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Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. "Framing Disability: Comparing Individualist and Collectivist Societies." Comparative Sociology 9, no. 2 (2010): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913210x12548146054985.
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AbstractIn this paper I use international differences in disability rates as a window to address the question how national culture influences a nation’s understanding and practice of disability. I apply the well-established distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultures to explore the relationship between culture and disability rates. I argue and find support for the hypothesis that individualistic cultures exhibit higher rates of disability. In the second part I add cultural and institutional detail to the account. While individualistic and collectivist cultures both value assistance to the disabled, only the Western individualist tradition produces a rights-based approach to disability.
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Santiago, Jose H., and Santo J. Tarantino. "Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.
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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.
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Thomas, David C., Stacey R. Fitzsimmons, Elizabeth C. Ravlin, Kevin Y. Au, Bjørn Z. Ekelund, and Cordula Barzantny. "Psychological Contracts across Cultures." Organization Studies 31, no. 11 (November 2010): 1437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380811.
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This paper explores the relationship between national culture and individuals’ psychological contracts. Predicted relationships were drawn from prior theory that identified cognitive and motivational mechanisms through which culture manifests its influence. The dominant forms of psychological contracts were evaluated against predictions based on the national-level cultural values of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in four countries. Results of interviews with 57 participants indicated that French interviewees (vertical individualist) described their psychological contracts as primarily exploitive, Canadians (horizontal individualist) as primarily instrumental, Chinese (vertical collectivist) as primarily custodial and Norwegians (horizontal collectivist) as primarily communitarian. Exploration of the conditions under which patterns deviated from those predicted by the theory indicates potential areas for future theoretical development.
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Ismail, Kiran M. "Theorizing on the Role of Individualism-Collectivism in Tacit Knowledge Transfer Between Agents in International Alliances." International Journal of Knowledge Management 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2012010104.
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Taking insights from the extant literatures in cross-cultural management and organizational knowledge management, this paper explores the role of cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism in transfer of tacit knowledge between foreign agents. Tacit knowledge transfer is positively influenced by four key factors: absorptive capacity of target unit, source unit’s motivational disposition to share knowledge, cultural compatibility, and the extent of personal communication between foreign agents. It is proposed that the level of transfer of tactic knowledge between agents from collectivist cultures will be higher than the level of tacit knowledge transfer between agents from individualist cultures. It is also proposed that when there is cultural difference between foreign agents, the level of tacit knowledge transfer involving a source from a collectivist culture and a target from an individualist culture will be lower than transfer between an individualist source and a collectivist target. However, the proposed relationships are influenced by factors such as nature of knowledge, expectations of reciprocity, and the quality of interpersonal relationship between foreign agents. Several ideas for overcoming knowledge transfer obstacles and enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, as well as research implications of the proposed model are also discussed in detail.
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Tari, Erlyna Hidyan. "Public Culture A United States and Asia Comparison: The Role Emotion Display Migrant Labour of Performance Individual (Evidence from Indonesia)." International Journal of Management Excellence 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v14i1.1128.
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This study explores the relationship between emotional immigrant labor and burnout in the context of individualist versus collectivist culture. Based on immigrant labor samples working in the United States and in east and central Asian countries, the results show that: (1) Migrant labor emotions that pretend are positively related to burnout in individualist culture and collectivism. (2) The othentic Migrant labour emotions are negatively related to burnout of individualist culture and collectivism. (3) Emotional pretensions are positively related to individual performance in the culture of collectivism. (4) There is no difference in the relationship between emotional appearance and performance in individualist culture and collectivism. (5) Working for an individualist culture company is more likely to cause burnout than a culture of collectivism. This finding shows the differences in eastern (Asian) and western (American) cultures, but the view of culture is dynamic.
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Plusnin, Nicholas, Emiko S. Kashima, Yang Li, Ben C. P. Lam, and Shihui Han. "Avoidant Attachment as a Panacea against Collective Mortality Concerns: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Individualist and Collectivist Cultures." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 354–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211005075.
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Despite the universality of cultural worldviews and self-esteem in providing people with general protection against death anxiety, recent empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that death anxiety is more pronounced in East-Asian collectivist cultures than in Western individualist cultures. We propose that collectivists are encumbered by the additive concerns for the mortal well-being of close others in addition to their own, whereas individualists are primarily concerned with their own mortality, which would explain the reported differential death anxiety between cultures. Focusing on individual differences in attachment avoidance, we predicted that avoidant collectivists, with disinterest in interpersonal relationships and staunch independence despite living in a collectivist culture, would report less death anxiety on par with enculturated individualists. Results from our study support the contention that elevated levels of death anxiety among collectivists are explained by their cultural predilection toward interdependence, which attachment avoidance undermines, thus leading to reduced death anxiety.
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Du, Yu. "Media Influences on Body Image Dissatisfaction: the Moderating Role of Collectivism vs. Individualism." Journal of Student Research 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v4i2.254.
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Body image is a multidimensional construct that reflects attitudes and perceptions about an individual’s physical appearance under the cultural norms and ideals rather than on actual body dimension. Previous research argues that body image problems are linked to many potentially harmful behaviors and mental illnesses, such as obsessive exercise, low self-esteem, substance abuse and eating disorders. Early study primarily focuses on analyzing and comparing body image dissatisfaction of women in particular countries. However, cross-cultural studies need to move on from simply comparing the absolute levels to investigating the relationships between several variables. It is still unclear about the influences of specific cultures, namely collectivism vs. individualism, on both thin-ideal media effect and body image dissatisfaction. There is no integrated research analyzing how various levels of acculturation and different cultures interact, thus further influencing women’s body image dissatisfaction. The underlying psychological mechanisms that resulted from acculturation are still less explored. Current study hypothesized that thin-ideal media exposure increases women’s body image dissatisfaction. Additionally, thin-ideal media and cultures were predicted to interact. Collectivist group with high acculturation differed from the collectivist group with low acculturation and fell close to the individualist group in body image dissatisfaction. Thus, researcher predicted that thin-ideal media effects on body image dissatisfaction were stronger for females in collectivist group with low acculturation than for the other two culture groups. In general, women living in the collectivistic societies would report more body image dissatisfaction than those living in the individualistic societies. This study used a 3 x 2 x 2 mixed design to examine the moderating role of collectivism vs. individualism on media influences on body image dissatisfaction among 133 female college students, aged from 18 to 23 years old, attending the University of Texas at Austin. The results indicated that thin-ideal media significantly increased women’s body image dissatisfaction, whereas healthy media decreased women’s body image dissatisfaction. In general, women living in the collectivistic society reported more body image dissatisfaction than women living in the individualistic society. Contrary to the prediction, body image dissatisfaction of women in the collectivistic group with high acculturation did not differ from those in the collectivistic group with low acculturation. Therefore, the moderating role of acculturation was not found.
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Winch, Junko. "An investigation of students’ preferences in Japanese teaching and learning." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v10i1.4571.
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The teachers in the individualist country usually teach students using individualist approach while teachers in the collectivist countries teach students using collectivist approach. However, teachers and students do not usually share the same educational culture in language classrooms. The purpose of this study has two: first, to examine individualist and collectivist characteristics; second, to ascertain the students’ teaching preference whether it is individualist or collectivist approach in a British university. Participants were 19 students who study Japanese language through institution wide language program at a British university in the South of England. The collected data consist of two: questionnaire and an informal interview, both of which were conducted at the end of spring term 2019. The data were analysed using mixed methods. The quantitative results showed that students preferred a mixture of both educational cultures. The ratio of individualist:collectivist:neutral position was 74:11:16 in spite of the fact that this study was conducted in an individualist education culture.
Keywords: Collectivist, educational culture, higher education, individualist, Japanese learning.
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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley, and Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.
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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.
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van Hoorn, André. "Individualist–Collectivist Culture and Trust Radius." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46, no. 2 (September 19, 2014): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022114551053.
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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford, and Yin Zhang. "The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.
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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.
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Vinall, Jillian, Rebecca Pillai Riddell, and Saul Greenberg. "The Influence of Culture on Maternal Soothing Behaviours and Infant Pain Expression in the Immunization Context." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 4 (2011): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/707615.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate how maternal culture (ie, individualist versus collectivist) influences soothing techniques and infant distress.METHODS: Archival data were analyzed using a subsample of 80 mother-infant dyads selected from a larger database of infant pain expression.RESULTS: Mothers belonging to the individualist group used more affection behaviours when attempting to regulate their infants’ distress. No differences were observed in mothers’ touching, holding, rocking, vocalizing, caregiving or distracting their infants. Mothers’ culture did not appear to be related to the level of distress expressed by their infants.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the similarities in soothing and infant pain expression between individualist and collectivist cultures are more prominent than their differences.
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Oyibo and Vassileva. "Investigation of the Moderating Effect of Culture on Users’ Susceptibility to Persuasive Features in Fitness Applications." Information 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10110344.
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Persuasive technologies have been identified as a potential motivational tool to tackle the rising problem of physical inactivity worldwide, with research showing they are more likely to be successful if tailored to the target audience. However, in the physical activity domain, there is limited research on how culture moderates users’ susceptibility to the various persuasive features employed in mobile health applications aimed to motivate behavior change. To bridge this gap, we conducted an empirical study among 256 participants from collectivist (n = 67) and individualist (n = 189) cultures to determine their culture-specific persuasion profiles with respect to six persuasive features commonly employed in fitness applications on the market. The persuasive features include two personal features (goal-setting/self-monitoring and reward) and four social features (competition, cooperation, social learning and social comparison). We based our study on the rating of storyboards (on which each of the six persuasive features is illustrated) and the ranking of the six persuasive features in terms of perceived persuasiveness. The results of our analysis showed that users from individualist and collectivist cultures significantly differ in their persuasion profiles. Based on our rating measure, collectivist users are more likely to be susceptible to all six persuasive features (personal and social) than individualist users, who are only likely to be susceptible to personal features. However, based on our ranking measure, individualist users are more likely to be susceptible to personal features (goal-setting/self-monitoring and reward) than collectivist users. In contrast, collectivist users are more likely to be susceptible to social features (cooperation and social learning) than individualist users. Based on these findings, we provide culture-specific persuasive technology design guidelines. Our study is the first to uncover the moderating effect of culture on users’ susceptibility to commonly employed persuasive features in fitness applications.
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Huerta, Esperanza, Stephen B. Salter, Philip A. Lewis, and Pamela Yeow. "Motivating Employees to Share Their Failures in Knowledge Management Systems: Anonymity and Culture." Journal of Information Systems 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/isys-50214.
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ABSTRACT This study investigates the effect of the type of information to be disclosed and the possibility of sharing the information anonymously on the intention to share information through a knowledge management system. Data for the experiment were collected in two individualist (U.K. and U.S.) and two collectivist (Chile and Mexico) countries to evaluate the influence of culture on information sharing patterns. The study finds that although anonymity has no influence on the intention to share successes, the intention to share failures increases when the information is shared anonymously. Further, participants from collectivist (versus individualist) cultures are more likely to share failures. However, the influence of anonymity and culture is limited. Failures are still shared at lower levels than successes, even in anonymous conditions and in collectivist cultures.
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Limpanitgul, Thanawut, Pattana Boonchoo, Somboon Kulviseachana, and Supawadee Photiyarach. "The relationship between empowerment and the three-component model of organisational commitment: an empirical study of Thai employees working in Thai and American airlines." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 11, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-07-2015-0069.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the moderating role of organisational culture on the relationship between empowerment and the three dimensions of organisational commitment amongst flight attendants working in a collectivist organisation and an individualist organisation. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a sample of 439 Thai cabin service attendants from two major flag-carrier airlines (one based in Thailand and the other based in the USA) using self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was utilised to examine the hypotheses. Findings Overall, the findings revealed associations between empowerment and organisational commitment in both sample groups. Nonetheless, the extent and direction to which empowerment influenced the different dimensions of organisational commitment differed significantly. Research limitations/implications Cross-sectional study of Thai employees may limit generalisability of the findings to other contexts. Practical implications In use of empowerment for developing employee commitment to organisation, practitioners should take organisational culture into consideration. As such, relationship is weakened or strengthened based on whether the organisation is more individualist- or collectivist-oriented in its organisational culture. In an individualistic context, organisations can foster affective commitment through empowerment more easily than in a collectivist context. On the contrary, in a collectivist organisational context, it is easier to build normative commitment among employees through empowerment than to do it in an individualist context. Originality value Provide empirical evidence in regards to the role of organisational culture in conditioning the relationship between empowerment and organisational commitment in a non-Western context.
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Lyu, Chan, Desmond Chun Yip Yuen, and Xu Zhang. "Individualist-collectivist culture, ownership concentration and earnings quality." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 24, no. 1-2 (January 21, 2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2015.1129281.
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Peng, Shenli, Ping Hu, and Zheng Guo. "Within-culture variation in field dependence/independence: A region-level investigation across China." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6561.
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Field dependence/independence (FDI), refers to one's preferred style in perceiving one's surroundings, either analytically and individually, or globally and collectively, and has been a popular topic in recent cross- and within-culture research. Previous researchers have suggested that members of individualist and collectivist cultures differ in the degree to which they perceive objects either analytically and context-independently or holistically and context-dependently. Cross-culture variation in FDI has been thoroughly studied, whereas within-culture investigations have seldom been undertaken. We explored the within-culture variation of FDI with 593 Chinese colleague students, via administering the Embedded Figures Test. As we predicted, results showed that participants from the more individualist north China area exhibited stronger degrees of field independence than did their more collectivist southern counterparts. We have supported and extended the notion that culture affects individual experiences on a basic perceptual level with new within-culture data.
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Frewer, Lynn, and Anne V. Bleus. "Personality Assessment in a Collectivist Culture." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 4 (1991): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001565.
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Papua New Guinea has been defined as a collectivist (as opposed to individualist) culture (Triandis et al., 1986a). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of allocentricity on a standardised personality test, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, using a sample of Papua New Guinean university students. The responses of 256 subjects were factor analysed. The 22 factors extracted in the first-order analysis were reduced to eight factors in a higher-order analysis. These eight factors were only psychologically meaningful if interpreted within the context of a collectivist society. The implications for cross-cultural personality assessment are considered.
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Roberts, Lisa R., Ahlam Jadalla, Vanessa Jones-Oyefeso, Betty Winslow, and Elizabeth Johnston Taylor. "Researching in Collectivist Cultures." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 28, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659615623331.
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Commonalities are presented from the experiences of U.S. nurse researchers who conducted studies in India, Jordan, Aotearoa/New Zealand, and Trinidad and Tobago. While planning research, it is important to engage collaborators who are members of the culture to be studied to understand what are culturally appropriate aims and methods. It is also vital to observe cultural etiquette, especially while gaining entrée and collecting data. Issues related to data collection include timing it around local holidays and events, and adapting individualist methods for obtaining consent and data to be more respectful for those in a collectivist culture. Care must be taken to give back, to sharing findings, and insure sustainability for future research in the host culture. Based on these and other reflections, recommendations are offered to support investigators planning research in a culture that is not their own.
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Oyibo, Kiemute. "Investigating the Key Persuasive Features for Fitness App Design and Extending the Persuasive System Design Model: A Qualitative Approach." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 10, no. 1 (June 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857921101022.
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Physical inactivity has been recognized as one of the leading risk factors that account for many non-communicable diseases, with the World Health Organization labeling it as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. This has led researchers and developers to create fitness apps to support and motivate people to engage in physical activity more regularly. However, there is limited research on how collectivist and individualist users from different social and cultural backgrounds differ in terms of the persuasive features they care about in fitness apps. Having knowledge of the cultural differences will help designers and developers create better fitness apps tailored to the two main types of culture. Hence, we conducted an empirical study to uncover how both cultures differ and the possibility of extending the Persuasive System Design (PSD) model. We found that Primary Task Support (Self-Monitoring and Goal-Setting) is requested more by the individualist group than the collectivist group. On the other hand, Dialog Support (Reminder and Suggestion) is requested more by the collectivist group than the individualist group. Finally, we found that the PSD model can be extended with Goal-Setting and Verbal Persuasion for fitness app design.
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Ardi, Rahkman, and Dominika Maison. "How do Polish and Indonesian disclose in Facebook?" Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 12, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explain cross-cultural differences in online self-disclosure (SD) between Indonesians, who live in a highly collectivist culture, and Poles – a hierarchical individualist culture. Various psychological factors have been taken into consideration, such as the need for popularity (NfP), the need to belong (NtB) and self-esteem (SE). Design/methodology/approach – This study was designed as a quantitative study. First, a one-way ANOVA was performed to compare online SD and specific behaviours online between Indonesians and Poles. Second, correlational analysis between online SD and other psychological factors (NfP, NtB, SE) was conducted. Findings – Indonesians were more likely than Poles to disclose information on Facebook. On the other hand, Poles showed a tendency to disclose more positive content than Indonesians. It was also found that SE was significantly correlated with positive content of online SD for both countries. Furthermore, online SD on Facebook is more closely associated with NfP than NtB. Research limitations/implications – This study possesses several limitations in regard to the lack of generalization; this is due to the choice in scales and the sampling procedure. Thereby, further studies must take into consideration the proportion of genders, the differences in the construction of the “self” between individualist and collectivist cultures and the interpretation of culture orientation based on the primary data. Furthermore, several results related to the online SD would need to be verified by further studies to get a holistic explanation. Originality/value – The current research is for all means and purposes original, as it investigates the differences of online behaviours between cultures – Polish and Indonesian – basing on the premise that there are crucial differences between collectivist and individualist cultures. No prior articles attempted the comparison between those nationalities in online behaviour.
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Crow, Sherry R., and Lisa Kastello. "A Tale of Three Cities: Fostering Intrinsic Motivation for Information Seeking in Children of Diverse Cultures." International Education Studies 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n5p157.
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The purpose of the research was to increase understanding of the experiences in the lives of upper elementary-aged students that foster an intrinsic motivation to seek information, as well as to compare and contrast the experiences of intrinsically motivated students from an individualist culture (Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.), a collectivist culture (Kampala, Uganda) and a culture that is both individualistic and collectivist (Mysore, India). The principal results are that the informants from all three groups had an affinity for play, a tendency toward creativity, and that they enjoyed doing competence-building activities. A point of disparity in the findings was in the information seeking behavior of the collectivist Kampalan students with regard to their penchant for seeking information by asking other people as compared with the two less-collectivist groups. Interest/relevance was the dominant factor in all three groups of students’ favorite information seeking quests. Major conclusions are that social conditions supporting all three needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) that foster intrinsic motivation were evident in the lives of the students, though relatedness and autonomy needs were balanced differently depending on their cultures. Recommendations based on this research for elementary school teachers and librarians are: to allow choice when possible, to provide creative alternatives for students to present information, to be sensitive to the differing relational needs of children, and to be there as a stable influence when immigrant students find circumstances overwhelming. Findings on the information-seeking styles by media types of the three sets of informants are included.
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Morales, Marina, and Jorge Velilla. "The effect of cultural environment on entrepreneurial decisions." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 9 (June 1, 2021): 1309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2020-0113.
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PurposeThis paper empirically examines whether the cultural environment plays a role in entrepreneurial decisions in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.Design/methodology/approachTo explore this issue, we use data from the Adult Population Survey of 2010–2015 provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). To calculate the cultural factor, we utilize additional information from the GEM National Expert Survey data and estimate a probit model to measure the effect of culture based on an unobserved latent variable of satisfaction, measured through a dichotomous variable identifying entrepreneurs.FindingsResults show a positive and statistically significant relationship between the cultural factor and the individual choice of entrepreneurial activity. Our findings are subjected to a range of robustness checks. We extend this analysis to an examination of cultural values as predictors of entrepreneurship status in collectivist and individualist countries. Our results point to collectivist and individualist roles as being among the mechanisms through which the cultural environment may operate.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical work that clusters a wide range of variables provided by the GEM NES data to obtain a cultural indicator, and then applies this indicator to the GEM APS micro-data. Policy-makers should consider these results in order to promote entrepreneurship through culture in collectivist and Mediterranean countries, but use other channels in individualist and Anglo-Saxon countries.
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Nguyen, Bang, Kirk Chang, and Lyndon Simkin. "Customer engagement planning emerging from the “individualist-collectivist”-framework." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 32, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-11-2012-0130.
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Purpose – Today marketers operate in globalised markets, planning new ways to engage with domestic and foreign customers alike. While there is a greater need to understand these two customer groups, few studies examine the impact of customer engagement tactics on the two customer groups, focusing on their perceptual differences. Even less attention is given to customer engagement tactics in a cross-cultural framework. In this research, the authors investigate customers in China and UK, aiming to compare their perceptual differences on the impact of multiple customer engagement tactics. Design/methodology/approach – Using a quantitative approach with 286 usable responses from China and the UK obtained through a combination of person-administered survey and computer-based survey screening process, the authors test a series of hypotheses to distinguish across-cultural differences. Findings – Findings show that the collectivists (Chinese customers) perceive customer engagement tactics differently than the individualists (UK customers). The Chinese customers are more sensitive to price and reputation, whereas the UK customers respond more strongly to service, communication and customisation. Chinese customers’ concerns with extensive price and reputation comparisons may be explained by their awareness towards face (status), increased self-expression and equality. Practical implications – The findings challenge the conventional practice of using similar customer engagement tactics for a specific market place with little concern for multiple cultural backgrounds. The paper proposes strategies for marketers facing challenges in this globalised context. Originality/value – Several contributions have been made to the literatures. First, the study showed the effects of culture on the customers’ perceptual differences. Second, the study provided more information to clarify customers’ different reactions towards customer engagement tactics, highlighted by concerns towards face and status. Third, the study provided empirical evidence to support the use of multiple customer engagement tactics to the across cultural studies.
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Fleming, Piers, Andrew P. Bayliss, S. Gareth Edwards, and Charles R. Seger. "The role of personal data value, culture and self-construal in online privacy behaviour." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): e0253568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253568.
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Personal data is ubiquitous in the digital world, can be highly valuable in aggregate, and can lead to unintended intrusions for the data creator. However, individuals’ expressions of concern about exposure of their personal information are generally not matched by their behavioural caution. One reason for this mismatch could be the varied and intangible value of personal data. We present three studies investigating the potential association between personal data value and privacy behaviour, assessing both individual and cross-cultural differences in personal data valuation, comparing collectivist and individualistic cultures. Study 1a, using a representative UK sample, found no relationship between personal data value and privacy behaviour. However, Study 1b found Indian (collectivist) participants’ privacy behaviour was sensitive to personal data value, unlike US (individualist) participants. Study 2 showed that in a UK sample, privacy behaviour was sensitive to personal data value but only for individuals who think of themselves as more similar to others (i.e., self-construe as similar, rather than different). We suggest those who prioritise group memberships are more sensitive to unintentional disclosure harm and therefore behave in accordance with personal data valuations—which informs the privacy concern-behaviour relationship. Our findings can suggest approaches to encourage privacy behaviours.
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Chan, Heng Choon (Oliver), and Lorraine Sheridan. "Is This Stalking? Perceptions of Stalking Behavior Among Young Male and Female Adults in Hong Kong and Mainland China." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (May 29, 2017): 3710–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711180.
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Most studies of stalking are conducted with samples from individualist cultures. Little is known about the phenomenon within collectivist cultures. The present study is arguably the first stalking study conducted in Hong Kong. Specifically, this study investigates a large sample of Asian college students’ ( N = 2,496) perceptions of stalking behavior, potential reasons for stalking, and coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims. Associations between these variables and gender and culture (Hong Kong vs. Mainland China) were also explored. Gender was more strongly associated with perceptions of stalking behavior than was culture. Gender was less strongly associated with perceptions concerning motivations for stalking and the effectiveness of coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims than was culture. Effect sizes for all associations with culture were small, perhaps due to a high degree of similarity between the two cultures examined. The findings are generally supportive of similar results produced by previous work conducted within individualistic Western cultures, suggesting that stalking and the way that it is perceived may be universal in nature. This study concludes with the argument that legislation against stalking needs to be extended to non-Western countries, such as Hong Kong and Mainland China, as antistalking laws are relatively scarce outside Western industrialized countries.
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Bradford, Elisabeth EF, Ines Jentzsch, Juan-Carlos Gomez, Yulu Chen, Da Zhang, and Yanjie Su. "Cross-cultural differences in adult Theory of Mind abilities: A comparison of native-English speakers and native-Chinese speakers on the Self/Other Differentiation task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 12 (February 10, 2018): 2665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818757170.
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Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to compute and attribute mental states to ourselves and other people. It is currently unclear whether ToM abilities are universal or whether they can be culturally influenced. To address this question, this research explored potential differences in engagement of ToM processes between two different cultures, Western (individualist) and Chinese (collectivist), using a sample of healthy adults. Participants completed a computerised false-belief task, in which they attributed beliefs to either themselves or another person, in a matched design, allowing direct comparison between “Self”- and “Other”-oriented conditions. Results revealed that both native-English speakers and native-Chinese individuals responded significantly faster to self-oriented than other-oriented questions. Results also showed that when a trial required a “perspective-shift,” participants from both cultures were slower to shift from Self-to-Other than from Other-to-Self. Results indicate that despite differences in collectivism scores, culture does not influence task performance, with similar results found for both Western and non-Western participants, suggesting core and potentially universal similarities in the ToM mechanism across these two cultures.
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Berigan, Nick, and Kyle Irwin. "Culture, Cooperation, and the General Welfare." Social Psychology Quarterly 74, no. 4 (November 9, 2011): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272511422451.
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Solutions to social dilemmas require cooperation. Given that there are commonly multiple avenues for cooperation, sometimes social dilemmas require coordination of strategies in addition to sufficient cooperation to be successful. This study examines one social dilemma where such coordination is necessary: supporting the general welfare. Using World Values Survey data from 33 nations, we compare active membership in charitable organizations versus attitudes toward government welfare programs as examples of two different types of cooperation. We argue that culture influences the form of cooperation a group adopts via the amount of trust it generates. Specifically, individualist cultures promote relatively high levels of trust, which produce first-order cooperation (here, involvement in charitable organizations). Collectivist cultures generate relatively low trust levels, facilitating second-order cooperation (here, greater support for government welfare programs). Findings support our arguments and thus suggest that culture, mediated by trust, shapes individuals’ perceptions about creating and sustaining public goods.
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Pinillos, María-José, and Luisa Reyes. "Relationship between individualist–collectivist culture and entrepreneurial activity: evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data." Small Business Economics 37, no. 1 (August 26, 2009): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9230-6.
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Chan, Haksin, and Lisa C. Wan. "Consumer Responses to Service Failures: A Resource Preference Model of Cultural Influences." Journal of International Marketing 16, no. 1 (March 2008): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.16.1.72.
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This article highlights consumers’ preference for economic (versus social) resources in individualist (versus collectivist) cultures and demonstrates the multifaceted effects of culture on consumer responses to service failures. A cross-cultural study involving American and Chinese participants in the setting of a computer repair service confirms seven of eight hypotheses derived from the resource preference model. The results indicate that Americans (versus Chinese) are more dissatisfied with an outcome failure but less dissatisfied with a process failure. This interactive effect of culture and failure type seems to be driven by a corresponding pattern of attribution tendencies across cultures. Not only do Americans and Chinese differ in service dissatisfaction, but they also tend to express their dissatisfaction in different ways, preferring voice and private responses, respectively. Overall, the resource preference model enhances theoretical understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior and provides culture-specific guidelines for managing the inevitable service failures.
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Dwi Hapsari W, Ellysabeth Ratih. "MANAJEMEN KONFLIK ANTARBUDAYA PADA ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL." Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.6.2.11-19.
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ABSTRACTCommunicating effectively with people from different cultures in the workplace is very challenging. Barriers to intercultural communication can occur, such as anxiety, roles and norms, beliefs and values, stereotypes and ethnocentrism. These barriers can cause internal conflict within a group of organizations or companies that have employees with different cultures. Internal conflicts that occur will also prevent the organization to achieve its goals. The current issue is how the management of intercultural communication conflicts occurs in international organizations. The purpose of this study is to describe the experience of employees of international organizations in the management of intercultural communication conflicts by knowing the negotiation of employee identity, knowing the types and forms of conflict experienced by employees of international organizations and knowing the form of face management in inter-cultural communication conflict management at employees of international organizations. The subject of this research are international organization employees from India, UK, Indonesia and China. Theory used in this study are Identity Negotiation Theory, Face Negotiation Theory, Effective Intercultural Workgroup in Communication Theory and Thomas and Killman’s Conflict Management Model. The results showed that the negotiation of identity between collectivist and individualist cultures that occurred begins with the interaction between cultures in the form of communication behavior, language, personal character and response from other employees. Differences in ways of thinking and view are the main causes of conflict between individualist and collectivist cultures. Face owned by each culture influences other differences such as how individuals perceive themselves in conflict, self-priority in conflict, and the conflict management style used. Intercultural conflict management that occurs requires a third party as a mediator.Keywords : Intercultural Communication, Conflict Management, International Organization
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Caldwell-Harris, Catherine L., and Ayse Ayçiçegi. "When Personality and Culture Clash: The Psychological Distress of Allocentrics in an Individualist Culture and Idiocentrics in a Collectivist Culture." Transcultural Psychiatry 43, no. 3 (September 2006): 331–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461506066982.
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Nguyen, Linda, Andrea Chester, Anne Herbert, and Alison Lugg. "First Year Transition Through a Cultural Lens: Face Strategies of Vietnamese Students." Student Success 11, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ssj.1675.
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While Vietnamese students continue to enrol in international branch university campuses in Vietnam, little is known about the Vietnamese first year transition into these institutions, especially from a cultural perspective. This article presents the findings of four case studies that explored the face strategies used by Vietnamese undergraduate business students in transition to an international branch campus based in Vietnam. The use of collectivist and individualist face strategies was examined in three phases: at commencement, mid-way and at the end of the first year of studies. The findings suggest that collectivist face strategies might not be employed as often as expected by Vietnamese first year students in this context even though they transition from a Confucian heritage culture. Understanding face strategies can help anticipate challenges of Vietnamese students studying in English-medium environments and inform culturally sensitive practices in teaching and learning.
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Zarzycka, Beata, Anna Tychmanowicz, and Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska. "The Interplay between Religiosity and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism among Polish Catholic Students." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0045.
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Abstract Individualism-collectivism has emerged as one of the most important constructs to depict cultural differences and similarities. It is typical to examine individualism and collectivism through comparison between the cultures of the West and those of the East or comparison between various religious traditions, e.g. Christianity has been seen as the source of Western individualistic understanding whilst Buddhism as the source of Eastern collectivist understanding. The research presented in this paper explored the connections between individualism-collectivism and religiosity in Polish Catholic culture. Although Poland is an orthodox Catholic environment, gradually intensified secularization processes have been observed there. In two separate studies we examined relationships between individualism-collectivism and religiosity defined in a traditional (study 1) and secularized context (study 2).
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Sorkhabi, Nadia. "Applicability of Baumrind's parent typology to collective cultures: Analysis of cultural explanations of parent socialization effects." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 6 (November 2005): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01650250500172640.
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This article reviews studies that have examined whether Baumrind's parenting styles are related to child outcomes similarly in cultures where independence is said to be emphasized versus cultures where interdependence is said to be emphasized. I present evidence showing that Baumrind's parenting styles have similar function in both collectivist and individualist cultures. Based on these studies, I argue against the claim of some researchers that authoritarian parenting is not detrimental or authoritative parenting beneficial to the development of young people in cultures that are said to emphasize interdependence. However, more research is needed before conclusions can be reached about the extent to which the culture construct explains child-rearing effects on child development. Future directions for research, which include the importance of identifying diverse forms of parenting within interdependent cultures so as to distinguish the influence of functional and dysfunctional forms of parenting on child outcomes, are suggested.
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Morris, Michael H., Ramon A. Avila, and Jeffrey Allen. "Individualism and the Modern Corporation: Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship." Journal of Management 19, no. 3 (June 1993): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639301900305.
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The extent to which entrepreneurship in established firms is the result of a more individualistic versus collectivistic culture is explored. Hypotheses are tested in which it is proposed that a curvilinear relationship exists between individualism-collectivism and corporate entrepreneurship. Findings are reported from a survey completed separately by three functional area managers in each of eighty-four industrial firms. The results support the hypotheses, such that entrepreneurship is highest under conditions of balanced individualism-collectivism, and declines in highly individualistic and more collectivistic environments.
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Okoro, Ephraim, Peter W. Cardon, Bryan Marshall, and Otis Thomas. "Cross-Cultural Communication And Dimensions: A Hybrid Analysis Of Horizontal And Vertical Individualist And Collectivist Tendencies Among African American And European American Management Students." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 6, no. 3 (November 22, 2011): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v6i3.6607.
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This article describes research about horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) among African American and European American university students. The survey is based on the work of Harry Triandis (1995), one of the seminal researchers of individualism and collectivism (I-C). The survey of attitude and scenario items, developed by Harry Triandis (1995), was administered to undergraduate management students in three universities in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Many of the attitude and scenario survey items directly address preferred communication patterns. The findings are also interpreted in terms of situational preferences about I-C, including the following contexts: social events, workplace decisions, and group and work dynamics. The research is unique in that it measures four types of the I-C dimension: horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism, as conceptualized by Triandis (1995). Furthermore, it emerges from the premise that cultures are neither strictly collectivist nor individualist; rather, cultures have profiles in which individualist tendencies are prominent in some circumstances whereas collectivist tendencies are emphasized in others. Also, this article provides findings that can easily be converted into training about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Related recommendations for future research and implications for teaching are provided.
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Ramamoorthy, Nagarajan, Chun-Sheng Yu, Subodh P. Kulkarni, Amit Gupta, and Thadeus Mkamwa. "An Examination of Attributions, Performance Rating and Reward Allocation Patterns: A Comparative Study of China, India, Tanzania and the United States." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093719849970.
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In this study, using a sample of 191 individuals with significant work and supervisory experience from four countries (China and Tanzania—highly collectivistic, India—moderately collectivistic and the United States—highly individualistic), we examined whether cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism predicted performance ratings, internal attributions made to the poor performing employee and adherence to equity norm in reward allocations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that collectivist Chinese and Tanzanian raters provided more lenient performance ratings to a poor performing employee than individualistic Americans with the Indian raters providing more lenient ratings than Americans but more stringent ratings than Chinese or Tanzanians. Further, American raters made greater internal attributions than Tanzanians or Chinese. Chinese raters made relatively greater internal attributions to the employee than Tanzanians though both cultures are collectivistic cultures. Americans adhered to the equity norm the most and Indians adhered to equity norm but to a lesser extent than Americans but more than Tanzanians and Chinese. Implications are discussed.
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Sigal, Janet, Margaret S. Gibbs, Carl Goodrich, Tayyab Rashid, Afroze Anjum, Daniel Hsu, Carrol S. Perrino, et al. "Cross-Cultural Reactions to Academic Sexual Harassment: Effects of Individualist vs. Collectivist Culture and Gender of Participants." Sex Roles 52, no. 3-4 (February 2005): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1295-3.
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Arora, Anshu Saxena, Amit Arora, and Vas Taras. "The moderating role of culture in social media-based spatial imagery, consumer xenocentrism, and word-of-mouth for global virtual teams." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 19, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 160–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595819856379.
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This study investigates how culture moderates the interrelationships among social spatial imagery (SSI), consumer xenocentrism (C-XEN), electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM), and overall project performance for global virtual teams (GVTs) in social media networked environments. In a sample of 1240 participants from developed economies (the United States and Italy) versus 1176 from emerging economies (China, India, Colombia, Brazil, and Malaysia), partial least squares structural equation modeling and multigroup analyses were conducted to examine the above social media-based interrelationships. The results indicate that low power distance (PD), individualist, and masculine cultures exert strong and positive relationships between C-XEN and negative eWoM; while high PD, collectivist, and less masculine (or feminine) cultures strengthen positive relationships between xenocentrism and positive eWoM. Further, negative eWoM aids project success for GVTs, while positive eWoM has no impact on project performance for developed and emerging economies. Theoretical and managerial implications for understanding cross-cultural aspects of SSI, C-XEN, eWoM, and GVT project performance in online social networks are discussed.
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Greenacre, Matthew. "Defending public health policies from objections of paternalism." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 85, no. 2 (November 6, 2016): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v85i2.4131.
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Paternalism is defined as an action that infringes a person’s liberty and is performed without their consent, but is intended to improve a person’s welfare. As such, many public health policies are criticized as being paternalistic because they attempt to influence citizens’ behaviours to prevent disease or injury. Therefore, public health advocates ought to be aware of what justifies paternalism. Arguments based on the harm principle are the strongest defense of paternalistic policies in Western culture, but reinforcing an individual’s integrity and improving social welfare may also be considered sufficient reasons. In practice, what is considered sufficient reason for paternalism depends upon the culture of the affected society. Collectivist cultures are willing to accept a paternalistic policy in exchange for a better quality of life for their whole community, but individualist cultures are very averse to such a trade. This article provides examples of how these principles arise in the debate over implementing anti-obesity legislation. Advocates must recognize paternalism and know when it is acceptable in order to defend public health policy from that common criticism.
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Finkelstein, Rémi, Jale Minibas-Poussard, and Marina Bastounis. "The moderating role of seeking social support on coping styles and perceptions of organizational justice: A study with French and Turkish students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 6 (July 1, 2009): 845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.6.845.
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We examined the relationship between perceived organizational justice and coping styles in a cross-cultural comparison. Data were collected from university students in Paris, France (individualist culture; N = 192, age M = 21.6) and Istanbul, Turkey (collectivist culture; N = 251, age M = 22). The questionnaire (adapted from Colquitt, 2001) included ratings of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice at the university, and a coping style inventory (Vitaliano, Russo, Carr, Maiuro, & Becker, 1985) measuring preference for problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and seeking social support. In the Turkish data social-support seeking was higher than in the French sample and it was positively correlated with justice perceptions. When seeking social support was linked to problem-focused coping, it was also linked to a more positive evaluation of justice in the Turkish, but not the French data.
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Tessema, Mussie, and Kathryn Ready. "Perceptions and Strategies in the Negotiation Process: A Cross Cultural Examination of U.S. and Malaysia." International Negotiation 14, no. 3 (2009): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234009x12481782336221.
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AbstractThis article examines empirical findings of American (n=457) and Malaysian (n=347) college students regarding their perceptions and strategies utilized in the negotiation process. Several hypotheses comparing differences in cross-cultural negotiation styles, perceptions and strategies in negotiation are analyzed. The findings indicate that Malaysian students (from a collectivist culture) tend to have different negotiation perceptions, strategies and styles from those of their American counterparts (from an individualist culture). Specific differences are found in negotiation perceptions, risk taking, individual vs. group orientation, support of family culture, skill comfort level and gender differences. The importance of maintaining relationships with the other party during the negotiation was important in both groups, and both groups felt that they were effective negotiators. The findings extend previous research on cross-cultural negotiation styles with a discussion of specific process and strategy differences. Managerial implications of these findings and future research directions are also discussed.
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Akhtar, Hanif. "Perspektif Kultural untuk Pengembangan Pengukuran Kebahagiaan Orang Jawa." Buletin Psikologi 26, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.30895.
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Studies on happiness are becoming popular.The present instruments, measuring happinessare mostly adapted from the Western perspective. Meanwhile, there are differences in themeaning of happiness in the context of Western culture (individualist) and Eastern culture(collectivist). An instrument measuring happiness that uses the perspective of Indonesiansociety has been developed. However, this scale is more likely measuring the cause ofhappiness, not the happiness itself. The concept of happiness is still not clearly defined in the instrument. An in-depth study is needed to explore aspects of the Javanese happiness as abasic reference for the development of the happiness scale. This paper has described theconcept of happiness according to Ki Ageng Suryamentaram and the difference with theWestern concept. Therefore, this article gives advice on developing a happiness scale that isaccurate by exploring the construct of happiness in the Java community
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Wiengarten, Frank, Cristina Gimenez, Brian Fynes, and Kasra Ferdows. "Exploring the importance of cultural collectivism on the efficacy of lean practices." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 35, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 370–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-09-2012-0357.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of cultural collectivism on the efficacy of lean practices. Furthermore, this study assesses whether or not potential cultural disadvantages related to the level of individualism at the national level can be compensated for at the organisational culture level. Design/methodology/approach – Hofstede’s cultural dimension of individualism is used to test whether practicing a collectivistic culture at the organisational level can fully compensate for the potential disadvantages of being geographically situated in an individualistic culture when practicing lean manufacturing. Findings – Results suggest that cultural collectivism at the national and organisational level have a significant impact on the efficacy of lean practices. Furthermore, the negative impact of being situated in an individualistic country cannot be fully compensated for through practicing a collectivistic organisational culture when practicing lean. Originality/value – This study represents a comprehensive attempt to simultaneously assess the collectivism cultural components of lean practices at the national as well as at the organisational level.
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Pujarama, Widya. "Me and My Indonesianess: How Kaskusers Express Their In-group Feelings." Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI 13, no. 1 (June 11, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jik.v13i1.597.
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Abstract: It is asserted that new cultural hub provided by communication technology in the 21st century has driven both collectivist and individualist societies to reshape their identities. This research examines how Kaskusers, who visited Kaskus Regional Melbourne Lounge Thread, construct their collective identity by composing their profi le page. Applying Van Leeuwen’s social semiotic theory, the study revealed Kaskusers were conducting self-disclosure by revealing their primary and situational identity, which mainly refl ects their cultural connection to Indonesia. To conclude, Kaskus was perceived as a utopian community where the culture-bounded “idealised version [of self]” interacted in the egalitarian environment on online site.Abstrak: Teknologi komunikasi di abad ke-21 mendorong masyarakat, baik kolektivis maupun individualis, untuk membentuk kembali identitas mereka. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana Kaskuser yang mengunjungi thread Kaskus Regional Melbourne Lounge menuliskan profi l mereka. Berlandaskan semiotika sosial van Leeuwen, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Kaskuser melakukan pengungkapan diri dengan menunjukkan identitas primer dan identitas situasional mereka yang mayoritas mencerminkan hubungan budaya mereka dengan Indonesia. Sebagai kesimpulan, Kaskus dianggap sebagai sebuah utopian community di mana “idealised version [of self]” berinteraksi di dunia maya yang egaliter.
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Miller, Paul, Nancy Joubran Awadie, and Raphiq Ibrahim. "Cultural bias and the retention and organization of verbal information: A developmental perspective." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 2 (December 6, 2014): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i2.2791.
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This study explores how cultural disposition and education impact the ways individuals assimilate and organize information. Students from two cultural backgrounds (individualist, collectivist) and three levels of education (elementary school, high school and university) were tested in two experiments. Findings from Experiment 1, which used a short-term memory (STM) paradigm, revealed that, contrary to a widely held theory, culture per se does not seem to foster propensities toward the use of particular memory strategies. Experiment 2, which used a concept organization paradigm, suggests that, even if cultural/educational preferences bias individuals approach to information in some regards, such bias is overshadowed by and interacts with other more intuitive predispositions. Findings are discussed from a cultural and educational point of view.
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Barros, Ludmila Bandeira Lima, Martin de La Martinière Petroll, Cláudio Damacena, and Marc Knoppe. "Store atmosphere and impulse: a cross-cultural study." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 47, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 817–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-09-2018-0209.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of store atmosphere on consumers’ positive emotional responses and impulsive purchase behaviour. In addition, it analyses the moderating role of culture characteristics and situational variables on this influence. Design/methodology/approach The study carried out a quantitative face-to-face on-site survey of a retail fashion brand in two countries, Brazil and Germany. This paper extended the original model of Jung Chang et al. (2014) based on environment, design and social features (staff) by adding store atmosphere factors such as layout, music and lighting (Mohan et al., 2013), thereby defining store atmosphere as the way customers perceive and experience the combination of all those factors. Findings Data analysis from 313 consumers by structural equation modelling (PLS–SEM) showed that most factors influence consumers’ positive emotional responses, but no significant difference between countries. However, the effect of emotions on impulse purchase behaviour is stronger among collectivist consumers (Brazil) than among individualists (Germany). Originality/value This study sheds light on the links between store atmosphere and retail market in Brazil and Germany, framing its conclusions in the context of a comparison between cultures. The paper extends the growing research in the area by exploring the moderating role of the individualism–collectivism dimension of national culture in consumer buying behaviour by comparing the strength of various relationships across shoppers from individualistic vs collectivistic cultures.
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Wang, Chingning. "Strategic Information Technology Compensation." Journal of Global Information Management 27, no. 4 (October 2019): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2019100102.
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The 2008 financial crisis has made many high-tech firms vulnerable. Some non-American firms (e.g. in Taiwan) have even granted their IT professionals a “no-pay break” to reduce firms' financial uncertainty. The crisis leads to a need to re-examine managerial compensation thinking from a cross-cultural perspective. Drawing on cross-cultural case studies in Taiwan, a collectivist culture, and in the United States, an individualist culture, this research explores managerial thinking on how to align strategic IT compensation with personnel's immigrant status and IT sourcing strategies in different industrial and national/cultural contexts. It also explores how firms utilize nonmonetary compensation in different cultures. Compensation for IT professionals in Taiwan are reportedly to be more uniform because of the feature of collectivist culture. Compensation for IT professionals in the United States are reportedly more fluid thanks to a frontier culture and individualism. Therefore, negotiable competitive pay is emphasized. Both Taiwan and the US have suffered from wage stagnation for decades. In Taiwan, this stagnation may be related to a depreciation of higher degrees since the number of university graduates has been increased fivefold in two decades and IT related degrees have been amidst popular majors which lead to oversupply in IT workforce. In the US, this stagnation may be related to economic recession and reduced IT investment/full-time positions, dropping IT enrollment, IT skill/education-job mismatch, and increased reliance on IT contractors in an emerging IT gig economy. From a cultural perspective, “still under employment” in a Confucian society which emphasizes face-saving that has value in its own right and it explains why some firms in Taiwan granted IT professionals a “no-pay break” instead of immediate layoff to cope with the 2008 crisis. Meanwhile, to cope with the challenge of IT skill/education-job mismatch in the United States, using a domestic training program as nonmonetary compensation may be a viable alternative to IT firms whose IT compensation strategies emphasize lucrative pay or poach IT talents rather than nurturing IT talents. Theoretically, economic/organization theories derived from western experiences or ideologies in 1900s, where industrialization, private/hierarchical organizations, and higher education were booming, may not fit non-western countries' experiences or today's world where the trends of outsourcing, IT contracting, gig economy and depreciation of education are emerging.
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Čeněk, Jiří. "Cultural dimension of individualism and collectivism and its perceptual and cognitive correlates in cross-cultural research." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.210.225.
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This paper reviews the current findings on the dimension of individualism/collectivism, which might be a useful tool for the comparison of different cultures and for the investigation of the effect of culture as a psychological concept on individual mental processes. The validity and reliability of the concept of the dimension of individualism/collectivism is discussed. The related theory of analytic and holistic thinking is introduced within a framework of extensive comparative research in the field of cross-cultural psychology. Several interesting research designs on cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception are described. The empirical part contains a short report of research conducted on a sample (N=92) of Czech and Czech Vietnamese university students using a scale of horizontal and vertical individualism/collectivism (Bartoš, 2010). The results do not fully support the traditional view of individualistic Europeans and collectivistic Asians.