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Shalaby, Abdulrahman M., and Noor Shamsiah Othman. "The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia." Electronics 11, no. 5 (2022): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050681.
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In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user’s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at high frequencies. The problem of finding the UAV 3D placement is formulated with the objective to minimize the total path loss between the UAV and all users. The problem is solved by invoking two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gradient Descent (GD) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by considering two scenarios to determine the optimum location of the UAV, namely outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. The simulation results show that, for the outdoor-to-outdoor scenario, both algorithms resulted in similar UAV 3D placement unlike for the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Additionally, in both scenarios, the proposed algorithm that invokes PSO requires less iterations to converge to the minimum transmit power compared to that of the algorithm that invokes GD. Moreover, it is also observed that the rain attenuation increases the total path loss for high operating frequencies, namely at 24.9 GHz and 28.1 GHz. Hence, this resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power. At 28.1 GHz, the presence of rain at the rate of 250 mm/h resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power by a factor of 4 and 15 for outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, respectively.
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Al-Saman, Ahmed, Michael Cheffena, Olakunle Elijah, Yousef A. Al-Gumaei, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Tawfik Al-Hadhrami. "Survey of Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models in Indoor Environments." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141653.
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The millimeter-wave (mmWave) is expected to deliver a huge bandwidth to address the future demands for higher data rate transmissions. However, one of the major challenges in the mmWave band is the increase in signal loss as the operating frequency increases. This has attracted several research interests both from academia and the industry for indoor and outdoor mmWave operations. This paper focuses on the works that have been carried out in the study of the mmWave channel measurement in indoor environments. A survey of the measurement techniques, prominent path loss models, analysis of path loss and delay spread for mmWave in different indoor environments is presented. This covers the mmWave frequencies from 28 GHz to 100 GHz that have been considered in the last two decades. In addition, the possible future trends for the mmWave indoor propagation studies and measurements have been discussed. These include the critical indoor environment, the roles of artificial intelligence, channel characterization for indoor devices, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and mmWave for 6G systems. This survey can help engineers and researchers to plan, design, and optimize reliable 5G wireless indoor networks. It will also motivate the researchers and engineering communities towards finding a better outcome in the future trends of the mmWave indoor wireless network for 6G systems and beyond.
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Bian, Chengzhen, Weiping Li, Mingxu Wang, Xinyi Wang, Yi Wei, and Wen Zhou. "Path Loss Measurement of Outdoor Wireless Channel in D-band." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249734.
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D-band (110–170 GHz) has received much attention in recent years due to its larger bandwidth. However, analyzing the loss characteristics of the wireless channel is very complicated at the millimeter-wave (MMW) band. Research on D-band wireless channels has been focused on indoor short-distance transmissions, with few studies looking at outdoor long-distance wireless channels. In this paper, we provide the design of the D-band outdoor long-distance transmission system, propose the outdoor line-of-sight (LOS) propagation measurements, and study the outdoor D-band propagation loss characteristics with distances up to 800 m. The path loss model uses the Floating Intercept (FI) and the Close-In (CI) model is established based on the least square method. In the CI model, the path loss exponent is greater than 2 and increases with frequency, while in the FI model, the path loss exponent has no apparent frequency dependence. The results show that D-band path loss in long-distance outdoor scenarios is greater than that in free space, indicating that the propagation condition is worse than in free space. The results show that both models have similar performance. Under this basis, the model with the smallest number of parameters would be the optimal choice. In addition, these results prospectively provide a theoretical model for designing and optimizing high frequency mm-wave propagation measurements at a distance of 200 m and beyond.
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Castro, Guillermo, Rodolfo Feick, Mauricio Rodriguez, Reinaldo Valenzuela, and Dmitry Chizhik. "Outdoor-to-Indoor Empirical Path Loss Models: Analysis for Pico and Femto Cells in Street Canyons." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 6, no. 4 (2017): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2017.2715169.
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Cama-Pinto, Alejandro, Gabriel Piñeres-Espitia, José Caicedo-Ortiz, Elkin Ramírez-Cerpa, Leonardo Betancur-Agudelo, and Francisco Gómez-Mula. "Received strength signal intensity performance analysis in wireless sensor network using Arduino platform and XBee wireless modules." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 7 (2017): 155014771772269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147717722691.
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Today, through the monitoring of agronomic variables, the wireless sensor networks are playing an increasingly important role in precision agriculture. Among the emerging technologies used to develop prototypes related to wireless sensor network, we find the Arduino platform and XBee radio modules from the DIGI Company. In this article, based on field tests, we conducted a comparative analysis of received strength signal intensity levels, calculation of path loss with “log-normal shadowing” and free-space path loss models. In addition, we measure packet loss for different transmission, distances and environments with respect to an “Arduino Mega” board, and radio modules XBee PRO S1 and XBee Pro S2. The tests for the packet loss and received strength signal intensity level show the best performance for the XBee Pro S2 in the indoor, outdoor, and rural scenarios.
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Macedo, Alex, Thiago Costa, Edemir de Matos, et al. "Channel Analysis for 3.5 GHz Frequency in Airport." Journal of Communication and Information Systems 38, no. 1 (2023): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/jcis.2023.13.
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This letter presents an analysis of the radio propagation channel based on measurements at the 3.5 GHz frequency. The measurement campaigns were carried out inside the Valde-Cans airport using line-of-sight (LOS) transmissions. First, the channel small-scale dispersion parameters were extracted through channel probing and the results are similar to those obtained by ITU-R P.1238 for the bands below 15 GHz considering commercial indoor environments as well as for those using the 3.5 GHz band in outdoor environments utilizing WiMax OFDM-256 signals. Then, the floating-intercept (FI) and close-in (CI) models are applied and analyzed to evaluate the received signal behavior for co-polarized and cross polarized antennas. The results show that the CI path loss exponent values are close to the free space propagation loss model, while the FI model provides a lower root mean square error (RMSE) to the measured data. The results show that the FI and CI models are suitable for large-scale indoor propagation loss modeling for 5G networks with a frequency of 3.5 GHz.
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Diago-Mosquera, Melissa Eugenia, Alejandro Aragón-Zavala, and Mauricio Rodriguez. "Testing a 5G Communication System: Kriging-Aided O2I Path Loss Modeling Based on 3.5 GHz Measurement Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 20 (2021): 6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206716.
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Deep knowledge of how radio waves behave in a practical wireless channel is required for the effective planning and deployment of radio access networks in outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) environments. Using more than 400 non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio measurements at 3.5 GHz, this study analyzes and validates a novel O2I measurement-based path loss prediction narrowband model that characterizes and estimates shadowing through Kriging techniques. The prediction results of the developed model are compared with those of the most traditional assumption of slow fading as a random variable: COST231, WINNER+, ITU-R, 3GPP urban microcell O2I models and field measured data. The results showed and guaranteed that the predicted path loss accuracy, expressed in terms of the mean error, standard deviation and root mean square error (RMSE) was significantly better with the proposed model; it considerably decreased the average error for both scenarios under evaluation.
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Talib, Mushtaq, Norazizah Binti Mohd Aripin, Noor Shamsiah Othman, and Adheed Hasan Sallomi. "Comprehensive Overview on Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G Networks Concentrating on Propagation Models for Different Urban Environments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2322, no. 1 (2022): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2322/1/012095.
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Abstract The global shortage of bandwidth prompted wireless carriers to move towards millimeter wave frequencies (mm-wave), a frequency spectrum that is underutilized by broadband communications networks. Despite the large number of studies and researches on the issue of millimeter wave propagation in outdoor and indoor environments, specifically environments with high population density, the issue of millimeter wave propagation in those environments remains somewhat ambiguous. For the exact purpose of the design and operation of the fifth-generation networks operating within the millimeter frequency spectrum, it has become necessary to obtain information about the wave propagation within those different environments. This paper presents a description of the wave propagation parameters and channel modeling prepared by several international groups, such as line and non-line of-sight (LOS & NLOS) probabilities and different propagation models to understand the mechanism of wave propagation within the millimeter range (0.5–70 GHz). This paper deals with simulating radio wave propagation in favour of different outdoor scenarios, calculating the path loss in several models and determining which models are most appropriate and best for certain environments.
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Neelakanta, Perambur, and Dolores De Groff. "Conceiving Inferential Prototypes of MIMO Channel Models via Buckingham’s Similitude Principle for 30+ GHz through THz Spectrum." Transactions on Networks and Communications 9, no. 3 (2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/tnc.93.10214.
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Facilitating newer bands of ‘unused’ segments (windows) of RF spectrum falling in the mm-wave range (above 30+ GHz) and seeking usable stretches across unallocated THz spectrum, could viably be considered for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communications. This could accommodate the growing needs of multigigabit 3G/4G applications in outdoor-based backhauls in picocellular networks and in indoor-specific multimedia networking. However, in contrast with cellular and Wi-Fi, wireless systems supporting sub-mm wavelength transreceive communications in the outdoor electromagnetic (EM) ambient could face “drastically different propagation geometry”; also, in indoor contexts, envisaging pertinent spatial-multiplexing with directional, MIMO links could pose grossly diverse propagation geometry across a number of multipaths; as such, channel-models based on stochastic features of diverse MIMO-specific links in the desired test spectrum of mm-wave/THz band are sparsely known and almost non-existent. To alleviate this niche, a method is proposed here to infer sub-mm band MIMO channel-models (termed as “prototypes”) by judiciously sharing “similarity” of details available already pertinent to traditional “models” of lower-side EM spectrum, (namely, VLF through micro-/mm-wave). Relevant method proposed here relies on the “principle of similitude” due to Edgar Buckingham. Exemplar set of “model-to-(inferential)-prototype” transformations are derived and prescribed for an exhaustive set of fading channel models as well as, towards estimating path-loss of various channel statistics in the high-end test spectrum.
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Anbazhagan, Rajesh, and Nakkeeran Rangaswamy. "Investigation on Mutual Contention Bandwidth Request Mechanisms in Two-Hop Relay Network with ITU-R Path Loss Models." ISRN Communications and Networking 2013 (May 29, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/417132.
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The performance of two-hop contention based bandwidth request (BR) mechanism for WiMAX relay networks is investigated under ITU-R path loss models. In conventional WiMAX systems, the mobile stations (MS) update their contention window irrespective of their transmission failures. Those systems update their contention window on collision and due to channel error or unavailability of bandwidth. Further, these failure models have been suggested for single hop networks. The failure model in two-hop systems becomes complex since it may include additional failure events such as improper detection of codes and channel error due to varying path loss. Interestingly, these failure events (collision, channel error, unavailability of bandwidth, and improper detection of codes) do not occur evenly for both hops of a link. Hence, to set the contention window effectively, unique failure models are developed by considering the characteristics of BR mechanism and hop at which the BR is performed. In the proposed system, the two-hop BR is carried out with all combinations of message and code bandwidth request schemes. Among them, the message-code BR mechanism performs better under suburban fixed and outdoor to indoor or pedestrian environment, and code-code BR scheme performs better for vehicular environment.
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Askhedkar, Anjali R., Bharat S. Chaudhari, Maha Abdelhaq, Raed Alsaqour, Rashid Saeed, and Marco Zennaro. "LoRa Communication Using TVWS Frequencies: Range and Data Rate." Future Internet 15, no. 8 (2023): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15080270.
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Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a wireless communication technology that offers large coverage, low data rates, and low power consumption, making it a suitable choice for the growing Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communication applications. Long range (LoRa), an LPWAN technology, has recently been used in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band for various low-power wireless applications. The coverage and data rate supported by these devices in the ISM band is well-studied in the literature. In this paper, we study the usage of TV white spaces (TVWS) for LoRa transmissions to address the growing spectrum demand. Additionally, the range and data rate of TVWS-based LoRa, for different transmission parameter values using different path-loss models and for various scenarios such as free space, outdoor and indoor are investigated. A path-loss model for TVWS-based LoRa is also proposed and explored, and the evaluations show that TVWS offers a longer range. This range and data rate study would be useful for efficient network planning and system design for TVWS-based LoRa LPWANs.
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Azevedo, Joaquim Amândio, and Fábio Mendonça. "A Critical Review of the Propagation Models Employed in LoRa Systems." Sensors 24, no. 12 (2024): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123877.
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LoRa systems are emerging as a promising technology for wireless sensor networks due to their exceptional range and low power consumption. The successful deployment of LoRa networks relies on accurate propagation models to facilitate effective network planning. Therefore, this review explores the landscape of propagation models supporting LoRa networks. Specifically, we examine empirical propagation models commonly employed in communication systems, assessing their applicability across various environments such as outdoor, indoor, and within vegetation. Our investigation underscores the prevalence of logarithmic decay in most empirical models. In addition, we survey the relationship between model parameters and environmental factors, clearing their nuanced interplay. Analyzing published measurement results, we extract the log-distance model parameters to decipher environmental influences comprehensively. Drawing insights from published measurement results for LoRa, we compare them with the model’s outcomes, highlighting successes and limitations. We additionally explore the application of multi-slope models to LoRa measurements to evaluate its effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of path loss prediction. Finally, we propose new lines for future research in propagation modelling to improve empirical models.
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Hachemi, Mohammed Hicham, Sidi Mohammed Hadj Irid, Miloud Benchehima, and Mourad Hadjila. "Pedestrian mobility management for heterogeneous networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (2022): 1530–40. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1530-1540.
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Pending the arrival of the next generation of 5G which is not yet deployed in some countries like Algeria, 4G LTE remains one of the main mobile networks to ensure adequate quality services. This paper presents a new approach called the epsilon Kalman filter with normalized least-mean-square (ϵKFNLMS) to ensure and improve the mobility management of pedestrian UEs in two-tier 4G LTE networks. ϵKFNLMS uses a two-step process: i) Tracking process, performed by Kalman filter, known for its very low estimation error. ii) Prediction process, performed by the variable step-size least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm (VSS-NLMS), known for its prediction of the future state at ”t+p”, where ”p” is the prediction footstep. Through different numerical simulations in several indoor/outdoor environments, the results show that the effectiveness of the proposed approach provides: a precise setting of the handover trigger, a lower mean square error (MSE), a faster convergence with a steady-state compared to the classical normalized LMS (NLMS) and Li-NLMS adaptive filters.
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Al-Samman, Ahmed M., Marwan Hadri Azmi, Y. A. Al-Gumaei, et al. "Millimeter Wave Propagation Measurements and Characteristics for 5G System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010335.
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In future 5G systems, the millimeter wave (mmWave) band will be used to support a large capacity for current mobile broadband. Therefore, the radio access technology (RAT) should be made available for 5G devices to help in distinct situations, for example device-to-device communications (D2D) and multi-hops. This paper presents ultra-wideband channel measurements for millimeter wave bands at 19, 28, and 38 GHz. We used an ultra-wideband channel sounder (1 GHz bandwidth) in an indoor to outdoor (I2O) environment for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. In an NLOS environment, there is no direct path (line of sight), and all of the contributed paths are received from different physical objects by refection propagation phenomena. Hence, in this work, a directional horn antenna (high gain) was used at the transmitter, while an omnidirectional antenna was used at the receiver to collect the radio signals from all directions. The path loss and temporal dispersion were examined based on the acquired measurement data—the 5G propagation characteristics. Two different path loss models were used, namely close-in (CI) free space reference distance and alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) models. The time dispersion parameters were provided based on a mean excess delay, a root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and a maximum excess delay. The path loss exponent for this NLOS specific environment was found to be low for all of the proposed frequencies, and the RMS delay spread values were less than 30 ns for all of the measured frequencies, and the average RMS delay spread values were 19.2, 19.3, and 20.3 ns for 19, 28, and 38 GHz frequencies, respectively. Moreover, the mean excess delay values were found also at 26.1, 25.8, and 27.3 ns for 19, 28, and 38 GHz frequencies, respectively. The propagation signal through the NLOS channel at 19, 28, and 38 GHz was strong with a low delay; it is concluded that these bands are reliable for 5G systems in short-range applications.
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Janssen, Thomas, Noori BniLam, Michiel Aernouts, Rafael Berkvens, and Maarten Weyn. "LoRa 2.4 GHz Communication Link and Range." Sensors 20, no. 16 (2020): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164366.
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Recently, Semtech has released a Long Range (LoRa) chipset which operates at the globally available 2.4 GHz frequency band, on top of the existing sub-GHz, km-range offer, enabling hardware manufacturers to design region-independent chipsets. The SX1280 LoRa module promises an ultra-long communication range while withstanding heavy interference in this widely used band. In this paper, we first provide a mathematical description of the physical layer of LoRa in the 2.4 GHz band. Secondly, we investigate the maximum communication range of this technology in three different scenarios. Free space, indoor and urban path loss models are used to simulate the propagation of the 2.4 GHz LoRa modulated signal at different spreading factors and bandwidths. Additionally, we investigate the corresponding data rates. The results show a maximum range of 133 km in free space, 74 m in an indoor office-like environment and 443 m in an outdoor urban context. While a maximum data rate of 253.91 kbit/s can be achieved, the data rate at the longest possible range in every scenario equals 0.595 kbit/s. Due to the configurable bandwidth and lower data rates, LoRa outperforms other technologies in the 2.4 GHz band in terms of communication range. In addition, both communication and localization applications deployed in private LoRa networks can benefit from the increased bandwidth and localization accuracy of this system when compared to public sub-GHz networks.
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Bashar Fakhri, Ahmed, Sadik Kamel Gharghan, and Saleem Latteef Mohammed. "Path-loss modelling for WSN deployment in indoor and outdoor environments for medical applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15409.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their applications have received significantly interested in the last few years. In WSN, knowing an accurate path-loss model as well as packet delivery should be taken into account for the successful distribution of several nodes in the net-work. This paper presents a path-loss modeling and performance evaluation of the ZigBee wireless standard. Received signal strength indi-cator (RSSI) measurements were achieved in outdoor and indoor environments to derive the path-loss based on Log-Normal Shadowing Model (LNSM). The path-loss parameters such as standard deviation and path loss exponents were estimated over point-to-point ZigBee WSN. In addition, the variances of received RSSI values and standard deviation for these values have been investigated. Furthermore, the data packets received is measured practically. Results revealed that the LNSM can be estimated to reflect the channel losses in both outdoor and indoor environments for medical application. The data delivery was achieved successfully of 100% in outdoor which better than indoor due to multipath propagation and shadowing. Moreover, the data packets delivery of the current work outperformed previous work.
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Li, De-Wei, and Bryce Kendrick. "Functional and causal relationships between indoor and outdoor airborne fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 2 (1996): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-024.
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From May to October, relationships of total numbers of airborne fungal propagules between indoor and outdoor sampling sites were very strong, particularly for Alternaria and Leptosphaeria, while that for unidentified ascospores was positive but to a lesser degree. Indoor and outdoor counts of Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Ganoderma, unidentified spores, hyphal fragments, and biodiversity (total number of fungal genera) were also significantly positively related. There appeared to be no functional relationship between Aspergillus/Penicillium conidia in indoor and outdoor air. From November to April, indoor and outdoor counts of Alternaria, Ganoderma, and hyphal fragments displayed negative relationships, but there was a positive correlation for Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Leptosphaeria, unidentified ascospores, total fungal spores, unidentified spores, and biodiversity. Once again, no functional relationship was detected between Aspergillus/Penicillium indoors and outdoors. The functional relationships of airborne fungi with indoor environmental factors are examined and discussed. A lack of causal relationships, as detected by path analysis, indicates that airborne spores of Alternaria, Leptosphaeria, unidentified ascospores, Coprinus, and Ganoderma came mainly from outdoor sources. All path models fitted this hypothesis well, except for Aspergillus/Penicillium. On the other hand, path analysis suggested that there were probably indoor sources of Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Aspergillus/Penicillium, unidentified basidiospores, and unidentified spores. Most of the models explained a large proportion of variance of indoor airborne fungi. Keywords: airborne fungal spores, redundancy analysis, path analysis.
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Yang, Zanru, Le Chung Tran, and Farzad Safaei. "Step Length Estimation Using the RSSI Method in Walking and Jogging Scenarios." Sensors 22, no. 4 (2022): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041640.
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In this paper, human step length was estimated based on wireless channel properties and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) method. Path loss between two ankles of the person under test was converted from the RSSI, which was measured using our developed wearable transceivers with embedded micro-controllers in four scenarios, namely indoor walking, outdoor walking, indoor jogging, and outdoor jogging. For brevity, we call it on-ankle path loss. The histogram of the on-ankle path loss showed clearly that there were two humps, where the second hump was closely related to the maximum path loss, which, in turn, corresponded to the step length. This histogram can be well approximated by a two-term Gaussian fitting curve model. Based on the histogram of the experimental data and the two-term Gaussian fitting curve, we propose a novel filtering technique to filter out the path loss outliers, which helps set up the upper and lower thresholds of the path loss values used for the step length estimation. In particular, the upper threshold was found to be on the right side of the second Gaussian hump, and its value was a function of the mean value and the standard deviation of the second Gaussian hump. Meanwhile, the lower threshold lied on the left side of the second hump and was determined at the point where the survival rate of the measured data fell to 0.68, i.e., the cumulative distribution function (CDF) approached 0.32. The experimental data showed that the proposed filtering technique resulted in high accuracy in step length estimation with errors of only 10.15 mm for the indoor walking, 4.40 mm for the indoor jogging, 4.81 mm for the outdoor walking, and 10.84 mm for the outdoor jogging scenarios, respectively.
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Hongmei, Zhao, Yao Hailong, and Guo Shuting. "Research on path loss and shadow fading of ultra wideband simulation channel." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 12, no. 12 (2016): 155014771667984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716679847.
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The uniform geometrical theory of diffraction and ray tracing technique is used to simulate ultra wideband signal multipath propagation characteristics. The simulation model covers indoor office and outdoor corridor with thick wall and metal doors. The range of path loss exponent of distance is obtained by regression analysis, and the lognormal distribution about shadowing fading is got by the fitting and test. The distance-dependence path loss in the indoor and indoor to the corridor present lognormal distribution characteristics. Through the comparative research, the signal of the transmission metal door has a decisive influence on the corridor environment.
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Zhong, Zhimeng, Jianyao Zhao, and Chao Li. "Outdoor-to-Indoor Channel Measurement and Coverage Analysis for 5G Typical Spectrums." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3981678.
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The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications system will adopt the millimeter wave (mmWave) band for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage to achieve ultrahigh data rate. However, it is a challenging task because of the large path loss and almost total blocking by building walls. In this work, we performed extensive measurements on the O2I propagation at 3.5, 4.9, and 28 GHz simultaneously by using a multiband channel sounder. We captured the path loss distribution and angular power arrival profiles. We also measured the penetration loss at 28 GHz through different kinds of glass windows. The widely adopted ordinary glass windows introduce the penetration loss of 3 to 12 dB that is acceptable and makes mmWave O2I coverage feasible. But the low-emissivity (low-E) windows that will be more popular in the future introduce 10 dB higher loss. The measurement results in this work can help analyse and anticipate the O2I coverage by mmWave, which is important for the design and deployment of the 5G network.
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Soontornpipit, Pichitpong. "Study of 403.5 MHz Path Loss Models for Indoor Wireless Communications with Implanted Medical Devices on the Human Body." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, no. 2 (2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012102.170402.
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This paper contains simulated and measured data for 402-405 MHz radio propagation path loss in the consultation room for the allocated Medical Implant Communication System (MICS) band. The propagation models have been developed based on the number of partitions, concrete walls and objects between the transmitter and receiver. Unfurnished and furnished rooms were studied for indoor path loss and room penetration loss in a narrow band measurement. The received signals were measured, and effects from the indoor environment were evaluated to determine accurate impacts on the communication system. The fading in path loss for unfurnished and furnished indoor models with different polarizations was also considered. The path loss from the proposed models was illustrated and compared with the free space model. In this paper, the indoor wave propagation at the 403.5 MHz band was studied with both simulations and measurements to provide information that may aid the development of futuristic indoor communication for biotelemetry systems.
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Abdullah, Saifuddin, and Dr Fuad Al-Najjar. "A Collective Statistical Analysis of Outdoor Path Loss Models." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 1 (2012): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v3i1a.2720.
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This study encompasses nine path loss models (Erceg-Greenstein, Green-Obaidat, COST Hata, Hata Urban, Hata Rural, Hata Suburban, SUI, Egli and ECC-33) which were programmed on Python and studied for their results in an urban architecture (translated by higher attenuation variables) at 950 MHz and 1800 MHz. The results obtained showed that increasing the transmission antenna height with the increasing distance not only lowers down the path loss readings, but also shows that the standard deviation between the results of studied path loss models increases with the increasing transmission antenna height and increasing distance at both 950 MHz and 1800 MHz systems, especially when transmission antenna height crosses the GSM standard of 40 meters and cell-radius exceeds the limit of 20 kilometers. Moreover, it is also observed that at both 950 MHz and 1800 MHz, the path loss readings of all the models disperse from their collective mean between 1 and 10 Km, but tend converge afterwards (i.e. from 10 to 40 Km and onwards) towards their mean, which indicates that path loss readings of the urban models tend to follow either a single convergence point on large distances or reach their maximum threshold level (a level from which their readings cannot exceed or differ from each other significantly).
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Zhao, Bo, Chao Zheng, Xinxin Ren, and Jianrong Dai. "An Optimization Method Combining RSSI and PDR Data to Estimate Distance between Smart Devices for COVID-19 Contact Tracing." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2023 (February 9, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7711901.
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Distance estimation methods arise in many applications, such as indoor positioning and COVID-19 contact tracing. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is favored in distance estimation. However, the accuracy is not satisfactory due to the signal fluctuation. Besides, the RSSI-only method has a large-ranging error because it uses fixed parameters of the path loss model. Here, we propose an optimization method combining RSSI and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) data to estimate the distance between smart devices. The PDR may provide high accuracy of walking distance and direction. Moreover, the parameters of the path loss model are optimized to dynamically fit the complex electromagnetic environment. The proposed method is evaluated in outdoor and indoor environments and compared with the RSSI-only method. The results show that the mean absolute error is reduced up to 0.51 m and 1.02 m, with an improvement of 10.60% and 64.55% for outdoor and indoor environments, respectively, compared with the RSSI-only method. Consequently, the proposed optimization method has better accuracy of distance estimation than the RSSI-only method, and its feasibility is demonstrated through real-world evaluations.
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Anastasiou, Chrysovalantis, Constantinos Costa, Panos K. Chrysanthis, Cyrus Shahabi, and Demetrios Zeinalipour-Yazti. "ASTRO: Reducing COVID-19 Exposure through Contact Prediction and Avoidance." ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems 8, no. 2 (2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490492.
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The fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance and benefits of recommending paths that reduce the exposure to and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus by avoiding crowded indoor or outdoor areas. Existing path discovery techniques are inadequate for coping with such dynamic and heterogeneous (indoor and outdoor) environments—they typically find an optimal path assuming a homogeneous and/or static graph, and hence they cannot be used to support contact avoidance. In this article, we pose the need for Mobile Contact Avoidance Navigation and propose ASTRO ( A ccessible S patio- T emporal R oute O ptimization), a novel graph-based path discovering algorithm that can reduce the risk of COVID-19 exposure by taking into consideration the congestion in indoor spaces. ASTRO operates in an A * manner to find the most promising path for safe movement within and across multiple buildings without constructing the full graph. For its path finding, ASTRO requires predicting congestion in corridors and hallways. Consequently, we propose a new grid-based partitioning scheme combined with a hash-based two-level structure to store congestion models, called CM-Structure , which enables on-the-fly forecasting of congestion in corridors and hallways. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ASTRO and the accuracy of CM-Structure ’s congestion models empirically with realistic datasets, showing up to one order of magnitude reduction in COVID-19 exposure.
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Chomba, B. K., D. B. O. Konditi, D. M. Nyaanga, and J. M. Githeko. "Effects of Varying Distance on Wireless Signal Propagation in Indoor and Outdoor Built Sites." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 6 (November 2011): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.6.75.
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The effects of varying distances on wireless signal propagation in indoor and outdoor built sites is presented in this paper. In indoor and outdoor built sites the major RF signal attenuation is due to multi-path interference, signal loss (fading), and non-line of sight signal blockage. A number of mobile communication systems is currently and frequently being used in indoor environments based on IEEE 802.11b standards which is on 2.4GHz frequency ISM band at the rate of 11Mbps. To determine the effects of varying distances on signal strength at 2.457 GHz, a Spykee spy Wi-Fi robot was used as the transmitter and laptop installed with a Wi-Fi card and Spykee console software to control the robot was used as the receiver. Results showed that the signal attenuation levels increased as distances increased.
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Naik, Udaykumar, and Vishram N. Bapat. "Adaptive Empirical Path Loss Prediction Models for Indoor WLAN." Wireless Personal Communications 79, no. 2 (2014): 1003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1914-9.
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Yang, Zanru, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, Anh Tuyen Le, and Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn. "Real-Time Step Length Estimation in Indoor and Outdoor Scenarios." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218472.
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In this paper, human step length is estimated based on the wireless channel properties and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) method. The path loss between two ankles, called the on-ankle path loss, is converted from the RSSI, which is measured by our developed wearable hardware in indoor and outdoor ambulation scenarios. The human walking step length is estimated by a reliable range of RSSI values. The upper threshold and the lower threshold of this range are determined experimentally. This paper advances our previous step length measurement technique by proposing a novel exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) algorithm to update the upper and lower thresholds, and thus the step length estimation, recursively. The EWMA algorithm allows our measurement technique to process each shorter subset of the dataset, called a time window, and estimate the step length, rather than having to process the whole dataset at a time. The step length is periodically updated on the fly when the time window is “sliding” forwards. Thus, the EWMA algorithm facilitates the step length estimation in real-time. The impact of the EWMA parameter is analysed, and the optimal parameter is discovered for different experimental scenarios. Our experiments show that the EWMA algorithm could achieve comparable accuracy as our previously proposed technique with errors as small as 3.02% and 0.30% for the indoor and outdoor scenarios, respectively, while the processing time required to output an estimation of the step length could be significantly shortened by 53.96% and 60% for the indoor walking and outdoor walking, respectively.
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Samad, Md Abdus, Dong-You Choi, and Kwonhue Choi. "Path loss measurement and modeling of 5G network in emergency indoor stairwell at 3.7 and 28 GHz." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0282781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282781.
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Research on path loss in indoor stairwells for 5G networks is currently insufficient. However, the study of path loss in indoor staircases is essential for managing network traffic quality under typical and emergency conditions and for localization purpose. This study investigated radio propagation on a staircase where a wall separated the stairs from free space. A horn and an omnidirectional antenna were used to determine path loss. The measured path loss evaluated the close-in-free-space reference distance, alpha-beta model, close-in-free-space reference distance with frequency weighting, and alpha-beta-gamma model. These four models exhibited good compatibility with the measured average path loss. However, comparing the path loss distributions of the projected models revealed that the alpha-beta model exhibited 1.29 dB and 6.48 dB for respectively, at 3.7 GHz and 28 GHz bands. Furthermore, the path loss standard deviations obtained in this study were smaller than those reported in previous studies.
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Sriploy, Pongnarin, Peerapong Uthansakul, and Monthippa Uthansakul. "The Optimum Number of Nodes and Radius for Distributed Beamforming Networks." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 12, no. 2 (2014): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2014122.170821.
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This paper presents a ready-made formula to calculate the number of node and network radius for distributed beamforming networks. The calculation is based on guarantee of received signal at destination to be higher than received sensitivity. The proposed calculation model already includes path loss and also imperfection in node location estimation, which can be applied for both indoor and outdoor scenarios.
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Li, Qiang, Hongxin Zhang, Yang Lu, Tianyi Zheng, and Yinghua Lv. "A new method for path-loss modeling." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 08 (2019): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000084.
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AbstractIn this paper, a new path-loss model for electromagnetic wave in an indoor multipath environment is proposed based on matching coefficient, polarization matching factor, and normalized field intensity direction function. This model is called the Friis-extension (Friis-EXT) model, because it operates as the Friis model under certain conditions. In addition, in the modeling process of the path-loss in an indoor environment, the reflective surfaces in the environment and form of the antenna are considered. Afterwards, the path-loss data in an indoor corridor environment are measured, and the maximum error between the theoretical value and the measured data is <7.5 dB. Finally, the Friis-EXT model is compared with some other traditional models, and the results show that the Friis-EXT model is the best one that matches the measurement data.
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Oladimeji, Tolulope T., Pradeep Kumar, and Mohamed K. Elmezughi. "Path Loss Measurements and Model Analysis in an Indoor Corridor Environment at 28 GHz and 38 GHz." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197642.
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This paper examines the large-scale path loss models for an indoor corridor environment at frequencies of 28 and 38 GHz. The measurement environment consists of an indoor corridor with both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) scenarios using vertical–vertical (V–V) and vertical–horizontal (V–H) antenna polarizations. The single-frequency close-in (CI), floating intercept (FI), free space large-scale path loss models and measured data from the measurement campaign were used to evaluate the performance analysis. The paper also focuses on various parameters, such as standard deviation, path loss exponent (PLE), accuracy, simplicity, and stability of the models. The analysis focuses on the peculiarity of the effect of the wall proximity on the path loss parameters as well as comparisons with the parameters in some of the reviewed literature studies. The FI and CI models produce comparable results for both antenna polarizations and clearly fit with the measured path loss. The PLE, with the highest value of 3.33 at 38 GHz (V–H), is much higher in the NLOS scenario with V–H polarization due to the signal degradation along the path from the transmitter (Tx) to the receiver (Rx). This is because there is no direct LOS between the Tx and Rx antennas. The Rx only relies on signal diffractions and reflections from obstacles as it transmits through the path from the Tx antenna. The path loss measurements and model analysis presented here are useful in designing 5G wireless communication systems for indoor environments, particularly for power budget calculations.
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K, Periyakaruppan, Manohari D, Kavitha M S, and Chellaprabha B. "OPTIMIZATION OF MANET WITH MIMO FOR FOREST APPLICATION USING ADVANCED ANTENNA MODELS." ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 8, no. 1 (2022): 1318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2022.0227.
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In this proposed work, the impulse response of the channel was measured to estimate the PL of an ad hoc network with more than one antenna in different environments, such as indoors, outdoors, in a forest, or in a combination of propagation environments. Some of these places are: Also, a brand-new way to find a PL path with the lowest cost is suggested and put into action. Assuming that all communication nodes are within the network''s transmission range, the suggested method can find the path in the network that loses the least amount of data. But this is seen as a problem, and it is planned that it will be fixed in our next project. So, based on the results, the proposed protocol is made and tested to make sure that communication goes through a secure route with the least amount of packet loss. Along with the transmission range limit, the power limit would also need to be worked on in the future because it is thought to be another important part of mobile ad hoc networks. Another important part of mobile ad hoc networks is how much energy they need. MANET runs on batteries, so energy, or power, is one of the most important parts of how it works.
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Samimi, Mathew K., Theodore S. Rappaport, and George R. MacCartney. "Probabilistic Omnidirectional Path Loss Models for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Communications." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 4, no. 4 (2015): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2015.2417559.
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Qasem, Nidal, and Mohammad Alkhawatrah. "60 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation path loss models for modified indoor environments." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 3 (2024): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i3.pp2737-2752.
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The 60 GHz band has been selected for short-range communication systems to meet consumers’ needs for high data rates. However, this frequency is attenuated by obstacles. This study addresses the limitations of the 60 GHz band by modifying indoor environments with square loop (SL) frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) wallpaper, thereby increasing its utilization. The SL FSS wallpaper response at a 61.5 GHz frequency has been analyzed using both MATLAB and CST Studio Suite software. ‘Wireless InSite’ is also used to demonstrate enhanced wave propagation in a building modified with SL FSSs wallpaper. The demonstration is applied to multiple input multiple output system to verify the effectiveness of FSSs on such systems’ capacity, as well as the effect of the human body on capacity. Simulation results presented here show that modifying a building using SL FSS wallpaper is an attractive scheme for significantly improving the indoor 60 GHz wireless communications band. This paper also presents and compares two large-scale indoor propagation path loss models, the close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the floating intercept (FI) model. Data obtained from ‘Wireless InSite’ over distances ranging from 4 to 14.31 m is analyzed. Results show that the CI model provides good estimation and exhibits stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared to the FI model.
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Nidal, Qasem, and Alkhawatrah Mohammad. "60 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation path loss models for modified indoor environments." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 3 (2024): 2737–52. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i3.pp2737-2752.
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The 60 GHz band has been selected for short-range communication systems to meet consumers’ needs for high data rates. However, this frequency is attenuated by obstacles. This study addresses the limitations of the 60 GHz band by modifying indoor environments with square loop (SL) frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) wallpaper, thereby increasing its utilization. The SL FSS wallpaper response at a 61.5 GHz frequency has been analyzed using both MATLAB and CST Studio Suite software. ‘Wireless InSite’ is also used to demonstrate enhanced wave propagation in a building modified with SL FSSs wallpaper. The demonstration is applied to multiple input multiple output system to verify the effectiveness of FSSs on such systems’ capacity, as well as the effect of the human body on capacity. Simulation results presented here show that modifying a building using SL FSS wallpaper is an attractive scheme for significantly improving the indoor 60 GHz wireless communications band. This paper also presents and compares two large-scale indoor propagation path loss models, the close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the floating intercept (FI) model. Data obtained from ‘Wireless InSite’ over distances ranging from 4 to 14.31 m is analyzed. Results show that the CI model provides good estimation and exhibits stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared to the FI model.
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Abdul-Samed, Baqir, and Ammar Aldair. "Outdoor & Indoor Quadrotor Mission." 3D SCEEER Conference sceeer, no. 3d (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.sceeer.3rd.01.
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The last few years Quadrotor became an important topic, many researches have implemented and tested concerning that topic. Quadrotor also called an unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), it's highly used in many applications like security, civil applications, aid, rescue and a lot of other applications. It’s not a conventional helicopter because of small size, low cost and the ability of vertical and takeoff landing (VTOL). The models kept an eye on quadrotors were presented, the advancement of this new kind of air vehicle is hindered for a very long while because of different reasons, for example, mechanical multifaceted nature, enormous size and weight, and challenges in charge particularly. Just as of late a lot of interests and endeavors have been pulled in on it; a quadrotor has even become a progressively discretionary vehicle for useful application. Quadrotor can be used in variable, different , outdoor and indoor missions; these missions should be implemented with high value of accuracy and quality. In this work two scenarios suggested for different two missions. First mission the quadrotor will be used to reach different goals in the simulated city for different places during one flight using path following algorithm. The second mission will be an indoor arrival mission, during that mission quadrotor will avoid obstacles by using only Pure pursuit algorithm (PPA). To show the benefit of using the new strategy it will compare with a victor field histogram algorithm (VFH) which is used widely in robotics for avoiding obstacles, the comparison will be in terms of reaching time and distance of reaching the goal. The Gazebo Simulator (GS) is used to visualize the movement of the quadrotor. The gazebo has another preferred position it helps to show the motion development of the quadrotor without managing the mathematical model of the quadrotor. The Robotic Operating System (ROS) is used to transfer the data between the MATLAB Simulink program and the Gazebo Simulator. The diversion results show that, the proposed mission techniques win to drive the quarter on the perfect route similarly at the limit with regards to the quadrotor to go without hitting any obstacle in the perfect way.
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Avella-Cely, Sandy Enrique, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Pérez, Herman Antonio Fernández-González, Lorenzo Rubio-Arjona, Juan Ribera Reig-Pascual, and Vicent Miguel Rodrigo-Peñarrocha. "Path Loss Characterization in an Indoor Laboratory Environment at 3.7 GHz in in Line-Of-Sight Condition." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 29, no. 54 (2020): e12015. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.12015.
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The objective of this work is to propose experimental path loss propagation models for communication channels in indoor environments. In this sense, an experimental path loss characterization has been achieved, according to the measurements campaign carried out in a typical scenario of a university campus. These narrowband measurements were collected in the laboratory environment at 3.7 GHz in line-of-sight (LOS) condition. Also, these measurements were carried out at night to simulate stationary channel conditions. Thus, the results obtained show the values of the parameters of the close-in (CI) free space reference distance and floating-intercept (FI) path loss models, in terms of the transmitter and receiver separation distance. It should be noted that these values of the path loss models have been extracted applying linear regression techniques to the measured data. Also, these values agree with the path loss exponent values presented by other researchers in similar scenarios. The path loss behavior can be described with the implementation of these models. However, more measurement campaigns are needed to improve the understanding of propagation channel features, as well as to obtain better precision in the results obtained. This, in order to optimize the deployment and performance of next fifth-generation (5G) networks that combine indoor environments to offer their services and applications.
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Kaya , Abdil, Brecht De Beelde, Wout Joseph, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Geodesic Path Model for Indoor Propagation Loss Prediction of Narrowband Channels." Sensors 22, no. 13 (2022): 4903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134903.
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Indoor path loss models characterize the attenuation of signals between a transmitting and receiving antenna for a certain frequency and type of environment. Their use ranges from network coverage planning to joint communication and sensing applications such as localization and crowd counting. The need for this proposed geodesic path model comes forth from attempts at path loss-based localization on ships, for which the traditional models do not yield satisfactory path loss predictions. In this work, we present a novel pathfinding-based path loss model, requiring only a simple binary floor map and transmitter locations as input. The approximated propagation path is determined using geodesics, which are constrained shortest distances within path-connected spaces. However, finding geodesic paths from one distinct path-connected space to another is done through a systematic process of choosing space connector points and concatenating parts of the geodesic path. We developed an accompanying tool and present its algorithm which automatically extracts model parameters such as the number of wall crossings on the direct path as well as on the geodesic path, path distance, and direction changes on the corners along the propagation path. Moreover, we validate our model against path loss measurements conducted in two distinct indoor environments using DASH-7 sensor networks operating at 868 MHz. The results are then compared to traditional floor-map-based models. Mean absolute errors as low as 4.79 dB and a standard deviation of the model error of 3.63 dB is achieved in a ship environment, almost half the values of the next best traditional model. Improvements in an office environment are more modest with a mean absolute error of 6.16 dB and a standard deviation of 4.55 dB.
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Mizuno, Yuta, Kentaro Nishimori, and Ryotaro Taniguchi. "A study on outdoor to indoor penetration path loss at 2 and 5 GHz." IEICE Communications Express 8, no. 12 (2019): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.2019gcl0056.
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Phaiboon, Supachai, P. Phokharatkul, and Suripon Somkuarnpanit. "NEW UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS LINE OF SIGHT PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE PROPAGATION IN BUILDINGS." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 24, no. 4 (2017): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.214.
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This paper proposes a method to predict line-of-sight (LOS) path loss in buildings. We performed measurements in two different type of buildings at a frequency of 1.8 GHz and propose new upper and lower bounds path loss models which depend on max and min values of sample path loss data. This makes our models limit path loss within the boundary lines. The models include time-variant effects such as people moving and cars in parking areas with their influence on wave propagation that is very high. The results have shown that the proposed models will be useful for the system and cell design of indoor wireless communication systems.
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Nurrahman, Winaldi, Abdullah Zainuddin, and Made sutha Yadnya. "ANALISIS STATISTIK LEVEL DAYA SINYAL PROVIDER TELKOMSEL DAN XL DI JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO UNIVERSITAS MATARAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE WALK TEST." DIELEKTRIKA 10, no. 1 (2023): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dielektrika.v10i1.326.
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Testing the signal power level is an important element to determine the classification of the signal power level in the measurement area by taking into account the standard signal reception parameters from the provider used. In this study, the signal power level was measured for indoor and outdoor conditions for Telkomsel and XL providers, as well as a statistical analysis of the results of path loss measurements at a working frequency of 2.1 GHz. This study aims to determine a good location for accessing the internet based on the results of measuring the signal power level value, so that from the signal power level mapping results obtained, the indoor provider XL condition value with the normal location category has an average signal power level of -90 dBm and the XL provider outdoor condition with the good category has an average power level of -80 dBm. In indoor conditions, Telkomsel providers are in the medium category with an average signal power level of -90 dBm, and in outdoor locations, Telkomsel providers are in the good, medium, and bad categories with power level values of -110 to -80.
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Ullah, Ubaid, Usman Rauf Kamboh, Ferdous Hossain, and Muhammad Danish. "Outdoor-to-Indoor and Indoor-to-Indoor Propagation Path Loss Modeling Using Smart 3D Ray Tracing Algorithm at 28 GHz mmWave." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 45, no. 12 (2020): 10223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04661-w.
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Kamboh, Usman Rauf, Muhammad Rehman Shahid, Hamza Aldabbas, et al. "Radio Network Forensic with mmWave Using the Dominant Path Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (January 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9692892.
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For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and radio network crimes, digital forensic for radio networks provides foundations. The data transfer rate for the next-generation wireless networks would be much greater than today’s network in the coming years. The fifth-generation wireless systems are considering bands beyond 6 GHz. The network design of the next-generation wireless systems depends on propagation characteristics, frequency reuse, and bandwidth variation. This article declares the channel’s propagation characteristics of both line of sight (LoS) and non-LOS (NLoS) to construct and detect the path of rays coming from anomalies. The simulations were carried out to investigate the diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD). Indoor and outdoor measurements were taken with the omnidirectional circular dipole antenna with a transmitting frequency of 28 GHz and 60 GHz to compare the two bands of the 5th generation. Millimeter-wave communication comes with a higher constraint for implementing and deploying higher losses, low diffractions, and low signal penetrations for the mentioned two bands. For outdoor, a MATLAB built-in 3D ray tracing algorithm is used while for an indoor office environment, an in-house algorithmic simulator built using MATLAB is used to analyze the channel characteristics.
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Noh, Sun-Kuk, and DongYou Choi. "Propagation Model in Indoor and Outdoor for the LTE Communications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (June 16, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3134613.
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Rapidly rising demand for radio communication and the explosion in the number of mobile communications service subscribers have led to the need for optimization in the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Previous studies on the development of propagation models considering a propagation environment in the existing microwave band have been mainly focused on analyzing the propagation characteristics with regard to large-scale factors such as path losses, delay propagation, and angle diffusions. In this paper, we investigated the concept of spatial and time changes ratios in the measurement of wave propagations and measured RSRP of Long Term Evolution (LTE) signals at three locations considering the time rate of 1% and 50%. We confirmed the concept of spatial and time changes rate based on the results of analyzing the signal data measured and proposed the propagation models 1 and 2 in microcell downtown. The forecast results using proposed models 1 and 2 were better than the COST231 model in both indoor and outdoor measured places. It was predicted between a time rate of 1% and 50% indoor within 400m and outdoor within 200m. In the future, we will study the propagation model of 5G mobile communication as well as the current 4G communication using artificial intelligence technology.
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Mohamed, Ibrahim. "Guide for Precise Path Loss Estimation in Indoor Environments." International Science and Technology Journal 36, no. 2 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.62341/imge0407.
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Providing coverage in closed environments becomes very crucial more and more. This is due to the great importance it gains nowadays as many indoor environments, such as factories, airports, large malls, and even indoor theme parks are deployed throughout the world. Internal base transceiver stations (BTSs) can be deployed to do so. Using internal BTSs can ensure permanent access albeit from inside buildings. In this paper, the author aims to reach a precise path loss estimation in closed environments (Indoor environments). This would significantly help the operators and cellular network designers due to the important role it is expected to play in determining appropriate cell size; that is a cell size with acceptable performance, which leads to achieve reasonable overall system cost. Matlab was used to realize the aforementioned goal. The path loss has been estimated in many possible indoor scenarios, which facilitates selection of appropriate cell size. The cell size may vary according to the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNRreq). Keywords: wireless channel characteristics, attenuation and dispersion, large-scale fading, small-scale fading, path loss predicting models.
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Fernández Anitzine, Ignacio, Juan Antonio Romo Argota, and Fernado Pérez Fontán. "Influence of Training Set Selection in Artificial Neural Network-Based Propagation Path Loss Predictions." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/351487.
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This paper analyzes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting the received power/path loss in both outdoor and indoor links. The approach followed has been a combined use of ANNs and ray-tracing, the latter allowing the identification and parameterization of the so-called dominant path. A complete description of the process for creating and training an ANN-based model is presented with special emphasis on the training process. More specifically, we will be discussing various techniques to arrive at valid predictions focusing on an optimum selection of the training set. A quantitative analysis based on results from two narrowband measurement campaigns, one outdoors and the other indoors, is also presented.
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Yang, Zanru, Le Chung Tran, and Farzad Safaei. "Step Length Measurements Using the Received Signal Strength Indicator." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020382.
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In this paper, portable transceivers with micro-controllers and radio frequency modules are developed to measure the received signal strength, path loss, and thus the distance between the human ankles for both indoor and outdoor environments. By comparing the experimental results and the theoretical model, a path loss model between transceivers attached to the subject’s ankles is derived. With the developed experimental path loss model, the step length can be measured relatively accurately, despite the imperfections of hardware devices, with the distance errors of a centimeter level. This paper, therefore, helps address the need for a distance measurement method that has fewer health concerns, is accurate, and is less affected by occlusions and confined spaces. Our findings possibly lay a foundation for some important applications, such as the measurement of gait speed and localization of the human body parts, in wireless body area networks.
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Yang, Zanru, Le Chung Tran, and Farzad Safaei. "Step Length Measurements Using the Received Signal Strength Indicator." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020382.
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In this paper, portable transceivers with micro-controllers and radio frequency modules are developed to measure the received signal strength, path loss, and thus the distance between the human ankles for both indoor and outdoor environments. By comparing the experimental results and the theoretical model, a path loss model between transceivers attached to the subject’s ankles is derived. With the developed experimental path loss model, the step length can be measured relatively accurately, despite the imperfections of hardware devices, with the distance errors of a centimeter level. This paper, therefore, helps address the need for a distance measurement method that has fewer health concerns, is accurate, and is less affected by occlusions and confined spaces. Our findings possibly lay a foundation for some important applications, such as the measurement of gait speed and localization of the human body parts, in wireless body area networks.
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Yan, Ke, Ruizhi Chen, Guangyi Guo, and Liang Chen. "Locating Smartphone Indoors by Using Tightly Coupling Bluetooth Ranging and Accelerometer Measurements." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (2022): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143468.
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High-precision, low-cost, and wide coverage indoor positioning technology is the key to indoor and outdoor integrated location-based services, and it has broad market prospects and social value. However, achieving sub-meter level positioning accuracy in indoor environments remains a real challenge due to the blockage of indoor Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, the complexity of indoor environments, and the unpredictability of user behavior. In this paper, we introduce a multi-module BLE broadcaster (MMBB)-based indoor positioning solution in which a tightly coupled fusion architecture is implemented on a smartphone. The solution integrates ranging measurements from multiple MMBB and the measurements of the accelerometer built into a smartphone. It becomes an instant positioning solution without any training phase by adopting a calibrated linearly segmented path loss model for ranging. We apply the pedestrian walking speed derived by the smartphone accelerometer to constrain an unscented Kalman filter method that is used to estimate the location and speed. The accuracy of the proposed method is 50% at 0.79 m and 95% at 1.6 m at in terms of horizontal error distance. Position update frequency is 10 Hz and the time to first fix is 0.1 s. The system can easily adapt a global coordinator system so that it can seamlessly work together with the GNSS to form an indoor/outdoor positioning solution.
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Alwarafy, Abdulmalik, Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, Abdulhameed Alsanie, Saleh A. Alshebeili, and Hatim M. Behairy. "Path-Loss Channel Models for Receiver Spatial Diversity Systems at 2.4 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6790504.
Full textAbstract:
This article proposes receiver spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models based on real-field measurement campaigns that were conducted in a line-of-site (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) indoor laboratory environment at 2.4 GHz. We apply equal gain power combining (EGC), coherent and noncoherent techniques, on the received signal powers. Our empirical data is used to propose spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models using the log-distance and the floating intercept path-loss models. The proposed models indicate logarithmic-like reduction in the path-loss values as the number of diversity antennas increases. In the proposed spatial diversity empirical path-loss models, the number of diversity antenna elements is directly accounted for, and it is shown that they can accurately estimate the path-loss for any generalized number of receiving antenna elements for a given measurement setup. In particular, the floating intercept-based diversity path-loss model is vital to the 3GPP and WINNER II standards since they are widely utilized in multi-antenna-based communication systems.