about the power realized through the transformation of mentality. Scientific knowledge conquers space. Philosophy produces a transformation of mentality. New rationalism, according to G. Bachelard, is in dialectical relation with the usual realism of the natural Sciences. In this process, there is the implementation of new schemes developed in the complex interaction of “ratio” and experiment. Modern science is the collective creation of a new reality. This is the reality of the “picture of the world.” There is another view of science, rationalism and modern philosophy. According to him, rationalism is dualism, atomism and social individualism. These features reveal the anti-traditional and anti-metaphysical spirit of modern Western civilization. The traditional approach is non-duality, unity provided by metaphysical principles. The new rationalism in science is characterized by the belief in the infinite progress of knowledge. But knowledge itself, from the point of view of tradition, is devoid of great value. Philosophy uses categories of ancient Greek philosophy or German classical philosophy, but they cannot be considered universal. They corresponded not only to the time and place, the conditions in which they arose, but also to the characteristic mentality of the peoples and individuals who created them. They are not suitable for understanding the metaphysical doctrines of traditional cultures. The language of traditional cultures is symbolic and synthetic in contrast to the analytical language of Western science and philosophy.
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Høigilt, Jacob. "EGYPTIAN COMICS AND THE CHALLENGE TO PATRIARCHAL AUTHORITARIANISM." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001161.
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AbstractAdult comics are a new medium in the Arab world. This article is the first in-depth study of their emergence and role within Arab societies. Focused on Egypt, it shows how adult comics have boldly addressed political and social questions. Seeing them as part of a broader cultural efflorescence in Egypt, I argue that, against patriarchal authoritarianism, adult comics have expressed an alternative ideology of tolerance, civic rights and duties, individualism, creativity, and criticism of power. Specifically, they present a damning critique of Egypt's authoritarian order, as well as of the marginalization of women and broader gender dynamics in Egyptian society. Through frank humor, a playful style, and explicit graphics, they give voice to the concerns of young Egyptians. Connecting comics to other art forms such as music, graffiti, and political cartoons, I situate them within a critical cultural movement that came to the fore with the Egyptian uprising of 2011.
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Simmons, Alicia D., and Lawrence D. Bobo. "UNDERSTANDING “NO SPECIAL FAVORS”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 15, no. 02 (2018): 323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x18000310.
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AbstractDespite its predictive power, there is substantial debate about the attitudes measured by the racial resentment scale (RRS) and the relative weight of each. One group contends that the RRS is a valid measure of racial animus, foregrounding a basic psychological acrimony; some foreground social concerns about group status hierarchies; and yet others assert that the RRS is an invalid measure of racial enmity, instead primarily tapping non-racial principles and politics. We use a multimethod approach to address these debates, mapping the frames of reference respondents use in explaining their RRS answers. We find that the RRS fundamentally measures racial concerns and minimally taps non-racial politics. Although RRS responses reflect psychological acrimony, this orientation is substantially outweighed by social concerns about relative group position. Moreover, RRS responses substantially reflect beliefs about the relevance of race in the contemporary US and the sources of racial inequality, and values about individualism and fairness. We discuss how one of the most potent measures of present-day racial prejudice is rightly understood, and the implications for theory and research at the intersection of race and politics.
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Isakovic, Zlatko. "Population and territory as elements of political power in international relations." Stanovnistvo 44, no. 1 (2006): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0601047i.
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This paper deals with population and territory as elements of political power of international relations actors. The first part is devoted to the population, i.e. its quantitative (number of people) and qualitative characteristics, i.e. structure, etc. The second part of the paper deals with basic characteristic of the territory (its size, quality, and geographical position). The quality is determined primarily according to economic values of the area. Geographic position depends of neighbors and borders. In the concluding part of the paper it is stressed that mutual comparison between area and number of population is relatively easy, while comparison becomes much harder when one takes into account the qualitative characteristics of the both elements of political power. The relation between population and territory is in the fact that people need room, i.e. space for their living. People are those who in wars and negotiations and other peaceful ways determine quantities and qualities of territories of their states. There is the open question of a price (human lives, health, living standards, etc.) worth to be paid for a territory if it is perceived by political decision makers as the national or similar interest. People are those who by their ideas, work and behavior in general directly influence number of population members and utilize and perceive space in certain ways. People are subjective factors of political power in general. First action of the modern specialized and global information-telecommunication technology is in the changed comprehending of categories of space and time. Communications are one of important preconditions and conditions of social integration and capability for survival in general of people on certain territory. The Earth became much smaller, linked and perceived by majority of its population as the universal, whole and only domicile and shelter. During the 20th century communication deterritorialization appeared and one could predict that this development will be continued in this century. People will become more and more nomads, and their ideas and goods will move more and more quickly and in greater numbers. The link between population and territory will be weakened, and state territories will be less and less relevant. However, human life will not loose its spatiality. People will remain the subjective element of international and other relations, and cloning - if becomes mass phenomenon - will begin to represent, beside others things, negation of people?s individuality and, in this way, their subjectivity.
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Mestaz, James V. "Sweetness and Water Power: The SICAE Sugarcane Cooperative and Mayo Struggles for Water, 1944 to 1956." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x19000944.
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AbstractHundreds of indigenous Mayo ejidatarios became members of the SICAE (Sociedad de Interés Colectivo Agrícola Ejidal) sugarcane cooperative in North-West Mexico in the 1930s, gaining control of irrigated lands and marginalising non-members, called ‘individualists’, by the 1940s. This article focuses on how indigenous individualists of Los Goros and El Teroque ejidos navigated the SICAE's control of water and attempts to annex their lands. Mayo individualists’ resistance to corrupt ejidal leadership and the SICAE cooperative allowed them to influence local water development decisions. These individualist Mayo experiences exemplify how hydraulic social mobilisation became an indigenous people's strategy of survival in mid-twentieth-century Mexico.
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KELAM, IVICA, and LUKA RAŠIĆ. "THE INFLUENCE OF SCHOPENHAUER’S AND NIETZSCHE’S PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL PESSIMISM." Arhe 27, no. 33 (December 5, 2020): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/arhe.2020.33.243-265.
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This paper gives a particular overview of reflections on education by two renowned philosophers of West European culture, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. What links their philosophy of education is the inclination towards the more complete shaping of a man. Nietzsche is a great supporter of Schopenhauer's understanding of philosophy as a philosophy of life. However, while Schopenhauer remained imprisoned in the world of pessimism, Nietzsche overcame the pessimistic view of the world with the image of a creative artist who consistently sets his life in motion, while enjoying his art of living. The thing they have in common is extreme individualism – the understanding of philosophy as the liberation of inner life. Arthur Schopenhauer perceived a man as a being of will that succumbs to laws of nature and the lower levels of humanity – will and passion. Friedrich Nietzsche saw a man as a being of will for power, emphasizing the power of the urgent and irrational one. Schopenhauer gave the pessimistic view of a man who is under the power of an unquenchable lust for life, whereas Nietzsche gave a nihilistic view of the world, in which he advocated demolishing and putting an end to the old values. In Nietzsche's opinion, a nihilist is someone who sees everything as pointless and futile. Arthur Schopenhauer had a significant influence, not only on Friedrich Nietzsche but also on some other great men of his time, who mostly did not support his philosophy in its entirety. Understanding the world in Schopenhauer's way came to life at the end of the 19th century and later, primarily because of Friedrich Nietzsche. This was an era in which social sciences finally began to develop separately, but at the same time complement each other. Due to this interaction, it was possible for Schopenhauer, and through him also for Nietzsche, to have such a significant influence on the European spiritual life.
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Celis Bueno, Claudio. "The Face Revisited: Using Deleuze and Guattari to Explore the Politics of Algorithmic Face Recognition." Theory, Culture & Society 37, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276419867752.
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This article explores the political dimension of algorithmic face recognition through the prism of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s notion of faciality. It argues that algorithmic face recognition is a technology that expresses a key aspect of contemporary capitalism: the problematic position of the individual in light of new forms of algorithmic and statistical regimes of power. While there is a clear relation between modern disciplinary mechanisms of individualization and the face as a sign of individuality, in control societies this relation appears more as a contradiction. The article contends that Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of machinic enslavement and social subjection offer a fruitful perspective from where to identify the power mechanisms behind the problematic position of the individual in the specific case of algorithmic face recognition.
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Miller, Richard W. "Democracy and Class Dictatorship." Social Philosophy and Policy 3, no. 2 (1986): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500000303.
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Clearly, Marx thought he was promoting democratic values. In the Manifesto, the immediate goal of socialism is summed up as “to win the battle of democracy.” Marx sees the reduction of individuality as one of the greatest injuries done by a system in which most people buy and sell their labor power on terms over which they have little control. As they supervised translations and re-issues of the Manifesto, Marx and Engels singled out just one point as a major topic on which their view in 1848 had been superseded. The forms of government needed to be changed to give people more control over the state, a change in structure pioneered by the Paris Commune.
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Kim, Sangmook. "National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions." International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 1_suppl (July 9, 2016): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315596214.
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Much research has focused on finding and explaining the antecedents, correlates, and outcomes of public service motivation (PSM), but little is known about the influence of national context on individuals’ PSM. Previous research suggests that national culture may exert an independent influence on individuals’ PSM. This article examines PSM as an individual-level variable that is related to national culture, which is represented by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (2005), I investigate the relationship between cultural dimensions and individuals’ PSM. This article demonstrates that masculinity and indulgence are positively related to individuals’ PSM, whereas individualism is negatively associated with individuals’ PSM. However, power distance and uncertainty avoidance have a non-significant relationship with PSM. This article provides partial support for the thesis that national culture is associated with individuals’ PSM, but future research is required to explicate the relationship of cultural characteristics to individuals’ PSM. Points for practitioners Culture influences certain types of behavior both directly and indirectly. The article suggests that cultural tendencies such as masculinity, indulgence, and collectivism have a significant positive influence on individuals’ PSM. Organizational education and socialization enhancing these cultural values are likely to foster employees’ PSM.
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NAUMENKO, T. V. "THE ECONOMIC HUMAN MODEL AND ITS ROLE IN STUDYING MODERN SOCIAL PROCESSES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 4 (2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.01.003.
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The problem of the model of an economic person in modern scientific theory occupies an essential place. Post-nonclassical science, focusing its attention on the subject of scientific research, puts at the center of research the influence of a person on all processes of society, including economic ones. The influence of the human factor and the factor of culture on the economy is studied by many modern economists in order to identify the most general patterns of functioning of national cultures and national economies. The article proposes a culturological interpretation of the model of an economic person on the basis of ethnometric parameters developed by the Dutch sociologist G. Hofstede, provides evidence of the need to build new models of a person in the economy, taking into account the culturally specific characteristics of nations, and also substantiates the thesis existing in modern humanities about the influence of culture on the economy. The homo economicus model of man is one of the most widespread and most debated. At the same time, in the scientific space, the model of the economic person is assigned a crucial role for achieving the prosperity of nations. At the same time, the thesis that in economics culture has a meaning that has a great influence on the study of models of an economic person from the standpoint of culturological science and sociology becomes important. Ethnometric indices developed by G. Hofstede allow for a correlation analysis between such cultural indicators as a high level of individualism, dominance of masculine values, and a long-term period of life planning and satisfaction of one's desires, combined with a low power distance and lack of fear of change, help to achieve a high economic development of the nation. Despite the belief of many sociologists and economists that the possession of these characteristics leads to the prosperity of the nation, none of the developed European countries, based on the results of their development, confirms the conclusion about such a correspondence. In this regard, it seems correct to abandon the construction of a universal model of a person in the economy and focus on the culturally specific characteristics of individual nations with their potential for economic development. The toolkit developed by G. Hofstede undoubtedly has a high heuristic potential in the study of the relationship and interdependence of culture and economy, but it is also obvious that the universalization of the model of an economic person is possible only in theory, and in the case of practical application, it deviates to some extent from the ideal model. due to the peculiarities of national cultures, which have a significant impact on the economic prosperity of nations.
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Tomczak, Philippa, and Christopher Bennett. "Evaluating voluntary sector involvement in mass incarceration: The case of Samaritan prisoner volunteers." Punishment & Society 22, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 637–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474520915823.
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Mass incarceration and supervision operate through a mixed economy. Using the case study of Samaritans’ emotional support for prisoners in distress in England and Wales, we present an original framework of five normative criteria to facilitate nuanced assessment of voluntary sector criminal justice participation. This is an urgent, significant task for theory and practice: we need to find forms of public input that can deconstruct bloated penal systems. Whilst citizen involvement can be a positive form of ‘people power’, our assessment of Samaritans’ ostensibly welcome humanitarian intervention reveals how it deflects attention from severe shortcomings of the penal system. In the context of mass incarceration, we conclude that voluntary sector and citizen involvement in individualised service delivery alone risks obscuring deep problems and delaying much-needed change. This topic is particularly timely, given increasing non-state involvement in criminal justice and the global problem of prison suicide.
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Williams, Stacy A. S., and Nancy O’Donnell. "Becoming a Person of Dialogue." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 22, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2016): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pepsi-2016-0014.
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AbstractIt is imperative that Social Sciences examine in depth the underlying issues in human relations that have contributed to divisions among persons, within families, institutions, between nations and religions. If we accept that dialogue is the main currency of statecraft, diplomacy, negotiation, mediation and peacebuilding (Rieker and Turn 2015), then we need to ask ourselves, what are the characteristics of a person capable of engaging in dialogue? Are they characteristics that can be taught? Are they characteristics that make us human?In his book “Relational Being” Gergen (2009) warns of the dire consequences we face if we continue on the pathway of “rugged individualism”. He explains how our relationships have become instruments for our own satisfaction. From Freud to Skinner, psychology has described human relationships as being primarily about seeking the greatest pleasure from others. But, the so-called “freedom” that we achieve gives us a satisfaction that is transitory at best. “Freedom contains an emptiness that only relationship can fill” (Gergen, 2009, p. 20). It is essential that we find the path to discovering the true meaning of relationship and more importantly cross-racial/ethnic relationships.Jean Baker Miller described what she termed “growth-fostering relationships” (Miller, 1986), and Chodorow (2001) has developed a theory regarding development suggesting that women develop along a relational pathway whereas men follow the developmental phases that move them toward autonomy. These theorists, and others, view the relational trait to be particularly characteristic of women. A more comprehensive understanding of the nature of the human person can be attained only by taking into consideration both autonomy and relational ability as equally important.Capacity for dialogue, therefore, is an important contribution that women bring to the world stage. Women from traditionally marginalized groups offer an essential and unique perspective to this topic due to their understanding of the role of power in the dynamics of relationships. To foster cross-cultural dialogue it is important to examine the power dynamics of what it means to be honest, empathetic and collaborative across cultures.In this discussion, the authors draw upon the fields of technology, child development, feminism, and the social justice literature in an attempt to articulate the benefits of dialogue. It is far from exhaustive and provides a cursory purview of this challenging topic. It is an example of how integration among different theories can help move our literature forward in understanding a challenging topic as dialogue. It also offers a perspective on how men and women can grow in their relationship building ability, and therefore ability to dialogue, by embracing characteristics like being vulnerable, cooperative, selfless, and nurturing, relating this to the teachings of Chiara Lubich.
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Filonenko, Viсtor, Liudmila Shtompel, and Oleg Shtompel. "The Representative Culture of Modern Russian Students." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 17, no. 3 (2018): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2018-3-221-239.
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The article touches upon the issues of several problems. Firstly, we attempt to determine the methodology of a sociological analysis of culture which is adequate for modern realities. Secondly, we will apply this methodological basis to the cultural specifics of modern Russian students in a transitive, transitional society. It is stressed that the formation of a global innovative society results in a permanent crisis with the destruction of the old sociocultural forms and the emergence of new ones, with the result that culture becomes not a “guardian of the foundations”, but an active “fermenting” power of society. In these nonlinear processes, a special importance is acquired by subjective culture. Based on F. Tenbrook’s ideas, an analysis of monostylism and polystylism of a student’s representative culture is carried out. It is noted that these processes of representation are contradictory and hybrid. Highly-valued by student youth, the values of independence, individuality, and freedom of the post-materialistic plan are represented primarily in the sphere of leisure and free-time activities. The presented typology of students’ lifestyles in the field of educational activity (“professionals”, “ritualists”, “public men”, and “conformists”) fixes a predominantly adaptive strategy of behavior based on the adoption of a paternalistic attitude on the part of the administration and the teaching staff of universities. The article is based on the materials of the authors’ interregional sociological research, conducted in the Southern Federal District in 2006, 2011, and 2016.
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Karfakis, Nikolaos, and George Kokkinidis. "On guilt and the depoliticization of downsizing practices." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 1/2 (March 11, 2019): 156–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2018-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical conceptualisation of guilt and the depoliticization of downsizing practices. The authors begin with a critical review of the relevant management literature aiming to establish the discursive normalization and individualization of (un)employment. The authors then use secondary sources to reflect on the downsizing process. A process that, as the authors argue, is distinguished into three separate but interconnected phases: corporate memos (phase 1), termination scripts (phase 2) and the role of outplacement services (phase 3). By examining this process, the aim is to point to the mechanisms through which downsizing practices are neutralized and depoliticized. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual work that provides a systematic overview of the existing management literature on downsizing and guilt. Use of other secondary sources (corporate memos and termination scripts) is also employed to draw links between the discursive normalization of downsizing as identified in the relevant literature and the specific organizational processes and practices implemented by corporations during downsizing. The authors identify common ideas and themes that cut across the relevant literature and the secondary sources and aim to offer a theoretical conceptualisation of guilt and the depoliticization of downsizing practices. Findings This paper argues that downsizing discourses and practices contribute to the feelings of personal responsibility and self-blame, reinforcing an individualistic understanding of work and unemployment that excludes more structural ones, and that it helps in reproducing the existing structures of power. Research limitations/implications The study recognizes that employees’ reactions are not only unpredictable but also constantly evolving, depending on personal and social circumstances. The authors also recognize that the work is based on secondary sources much of which talk about practices in US companies, and thus the authors are and should be cautious of generalizations. The authors hope, however, that the authors will encourage further empirical research, particularly among organization studies and critical management scholars, on downsizing practices and guilt. For the authors’ part, the authors have tried to offer a critical reflection on how guilt is produced through corporate discourses and practices, and the authors believe that further empirical investigation on the three phases of the downsizing process (as identified in our work) and the lived experience of (un)employment is needed. As corporate downsizing discourses and practices frame (un)employment in strictly individualist and behavioral terms, the authors wish to emphasize the need for further theoretical investigation and political contestation. The authors, therefore, hope that the work will contribute to the relevant literature on downsizing practices and open up the discussions around layoff policies and the structural conditions of (un)employment. Originality/value The paper shows that downsizing practices and feelings of guilt are strongly linked to and exemplify the “individualization” of social and political issues such as work and unemployment. The authors suggest that individualization signifies, in some sense, a retreat from organized collective resistance and mobilization based upon class and that the prevalence of the ideology of individualism (and its correlative, meritocracy), over alternative explanations and solutions to such public issues, helps in reproducing existing structures of power and inequity.
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al-ʿAfīfī, Fatḥī. "War of Creative Destruction: the central tendency in the globalized Arab revolutions (a study in the formation of the future)." Contemporary Arab Affairs 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2012.676320.
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The Arab world in the 2010–2011 period was subject to a massive and unprecedented process of ‘creative destruction’. Despite its highly pernicious effects at numerous levels, including the distortion of political life and the stark polarization and increasing disparities between rich and poor, creative destruction is the instrument of choice in the process of globalization run by the major powers, and functions in place of more costly direct military interventions but can be used to serve similar ends. Major western powers engage in trafficking in protection, and American policies impose international axes conflicting by design for the purposes of managing their concerns whether such be through playing off political rivals against one another or running low-intensity wars that serve vested interests or grander imperial designs. Savage capitalism is an overt instrument and consequence of authoritarianism and corruption that justifies chaos, which also, in the context of globalization, gives just cause for revolution when it affirms social–Darwinian concepts that suggest ‘victims deserve their fate’ and ‘whoever can save himself does’. The Neo-liberalism derivative of Adam Smith that is at the core of globalization and its logic vigorously promotes individualism at the expense of collectivism and group interests and encourages individual initiatives—all of which led to the major global financial collapse of September 2008, and it is this same logic that underpins the strategy of creative destruction. This article provides a theoretical framework as well as specific means for analyzing the process of creative destruction specifically in the Arab world during the period of the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ and deals with the various social matrices and movements along with the role of Arab satellite media, electronic chaos and cyber-mobilization. Additionally projects, justifications for, and hierarchies of creative destruction are detailed across various axes and different modalities including the American mode, the Arab authoritarian state mode and the popular mode. The force of creative destruction in the Middle East, in the final analysis, is more than a US scheme for dismantling the old Arab order; the Arab revolts constitute the catalyst and central tendency towards taking responsibility—as a concept and plan for the unleashing of the tremendous power and mobilization that are permitting Arab peoples to do more than react, but to have their say in history.
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Baldwin, Clive, and Michelle Greason. "Micro-citizenship, dementia and long-term care." Dementia 15, no. 3 (May 2016): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471301216638762.
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In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the concept of citizenship as a lens through which to understand dementia practice. This move from an individualist, personhood-based approach towards an understanding of people with dementia as a group facing social and structural discrimination parallels, in some ways, that previously seen in the realms of disability and mental health which have sought to politicize those experiences. In so doing, the debate has sought to reconfigure power relations, insisting that members of such discriminated groups are people with power entitled to the same from life as everyone else. Much of the discussion to date has, understandably, focused on the larger issues of social inclusion, rights and responsibilities – reflecting the traditional concern of citizenship of individuals’ relationship to the state or the society in which they live. More recently, there has been a move to conceptualising citizenship as a practice – something that is realised through action and in relationship – rather than a status bestowed. In this paper, we seek to contribute to the discussion by introducing the concepts of midi- and micro-citizenship, taken from organisation studies, as a further means by which to link the personal and the political, and as grounds to build citizenship-alliances between people with dementia living in long-term care (LTC) facilities and front-line dementia care staff. We will then seek to illustrate the usefulness of these concepts in understanding citizenship in practice in LTC facilities through analysis of data drawn from focus groups involving LTC staff, and interviews with family carers whose relatives live in LTC facilities. In conclusion, we will explore some of the possibilities that such an approach holds for dementia care practice.
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Sawyer, R. Keith. "Nonreductive Individualism." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 32, no. 4 (December 2002): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004839302237836.
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Chebotarov, Ie. "National Business Culture of Ukraine and the Profile of a Ukrainian Marketer." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 1 (63) (2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-1(63)-78-83.
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The article attempts to consider a problem that has not yet been the subject of systematic developments in domestic and foreign science – the analysis of the profile of a Ukrainian marketer. This problem is investigated on the basis of the proposed new methodological approach: the recognition of the determinism of the profile of a marketer of a country (as well as in general – the profile of the entrepreneur) content and features of the national business culture of the country. The proposed approach logically necessitated a comparative analysis of the national business culture of Ukraine. This analysis was performed using the appropriate measuring parameters of modern economic comparativistics ("power distance", "individualism", "masculinity", "uncertainty avoidance", "long-term orientation", "indulgence") in comparison with Western, Central and Eastern Europe and the South East. The uniqueness of the national business culture of Ukraine is identified, which consists in its multiculturalism: in the organic combination of western (Anglo-Saxon) and eastern (south-eastern) entrepreneurship; with special respect for other religions and denominations. The characteristic features of the profile of a Ukrainian marketer are singled out (they, as well as the features of the profile of an entrepreneur of any country at all times, contain both positive and negative properties). A Ukrainian marketer: as a rule, is excluded from making fundamental decisions, which "pushes" him to the steps of "guerilla marketing"; he is more prone to collective forms of activity (but with hidden ambitious individual traits); in professional activity understands the value of life and wealth for the domestic consumer and consumer behavior as such; feels internal discomfort in conditions of uncertainty and special risk; the advantage of a Ukrainian marketer is activity in industries with long-term capital turnover and in the field of complex marketing research; domestic marketer to some extent still retains the properties of social orientation in business (but the dominant of his entrepreneurial consciousness are negative expectations).
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Alhirz, Hisham, and A. S. M. Sajeev. "Do cultural dimensions differentiate ERP acceptance? A study in the context of Saudi Arabia." Information Technology & People 28, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-07-2013-0127.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of espoused national cultural values of individuals on user acceptance of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Such an influence is mediated by perceived user resistance, involvement and satisfaction with ERP. Education level, organisational size and ERP user level, on the other hand, are considered as moderating factors. Design/methodology/approach – Survey instruments were constructed for relevant variables with items mostly sourced from the literature. In total, 230 ERP users from various organisations in Saudi Arabia participated in the survey. The data were analysed using SPSS and AMOS statistical packages to test the hypotheses. Findings – The structural equation model did not show evidence for power distance and individualism influencing perceived user resistance and involvement with ERP, whereas uncertainty avoidance has a significant influence over perceived user involvement and user resistance with ERP. Perceived user involvement positively influences perceived user satisfaction with ERP, and education level moderates the influence. Perceived user satisfaction with ERP positively impacts on user acceptance of ERP; however, moderator variables did not show significant influence on this relationship. Finally, perceived user resistance negatively influences user acceptance of ERP, and the influence varies across education level of the ERP users. Research limitations/implications – The results may only generalise to Saudi Arabia and other countries with a similar culture. The sample was identified as users of ERP without taking into account users of individual modules of ERP software. Practical implications – Findings of this paper contribute to the existing knowledge of ERP studies from cultural and social perspectives; such a contribution is to broaden the scope of IS research about the implementation and behavioural adoption and acceptance of ERP in middle eastern countries. It will also assist ERP implementers in deciding what cultural factors to consider in preparing an ERP implementation strategy in such countries. Originality/value – Prior studies that analysed individual variations in the national cultural values were conducted in the context of general IT acceptance. The authors, instead, study them in an ERP implementation context; this is important because, unlike general IT acceptance, ERP implementations have an all-encompassing mandatory nature and has the potential to change organisational culture. Furthermore, prior studies on ERP usage in Saudi Arabia are mostly qualitative case studies with associated limitations on generalisability. This quantitative study, on the contrary, addresses the influence of individual’s espoused national cultural values on ERP acceptance.
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Georgieva Ninova, Maya. "Communities, social software and connected individualism." Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social, no. 13 (May 6, 2008): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.460.
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Simmel, Georg. "Individualism." Theory, Culture & Society 24, no. 7-8 (December 2007): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276407084473.
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Brown, Trent. "Pathways to Agricultural Skill Development in the Indian Himalayas." Journal of South Asian Development 15, no. 2 (August 2020): 270–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174120943081.
Full textAbstract:
Policymakers and practitioners in the field of skill development often carry individualist and narrowly instrumental understandings of the reasons people enrol in their programmes. This article argues that people in the Global South seek to develop skills for a range of reasons, many of which are strongly influenced by their social environment and factors outside of their control. It presents the findings of a study involving surveys and semi-structured interviews with 53 trainees enrolled in agricultural skill development programmes in the state of Himachal Pradesh in the Indian Himalayas. Trainees’ responses were analysed to determine common ‘pathways’ to agricultural skill development programmes. Seven major pathways were identified: supporting one’s family; adopting commercial approaches to agriculture; managing a transition to agriculture after working in other sectors; gaining new knowledge; contributing to society; working from home; and developing a fallback option while seeking other work. These pathways were highly inflected by gender, age and caste. It is suggested that agricultural skill development practitioners will benefit from working with these pathways rather than assuming trainees carry more economistic motivations, but also from being critically aware of how the social factors that impinge on trainees’ pathways are influenced by local power structures.