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1
Wang, Yingchun, and Xuelin Jia. "Indoor air pollution and prevention." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 781, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 032056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/781/3/032056.
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Vukmirovic, Milena, Alenka Temeljotov Salaj, and Andrej Sostaric. "Challenges of the Facilities Management and Effects on Indoor Air Quality. Case Study “Smelly Buildings” in Belgrade, Serbia." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010240.
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One of the key objectives and challenges nowadays is to live in safe and healthy cities. Accordingly, maintaining good air quality is one of the preconditions for achieving this goal, which is not a simple task given the various negative impacts. This paper deals with a phase of the construction process that is a cause of extreme indoor air pollution in the newly built facilities of the Dr Ivan Ribar settlement in Belgrade, popularly known as “smelly buildings.” Indoor air pollution is observed from the aspect of indoor air quality (IAQ) prevention and facilities management (FM) in order to define recommendations for future prevention of these and similar situations. The research indicates the existence of specific sources of indoor pollutants, as well as the need to pay special attention to indoor air as an aspect that affects the health, comfort and well-being of individuals who permanently or temporarily use a particular space, and to point out additional costs. The paper will also consider the potential of the FM approach in preventing negative issues related to IAQ, especially in the field of public construction and social and affordable housing.
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Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Gokul Sarveswaran, K. Sivaranjini, Manikandanesan Sakthivel, Marie Gilbert Majella, and S. Ganesh Kumar. "Association between Indoor Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment among Adults in Rural Puducherry, South India." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 09, no. 04 (October 2018): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_123_18.
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ABSTRACT Background: Recent evidences showed that outdoor air pollution had significant influence on cognitive functioning of adults. However, little is known regarding the association of indoor air pollution with cognitive dysfunction. Hence, the current study was done to assess the association between indoor air pollution and cognitive impairment among adults in rural Puducherry. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was done among 295 adults residing in rural field practice area of tertiary care institute in Puducherry during February and March 2018. Information regarding sociodemographic profile and household was collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Mini-Mental State Examination was done to assess cognitive function. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) to identify the factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results: Among 295 participants, 173 (58.6) were in 30–59 years; 154 (52.2%) were female; and 59 (20.0%) were exposed to indoor air pollution. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in the general population was 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.7–16.1). Prevalence of cognitive impairment among those who were exposed to indoor air pollution was 27.1% (95% CI: 17.4–39.6). Individuals exposed to indoor air pollution (aPR = 2.18, P = 0.003) were found to have two times more chance of having cognitive impairment. Conclusion: About one-fourth of the participants were exposed to indoor air pollution, out of which more than one-fourth was found to have cognitive impairment which is twice that of the general population. Hence, prevention of exposure to indoor air pollution needs to be done through increased availability to cleaner fuels for household usage.
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Yang, Zengzhang. "Indoor air pollution and preventions in college libraries." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 64 (May 2017): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/64/1/012076.
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Brągoszewska, Ewa, Magdalena Bogacka, and Krzysztof Pikoń. "Efficiency and Eco-Costs of Air Purifiers in Terms of Improving Microbiological Indoor Air Quality in Dwellings—A Case Study." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120742.
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Air pollution, a by-product of economic growth, generates an enormous environmental cost in Poland. The issue of healthy living spaces and indoor air quality (IAQ) is a global concern because people spend approximately 90% of their time indoors. An increasingly popular method to improve IAQ is to use air purifiers (APs). Indoor air is often polluted by bioaerosols (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi), which are a major concern for public health. This work presents research on culturable bacterial aerosol (CBA) samples collected from dwellings with or without active APs during the 2019 summer season. The CBA samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen cascade impactor (ACI). The CBA concentrations were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFU) per cubic metre of air. The average concentration of CBA in dwellings when the AP was active was 450–570 CFU/m3, whereas the average concentration when the AP was not active was 920–1000 CFU/m3. IAQ, when the APs were active, was on average almost 50% better than in cases where there were no procedures to decrease the concentration of air pollutants. Moreover, the obtained results of the particle size distribution (PSD) of CBA indicate that the use of APs reduced the proportion of the respirable fraction (the particles < 3.3 µm) by about 16%. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to assess the ecological cost of air purification. Our conceptual approach addresses the impact of indoor air pollution on human health and estimates the ecological cost of APs and air pollution prevention policies.
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Zhuo, Jing. "Research on Prevention of Indoor Air Environment Pollution by Building Decoration Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 208 (December 20, 2018): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/208/1/012107.
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Wu, Allison C., Amber Dahlin, and Alberta L. Wang. "The Role of Environmental Risk Factors on the Development of Childhood Allergic Rhinitis." Children 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8080708.
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Environmental factors play an important role in the development and exacerbation of allergic rhinitis (AR) in childhood. Indoor air pollution, such as house dust mites and secondhand smoke, can significantly increase the onset of AR, while pet dander may affect the exacerbation of AR symptoms in children. Furthermore, traffic related air pollution and pollen are outdoor air pollutants that can affect immune competency and airway responsiveness, increasing the risk of AR in children. Climate change has increased AR in children, as growth patterns of allergenic species have changed, resulting in longer pollen seasons. More extreme and frequent weather events also contribute to the deterioration of indoor air quality due to climate change. Additionally, viruses provoke respiratory tract infections, worsening the symptoms of AR, while viral infections alter the immune system. Although viruses and pollution influence development and exacerbation of AR, a variety of treatment and prevention options are available for AR patients. The protective influence of vegetation (greenness) is heavily associated with air pollution mitigation, relieving AR exacerbations, while the use of air filters can reduce allergic triggers. Oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are common pharmacotherapy for AR symptoms. In this review, we discuss the environmental risk factors for AR and summarize treatment strategies for preventing and managing AR in children.
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Guo, Su-Er, Miao-Ching Chi, Su-Lun Hwang, Chieh-Mo Lin, and Yu-Ching Lin. "Effects of Particulate Matter Education on Self-Care Knowledge Regarding Air Pollution, Symptom Changes, and Indoor Air Quality among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114103.
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The burden of illness resulting from adverse environmental exposure is significant. Numerous studies have examined self-care behaviors among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but seldom assess these behaviors in relation to air pollution. The study aims to examine the effects of particulate matter (PM) education on prevention and self-care knowledge regarding air pollution, symptom changes, and indoor PM concentration levels among patients with COPD. A longitudinal, quasi-experimental design using a generalized estimating equation examined the effectiveness of the education intervention. Participants were 63 patients with COPD, of whom only 25 received intervention. Levels of PM2.5 and PM10 decreased in the first-month follow-up in the experimental group. Improvement of knowledge and prevention regarding PM in the first and third months were also greater in the experimental group compared to the control. Regarding the COPD assessment test and physical domain scores, the experimental group exhibited a greater improvement in the first-month follow-up. Scores on the psychological domain significantly changed in the sixth-month follow-up. The PM education coordinated by nurses improved the health of participants, maintaining six-month effects. Further studies should evaluate the practice barriers and effects of health education on preventive self-care behaviors regarding indoor PM among patients with COPD.
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Rodrigues, P. A. F., S. I. V. Sousa, Maria José Geraldes, M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, and F. G. Martins. "Bioactive Nano-Filters to Control Legionella on Indoor Air." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.23.
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Several factors affect the indoor air quality, among which ventilation, human occupancy, cleaning products, equipment and material; they might induce the presence of aerosols (or bioaerosols in the presence of biological components) nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and dioxide, volatile organic compounds, radon and microorganisms. Microbiological pollution involves hundreds of bacteria and fungi species that grow indoors under specific conditions of temperature and humidity. Exposure to microbial contaminants is clinically associated with allergies, asthma, immune responses and respiratory infections, such as Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Feaver, which are due to contamination byLegionella pneumophila. Legionnaire's Disease has increased over the past decade, because of the use of central air conditioning. In places such as homes, kindergartens, nursing homes and hospitals, indoor air pollution affects population groups that are particularly vulnerable because of their health status or age, making indoor air pollution a public health issue of high importance. Therefore, the implementation of preventive measures, as the application of air filters, is fundamental. Currently, High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are the most used to capture microorganisms in ventilation, filtration and air conditioning systems; nevertheless, as they are not completely secure, new filters should be developed. This work aims to present how the efficiency of a textile nanostructure in a non-woven material based on synthetic textiles (high hydrophobic fibers) incorporating appropriate biocides to controlLegionella pneumophila, is going to be measured. These bioactive structures, to be used in ventilation systems, as well as in respiratory protective equipment, will reduce the growth of microorganisms in the air through bactericidal or bacteriostatic action. The filter nanostructure should have good air permeability, since it has to guarantee minimum flows of fresh air for air exchange as well as acceptable indoor air quality.
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Cocârţă, Diana Mariana, Mariana Prodana, Ioana Demetrescu, Patricia Elena Maria Lungu, and Andreea Cristiana Didilescu. "Indoor Air Pollution with Fine Particles and Implications for Workers’ Health in Dental Offices: A Brief Review." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020599.
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(1) Background: Indoor air pollution can affect the well-being and health of humans. Sources of indoor pollution with particulate matter (PM) are outdoor particles and indoor causes, such as construction materials, the use of cleaning products, air fresheners, heating, cooking, and smoking activities. In 2017, according to the Global Burden of Disease study, 1.6 million people died prematurely because of indoor air pollution. The health effects of outdoor exposure to PM have been the subject of both research and regulatory action, and indoor exposure to fine particles is gaining more and more attention as a potential source of adverse health effects. Moreover, in critical situations such as the current pandemic crisis, to protect the health of the population, patients, and staff in all areas of society (particularly in indoor environments, where there are vulnerable groups, such as people who have pre-existing lung conditions, patients, elderly people, and healthcare professionals such as dental practitioners), there is an urgent need to improve long- and short-term health. Exposure to aerosols and splatter contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and blood produced during dental procedures performed on patients rarely leads to the transmission of infectious agents between patients and dental health care staff if infection prevention procedures are strictly followed. On the other hand, in the current circumstances of the pandemic crisis, dental practitioners could have an occupational risk of acquiring coronavirus disease as they may treat asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients. Consequently, an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection could occur in dental offices, both for staff that provide dental healthcare and for other patients, considering that many dental procedures produce droplets and dental aerosols, which carry an infectious virus such as SARS-CoV-2. (2) Types of studies reviewed and applied methodology: The current work provides a critical review and evaluation, as well as perspectives concerning previous studies on health risks of indoor exposure to PM in dental offices. The authors reviewed representative dental medicine literature focused on sources of indoor PM10 and PM2.5 (particles for which the aerodynamic diameter size is respectively less than 10 and 2.5 μm) in indoor spaces (paying specific attention to dental offices) and their characteristics and toxicological effects in indoor microenvironments. The authors also reviewed representative studies on relations between the indoor air quality and harmful effects, as well as studies on possible indoor viral infections acquired through airborne and droplet transmission. The method employed for the research illustrated in the current paper involved a desk study of documents and records relating to occupational health problems among dental health care providers. In this way, it obtained background information on both the main potential hazards in dentistry and infection risks from aerosol transmission within dental offices. Reviewing this kind of information, especially that relating to bioaerosols, is critical for minimizing the risk to dental staff and patients, particularly when new recommendations for COVID-19 risk reduction for the dental health professional community and patients attending dental clinics are strongly needed. (3) Results: The investigated studies and reports obtained from the medical literature showed that, even if there are a wide number of studies on indoor human exposure to fine particles and health effects, more deep research and specific studies on indoor air pollution with fine particles and implications for workers’ health in dental offices are needed. As dental practices are at a higher risk for hazardous indoor air because of exposure to chemicals and microbes, the occupational exposures and diseases must be addressed, with special attention being paid to the dental staff. The literature also documents that exposure to fine particles in dental offices can be minimized by putting prevention into practice (personal protection barriers such as masks, gloves, and safety eyeglasses) and also keeping indoor air clean (e.g., high-volume evacuation, the use of an air-room-cleaning system with high-efficiency particulate filters, and regularly maintaining the air-conditioning and ventilation systems). These kinds of considerations are extremely important as the impact of indoor pollution on human health is no longer an individual issue, with its connections representing a future part of sustainability which is currently being redefined. These kinds of considerations are extremely important, and the authors believe that a better situation in dentistry needs to be developed, with researchers in materials and dental health trying to understand and explain the impact of indoor pollution on human health.
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Cocârţă, Diana Mariana, Mariana Prodana, Ioana Demetrescu, Patricia Elena Maria Lungu, and Andreea Cristiana Didilescu. "Indoor Air Pollution with Fine Particles and Implications for Workers’ Health in Dental Offices: A Brief Review." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020599.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: Indoor air pollution can affect the well-being and health of humans. Sources of indoor pollution with particulate matter (PM) are outdoor particles and indoor causes, such as construction materials, the use of cleaning products, air fresheners, heating, cooking, and smoking activities. In 2017, according to the Global Burden of Disease study, 1.6 million people died prematurely because of indoor air pollution. The health effects of outdoor exposure to PM have been the subject of both research and regulatory action, and indoor exposure to fine particles is gaining more and more attention as a potential source of adverse health effects. Moreover, in critical situations such as the current pandemic crisis, to protect the health of the population, patients, and staff in all areas of society (particularly in indoor environments, where there are vulnerable groups, such as people who have pre-existing lung conditions, patients, elderly people, and healthcare professionals such as dental practitioners), there is an urgent need to improve long- and short-term health. Exposure to aerosols and splatter contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and blood produced during dental procedures performed on patients rarely leads to the transmission of infectious agents between patients and dental health care staff if infection prevention procedures are strictly followed. On the other hand, in the current circumstances of the pandemic crisis, dental practitioners could have an occupational risk of acquiring coronavirus disease as they may treat asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients. Consequently, an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection could occur in dental offices, both for staff that provide dental healthcare and for other patients, considering that many dental procedures produce droplets and dental aerosols, which carry an infectious virus such as SARS-CoV-2. (2) Types of studies reviewed and applied methodology: The current work provides a critical review and evaluation, as well as perspectives concerning previous studies on health risks of indoor exposure to PM in dental offices. The authors reviewed representative dental medicine literature focused on sources of indoor PM10 and PM2.5 (particles for which the aerodynamic diameter size is respectively less than 10 and 2.5 μm) in indoor spaces (paying specific attention to dental offices) and their characteristics and toxicological effects in indoor microenvironments. The authors also reviewed representative studies on relations between the indoor air quality and harmful effects, as well as studies on possible indoor viral infections acquired through airborne and droplet transmission. The method employed for the research illustrated in the current paper involved a desk study of documents and records relating to occupational health problems among dental health care providers. In this way, it obtained background information on both the main potential hazards in dentistry and infection risks from aerosol transmission within dental offices. Reviewing this kind of information, especially that relating to bioaerosols, is critical for minimizing the risk to dental staff and patients, particularly when new recommendations for COVID-19 risk reduction for the dental health professional community and patients attending dental clinics are strongly needed. (3) Results: The investigated studies and reports obtained from the medical literature showed that, even if there are a wide number of studies on indoor human exposure to fine particles and health effects, more deep research and specific studies on indoor air pollution with fine particles and implications for workers’ health in dental offices are needed. As dental practices are at a higher risk for hazardous indoor air because of exposure to chemicals and microbes, the occupational exposures and diseases must be addressed, with special attention being paid to the dental staff. The literature also documents that exposure to fine particles in dental offices can be minimized by putting prevention into practice (personal protection barriers such as masks, gloves, and safety eyeglasses) and also keeping indoor air clean (e.g., high-volume evacuation, the use of an air-room-cleaning system with high-efficiency particulate filters, and regularly maintaining the air-conditioning and ventilation systems). These kinds of considerations are extremely important as the impact of indoor pollution on human health is no longer an individual issue, with its connections representing a future part of sustainability which is currently being redefined. These kinds of considerations are extremely important, and the authors believe that a better situation in dentistry needs to be developed, with researchers in materials and dental health trying to understand and explain the impact of indoor pollution on human health.
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Wang, Xiaoxiao. "Analysis on the Influence of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health and Prevention Measures." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (August 9, 2019): 032059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/300/3/032059.
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Zhang, Xueyan, Jingyi Liang, Beibei Wang, Yang Lv, and Jingchao Xie. "Indoor Air Design Parameters of Air Conditioners for Mold-Prevention and Antibacterial in Island Residential Buildings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 7316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197316.
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The climate characteristics of the islands in the Nansha Islands of China are a typical marine climate including high temperature, high relative humidity, high salt content, strong solar radiation, and long sunshine. These can provide suitable conditions for mold reproduction on the surface of the wall in a building. Therefore, mildew pollution on the wall for a long time can easily damage the building’s structure. It does not only directly affect the appearance of the building, but also indirectly affects the indoor environment and human health. In this paper, dominant fungi in the residential buildings on thee Nansha Islands of China are Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium. Critical lines of temperature and relative humidity for mould growth on the interior surfaces of island residential building envelopes have been given and discussed. The results show that the risk of mould growth on the wall with different materials, from low to high, is reinforced concrete, aerated concrete block, coral aggregate, brick, and wood. Furthermore, in order to prevent the room regulated by air conditioner from being contaminated by mould, indoor air temperature should be set variable and controlled between 26 °C and 28 °C, the relative humidity should be changed between 50% and 80%.
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Chernysh, E. O., and E. V. Surmasheva. "DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP OF MICROBIOLOGICAL AIR POLLUTION IN RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC AREAS WITH PUBLIC HEALTH." Hygiene of populated places 2020, no. 70 (December 22, 2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/hygiene2020.70.042.
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Рurpose - analysis of the state of research on the influence of microbiological air pollution in residential and public premises Objects and methods - data from scientific journals, Internet resources; the analysis of topical issues of microbiological air pollution in residential and public premises was carried out. Research results and conclusions. The article examines the research of domestic and foreign authors over the past decade, which are devoted to the study of microbiological pollution (including spores, hyphae, bacterial components and mycotoxins) of indoor air for the development ofexacerbation of asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonia, bronchitis and various syndromes of diseases of the respiratory tract. The analysis of literature sources showed that the problem of microbiological safety of indoor air in residential and public premises in our country is given little attention, although in the world this problem is studied quite actively and is relevant today. The study of these important issues provides a basis for additional research to establish a cause-and-effect relationship and to substantiate the criteria for microbiological safety of indoor air and the development of preventive measures that can be considered for premises with high mycological air pollution and surfaces.
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Gustavvson, Jan. "Air Filters for Ventilating Systems — Laboratory and in Situ Testing." International Nonwovens Journal os-8, no. 2 (June 1999): 1558925099OS—80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925099os-800214.
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Over the past few decades, many laboratory test methods have been developed to measure and characterize air filters using different synthetic dusts. Today, with concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) and air pollution on the rise, new standards are being developed to test the ability of air filters to remove particles in the laboratory as well as in situ. Still, laboratory tests that use coarse dusts can give very misleading results, and the rated efficiency for a filter can decrease dramatically in real-world applications. For better understanding and prevention of IAQ problems, test methods should be extended to include particle shape, type, and properties.
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Lv, Mengqiang, and Xudong Yang. "The role of simulation in preventing indoor air pollution: a foregone conclusion?" IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 022005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/2/022005.
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Ding, Junwei, Chuck Wah Yu, and Shi-Jie Cao. "HVAC systems for environmental control to minimize the COVID-19 infection." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 9 (October 21, 2020): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x20951968.
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The outbreak of pneumonia caused by 2019 Novel Coronavirus arises significant concern for virus transmission and control. The control of the indoor environment or public-enclosed environment is crucial to reduce the risk of infection. Heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are used to create a healthy, thermal-comfort indoor environments. Thus, the rational use of HVAC systems is of great importance for the environmental control to reduce infection risk and to improve human wellbeing in the pandemic. In order to satisfy the requirement of better healthy environment and more thermal comfort performance of indoor ventilation system, prevention of indoor pollution is essential, especially considering the purpose of disease transmission resistance. This paper investigated the collective contagion events in enclosed spaces as well as engineering control against virus spread with ventilation systems for health-care facilities and public vehicles. Future challenges of HVAC design and control were discussed.
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Wu, Shu Yun, Zeng Feng Yan, Jun Gang Dong, and Huan Huan Liu. "Research of the Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Print Shops in Xi’an." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1560.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major constituents of the indoor air pollutants. The indoor air quality has caused wide concern for VOCs may affect human health in many ways. The VOCs in general rooms volatilize from building materials, furniture and so on. In print shops the print equipment and materials may produce a large amount of VOCs that may affect the health of the long-term print shop workers. The author has measured the VOC content and the air indexes in a seventy square-meter print shop in Xi’an with comprehensive functions, then, evaluated the pollution and proposed the preventions of the VOC content in print shops.
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Ezzati, Majid, and Daniel M. Kammen. "Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution, and Health in Developing Countries: Knowledge Base for Effective Interventions." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27, no. 1 (November 2002): 233–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083440.
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▪ Abstract Globally, almost three billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of disease and mortality in developing countries. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studies targeted toward the design and implementation of effective intervention programs. We review the current knowledge of the relationship between indoor air pollution and disease, and of the assessment of interventions for reducing exposure and disease. This review takes an environmental health perspective and considers the details of both exposure and health effects that are needed for successful intervention strategies. In particular, we summarize the emerging understanding of the central role of household energy technology and day-to-day household activities in determining exposure to indoor smoke. We also identify knowledge gaps and detailed research questions that are essential in successful design and dissemination of preventive measures and policies. In addition to specific research recommendations based on the weight of recent studies, we conclude that research and development of effective interventions can benefit tremendously from integration of methods and analysis tools from a range of disciplines—from quantitative environmental science and engineering, to toxicology and epidemiology, to the social sciences.
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Brief, Richard S., and Tibor Bernath. "Indoor Pollution: Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Microbiological Respiratory Hazards Associated with Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems." Applied Industrial Hygiene 3, no. 1 (January 1988): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1988.10388490.
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Saleh, S., W. Shepherd, C. Jewell, N. L. Lam, J. Balmes, M. N. Bates, P. S. Lai, C. A. Ochieng, M. Chinouya, and K. Mortimer. "Air pollution interventions and respiratory health: a systematic review." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0417.
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BACKGROUND: Indoor and ambient air pollution exposure is a major risk to respiratory health worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Interventional trials have mainly focused on alternatives to cooking stoves, with mixed results. Beyond cooking, additional sources of particulate matter also contribute to the burden of air pollution exposure. This review explores evidence from current randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the clinical effectiveness of interventions to reduce particulate matter in LMICs.METHODS: Twelve databases and the grey literature (e.g., Government reports and policy papers) were searched. Eligible studies were RCTs conducted in LMICs aiming to reduce particulate exposure from any source and reporting on at least one clinical respiratory outcome (respiratory symptoms, lung function or clinical diagnoses). Data from relevant studies were systematically extracted, the risk of bias assessed and narrative synthesis provided.RESULTS: Of the 14 included studies, 12 tested ‘improved' cookstoves, most using biomass, but solar and bioethanol cookers were also included. One trial used solar lamps and another was an integrated intervention incorporating behavioural and environmental components for the treatment and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Of the six studies reporting child pneumonia outcomes, none demonstrated significant benefit in intention-to-treat analysis. Ten studies reported respiratory symptom outcomes with some improvements seen, but self-reporting made these outcomes highly vulnerable to bias. Substantial inter-study clinical and methodological heterogeneity precluded calculation of pooled effect estimates.CONCLUSION: Evidence from the RCTs performed to date suggests that individual household-level interventions for air pollution exposure reduction have limited benefits for respiratory health. More comprehensive approaches to air pollution exposure reduction must be developed so their potential health benefits can be assessed.
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Tabet, Antoine, and Antonio Khoury. "Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Pollution in one Right Click." Advanced Materials Research 324 (August 2011): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.324.481.
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Current researches on the topic of indoor air pollution are moving towards expertise and prevention. Therefore it seems so critical to invest in the area of expertise and create a measuring device performing chemical, physical and bacteriological analysis in one click. Our choice of development towards this system of information management is oriented towards a modular system which can simultaneously transmit on real-time the analysis in the internet. Our production work has used several solutions and analyzed several possible methods such as microprocessor that has shown its reliability. The electronic system worked well even with some problems solved at the level of detection of particles α, β and δ. The solution NO-IP as for the transfer of data over the Internet has been successfully tested. In the same way we have been constrained to achieve measurement campaigns to verify the ability of the device to give consistent values. These campaigns were conducted on the Beaulieu of the University of Rennes 1, given the size of the site; it gives us a fairly comprehensive range of situations. These measurement campaigns extended for several months, with the purpose of comparing and analyzing the various results. These campaigns offer an opportunity of testing the operation of the aircraft and assessing the performance, knowing that all measures were compared to the device certified EN (Gasman). For the development of our device, we specify the direction and scope of the study area, analyze the existing level of detection performed and technical data manipulated, obtain a comprehensive description of the electronic system and reach a reasoned choice of a solution type of development. This allowed us to develop a multifunction prototype which objective is to control the quality of indoor air pollution in habitations. This device admits the same principle as product modem M2M (Machine to Machine). Through processes M2M, machinery (measuring instruments (device) and air handling system) is already able to communicate among them without human intervention. Given this new world of service, the management of environmental risks becomes more responsive.
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Ruga, Luigia, Fabio Orlandi, and Marco Fornaciari. "Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Biodeteriogens Control by Aerobiological Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173647.
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Artefact conditions need to be continuously monitored to avoid degradation effects naturally caused by time and public exploitation in order to increase the value of cultural assets. In this way, the atmospheric analysis of both biological and chemical pollutants potentially present inside conservation environments represents valid support for the adoption of preventive conservation actions by evaluating periodically the presence of risk for the same artefacts. The aim of the present study was to analyze the fungal particles, potentially biodeteriogen, through aerobiological volumetric monitoring, particularly inside valuable historical, artistic, and cultural sites. Different exposition and conservation typologies of the artefacts with different flows of visitors were considered. The applied methodologies have furnished a reliable description of biological air pollution due to the presence of fungal spores—moreover, they have allowed for the prevention of risk situations and the measurement of their evolution in order to limit degradation processes. Through aerobiological monitoring, it was possible to provide important indications for interventions of prevention, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage in indoor environments.
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Hudda, Neelakshi, Misha Eliasziw, Scott O. Hersey, Ellin Reisner, Robert D. Brook, Wig Zamore, John L. Durant, and Doug Brugge. "Effect of Reducing Ambient Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Blood Pressure." Hypertension 77, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15580.
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Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) may contribute to increased prevalence of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP) for residents of near-highway neighborhoods. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of reducing TRAP exposure on short-term changes in BP. We assessed whether reducing indoor TRAP concentrations by using stand-alone high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filters and limiting infiltration through doors and windows effectively prevented acute (ie, over a span of hours) increases in BP. Using a 3-period crossover design, 77 participants were randomized to attend three 2-hour-long exposure sessions separated by 1-week washout periods. Each participant was exposed to high, medium, and low TRAP concentrations in a room near an interstate highway. Particle number concentrations, black carbon concentrations, and temperature were monitored continuously. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, and heart rate were measured every 10 minutes. Outcomes were analyzed with a linear mixed model. The primary outcome was the change in SBP from 20 minutes from the start of exposure. SBP increased with exposure duration, and the amount of increase was related to the magnitude of exposure. The mean change in SBP was 0.6 mm Hg for low exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 2500 particles/cm 3 and 149 ng/m 3 ), 1.3 mm Hg for medium exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 11 000 particles/cm 3 and 409 ng/m 3 ), and 2.8 mm Hg for high exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 30 000 particles/cm 3 and 826 ng/m 3 ; linear trend P =0.019). There were no statistically significant differences in the secondary outcomes, diastolic BP, or heart rate. In conclusion, reducing indoor concentrations of TRAP was effective in preventing acute increases in SBP.
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Yarza, Shaked, Lior Hassan, Alexandra Shtein, Dan Lesser, Lena Novack, Itzhak Katra, Itai Kloog, and Victor Novack. "Novel Approaches to Air Pollution Exposure and Clinical Outcomes Assessment in Environmental Health Studies." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020122.
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An accurate assessment of pollutants’ exposure and precise evaluation of the clinical outcomes pose two major challenges to the contemporary environmental health research. The common methods for exposure assessment are based on residential addresses and are prone to many biases. Pollution levels are defined based on monitoring stations that are sparsely distributed and frequently distanced far from residential addresses. In addition, the degree of an association between outdoor and indoor air pollution levels is not fully elucidated, making the exposure assessment all the more inaccurate. Clinical outcomes’ assessment, on the other hand, mostly relies on the access to medical records from hospital admissions and outpatients’ visits in clinics. This method differentiates by health care seeking behavior and is therefore, problematic in evaluation of an onset, duration, and severity of an outcome. In the current paper, we review a number of novel solutions aimed to mitigate the aforementioned biases. First, a hybrid satellite-based modeling approach provides daily continuous spatiotemporal estimations with improved spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km2 and 200 × 200 m2 grid, and thus allows a more accurate exposure assessment. Utilizing low-cost air pollution sensors allowing a direct measurement of indoor air pollution levels can further validate these models. Furthermore, the real temporal-spatial activity can be assessed by GPS tracking devices within the individuals’ smartphones. A widespread use of smart devices can help with obtaining objective measurements of some of the clinical outcomes such as vital signs and glucose levels. Finally, human biomonitoring can be efficiently done at a population level, providing accurate estimates of in-vivo absorbed pollutants and allowing for the evaluation of body responses, by biomarkers examination. We suggest that the adoption of these novel methods will change the research paradigm heavily relying on ecological methodology and support development of the new clinical practices preventing adverse environmental effects on human health.
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Petersen, Anne Berit, Natassia Muffley, Khamphithoun Somsamouth, and Pramil N. Singh. "Smoked Tobacco, Air Pollution, and Tuberculosis in Lao PDR: Findings from a National Sample." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173059.
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In 2017, more than half of the global burden of incident tuberculosis (TB) came from the Western Pacific region. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the high rates of tobacco use and use of polluting biomass fuels for cooking (e.g., wood, charcoal, crop waste, dung) represent significant risk factors for TB. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between self-reported (1) smoking and TB; and (2) exposure to air pollution (from both cooking fires and environmental tobacco smoke) and TB among adults in Lao PDR. We analyzed data from the 2012 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATSL) of Lao PDR—a multi-stage stratified cluster sample of 9706 subjects from 2822 households located in all 17 provinces. Utilizing a nationally representative sample and inferential, multivariable methods, we observed a significant increase in odds of self-reported TB among those who smoked tobacco (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = (1.00 to 2.98)). Larger multivariable models identified independent contributions from exposure to tobacco pipes (OR = 21.51, 95% CI = (6.34 to 72.89)) and communal outdoor fires (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = (1.15 to 4.49)). An index measuring combined exposure to smoked tobacco, environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workspace, indoor cooking fire, trash fires, and other outdoor communal fires also showed a positive association (OR per added exposure = 1.47, 95% CI = (1.14 to 1.89)). The findings of this study underscore the need for multi-sectoral collaboration between tobacco control, environmental health, TB prevention and treatment programs, national authorities, policy makers, civil groups, and the private sector to address the convergence of potential risk factors impacting respiratory health in Lao PDR.
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Fang, Zhang, Chang Lai Xiao, Xiu Juan Liang, and Duan Mei Zhang. "Experimental Study on Nitrogen Migration and Transformation of Longkeng Water Source in Songyuan Province." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.859.
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Based on analysis of nitrogen transfer process, indoor experiments of nitrogen sorption, adsorption and leaching are done to study on the migration and transformation pattern of nitrogen. The spatial and temporal variation of ammonium and nitrate in the soil column is got. The influencing factors of nitrogen migration and transformation are analyzed from the sources of waste and hydrogeologic conditions. Corresponding prevention and control methods of groundwater nitrogen pollution are put forward.
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Amadou, Amina, Thomas Coudon, Delphine Praud, Pietro Salizzoni, Karen Leffondre, Emilie Lévêque, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, et al. "Chronic Low-Dose Exposure to Xenoestrogen Ambient Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk: XENAIR Protocol for a Case-Control Study Nested Within the French E3N Cohort." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): e15167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15167.
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Background Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in industrialized countries. Lifestyle and environmental factors, particularly endocrine-disrupting pollutants, have been suggested to play a role in breast cancer risk. Current epidemiological studies, although not fully consistent, suggest a positive association of breast cancer risk with exposure to several International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 air-pollutant carcinogens, such as particulate matter, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and cadmium. However, epidemiological studies remain scarce and inconsistent. It has been proposed that the menopausal status could modify the relationship between pollutants and breast cancer and that the association varies with hormone receptor status. Objective The XENAIR project will investigate the association of breast cancer risk (overall and by hormone receptor status) with chronic exposure to selected air pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), BaP, dioxins, PCB-153, and cadmium. Methods Our research is based on a case-control study nested within the French national E3N cohort of 5222 invasive breast cancer cases identified during follow-up from 1990 to 2011, and 5222 matched controls. A questionnaire was sent to all participants to collect their lifetime residential addresses and information on indoor pollution. We will assess these exposures using complementary models of land-use regression, atmospheric dispersion, and regional chemistry-transport (CHIMERE) models, via a Geographic Information System. Associations with breast cancer risk will be modeled using conditional logistic regression models. We will also study the impact of exposure on DNA methylation and interactions with genetic polymorphisms. Appropriate statistical methods, including Bayesian modeling, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, will be used to assess the impact of multipollutant exposure. The fraction of breast cancer cases attributable to air pollution will be estimated. Results The XENAIR project will contribute to current knowledge on the health effects of air pollution and identify and understand environmental modifiable risk factors related to breast cancer risk. Conclusions The results will provide relevant evidence to governments and policy-makers to improve effective public health prevention strategies on air pollution. The XENAIR dataset can be used in future efforts to study the effects of exposure to air pollution associated with other chronic conditions. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15167
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Shkromada, O., A. Palii, A. Palii, O. Skliar, Yu Dudchenko, and T. Necherya. "Improvement of milk quality for micro-climate formation on cattle farms." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (47) (December 24, 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.4.7.
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In this work, microclimate studies were conducted in cattle rooms and the impact on milk quality. A comparative analysis of the use of natural and forced ventilation in rooms and the formation of microclimate. The normative values of sanitary and hygienic parameters for livestock farms are presented in the paper. The microorganisms isolated from the change of cows and milk are identical to the microflora circulating indoors. Weaknesses in the design of livestock premises were also investigated. Disturbances in building structures affect the welfare of animals. It has been proven that the use of state-of-the-art forced-air ventilation systems on livestock farms reduces indoor moisture and gas levels.
Diseases and deaths of animals can be caused by violations of sanitary and hygiene standards and feeding and watering of animals. Failure to comply with the disinfection rules increases the microbial contamination of the air.
Lack of adequate ventilation in the premises causes the accumulation of dangerous gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide), moisture and micro-organisms in buildings. All these factors can cause respiratory, digestive and mastitis diseases in cows. In sick animals, the increase in live weight and milk productivity is reduced. Treatment of animals is very expensive because antibiotics are used. Antimicrobial drugs affect the quality of products. Prevention of morbidity in farms is directly related to compliance with zoo-hygiene standards.
In livestock houses, animals spend most of their lives. The premises protect animals from adverse weather conditions. An important indicator of hygiene requirements for the building is the microclimate. The microclimate includes: ventilation, temperature, gas, light and microbial contamination. All indicators must be in accordance with normal animal-friendly levels.
Farms under the Animal Protection Act are required to provide them with proper care and appropriate living conditions. The microclimate of the room is formed by many physical factors. Animals overcrowding have negative effects on indoor pollution. Poor ventilation affects the health and weight gain of animals. Accumulation of gases, moisture and microorganisms indoors can cause respiratory and digestive diseases in animals.
Within 60% were pathogenic staphylococci (S. aureus) as a result of monitoring the etiology of subclinical mastitis. Has made agalactic streptococcus (Str. Agalactiae) 25% of cases. Associated microflora accounted for 5% of cases.
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Wang, Xiaoxia, Chao Zou, and Luqi Wang. "Analysis on the Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollution and Its Impact on Human Health under the Noticeable Variation of Residents’ Travel Behavior: A Case of Guangzhou, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144947.
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During the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19 in China, the Chinese government adopted multiple measures to prevent the epidemic. The consequence was that a sudden variation in residents’ travel behavior took place. In order to better evaluate the temporal distribution of air pollution, and to effectively explore the influence of human activities on air quality, especially under the special situation, this study was conducted based on the real data from a case city in China from this new perspective. Two case scenarios were constructed, in which the research before the changes of residents’ travel behavior was taken as case one, and the research after the changes in residents’ travel behavior as case two. The hourly real-time concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 that have passed the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test were employed as a data source. A series of detailed studies have been carried out using the correlation method, entropy weight method and the Air Quality Index (AQI) calculation method. Additionally, the research found that the decrease rate of NO2 concentration is 61.05%, and the decrease rate of PM10 concentration is 53.68%. On the contrary, the average concentration of O3 has increased significantly, and its growth rate has reached to 9.82%. Although the air quality in the first week with fewer travels was in the excellent category, and chief pollutant (CP), as well as excessive pollutant (EP), were not found, as traffic volume increased, it became worse in the second and third weeks. In addition to that, special attention should still be paid to the development trend of O3, as its average hourly concentration has increased. The findings of this study will have some guiding significance for the study of air pollution prevention, cleaner production, and indoor environmental safety issues, especially for the study of abnormal traffic environments where residents’ travel behaviors have changed significantly.
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Pun, Vivian C., Russell Dowling, and Sumi Mehta. "Ambient and household air pollution on early-life determinants of stunting—a systematic review and meta-analysis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 21 (April 9, 2021): 26404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13719-7.
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AbstractStunting is an important risk factor for early growth and health implications throughout the life course, yet until recently, studies have rarely focused on populations exposed to high levels of particulate matter pollution or on developing countries most vulnerable to stunting and its associated health and developmental impacts. We systematically searched for epidemiologic studies published up to 15 August 2020 that examined the association between ambient and household particulate exposure and postnatal stunting (height-for-age z-score) and prenatal determinants (small for gestational age or SGA, or equivalent) of stunting. We conducted the literature search in PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases in August 2020, using keywords including, but not limited to, “particulate matter,” “indoor/household air pollution,” and “adverse birth outcomes,” to identify relevant articles. Forty-five studies conducted in 29 countries met our inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. We found significant positive associations between SGA and a 10 μg/m3 increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure over the entire pregnancy [OR = 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.13], with similar SGA impact during the second and third trimesters, and from high exposure quartile of PM2.5 exposure during the entire pregnancy. A 19% increased risk of postnatal stunting (95% CI: 1.10, 1.29) was also associated with postnatal exposure to household air pollution. Our analysis shows consistent, significant, and noteworthy evidence of elevated risk of stunting-related health outcomes with ambient PM2.5 and household air pollution exposure. This evidence reinforces the importance of promoting clean air as part of an integrated approach to preventing stunting.
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MAHALANABIS, D., S. GUPTA, D. PAUL, A. GUPTA, M. LAHIRI, and M. A. KHALED. "Risk factors for pneumonia in infants and young children and the role of solid fuel for cooking: a case-control study." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 1 (August 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802006817.
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We evaluated the risk factors for childhood pneumonia with particular reference to indoor air-pollution associated with solid fuel use for cooking (e.g. coal, wood, dung), using a case-control study in a children's hospital in Calcutta. Cases were 127 children aged 2–35 months of either sex admitted with pneumonia and controls were 135 children attending their immunization clinic. Solid fuel use (odds ratio = 3.97, CI = 2.00–7.88), history of asthma in the child (OR = 5.49, CI = 2.37–12.74), poor economic status indicator (OR = 4.95, CI = 2.38 to 10.28), keeping large animals (OR = 6.03, CI = 1.13–32.27) were associated with high risk of pneumonia after adjusting for confounding (logistic regression analysis). Nearly 80% of people in India use such smoke producing fuel and the population attributable risk would be very high. This finding has important health policy implications. Furthermore, history of asthma is a useful prognostic indicator for early action for prevention of severe pneumonia.
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Brakema, Evelyn A., Aizhamal Tabyshova, Marise J. Kasteleyn, Eveline Molendijk, Rianne M. J. J. van der Kleij, Job F. M. van Boven, Berik Emilov, et al. "High COPD prevalence at high altitude: does household air pollution play a role?" European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 2 (February 2019): 1801193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01193-2018.
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Studies comparing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence across altitudes report conflicting results. However, household air pollution (HAP), a major COPD risk factor, was mostly not accounted for in previous analyses and never objectively measured. We aimed to compare the prevalence of COPD and its risk factors between low-resource highlands and lowlands, with a particular focus on objectively measured HAP.We conducted a population-based, observational study in a highland (∼2050 m above sea level) and a lowland (∼750 m above sea level) setting in rural Kyrgyzstan. We performed spirometry in randomly selected households, measured indoor particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and administered a questionnaire on other COPD risk factors. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses.We included 392 participants: 199 highlanders and 193 lowlanders. COPD was more prevalent among highlanders (36.7% versus 10.4%; p<0.001). Their average PM2.5 exposure was also higher (290.0 versus 72.0 µg·m−3; p<0.001). In addition to high PM2.5 exposure (OR 3.174, 95% CI 1.061–9.493), the altitude setting (OR 3.406, 95% CI 1.483–7.825), pack-years of smoking (OR 1.037, 95% CI 1.005–1.070) and age (OR 1.058, 95% CI 1.037–1.079) also contributed to a higher COPD prevalence among highlanders.COPD prevalence and HAP were highest in the highlands, and were independently associated. Preventive interventions seem warranted in these low-resource, highland settings. With this study being one of the first spirometry-based prevalence studies in Central Asia, generalisability needs to be assessed.
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Lee, Hye-Won, Jeong-In Jeon, Hui-Been Lim, Kwi-Bok Lee, So-Yeon Park, and Cheol-Min Lee. "A Preliminary Research Study for Distribution Characteristics and Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants in the Valuable Archive of the National Library of Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041715.
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Important records can be damaged directly and indirectly. Their restoration, if possible, is difficult as it is very time-consuming and costly. Although measures have been taken to permanently preserve records, most studies focus on preventing short-term damage from physical or biological factors and not on preventive measures against chemical damage from long-term polluted air exposure. This study investigated the types, concentrations, and distribution characteristics of hazardous chemicals present in the valuable archive of the National Library of Korea (NLK) and identified the sources of these pollutants. Mean SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations were 1.49 ± 0.44 ppb, 30.52 ± 19.70 ppb, 0.75 ± 0.21 ppm, 368.91 ± 32.23 ppm, and 320.03 ± 44.20 µg/m3, respectively, meeting the Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS) of Korea standards. Toluene (66.43 ± 10.69 µg/m3) and acetaldehyde (157.23 ± 6.43 µg/m3) were present at the highest concentrations, respectively. Two principal components were extracted via a principal component analysis; the primary component (66%) was closely related to outdoor pollution sources and the secondary component (33%) to indoor sources. Results contribute to establishing air quality standards and management measures for preservation of this archive.
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Shittu, Umar, Idris Zainab-L, Umma Sada, and Bashir Aliyu. "Epidemiological Distinctive Survey Of Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections In Some Selected Hospitals Of Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 6, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v6i2.126.
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Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in children under the age group of five (5) years are serious infections, which prevent the normal breathing function in the child's system. The infection usually begins as a viral infection in which it enters the child's system through the nose to the trachea (windpipe) and down to the lungs. This study aimed to identify the distinctive risk factors associated with the respiratory tract infection in which later it can lead the infection to become acute and find out the easy ways toward preventing the infections. The study was performed within the period of six (6) months during the rainy season between the periods of April to September using the human subjects under age group of five (5) years. The data analysis was done in the Bioconductor R package, statistics p-value with associated B-value were obtained from the distribution of the moderated t-statistic after the adjustment for multiple testing with a significance level of ((? 0.05) using LIMMA method. Pvclust method was also used to generate thousands of bootstrap samples by randomly sampling elements of the data and then compute graphic hierarchical clustering on each bootstrap copy. Distinctive risk factors of (ARTI) were identified, such as malnutrition (MNT), indoor air pollution (IAP), Crowdy and dirty environment (CDE), and parental education (PE) which shows significant influence on the infection. But indoor air pollution (IAP) with the highest level of significant influence to the infections. It is recommended that parents having children should be enlightened by the health personnel experts through different media communication channels and other channels in order to avoid leaving in dirty, crowdy and unventilated environment and to feed from recommended diets with their children.
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Xu, Wangyue, Xiaojing Zhao, and Lan Wang. "Impact of Built Environment on Respiratory Health: An Empirical Study." Nano LIFE 08, no. 02 (June 2018): 1840001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984418400019.
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In many heavy industrialized countries such as China and India, the impact of air pollution on respiratory health has been headline news in recent years. Among the risk issues examined, exposure to particulate matter (PM) is cited as the prime contributing factor that causes respiratory diseases, yet it is traceable and controllable. In this paper, we report on an empirical study conducted in Shanghai, based on urban spatial determinants as independent variables to investigate its link to occurrence of lung cancer in their neighborhoods. A survey was conducted on a population of 472 lung cancer patients. After reliability and validity tests, only 156 pairs were included in this report. The questionnaire designed for this survey covers 11 outdoor and 6 indoor factors; these include the building density where they live, proximity to pollution sources, volume of traffic nearby, degree of enclosure by surrounding tall buildings, being residential or commercial with reference to their homes, proximity to parks, measured in terms of the plant type, green space per capita, accessibility to public open spaces for outdoor activities and water body; while parameters inside the house cover the age of the house, bedroom sizes, space per occupant, cooling-off time of taking up residency after renovation, humidity and dust inside the houses. Data collected were classified using random forest classification and further refined with Boruta algorithm for feature selection to identify possible correlation between risk of lung cancer to both outdoor and indoor factors of built environment. The results reveal a strong correlation between lung cancer and the environment where they live, so much so that the finding confirms our long-held belief that urban redevelopment could play an important role in reducing the risk of respiratory disease. Since prevention is better than cure, if by design to relocate pollution sources away from residential areas, provision of good public transportation to cut down vehicles on our streets, creation of green spaces to improve airflow pathway to deduce the concentration of PM in the atmosphere in our neighborhoods, we could perhaps reduce or even prevent lung cancer and a range of other respiratory diseases for the residents we served.
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Alim, Md Abdul, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, Salahuddin Ahmad, Mohammad Adnan Khan, and Sk Akhter Ahmad. "Knowledge of Health Hazards and Perception of Prevention Amongst Females Exposed to Biomass Fuel and Gas/Electricity Fuel in A District of Bangladesh." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i1.13680.
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Indoor air pollution from biomass smoke is now regarded as public health hazard in the developing world, where more than two billion people still rely on the use of solid biomass fuels such as, dung, wood, crop residue and coal for cooking daily meals and heating homes. A crosssectional study was designed and conducted from March to June 2007, in Madla, a rural area, and in Thanthania, an urban area, under Bogra District of Bangladesh, to see and compare the prevalence of respiratory disease among female biomass fuel users and gas/electricity fuel users. A total of 103 females from the rural households meeting the defined enrollment criteria for biomass fuel group were selected purposively as cases, while 101 females from the urban households meeting the defined eligibility criteria for controls were included in gas/electricity fuel group. The participants were interviewed on a semi-structured questionnaire. Nearly 70% of the biomass fuel users used wood for the daily cooking and heating purposes, 64% leaves, 31.1% cow dung, crop residue 30.1% and 7.8% saw-dust. The biomass group exhibited a significantly higher frequency of respiratory problem (16.5%) compared to their gas/electricity counterpart (5%). The findings revealed that, 67.5% of the biomass group complained of eye problem followed by cold 36.1%, headache 33.8%, cough 13.9% and difficulty in breathing 11.1%. The respondents of gas/electricity group also complained about same health hazards but they were less aware of the problems. Both the group had fairly comparable level of perception of prevention of hazards of biomass fuel (p>0.05), except that a significantly higher proportion of biomass group (12.2%) told that the problem could be avoided by using kerosene stove compared to the gas/electricity group (1.2%). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i1.13680 AKMMC J 2013; 4(1): 20-24
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Lacey, Forrest G., Daven K. Henze, Colin J. Lee, Aaron van Donkelaar, and Randall V. Martin. "Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 6 (January 23, 2017): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612430114.
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Residential solid fuel use contributes to degraded indoor and ambient air quality and may affect global surface temperature. However, the potential for national-scale cookstove intervention programs to mitigate the latter issues is not yet well known, owing to the spatial heterogeneity of aerosol emissions and impacts, along with coemitted species. Here we use a combination of atmospheric modeling, remote sensing, and adjoint sensitivity analysis to individually evaluate consequences of a 20-y linear phase-out of cookstove emissions in each country with greater than 5% of the population using solid fuel for cooking. Emissions reductions in China, India, and Ethiopia contribute to the largest global surface temperature change in 2050 [combined impact of −37 mK (11 mK to −85 mK)], whereas interventions in countries less commonly targeted for cookstove mitigation such as Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan have the largest per cookstove climate benefits. Abatement in China, India, and Bangladesh contributes to the largest reduction of premature deaths from ambient air pollution, preventing 198,000 (102,000–204,000) of the 260,000 (137,000–268,000) global annual avoided deaths in 2050, whereas again emissions in Ukraine and Azerbaijan have the largest per cookstove impacts, along with Romania. Global cookstove emissions abatement results in an average surface temperature cooling of −77 mK (20 mK to −278 mK) in 2050, which increases to −118 mK (−11 mK to −335 mK) by 2100 due to delayed CO2 response. Health impacts owing to changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) amount to ∼22.5 million premature deaths prevented between 2000 and 2100.
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Spengler, John D. "Indoor Air Pollution." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854185779045198.
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Brimblecombe, P., and M. Cashmore. "Indoor air pollution." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 121 (December 2004): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004121014.
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Saravanan, N. Port. "Indoor air pollution." Resonance 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902524.
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Hinkle, L. E. "Indoor Air Pollution." Journal of Urology 138, no. 3 (September 1987): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43343-x.
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Emmelin, Anders, and Stig Wall. "Indoor Air Pollution." Chest 132, no. 5 (November 2007): 1615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-1398.
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Briasco, Marie E. "Indoor Air Pollution." AAOHN Journal 38, no. 8 (August 1990): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999003800804.
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Levy, Leonard S. "Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor Environment 3, no. 6 (November 1994): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x9400300612.
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Etzel, Ruth A. "Indoor Air Pollution." Pediatric Annals 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19951201-09.
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Levy, Leonard S. "Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor and Built Environment 3, no. 6 (1994): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463590.
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Su, WeiHan. "Indoor air pollution." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 16, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(95)00048-8.
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Gold, Diane R. "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION." Clinics in Chest Medicine 13, no. 2 (June 1992): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00852-2.
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Nero, Anthony V. "Controlling Indoor Air Pollution." Scientific American 258, no. 5 (May 1988): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0588-42.
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