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Zhou, Ming 1965. "Human-centered control of the indoor thermal environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10072.
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Pitt, Luke. "Monitoring thermal comfort in the built environment using a wired sensor network." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/monitoring-thermal-comfort-in-the-built-environment-using-a-wired-sensor-network(88b0f2e2-e1a4-4d59-ba32-43995a5ed13a).html.
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This thesis documents a sensor networking project with an interest in internal environment monitoring in relation to thermal comfort. As part of this project sensor nodes were designed, built and deployed. Data was collected from the nodes via a wired Ethernet network and was stored in a database. The network remains operational several years after its initial deployment. The collected data was analyzed in conjunction with data from a local meteorological station and the building's smart fiscal energy meters. The analysis suggests the possibility of automated thermal comfort classification using data from a sensor network.
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Marr, David. "Velocity measurements in the breathing zone of a moving thermal manikin within the indoor environment." Related electronic resource, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375538061&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ekasiwi, Sri Nastiti Nugrahani. "Passive method for improving indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid region (Indonesia)." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136354.
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Huang, Yinong. "Design of indoor thermal environment and lifestyle in well-insulated and highly airtight houses in warm areas." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148305.
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Hellström, Petter. "Assessing the impact of the indoor environment on productivity : A case study in a university building in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Installations- och energisystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229864.
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The impact that the indoor environment has on productivity is a topic that has been investigated in numerous studies. There are a variety of different methods that have been used to evaluate productivity with. There are quantitative methods and there are qualitative ones, and both have been used in the literature as indicators or real productivity. The quantitative ones are for instance short arithmetical or linguistic performance tests or measurements of the actual quantitative output of a job. Qualitative assessments of productivity consist of different ways of allowing the subjects to rate their own productivity. Both these two approaches of evaluating productivity are claimed to be subject to different issues, and the question of which way is preferable is a matter of contention among the researchers. The quantitative approach is claimed to be unable to reflect the complex and qualitative output of many modern jobs, while the qualitative one is believed to be highly influenced by bias. This master’s degree project has investigated the associations between the two approaches and conducted a qualitative assessment of the impact of the indoor environment on the productivity in a university building in Stockholm. Numerous studies have been reviewed that include both quantitative evaluations of productivity and qualitative evaluations of the indoor environment. Qualitative evaluations are for instance evaluations of environmental satisfaction, as well as evaluations of healthiness and productivity. The relationship between the quantitative measurements and the subjective evaluation is indeed complex. However, there appears to be a consistency to some extent between the two, and the trend seems to indicate that occupants who are more productive are also more satisfied with the indoor environment or perceive themselves to be healthier or more productive. A working hypothesis has been formulated; that subjective evaluations of the indoor environment may act as indicators of productivity. This approach has been used in a university building in Stockholm, where the productivity of the students has been evaluated through a survey, together with physical measurements of the indoor environment. The survey is designed based on the current literature within the field. It has a large emphasis on productivity, with several questions concerning it directly and indirectly. The physical parameters that were measured were radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, CO2- concentration and sound pressure level. Considerable correlations were observed between perceived productivity and environmental satisfaction, perceived environmental control and between different ways of evaluating productivity subjectively. The correlations between the physical measurements and the subjective evaluations were in general considerably weaker than the ones between the different subjective parameters. The correlations between the mean CO2-concentration and productivity was weak, and similar findings were obtained concerning sound pressure level. This emphasise the importance of heeding the opinions of the occupants while evaluating the performance of a building, as physical measurements alone appear to be unable to reflect the users’ perspective reliably. The correlation between the thermal parameters (evaluated by the PMV- value) and the subjective evaluations were, on the other hand, considerably stronger. This may indicate that the thermal parameters are among the most influential ones in creating a productive workplace. Furthermore, the study discusses different methods that have been used to evaluate productivity with. It discusses their weaknesses and strengths and what elements they contain that may be used for future studies of productivity.
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Tuka, Ján. "Modelování prostředí v kabině osobního automobilu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229832.
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The thesis deals with the evaluation of indoor environment cab passenger car, with a focus on thermal comfort of passengers. The theoretical part contains the fundamentals of heat transfer, analysis of the aspects affecting human thermal comfort and its assessment methods. A brief description of the ventilation and air conditioning systems used in passenger cars is mentioned. The practical part includes numerical simulations of indoor environment, in selected driving modes and at different climatic conditions. Results of simulations lead to evaluation the status of the internal environment in terms of thermal comfort.
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Mambo, Abdulhameed D. "Occupancy driven supervisory control of indoor environment systems to minimise energy consumption of airport terminal building." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12778.
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A very economical way of reducing the operational energy consumed by large commercial buildings such as an airport terminal is the automatic control of its active energy systems. Such control can adjust the indoor environment systems setpoints to satisfy comfort during occupancy or when unoccupied, initiate energy conservation setpoints and if necessary, shut down part of the building systems. Adjusting energy control setpoints manually in large commercial buildings can be a nightmare for facility managers. Incidentally for such buildings, occupancy based control strategies are not achieved through the use of conventional controllers alone. This research, therefore, investigated the potential of using a high-level control system in airport terminal building. The study presents the evolution of a novel fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller, which intelligently establishes comfort setpoints based on flow of passenger through the airport as well as variable external environmental conditions. The inputs to the supervisory controller include: the time schedule of the arriving and departing passenger planes; the expected number of passengers; zone daylight illuminance levels; and external temperature. The outputs from the supervisory controller are the low-level controllers internal setpoint profile for thermal comfort, visual comfort and indoor air quality. Specifically, this thesis makes contribution to knowledge in the following ways: It utilised artificial intelligence to develop a novel fuzzy rule-based, energy-saving supervisory controller that is able to establish acceptable indoor environmental quality for airport terminals based on occupancy schedules and ambient conditions. It presents a unique methodology of designing a supervisory controller using expert knowledge of an airport s indoor environment systems through MATLAB/Simulink platform with the controller s performance evaluated in both MATLAB and EnergyPlus simulation engine. Using energy conservation strategies (setbacks and switch-offs), the pro-posed supervisory control system was shown to be capable of reducing the energy consumed in the Manchester Airport terminal building by up to 40-50% in winter and by 21-27% in summer. It demonstrates that if a 45 minutes passenger processing time is aimed for instead of the 60 minutes standard time suggested by ICAO, energy consumption is significantly reduced (with less carbon emission) in winter particularly. The potential of the fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller to optimise comfort with minimal energy based on variation in occupancy and external conditions was demonstrated through this research. The systematic approach adopted, including the use of artificial intelligence to design supervisory controllers, can be extended to other large buildings which have variable but predictable occupancy patterns.
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Guan, Li-Shan. "The implication of global warming on the energy performance and indoor thermal environment of air-conditioned office buildings in Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16329/.
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Global warming induced by the emissions of greenhouse gases is one of the most important global environmental issues facing the world today. Using the building simulation techniques, this research investigates the interaction and relationship between global warming and built environment, particularly for the air-conditioned office buildings. The adaptation potential of various building designs is also evaluated. Based on the descriptive statistics method, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the regression analysis method, ten years of historical hourly climatic data for Australia are first analyzed. The distribution patterns of key weather parameters between a Test Reference Year (TRY) and multiple years (MYs), and between relatively cold and hot years are also compared. The possible cross-correlation between several different weather variables are then assessed and established. These findings form a useful basis and provide insights for the development of future weather models under "hot" global warming conditions and the explanation of building performance at different locations. Based on a review of the existing weather data generation models and findings from historic climatic data analysis, an effective method to generate approximate future hourly weather data suitable for the study of the impact of global warming is presented. This is achieved by imposing the future temperature projection from the global climate model on top of the historically observed weather data. Depending on the level of information available for the prediction of future weather conditions, this method allows either the method of retaining to current level, constant offset method or diurnal modelling method to be used. Therefore it represents a more comprehensive and holistic approach than previous one that have been used to convert the available weather data and climatic information to a format suitable for building simulation study. An example of the application of this method to the different global warming scenarios in Australia is also presented. The performance of a representative office building is then examined in details under the five weather scenarios (present, 2030 Low, 2030 High, 2070 Low and 2070 High) and over all eight capital cities in Australia. The sample building used for this study is an air conditioned, square shape, ten storey office tower with a basement carpark, which is recommended by the Australian Building Codes Board to represent the typical office building found in the central business district (CBD) of the capital cities or major regional centres in Australia. Through building computer simulations, the increased cooling loads imposed by potential global warming is quantified. The probable indoor temperature increases and overheating problems due to heat load exceeding the capacity of installed air-conditioning systems are also presented. It is shown that in terms of the whole building indoor thermal environment, existing buildings would generally be able to adapt to the increasing warming of the 2030 year Low and High scenarios projections and the 2070 year Low scenario projection. For the 2070 year High scenario, the study indicates that the existing office buildings in all capital cities will suffer from the overheating problem. To improve the building thermal comfort to an acceptable standard (ie, less than 5% of occupied hours having indoor temperature over 25°), a further increase of 4-10% of building cooling load is required. The sensitivity of different office building zoning (i.e. zone at different floors and/or with different window orientation) to the potential global warming is also investigated. It is shown that for most cities, the ground floor, and the South or Core zone would be most sensitive to the external temperature change and has the highest tendency to having the overheating problem. By linking building energy use to CO2 emissions, the possible increase of CO2 emissions due to increased building energy use is also estimated. The adaptation potential of different designs of building physical properties to global warming is then examined and compared. The parametric factors studied include the building insulation levels, window to wall ratio, window glass types, and internal load density. It is found that overall, an office building with a lower insulation level, smaller window to wall ratio and/or a glass type with lower shading coefficient, and lower internal load density will have the effect of lowering building cooling load and total energy use, and therefore have a better potential to adapt to the warming external climate. This phenomenon can be linked to the nature of internal-load dominated office-building characteristics. Based on these findings, a series of design and adaptation strategies have been proposed and evaluated.
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Mnla, Ali Tammam. "Thermal comfort study on a renovated residential apartment in Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37771.
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The Swedish government in the 1960th initiated “The Million Program” to build million residentialunits to cover the housing shortage between 1965 to 1975. Tjärna Ängar neighborhood in Borlängemunicipality was built during the million-program period, where these residential units became old,and the indoor environment is uncomfortable for the residents.Recently, there have been extensive energy-efficient renovations to improving the energyefficiency,indoor air quality, and thermal comfort of these buildings. The renovation project, withcooperation between Dalarna University and the local housing company (Stora Tunabyggen)started in 2015 by renovating three buildings in the Tjärna Ängar neighborhood.This study was conducted at one of these three retrofitting buildings (Kornstigen 25) to investigatethe thermal comfort in the building following energy retrofit. The assessment of the thermalcomfort in this study is based on Fanger's model with the use of predicted mean vote (PMV) andpredicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) to assess the obtained measurements.An online questionnaire survey with building occupants was conducted to give a betterunderstanding of the current situation of the retrofitting building before and after the renovationregarding thermal comfort. Based on the measurement, the thermal sensation of the occupants isslightly cool according to the standard’s sensation scale during the period of the measurement. Anonline questionnaire survey assures that the occupants were feeling slightly cool during someperiods of the day inside the apartments.
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Engvall, Karin. "A Sociological Approach to Indoor Environment in Dwellings : Risk factors for Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Discomfort." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3506.
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Leung, Kam Shing. "Climate-responsive design for high-density tropical housing : the effect of urban morphology on the indoor thermal environment of high-density housing in the hot and humid climate." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609287.
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Hassanie, Samer. "A Systematic Approach to Integrated Building Performance Assessment and Visualisation." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Installations- och energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192563.
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The aim of this project was to develop a holistic approach to building-performance assessment without limiting it to energy use (usually expressed in kWh/m2/year), but rather include more parameters that represent the following aspects: Economic, environmental, and quality of service provided to the occupant/client. If it can be shown that buildings can be operated not only in an energy-efficient way, but also in a way that takes into consideration the needs of the occupants, a case could be built that a higher quality of indoor environment does not necessarily mean a higher economic impact. It is also important to show that having access to high-quality building-performance data leads to high-quality analysis and visualisation, and consequently to a chance to detect faults and improve building operation. To answer these questions, a large office building in Stockholm, Sweden was used as a case study. The building was equipped with energy meters and 1,700 sensor points, uniformly distributed over the occupied areas, that measured room temperature, duct temperature, occupancy presence/absence and supply airflow, in addition to other states. The data was processed using RStudio, and various types of visualisation plots were used, including carpet plots, masked scatter plots, bar plots, line graphs, and boxplots. The data pointed to some interesting results. First, just knowing the energy use is not sufficient for understanding the quality of the service provided to the occupants. Second, performing a thorough analysis of room unit data can detect faults. Third, using carpet plots for energy-data visualisation is effective for energy-use pattern recognition. Finally, visualising the building performance parameters in a parallel coordinate plot is a more informative representation of integrated building performance compared to the energy performance certificates typically used today.QC 20160916
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Al-Atrash, Farah Z. [Verfasser], Wagner, and R. T. Hellwig A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Prof. "Adaptive thermal comfort and personal control over office indoor environment in a Mediterranean hot summer climate – the case of Amman, Jordan / Farah Z. Al-Atrash ; A. Wagner, Prof. R. T. Hellwig." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174252057/34.
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Streblow, Rita [Verfasser]. "Thermal sensation and comfort model for inhomogeneous indoor environments / Rita Streblow." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1018222863/34.
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Metzger, A. Susanne. "Assurance of Indoor Environmental Quality through Building Diagnostics at Schematic Design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31057.
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With increasing knowledge about the indoor climate in recent years, preventive methods to avoid health problems caused by deficient building performance may become preferable to reactive methods. Benefits from preventive actions have been suggested for late building design phases, construction, and building operations, however, few data are available that demonstrate the benefits of preventive actions in early planning phases.
In a case study, expected building performance in respect to indoor air quality and thermal conditions in a large judicial facility in North America was evaluated retrospectively at the end of the schematic design and substantial completion phases. A process for evaluation of building performance at schematic design is developed from existing procedures for building diagnostics in operating buildings. Criteria for evaluation of expected building environmental quality at schematic design as available from standards and guidelines are presented.
The results of the study show that building diagnostics at schematic design can be an effective mean of prevention of occupant health problems. Further findings indicate that the assurance of indoor environmental quality can be improved, if the criteria for expected building performance are defined and complied with from early on. It is concluded that implementation of building diagnostics in early project phases can reduce the likelihood of adverse health effects in operating buildings.
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Santana, Elaine Gonçalves Ferreira. "Conforto térmico e concentração de CO2 em salas de cirurgias e salas de espera para pacientes, climatizadas artificialmente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-24122013-115533/.
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Nos últimos anos tem havido um aumento no estudo da qualidade do ar interno relacionado aos sistemas de ventilação mecânica e condicionamento do ar. Isso é especialmente fundamental em hospitais, onde a transmissão da contaminação pelo ar é considerada uma das principais causas de aquisição de doenças por pacientes, profissionais de saúde e visitantes. Além disso, essas instituições por abrigarem diversos setores, cada um com uma especificidade e função, exigem diferentes condições de conforto ambiental, sob os aspectos higrotérmico e de qualidade do ar, além do acústico e luminoso. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade o ar, sob os parâmetros de conforto térmico e da concentração de dióxido de carbono em ambientes hospitalares climatizados artificialmente, realizou-se uma investigação de campo em salas de espera e salas de cirurgias de uma amostra de seis edifícios hospitalares na cidade de São Paulo e região metropolitana. Para coleta dos dados foram utilizados instrumentos de monitoramento, portáteis e de elevada precisão, adequados para a realização da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos a partir da análise desses dados apontaram relevantes problemas relacionados ao conforto e a qualidade do ar. Dentre esses problemas, destacam-se a ausência de controle do diferencial de pressão entre as salas de cirurgias e os corredores; a divergência entre as temperaturas operativas ideais para promoção do conforto térmico para grupos de pessoas com diferentes vestimentas e nível de atividade, ocupando um mesmo ambiente, no caso, as salas de cirurgias; a insuficiência de renovação de ar, especialmente nas salas de espera equipadas com o sistema de climatização do tipo split-system; além da ausência de padronização entre os critérios dos referenciais técnicos mais adotados. Sob esses aspectos, percebeu-se a necessidade de melhoria do conhecimento da interação entre os ocupantes e o ambiente, especialmente naqueles onde o controle se faz necessário para a promoção da saúde.In recent years has been increased interest in thermal comfort and air quality of indoor environments related to mechanical ventilation systems and air conditioning. This is especially crucial in hospitals where contaminated air transmission is considered a major cause of acquiring disease for patients, health care professionals and visitors. Moreover, these institutions having different sectors, each one with a speciality and function, require different conditions of environmental comfort, in terms of hygrothermal, air quality, acoustic and luminous aspects. In order to evaluate the air quality under the parameters of thermal comfort and carbon dioxide concentration in air conditioning hospital environments, it was carried out a field investigation in waiting rooms and operating rooms in six hospitals in São Paulo and metropolitan region. For data collection were used portable monitoring devices, suitable for research. The results from data analysis indicated significant problems related to thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Among these problems, it can be highlighted the lack of the differential pressure control between the operating rooms and corridors; the divergence among the optimal operative temperatures to provide thermal comfort for different groups of people with different clothing and activity level, occupying the same environment, in this case, the operating rooms; the disregard with the air changes required, especially in waiting rooms equipped with the splitsystem; besides the lack of standardization among the technical references criteria often used. Under these aspects, it is necessary to improve the knowledge of the interaction between the occupants and the environment, especially where the environmental control is decisive to promote the health.
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Fredhav, Dennis, and Sjöstrand Carl Andreas Briggert. "Beräkning av värmeenergiförluster i flerbostadshus genom analys av den totala fjärrvärmeenergianvändningen :." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20215.
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This thesis has been carried out on behalf of IV Produkt AB and intends to set an average ratio of thermal energy losses in apartment buildings that were built during the 1960-1990. This shall be derived by analyzing the total district energy consumption that has been divided into three parts: heat energy losses (the actual heating requirements), the heating of domestic hot water and heating energy consumption for the controlled ventilation. Three different residential areas that were built during the years 1962-1966 and one that was built in 1993 has been analyzed. All residential areas are located in Växjö urban and contains between four and six apartment buildings. The analyzed objects have a mechanical exhaust ventilation systems and district heating as the heating method. No own laboratory work or experiments have been done in this thesis, the calculations have been done on the basis of parameters from VEAB, interviews with property managers, and literature studies. By calculations, we have got a result that is reported in Chapter 6. The result is given as a thermal energy loss as a percentage of the total heat consumption. In this thesis there has also been a review of the rules on requirements for the specific energy consumptions in buildings, indoor environment and indoor temperature from the National Board of Housing and the National Board of Health and Welfare.
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Kaneda, Andrew I. "Indoor Air Monitoring of Ethanol and Benzene in a Pilot Winery Using Active Sampling." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1975.
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Acute indoor concentrations of benzene and ethanol were evaluated in the California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo’s pilot winery workroom. Air samples were collected during four different wine-making activities: fermentation, fermentation with Brix content testing, post-alcoholic fermentation pressing, and storage/finishing. Average workroom benzene concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.12 mg/m3. Ethanol concentrations in the winery workroom varied with the activity, ranging from 0.9 to 12 mg/m3. Pressing and fermentation with Brix content testing both led to higher indoor ethanol concentrations than fermentation without Brix content testing and storage/finishing.
Tracer gas decay air exchange tests were conducted to determine the air exchange rate of the winery workroom. A single-space mass-balance model was used to estimate the air exchange rate for the entire workroom. The calculated air exchange rates were correlated with wind speeds and wind direction to create a linear model estimating air exchange rates based on wind speed. These air exchange rates and the indoor concentrations of ethanol were used with the single-space mass-balance model to calculate an ethanol emission rate for each activity. Total estimated ethanol emissions for the four activities were 3.1 lbs. ethanol per 1000 gallons of wine produced.
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Silva, Ana Flávia Silveira. "Avaliação da qualidade ambiental interior de um edifício climatizado artificialmente com ênfase na análise do conforto térmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-28122010-131829/.
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Ocupantes de ambientes internos climatizados artificialmente estão expostos contínua e prolongadamente a condições ambientais muitas vezes desfavoráveis à execução de suas atividades e à manutenção da saúde. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar alguns parâmetros de qualidade do ar interior e de conforto térmico de um edifício climatizado artificialmente e relacioná-los à utilização de sistema de condicionamento de ar com distribuição pelo piso em ambientes que não são caracterizados como escritórios abertos. Considerando que o edifício estudado apresenta usos distintos de seus pavimentos, optou-se pela avaliação de dois deles, um pavimento cujo layout é de salas de aula e outro de escritório semi-aberto. Os parâmetros foram analisados em três momentos distintos. O primeiro se caracteriza por três ciclos semestrais de medições de temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar, concentração de aerossóis, dióxido de carbono e fungos. A segunda etapa consiste em uma campanha única de medições, com duração de quatro dias, permitindo a realização de perfis de temperatura e umidade relativa, avaliação das velocidades do ar em pontos de desconforto e cálculo dos índices de conforto térmico PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) e PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied). Em um terceiro e último momento, aplicou-se o questionário de qualidade ambiental interior aos ocupantes de ambos os pavimentos. Resultados obtidos nos ciclos permitiram identificar concentrações de fungos e dióxido de carbono acima dos limites indicados. Os perfis de temperatura revelaram a predominância das mesmas abaixo do recomendado. O cálculo dos índices PMV e PPD apontaram para um cenário de maior conforto térmico nos ambientes estudados com temperatura operativa igual a 24 graus Celsius. Os resultados dos questionários corroboraram as medições de temperatura, indicando a prevalência das sensações térmicas relacionadas ao frio entre os ocupantes do edifício, em especial aqueles do sexo feminino. Ficou evidenciado que o conforto térmico nos ambientes pesquisados é um fator perturbador das atividades exercidas em ambos os pavimentos. Houve um grande número de relatos de ocupantes com sintomas típicos da Síndrome dos Edifícios Doentes (SED), sugerindo que medidas relativas à qualidade ambiental devem ser tomadas em prol da saúde, bem estar e produtividade dos ocupantes do edifício. Concluiu-se que a operação e manutenção do sistema de condicionamento de ar com insuflamento pelo piso em ambientes distintos de escritórios abertos são mais complexas e, por isso, dificultam o alcance de uma qualidade ambiental interior satisfatória.Occupants of artificially conditioned indoor spaces are continuously and lengthily exposed to environmental conditions mostly adverse to their activities performance and health maintenance. The purpose of this research was to evaluate some indoor air quality and thermal comfort parameters of an artificially conditioned building, and relate them to the employment of underfloor air conditioning system in spaces that differ from open-plan office spaces. Considering the studied building presents different activities on each of its floors it was necessary to choose two of them, one characterized by classrooms layout and the other by a semi open-plan office layout. The on-site data collection took place in three different steps. Step one was distinguished by three six-month cycles of air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity measurements, and fungi, particulate matter and carbon dioxide concentrations. The second step consisted of a four-day single campaign of measurements, when air temperature and relative humidity profiles were carried out, air velocity was quantified in complaining areas, and the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) thermal comfort indexes were determined. During the third and last step, indoor environmental quality questionnaire surveys were distributed to the occupants of both studied floors. Data analysis and assessment originated from the cycles identified exceeding fungi and carbon dioxide concentrations. Temperature profiles indicated their prevalence below the recommended range. PMV and PPD indexes determination pointed to a scenery of best thermal environmental conditions for the researched spaces, with an operative temperature of 24 Celsius degrees. The results of the questionnaire surveys supported the air temperature measurements, showing supremacy of cold related thermal sensations among the occupants, especially those of female gender. It was evident that the thermal comfort of the studied environments is a disturbing factor for the activities practiced on both floors. There was a great number of occupants reporting Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) typical symptoms, what suggested actions related to indoor environmental quality should be taken in order to provide the desired health, welfare and productivity for the building occupants. It was conclusive that the operation and maintenance of underfloor air conditioned systems in indoor environments unlike open-plan offices are more complex and therefore make it harder to reach an acceptable indoor environmental quality.
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Dhalluin, Adrien. "Etude de stratégies de ventilation pour améliorer la qualité environnementale intérieure et le confort des occupants en milieu scolaire." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823905.
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La ventilation est un secteur clé du bâtiment, dont le rôle est d'assurer un air sain et confortable toute l'année, ce qui est rarement le cas dans les bâtiments scolaires, tout en minimisant les consommations énergétiques. Nos travaux consistent à apporter des éléments de réponses et des pistes d'amélioration pour l'élaboration de stratégies de ventilation appropriées au milieu scolaire, à partir de travaux expérimentaux et numériques. Pour ce faire, quatre modes de ventilation (naturelle et mixte) ont été testés dans des salles de classes de l'Université de La Rochelle, et leurs performances ont été comparées via une évaluation multicritère basée sur les paramètres physiques caractérisant l'environnement intérieur, les indices de confort (subjectif, analytique et adaptatif) et des critères énergétiques. Des méthodes normatives de classification et des estimations de consommations énergétiques nous ont permis de conclure, que le système de ventilation naturelle par ouverture automatisée des fenêtres, contrôlé par la détection de présence et des paramètres thermiques (système SOS), est le meilleur compromis. Nous soumettons toutefois dans ce manuscrit, un certain nombre d'améliorations à apporter à ce système.Notre contribution porte également sur la connaissance des mécanismes du confort humain et en particulier ses réactions adaptatives, en définissant les conditions favorables au confort et en proposant des modèles prédictifs du confort global, de l'ajustement personnel ainsi que du contrôle individuel de l'ambiance par les occupants. Ces résultats ont notamment pour vocation d'améliorer la prise en compte des interactions entre les occupants et leur environnement dans les simulations numériques et pourraient également servir de base au développement d'une stratégie de ventilation optimisée. Au niveau numérique, nous proposons des simulations annuelles de quatre stratégies de ventilation, très proches de celles testées sur site, à l'aide d'un code thermo-aéraulique multizone (couplage Trnsys/Contam), que nous avons validé à partir de certaines séquences de mesures. En tenant compte d'un scénario d'occupation scolaire standard et du fichier météorologique correspondant à la station de La Rochelle, nous avons notamment montré qu'il est primordial de pré-chauffer l'air d'un système de ventilation mécanique, sous peine d'être confronté à des besoins de chauffage insurmontables. En introduisant une puissance de chauffage illimitée, permettant de maintenir une température minimale acceptable et ainsi de simuler des conditions d'enseignement réalistes, il apparaît que la meilleure qualité environnementale intérieure est à nouveau obtenue avec le système SOS. Notre modèle nous donne désormais la possibilité de multiplier les stratégies de ventilation, ainsi que les scénarios d'occupation, les conditions climatiques ou tout autre étude paramétrique, afin d'élaborer les meilleures stratégies de ventilation dans chaque configuration.
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Yu, Wen-Yuan, and 余文元. "Research on Indoor Thermal Environment and Cooling Energy Saving of Indoor Vegetated Wall." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43063200687944541246.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
101
Along with the urban development and the man-made destruction, global warming and urban heat island have become a growing phenomenon, which increase the time people staying indoors. In subtropical Taiwan, it relies on air conditioner to maintain a comfortable indoor environment; however, it causes significant energy consumption. Therefore how to achieve a comfortable and energy- effective indoor environment becomes an important issue nowadays. In recent years, the vegetated wall is widely used for the interior spaces, such as airports and commercial areas. Many researches already pointed out that vegetation help release human’s pressure, cool down the air temperature, and purify the air…etc. Based on these many benefits, it’s supposed that vegetated wall have great potential to improve the quality of indoor environment and save up more energy. Most of the research done on the theme of vegetated wall shed light on the influence brought to the indoor thermal comfort after the vegetated wall were attached to the exterior surface of a building. Therefore my research will approach from the perspective of the vegetated wall set inside the building, and how it can improve the indoor comfort.The research quantified the indoor thermal effect of the vegetated wall by experiment in two full –scaled laboratories. The experiment was divided into two stages. In the first stage the experiment measured the indoor environment condition of the metal sheet house. In the next stage, the house was added an insulation layer to simulate common residential houses. On the indoor comfort analysis using the adaptive model of ASHRAE and the PMV- PPD model of ISO7730, that dual model analysis of indoor comfort was divided into two stages for better research results. The research simulated the annual long-term vegetated effect on hourly indoor thermal condition by Energyplus.in order to assess the degree of over cool and over heat alleviated by vegetated wall during cold period and hot period. Simulation results using long-term thermal discomfort analysis suggested by ISO 7730 show the difference between thermal discomfort and cold discomfort, and to evaluate the before and the after when the vegetation is added to the metal sheet house. By calculating the frequency and severity of thermal discomfort and cold discomfort, the results can be quantified for assessing the efficiency of the vegetated wall to promote the indoor thermal comfort. Through the experimental results, increasing the indoor plant wall in different seasons has different influences on the indoor environment. During the cold winter, this wall can cause coolness so it does not apply. In the spring period, the vegetated wall could provide a reduction of 1.52 degrees indoor air temperature and 2.6 degrees Mean Radiant Temperature, and purified indoor CO2 concentration for 55.7 PPM. In the summer period with added insulation layer in the indoor space, the vegetated wall could reduce 3.5 degrees indoor air temperature and 3.7 degrees Mean Radiant Temperature, but increase 110.9 PPM the indoor CO2 concentration. As for the indoor thermal comfort analysis, increasing the vegetated wall can improve the indoor comfort. But PMV-PPD model shows that the house with vegetated wall is more discomfort than the house without vegetated wall. This is the main reason the vegetated wall increases humidity. So suggesting vegetated wall which maintain indoor air flow improves the problem of the increase in humidity. In the green cover experiment, the green wall layer rate is 1/2 to achieve the best comfortable indoor environment. The main reason for this is the summer heat can cause the garden soil of the wall''s influence on the indoor environment to be greater than the plant itself on the indoor environment. In the air conditioning experiments, the indoor added green wall can effectively reduce power consumption, saving 8.64 KWH per month during the summer season could save 116.9 TWD. In the EnergyPlus simulation on the severity and frequency of discomfort over a long period of time, we can learn that the vegetated wall is suitable for the appropriate type of office space, thus the wall can effectively reduce the severity and frequency of the indoor overheating phenomenon. To conclude the above results, the interior space using the vegetated wall can improve indoor comfort and lower power consumption, under the circumstance of maintaining indoor air flow which helps prevent the increase of humidity indoor.
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Huang, Chang-Bin, and 黃彰斌. "Effects of Indoor Thermal Environment to Aerosol Dynamic Behavior." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77102189542389713608.
Full textAbstract:
博士元智大學
機械工程學系
94
This study evaluates aerosol dynamics in indoor flow field with different particle size. Various transport and removal mechanisms of aerosol dynamics, including fluid convection, Brownian motion, thermophoretic drift, and coagulation of aerosols, are simulated. There are two mathematical models in this study, Zone Model and Field Model. The zone model calculates the average aerosol behavior in indoor environment. The field model is based on the SIMPLE method. The SIMPLE method is applied to solve the momentum, energy, and aerosol concentration equations. The main scheme is based on a boundary layer type solution of sectional aerosol simulation that uses flow fields provided a computational dynamics code. This study evaluates the aerosol concentration distribution in indoor environment and investigates the effect of coagulation on the deposition velocity along indoor surfaces. The results will help us to control the aerosol deposition onto surfaces and improve the indoor air quality.
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Dai, Kuan-Cheng, and 戴寬丞. "Indoor Thermal Comfort Environment Monitoring System Based on Architecture of IoT." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m35cne.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
電機工程系
106
With the development and advancement of technology, people's requirements for quality of life are getting higher and higher. This study builds an indoor thermal comfort environment monitoring system based on architecture of IoT architecture to explore the thermal comfort for people in indoor environments. The indicators applied to this study were selected from a range of thermal comfort indicators. This study applies Matlab to simulate and analyze indoor environmental parameters, it can comprehends its effect on the thermal comfort index. As an important data for setting the fuzzy rule base, three methods for controlling thermal comfort are proposed according to the ISO7730 comfort standard and energy saving requirements. This study uses Arduino UNO as a development substrate to set up sensing nodes for indoor environments. It uses ESP8266 for wirelessly transmit data to the terminal devices. Through the C# human-machine interface monitoring data, the controllable load is controlled by wireless remote mode. Finally, the data is stored in a database as an experiment and analysis in the future. This actual measurement experiment verify the thermal comfort and energy saving effects based on the three modes of comfort, general and energy saving. The study result achieves thermal comfort and energy saving balance.
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CHEN, CHI-CHUNG, and 陳啓中. "Management Strategies for Office Energy Conservation and Indoor Environment Thermal Comfort." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24663142417330026129.
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博士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
104
In recent years, global summer temperatures have continued to rise and winter temperatures have continued to drop, increasing the air conditioning use and energy consumption of buildings, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. To improve office staff work efficiency as well as visitor experiences, office building air conditioning systems in Taiwan must maintain indoor environmental quality and satisfy people’s thermal comfort needs in addition to reaching energy conservation goals. This study investigated management strategies for air conditioning energy conservation and indoor environment thermal comfort in office buildings in Taiwan. First, the Delphi method and fuzzy analytic hierarchy processing were employed to quantitatively analyze and examine the associations between air conditioning equipment, architectural style, and interior decoration. Subsequently, the three factors of indoor environment thermal comfort, air conditioning energy consumption, and equipment expenditure were investigated while simultaneously applying fuzzy analytic hierarchy processing to conduct a questionnaire survey among users. Next, subjective and objective factors were used to investigate the association between indoor environment thermal comfort, and human body factors. For the subjective factors, physical conditions and satisfaction levels such as user sex, age, body surface area, and clothing were employed to execute a questionnaire survey. The objective factors comprised field measurements of the indoor environment at two case sites. From a value engineering perspective, an overall office benefit analysis was conducted using related data established through this research, and finally, a comprehensive multicriteria decision-making model for evaluating office energy conservation and environmental thermal comfort was established.
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Cheng, Yuan-Liang, and 鄭元良. "A Study on the Indoor Thermal Environment Evaluation of Histroical Building." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48306957712938697554.
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博士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
94
The reuse of historical building has already had very long history in development abroad, but for utilizing relevant researches of assessing technology for indoor physical environment was paid attention to in recent years. Then, this study can be regarded as domestic for the first time to thermal environment of historical buildings in the assessing technologies. This study assesses the thermal environment of historical building to the I-lan, Taipei and Tainan area of 14 cases totally. The results of this study can be summed up the following conclusions: 1. After the review of literature and decree, this study have put forward the essential factors, the assessment criteria, and field-measurement systems, which determined for the thermal environment of the historical buildings. This assessment procedure can not only offer to the POE diagnosis for the management of historical building, but also utilize for the reference of decision to the scheme of renewal. 2. This study was, for the first time, assessed quantitatively to the indoor thermal environment of historical buildings which were carrying on the 14 representative cases from northern to southern Taiwan. The 24-hour temperature profiles and the thermal stratifications of these cases were obtained to compare the characteristics by different variables. The results showed that under the climatic influence of the south to north Taiwan, the historical buildings of the same structural characteristics presented the apparent regional disparity in the indoor thermal quality. 3. The different structural types of historical building were built by their own mechanisms to adapt for the outdoor climate. As for wooden structural type, the influence of outdoor climate is apparent. The main strategy of adaptation is, therefore, to dispel the heat, which alleviate the change trend of outdoor temperature. As for RC structural type, because of the higher airtight, the main strategy is to insulate against heat, so it is necessary to set up the HVAC system. As for brick structural type, the main strategy is also to insulate against heat, however when the modern craftsman usually constructed the fault of the way to the traditional technique, the thermal environment become poor.
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Lin, Chen-Han, and 林成翰. "The Study of the Effect of Active Shading Device on Indoor Thermal Environment." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dc7rha.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
96
Currently in Taiwan, depending on the type of the sunscreen, the shielding rate determines the total indoor heat capacity. But as there are different assessment criteria, it is impossible to know exactly how much heat of solar radiation is shielded. As a result, the external sunscreen’s shielding rate cannot be completely presented. Consequently, this study selected an open area at Dasi, Taoyuan, Taiwan, to measure an experiment house. External mobile horizontal louvered sunscreens were mounted at openings outside the house. The purpose was to explore the effect of external sunscreen angles, half-shielding and full-shielding louvers on indoor temperatures. A full-scale empirical study was conducted, and relevant physical data was documented consecutively for analysis. The results are expected to serve as a reference for future designers in order to meet the goal of creating a comfortable survival environment for humans. The results are as follows: 1. Experiments show that there was a comfortable period of at least 6 hours indoors during daytime in the winter and that there was a comfortable period of at least 4 hours inside the house during daytime in the summer. This suggests that if this type of external mobile louvered sunscreen is mounted on buildings at Dasi town, Taoyuan, an appreciable difference would be felt in indoor temperature and comfort. 2. In the combination house designed for this experiment, Room A was a “house inside a house.” Its surrounding walls were made of composite heat insulation plate. Experiments in both winter and summer show that the plates functioned effectively in room temperature, wall surface temperature, surrounding temperature, etc., and that they detained temperature in the winter and shielded temperature in the summer.
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Liu, Tzu-Chi, and 劉子綺. "The influence of building envelope heat storage and heat balance on indoor thermal environment." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g5j738.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
建築系建築與都市設計碩士班
106
The outer surface of buildings and the thermal environment of the urban climate will indirectly affect indoor temperature and environment, also causing waste on electricity. This research is to passively use the heat storage coefficient to discuss the features and abilities of outer surface heat resistance, and to add in different factors to improve wall quality. To evaluate the heat storage coefficient of a building as a whole, our research study is based on local measurement method and data are all calculated based on heat storage coefficient, including absorb rate, conductance rate, heat storage constants and heat capacity analysis. To add on, we use CFD module simulation software to verify our results and improve our designs. According to out-wall heat capacity, we use different heat resistance methods to simulate and calculate, and later on we add in the wind circulation of the environment to work on interior factors and designs. Study result shows that: 1.East and west are subject to the same number of sunshine hours, but the reference point for heat storage in the west is the convection heat transfer in the morning environment. So that the wall contains more heat storage than the eastern wall in the sun, and it is easy to transmit the heat into the room. 2.The wall retards the heat transfer by using the storage performance, and the time lag capacity of the wall is proportional to the ventilation and heat transfer efficiency of opening. 3.The coefficient of thermal conductivity and density are important parameters of the thermal insulation performance of the building envelope. The larger the two values, the easier it is to absorb and transfer heat, rather than small numerical performance, other parameters collocation can increase heat storage and heat insulation effect. In the discussion of material properties, it is not possible to use only a single material parameter to compare performance. 4.The research site uses openings to investigate the convection ventilation of the buildings measuring objects. The prevailing wind direction increases the openings to effectively enhance indoor convection, while the night ventilation accelerates cooling of the buildings mass and reduces the total load in the delay transmission room.
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(8731800), Xuan Li. "ADVANCED INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT CONTROL USING OCCUPANT’S MEAN FACIAL SKIN TEMPERATURE AND CLOTHING LEVEL." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
People spend most of their time indoors. Because people’s health and productivity are highly dependent on the quality of the indoor thermal environment, it is important to provide occupants with healthy, comfortable and productive indoor thermal environment. However, inappropriate thermostat temperature setpoint settings not only wasted large amount of energy but also make occupants less comfortable. This study intended to develop a new control strategy for HVAC systems to adjust the thermostat setpoint automatically and accordingly to provide a more comfortable and satisfactory thermal environment.
This study first trained an image classification model based on CNN to classify occupants’ amount of clothing insulation (clothing level). Because clothing level was related to human thermal comfort, having this information was helpful when determining the temperature setpoint. By using this method, this study performed experimental study to collect comfortable air temperature for different clothing levels. This study collected 450 data points from college student. By using the data points, this study developed an empirical curve which could be used to calculate comfortable air temperature for specific clothing level. The results obtained by using this curve could provide environments that had small average dissatisfaction and average thermal sensation closed to neutral.
To adjust the setpoint temperature according to occupants’ thermal comfort, this study used mean facial skin temperature as an indicator to determine the thermal comfort. Because when human feel hot, their body temperature would rise and vice versa. To determine the correlation, we used a long wave infrared (LWIR) camera to non-invasively obtain occupant’s facial thermal map. By processing the thermal map with Haar-cascade face detection program, occupant’s mean facial skin temperature was calculated. By using this method, this study performed experimental study to collect occupant’s mean facial skin temperature under different thermal environment. This study collected 225 data points from college students. By using the data points, this study discovered different intervals of mean facial skin temperature under different thermal environment.
Lastly, this study used the data collected from previous two investigations and developed a control platform as well as the control logic for a single occupant office to achieve the objective. The measured clothing level using image classification was used to determine the temperature setpoint. According to the measured mean facial skin temperature, the setpoint could be further adjusted automatically to make occupant more comfortable. This study performed 22 test sessions to validate the new control strategy. The results showed 91% of the tested subjects felt neutral in the office
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I-TingChuo and 卓意婷. "Influence of the sequence-controlled louver on indoor illumination, thermal environment, and energy efficiency." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75107321678726657607.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
99
Introduction Over-sized openings of buildings would lead to the heat gain of interior environment and increase the air-conditioning load; however, the sun shading system, which could decrease the extra light and heat in the indoor environment, might obstruct the ventilation, lighting and view. An optimal sun shading design should prevent the heat gain of the indoors, and an appropriate lighting use could reduce the lighting loads. Therefore, the issue of this paper is to shade the direct lighting from the sun and to maintain effective lighting use at the same time. Objectives Sequence-controlled sun shading installation focuses on the reduction of the heat gain and introduction of the most sun light. The sun shading system in this study is horizontal activated aluminum louvers window which was easily obtained locally. The angle of the louvers window was adjusted by the geographical locations and times. The data from the experiments could put into the equation from the study to get the height alteration of sun. The objectives are as following: 1.the effect of illumination environment by the sequence-controlled louver. 2.the effect of thermal environment by the sequence-controlled louver. 3.the efficiency of indoor lighting and air-conditioning by the sequence-controlled louver. 4.the possibility of the timing controlled system applied to outer sun shading at the openings of buildings. Methods The experimental standard of outdoor environment was based on the value of sun lighting and temperature measurement outside of the full-scale chamber room during the sunny sky condition. The illumination and the temperature measurement inside the full-scale chamber were tested for the discussion of the illumination and thermal environment; practically recording the lighting and the electrical consumption was for the energy-saving efficiency. Results The results show that the sequence-controlled louver applied to openings is an efficient application for indoor thermal comfort and energy-saving. Regarding the illumination environment, it could reduce the indoor illumination and daylight rate.The sequence-controlled louver at the southern side, compared to the fixed blinds, could save 8% power consumption, and the one at the western side could save 13.8%. The future studies are suggested to carry out the factors regarding improvements of the blinds’ materials and shapes for enhancing the indoor lighting comfort to both reduce the a/c load and maintain the illumination environment quality.
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林暐舜. "The Impact of Windows-Wall-Ration and Blinds on the Thermal Comfort of Indoor Environment." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41482003852296895750.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
環境醫學研究所
92
Under the aesthetic consideration, the owners and renters prefer to glass curtain wall buildings in Taiwan. A glass curtain wall building usually was designed to have high window-wall-ratio, which caused more cooling energy used and made the occupants of the building significantly discomfort as result of induced extensive solar radiant. Although there are many studies had focused on the effect of windows on energy consumption, but the impact of windows on occupants was discussed recently. This study discussed the impact of windows-wall-ration and blinds on the thermal comfort of building occupant. Two full scale rooms, one of them was treated as a reference room for comparisons, was constructed in Tainan County for the purpose of this study. Experiments were undertaken during the summer season to examine the effect on the thermal condition for two different window sizes and three types of blinds. To quantify the impact of windows on occupants, PMV-PPD index standardized in the ISO 7730 was used. In almost all cases with blinds the mean PPD is met to the 20% PPD criterion of ISO standard 7730 for an occupant nearby the window, but this is not true for without blinds, even though the window-wall-ratio was decreased to 0.5. The effect of blind use and window-wall-ratio on energy consumption was also investigated. In this study, the potential of better windows design to improve comfort was quantified primarily, so the non-energy benefits could be valued along with energy savings offer by these windows, and would encourage consumers to choice them. Keywords: windows-wall-ration, blinds, thermal comfort.
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Huang, Chu-Xuan, and 黃楚軒. "The Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption for Human Body in an Indoor Environment." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52jr6d.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系
106
Thermal comfort of a human body in an indoor environment is often determined by six factors, including air speed, dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, clothing and metabolic rate. As a result, Fanger’s thermal comfort index, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), can be calculated by a function of thermal load. In this study, we used the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent® and applied a three dimension multi-node bio-heat transfer model to analyze the heat transfer of clothed human body in indoor environments. The paper was divided into three parts. The first part use coupling the energy equation with the moisture transport equation to simulate the human skin temperature and verifies the accuracy of the equation. The second part, the research considered the evaporative resistance of the fiber layer with two different clothes. The result showed that the temperature of the human skin surface did not change much in the case of the condition of human without sweat production in an air conditioned environment. Hence, It was nonsignificant that the effect of the evaporative resistance on the skin temperature of the human body in steady state. This paper used the design of experiment (DOE) Taguchi method combined grey relational analysis to optimize the multiple quality characteristics in terms of the human body in the third part. Velocity, temperature of the inlet and positions of the inlet and outlet was selected as control factors to investigate the optimal parameter combination of thermal comfort and energy consumption in the indoor environment. Numerical simulation results showed that the optimal parameters for thermal comfort and energy consumption in the indoor environment are configured as the position of the inlet is highest, the position of outlet is lowest, velocity of inlet is fastest and inlet temperature is medium, respectively. In this configuration, the PMV, the PPD and energy consumption was optimization. Both grey values of the formula prediction and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results were 0.877.
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Chang, Yu-wen, and 張又文. "Study on Indoor Thermal Environment and Energy Consumption Performance of EAG House Using Different Control Strategies." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6wa87u.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
99
This research presents characteristics of thermal environment and energy consumption of EAG House in the spring, fall and winter seasons by experimental field measurements. EAG House are equipped with shading, natural ventilation, earth tube system, solar chimney fans and air conditioning systems. The thesis shows the influences of environmental control strategies on indoor thermal environment and energy consumption. This research uses three types of sensors; variations of air temperature in the earth tube were measured by the sensors with recorders; variations of indoor air temperature were measured by wireless RFID sensors; variations of power consumption of indoor environmental control equipment were measured by digital meters. The results of using single indoor environment control strategy show that using shading under a large solar radiation condition can reduce the indoor environmental temperature about 1℃. Under the circumstance of using natural ventilation, the variation of indoor environmental temperature depends on the outdoor environmental temperature because of the interaction between the indoor and the outdoor environment. According to the literature, earth tube can precool air temperature in the summer and preheat air temperature in the winter. Field measurements show that there is a temperature increase of about 2 to 3℃ in the indoor environment of EAG House in the winter, when the earth tube system is used. And the power consumption of the earth tube fan is about 0.23 kW. The air temperature in the vertical shaft of the earth tube varies with its depth. In the spring, fall and winter seasons, the temperature of the earth tube at the deeper position is higher and more stable. The temperature of the earth tube maintains around 25 to 26℃ in the fall season, around 22 to 24℃ in the winter season, and around 18 to 20℃ in the spring season from 1.6 to 3.2 meters deep underground. It shows that the temperature of the earth tube attains more steady, when the underground depth is larger than 1.6 meters. The results show that only using the solar chimney fan can not provide significant ventilation. Using air conditioning system can cool the average indoor environmental temperature about 6℃ in the summer, but it needs to consume more electricity energy power, about 0.46 kW. Field measurements of using two indoor environment control strategies show that combining natural ventilation or earth tube fan with the solar chimney fan can enhance convection inside the solar chimney, providing good ventilation in EAG House.
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Chen, Wun-Yuan, and 陳文遠. "Measurement and Analysis of Indoor Thermal Environment of Houses with Various Exterior Walls Under Yilan Weather Conditions." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54734653308939148591.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
建築與永續規劃研究所碩士班
101
This field measurement study was of seven detached Yilan area houses. It examined the tangible impact of different external wall material, RC and compound structure examples on the indoor thermal environment. This study analyzed the delay time between outdoor and indoor temperature and humidity change, and also measured temperature and humidity variance as per different floor. In terms of the temperature and humidity time lag in different structure examples, based on indoor air temperatures, the delay time of RC structure wall was greater than that of compound walls by 1 hour and 20 minutes. The delay time of indoor air temperature in various examples was obviously influenced by the external wall body. When there were more stories in a building, the delay time of indoor temperature was even greater. When the doors and windows were opened, the mean delay time of indoor temperature time lag in various examples was less than 15 minutes or there was no discernible delay time, and this time span was influenced by the external wall body only slightly. In terms of indoor relative humidity, when the amount of furnishings was great and when the doors and windows were closed, the delay time of indoor humidity time lag phenomenon was longer. When the doors and windows were open, the delay time of indoor humidity of all cases was shorter than 10 minutes. Overall, there was no obvious time lag phenomenon. In terms of the indoor average temperature variance among different floors in different structure examples, with the doors and windows closed, the indoor mean temperature of various floors in the RC structure examples was greater than that of the compound structure one. With the doors open, this was not always the case. In the RC structure examples,the attic floor had the maximum indoor mean temperature, in the compound structure examples it was the intermediate floor. The humidity of RC structures with doors closed was greater than that of the compound structure examples. However, with doors open, the phenomenon was reversed with the humidity being greater in the compound structure examples. By floor, in the RC examples, the attic and the intermediate floors had the greatest average humidity whereas for the compound structures it was the ground floor.
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Law, Yu-Quan, and 劉育佺. "Field Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Environment Quality for a Hospital in Hot and Humid Climate." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84090072998238749636.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
98
It is vital but sometimes challenging to provide suitable thermal comfort condition and appropriate indoor environment quality in hospital building because of widely varying conditions demanded for different types of occupants. The objective of this study is to present the field evaluation of thermal comfort and indoor environment quality for a hospital building in Taiwan by using questionnaires and field measurements as well. The results from 403 effective questionnaires from hospital staffs showed that 37.73% felt slightly hot under fully operation of HVAC system. 51.61% of staffs were unfavorable for the movement of air circulation. There existed the most unpleasant thermal sensation scale and poor indoor environment quality in the waiting area of outpatient service in second floor of the building. Field measurements including major thermal comfort parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity) and indoor air quality parameters (CO2 and TVOC concentration) has been conducted extensively in the outpatient area. Suggestions have been proposed to improve the thermal comfort and indoor environment quality under the compromise of energy consumption. It is expected that a more robust investigation of environment-comfortable and energy-efficient HVAC system specific for hospital building under hot and humid climate.
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Ma, Hsueh-Hui, and 馬雪惠. "A study on Indoor Thermal Environment and Total Volatile Organic Compounds - A Case Study of Yuntech University." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d2md57.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系
102
This research aims to investigate the impact of Thermal Environment, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), which can affect the students’ health.The duration of the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) investigation was from January to March of 2014. The targets for our measurements include seven places and can be devided into three kinds of teaching-related space according to their area sizes and maximal available student numbers at the National Yunlin University of Science and Technology (YunTech). Most of the previous studies in Taiwan focused on the IAQ issue in offices. However, there are few studies on investigating the IAQ issue on campus. Recently, due to the problems of the serious Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and increased oil depletion, many countries have promoted the issues of energy conservation and carbon reduction. According to the government’s policy, the concepts of green campus have been propagated in most of the schools. Considering that Taiwan is located in a subtropical zone, the maximum daytime temperatures can be higher than 30°C in summer and lower than 20°C in winter. Therefore, through this investigation, we can know the Thermal Environment, the concentrations of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and can examine the benefits obtained from the energy conservation and ventilation in the classrooms during the winters in Taiwan. According our investigation, all kinds of teaching classrooms generally have insufficient Air Change Rate (ACR). The indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature in the winter. Although the types of air conditioners and devices in the classrooms are different, the concentrations of CO2 are higher than the highest value (1000 ppm) defined by EPA for the requirements of the Indoor Air Quality Management Act. The indoor concentrations of carbon dioxide have exceeded a predetermined value in some of the classrooms before the classes even begin. In three of the classrooms, the measured values of CO2 concentration are above 3000 ppm, which is three times higher than the highest EPA permissible value. In this thesis, we will analyze the measured data in the various teaching areas and then make feasible recommendations on the design and planning of new teaching areas and on the currently used classrooms.The study also found that the TVOC are higher than the maximum value (0.56 ppm) specified by EPA in the swimming pool and Service Center for Construction Technology and Materials at YunTech. Under the guidance of carbon reduction and energy conservation, we hope to build a campus that can preserve a healthy environment for the students in the classrooms.
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Yun-HaoHsieh and 謝昀昊. "Evaluation of Vertical Greening Design for Balcony Regarding Indoor Thermal Environment and Energy Consumption under Tainan Climate." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e9479x.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
104
Recently, vertical greenery systems have been suggested in cities worldwide to relieve the influence of urban heat island with the effect of shading and evapo-transpiration. However, few simulation models have focused on the influence of solar radiation to evapotranspiration rate which plays an important role on both thermal comfort and energy conservation. The objective of this study is to develop composite models of CFD and EnergyPlus for a vertical greenery system with reduced wind speeds and temperature of the crossing air flow to discuss the influence of indoor thermal comfort and energy conservation. Wild allamanda (Urechites lutea) was used for the vertical greenery system located on balconies. In this study, field measurements were performed, and the CFD simulation results of the wind speed, temperature and solar radiation were compared with the measured data to confirm the simulation model. Furthermore, a townhouse that common in Tainan was studied via the simulation model of CFD and EnergyPlus, with the results that applying a vertical greenery system with cross ventilation can reduce SET* around 1.1°C at 5:00 p.m., and the air conditioning energy conservation of main room can effectively save 14.1%.
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Liao, Chung-Wen, and 廖崇文. "Comparisons on the Effects of the Indoor Air and Thermal Environment in Working Spaces with variance ventilation routes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84678265590139412385.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
應用設計研究所
91
This study is aimed to copare the performance by the different air flow route in working rooms The purpose is to simulate the effect of different air flow route to indoor contaminant removal. numerical simulation was performed using CFD techniques, and the full-scale chamber experiment was conducted. Indoor ceimate was controlled at the temperature of 26℃ and relative humidity of 50﹪. to compare the difference between different air ventilation path to different factors, such as, the indoor heat environment, indoor comfort and the status of power energy using, to simplify the various factor in the room and to do the quantitative analysis CO2 fluid of contaminant, ACH, Age-of-Air, Air-Exchange Efficiency for in working place. However, to compare indoor environment that obtain measured data form full-scale chamber experiment and find the best mode of porous plate location in base indoor air made at different Air Flow path. The sum of the evaluation form the study that provide reference data to in door-Air flow design for find out the best location of Air Ventilation path, saving more energy power and Creating a more healthy room. Subjects 1.Build up the different ventilation database of full-scale chamber experiment. 2.Analyze fo different ventilation path location effect to initial environment factors. 3.Inspect the objectivity in the result of numerical stimulation in the full-scale chamber experiment. 4.Provide the numerical data to the use designer the reference of different air ventilation path modify the pollutant. Methods 1.This research focuses on three aspects to analyze the act mode, the indoor scope and the model size. We set up a model room that scope in 336㎝*60㎝*240㎝ and 368㎝*360㎝*240㎝ to do the research. 2.According to the aspects and the factors in the study, we measured and recorded the temperature in different vertical thermal changing, the air loud velocity, the temperature, and the PMV, PPD factor in working room. 3.This research analyzes the indoor airflow, the thermal indoor, temperature indoor, and consistency indoors by using CFD method. 4.Statistic analysis transfers the measure data to the reference information for designer Results 1.The characteristic of different Air Ventilatory Path in indoors heat environment Under-Flour Air Distribution（UFAD） system could send the cool air to working area directly and make the staffs in the area feel more comfortable because of more closer direction form the people especially in the hot day during daytime. The UFAD system conform to up the heat buoyancy, so that the heat form moving people will be flour away by the Air Ventilatory path. 2.The climate variation influence and the Air-conditional equipment In the all set of air-conditional equipments, power consumption in HVAC reach to the highest point in August summer and get the lowest point in December winter. The disparities between the two factors almost reach to 18% power energy. The opening location of floor mode saves 6﹪ power energy. It almost reaches to save more than 3.3dollous per degree in a month Amount 1078 dollars in per month. 3.CFD predictive tool test Compare the calculated outcome amount of different experiment in the study, to different vertical cut off superficies of indoor heat environment are similar to the experiment result. The Simulating result demonstrates that CFD method could be a predicted tool while measure indoors Air ventilatory. 4.UFAD system is more efficiency than Prep-Flour Air Distribution（PFAD） system in Air change per Hour in working area. UFAD system ventilation effectiveness is better than PFAD system. We could know form the several reasons：In the average CO2 ambience in working area, the UFAD system mode is 38ppm（4﹪） lower than PFAD system used in air exchange efficiency, and lower 49ppm（6﹪） in breathe a region consistency.In the same indoor conditions, the Air-Exchange Efficiency of UFAD system is more efficiency to PFAD system for 9﹪. 5.The location of The Porous Plate
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Huang, Miao-hua, and 黃妙華. "A Study on the Indoor Thermal Environment of Public Library–Taking the Cases from Taichung Setun District Library." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89133092065990658638.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
建築所
97
The public library opened to the general public experienced increasing attendance rate on daily basis. Although the summer temperature is gradually on the rise in Taiwan, in order to maintain indoor comfortableness, it is natural to deploy air conditioning to upkeep the indoor wet and humidified environment up to the level of comfort. Hence, this research adopts the public space dedicated to the general public, located between the first and the third floors at Situn District library of Taichung City, as the location for comprehensive test. And testing instrumentation is deployed to measure the indoor temperature as well as humidity for each available space. This test is to understand the comfortableness experienced by the user while reading in the indoor environment with the aim to enhance the nowadays public library and hopefully, it can facilitate in the endeavors to create superb library environment as the goal. This survey research bears this in mind throughout the process. Contents for this research survey: 1. By exploring the installation location, the quantity for the air conditioning vent and the air conditioning temperature settings, this research actually measured the numerical values and conducted analytical comparisons. 2. Integrated and consolidated the measurements, and conducted analysis and assessment based on preset indoor environmental comfortableness baseline. In addition, computer software (Surfer V6.04) was applied to proceed to analyses of both the temperature and humidity distribution so as to facilitate the exploration of factors impacting the temperature and humidity. 3. Explored impacting factors for space orientation as well as floor level. 4. Consolidated and analyzed the datum and impacting factors. These would be reserved as reference datum of information characterizing the library comfortableness level, and with the expectation that this research would lead to reach the final goal of providing a library with comfortable reading environment. From the actual measurement findings, the indoor wet and humidified environment in both the higher and lower storied buildings would be under the control of air conditioning. In addition, the vent location can thus provide comfortable indoor environment. The related factors which would influence the temperature and humidity are: 1. Inadequate or improper disposition of the vent. 2. Directly or indirectly influenced by sunshine from the west side. 3. Locations of window or door. 4. Both the indoor and outdoor walls in the space of interest. 5. Orientation for the space. 6. Similar temperature and humidity level. 7. Influence from the neighboring outer environment. And the findings indicated that during the summer time, the southwestern space area of the library was much warmer than that of the northeastern side; and it would be opposite to each other between the spring /autumn and winter. Nonetheless, these spaces of interest were still within the scope of comfortableness.
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Mou, Shun-Cheng, and 牟順誠. "The Empirical Analysis on Indoor Thermal Environment of Unilateral Way Type and Central Way Type Classroom of University." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bmqp39.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
93
ABSTRACT Thermal environment of classroom will be effected by its space pattern in university campus. Most researches about the indoor thermal environment were focus on the function of the space and the measurement was proceeded only one point in the space. The subjects of this research are three universities in northern, central, and southern parts of Taiwan and separated into unilateral way type and central way type. The research use the Automatic Sampling Method (ASM) which is set up by the measurement grid to measure the environmental factors just as ambient temperatures, relative humidity, global temperature, wind velocity, direct solar radiation and etc. Though the correlation analysis, it will reveal that how the interior factors, location, and environment factors effect the indoor quality of thermal environment. The result of the research shows that the average temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environment is 1.3℃ in unilateral way type classroom and 0.7℃in central way type classroom. The thermal environment of unilateral way type classroom also fitted better in the graph of the “ASHRAE summer and winter comfort zones” than central way type classroom. It shows that indoor thermal comfort of unilateral way type classroom is better than that of central way type classroom. Furthermore, we use the IAWSG index to simulate the average window solar gain of the classrooms. The result shows that the IAWSG index related to the temperature difference and fitted well with the observed data.This research will finally brings up the suggestion and strategy upon the planning and design method of the interior space form of normal classroom in campus. The result can effectively promote the indoor environment quality and implement the laws and policy of energy conservation and environmental protection. KEYWORD：space pattern of classroom, indoor thermal environment, thermal comfort
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(10292846), Zhipeng Deng. "RECOGNITION OF BUILDING OCCUPANT BEHAVIORS FROM INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS BY DATA MINING APPROACH." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Currently, people in North America spend roughly 90% of their time indoors. Therefore, it is important to create comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments for the occupants. Unfortunately, our resulting indoor environments are still very poor, especially in multi-occupant rooms. In addition, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings by HVAC systems and lighting accounts for about 41% of primary energy use in the US. However, the current methods for simulating building energy consumption are often not accurate, and various types of occupant behavior may explain this inaccuracy.
This study first developed artificial neural network models for predicting thermal comfort and occupant behavior in indoor environments. The models were trained by data on indoor environmental parameters, thermal sensations, and occupant behavior collected in ten offices and ten houses/apartments. The models were able to predict similar acceptable air temperature ranges in offices, from 20.6 °C to 25 °C in winter and from 20.6 °C to 25.6 °C in summer. We also found that the comfortable air temperature in the residences was 1.7 °C lower than that in the offices in winter, and 1.7 °C higher in summer. The reason for this difference may be that the occupants of the houses/apartments were responsible for paying their energy bills. The comfort zone obtained by the ANN model using thermal sensations in the ten offices was narrower than the comfort zone in ASHRAE Standard 55, but that using behaviors was wider.
Then this study used the EnergyPlus program to simulate the energy consumption of HVAC systems in office buildings. Measured energy data were used to validate the simulated results. When using the collected behavior from the offices, the difference between the simulated results and the measured data was less than 13%. When a behavioral ANN model was implemented in the energy simulation, the simulation performed similarly. However, energy simulation using constant thermostat set point without considering occupant behavior was not accurate. Further simulations demonstrated that adjusting the thermostat set point and the clothing could lead to a 25% variation in energy use in interior offices and 15% in exterior offices. Finally, energy consumption could be reduced by 30% with thermostat setback control and 70% with occupancy control.
Because of many contextual factors, most previous studies have built data-driven behavior models with limited scalability and generalization capability. This investigation built a policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) model for the behavior of adjusting the thermostat and clothing level. We used Q-learning to train the model and validated with collected data. After training, the model predicted the behavior with R2 from 0.75 to 0.80 in an office building. This study also transferred the behavior knowledge of the RL model to other office buildings with different HVAC control systems. The transfer learning model predicted with R2 from 0.73 to 0.80. Going from office buildings to residential buildings, the transfer learning model also had an R2 over 0.60. Therefore, the RL model combined with transfer learning was able to predict the building occupant behavior accurately with good scalability, and without the need for data collection.
Unsuitable thermostat settings lead to energy waste and an undesirable indoor environment, especially in multi-occupant rooms. This study aimed to develop an HVAC control strategy in multi-occupant offices using physiological parameters measured by wristbands. We used an ANN model to predict thermal sensation from air temperature, relative humidity, clothing level, wrist skin temperature, skin relative humidity and heart rate. Next, we developed a control strategy to improve the thermal comfort of all the occupants in the room. The control system was smart and could adjust the thermostat set point automatically in real time. We improved the occupants’ thermal comfort level that over half of the occupants reported feeling neutral, and fewer than 5% still felt uncomfortable. After coupling with occupancy-based control by means of lighting sensors or wristband Bluetooth, the heating and cooling loads were reduced by 90% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the smart HVAC control system can effectively control the indoor environment for thermal comfort and energy saving.
As for proposed studies in the future, at first, we will use more advanced sensors to collect more kinds of occupant behavior-related data. We will expand the research on more occupant behavior related to indoor air quality, noise and illuminance level. We can use these data to recognize behavior instead of questionnaire survey now. We will also develop a personalized zonal control system for the multi-occupant office. We can find the number and location of inlet diffusers by using inverse design.
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HSIAO, TSAI-FU, and 蕭在富. "A Research of Indoor Thermal Environment in the Community－A case of the Da Cing Residential Buildingsin Taichung City." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01420107793781422310.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
建築所
96
Since the fact that living space of apartment complex has different type of plan, it would create different impacts onto the indoor thermal environment. This research intends to target the preliminary survey of indoor thermal environment for Da-Cing public housing in Taichung with the purpose to understand the current environmental statuses and problems, like indoor temperature, humidity, etc, of apartment complex under study.Additionally, this research reviewed actual tested items and influencing causes of change, to establish the basic database for thermal environment of apartment complex. Therefore, it will be used as the enhancement for indoor environment of apartment complex, and the reference for inhabitant plans. Major survey items include the meteorological data like temperature, humidity and Black-bulb thermometer for the residence unit as well as computations from ENVLOAD. In addition, according to plan type of residence unit, etc, of the critical element information for outer wall configuration, as well as applying the statistical analysis methods to proceed to relevant analysis, this research located the main influencing factors. The findings for this research are summarized as follows: 1. Establish actually tested information in temperature and humidity for apartment complex; 2. Measurement for average radiated temperature was used to explore the quantity for radiated indoor energy. 3. ENVLOAD computations for different plans in addition to review the impacts upon the apartment complex indoor thermal environments from the ENVLOAD; 4.Understand the plan temperature, horizontal dispersion for the humidity of the residence unit as well as the temperature and humidity comparisons for different stories or levels of the building. 5. Explore relevant problems and issues of indoor thermal environment for apartment complex, and propose the causes and variables of the impact. And this research intends to be used as references for future apartment complex design and inhabitant planning purposes.
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Liao, Pei-Chen, and 廖珮辰. "A Research of the Container-Type Roof Farm Influence on Indoor Thermal Environment by Using CFD and Field Measurements." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6y2kar.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
建築學系
105
Now, there is a globally growing interest these days in green roofs, which are applied against the Heat Island Effect at the urban level. In terms of the space dimension, indoor thermal environment tends to have significant impact to human health, comfort and work efficiency, though, green roof not only enhances the effective use of roof space, but increases building insulation and reduces indoor temperature as well. In the past, most studies on the green roofs influence to the interior were focused on planting farmlands and gardens as well as presented in the form of floor-fixed style. Therefore, this study targeted on pot-style roof garden without planting as the research object and aimed to investigate its indoor thermal environment effectiveness compared to those of traditional ones. The study firstly measured the practically completed Container-Type Roof Farm with thermo-hygrometer and compared the obtained results with those of CFD numerical simulation to confirm the reliability of such simulation values. Then, a simulation of control group and experimental group was carried out through numerical simulation to explore the effect of pot-type roof garden on the following indoor thermal environments with a purpose of providing a reference to the design of pot-style for roof gardens. The main results were as follows: 1. The experimental result showed that the distribution of indoor temperature in wooden platforms was more uniform and the capacity of heat storage was better than those of bowl-type roof garden. 2. After comparing the measured and simulated verifications, the difference between both was in allowable range (less than 15%), which fully proved that the reliability of the subsequent simulation setup and process was able to be established. 3. The simulated results showed that the indoor environment was in the most comfortable condition when the distance between pot bowl ventilation layers in water-cutting basin was 8 cm. While comparing the PMV(Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) value of its project, the maximum and average values of the control group could be lower than 1.1 and PPD decline 37.9%, respectively. Furthermore, it proved that the higher the wind speed of the ventilation layer, the higher improvement of indoor PMV extent, which represented the ventilation layer of the pot shape in this study was able to introduce or speed up the wind to improve indoor comfort.
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Wu, Yi-Chi, and 吳亦騏. "A Study on the Outer Roof Heat Insulation Efficiency and Indoor Thermal Environment of Small Light Gauge Steel Buildings." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72285510374071695490.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
建築系建築及都市設計碩博士班
102
In Taiwan, light gauge steel buildings are employed for a multitude of purposes; for instance, large light gauge steel buildings are used to house factories and workshops and small light gauge steel buildings are used as pre-fabricated housing units or restructured cargo containers. Thermal insulation is provided through reflection, isolation, and heat dispersion. However, after a long period of use and lack of repair & maintenance, the heat insulation layer gradually loses its initial heat insulation efficiency and the crude roofing insulation of these structures results in overheated interiors. This paper aims to find the best method for ensuring the outer roof heat insulation efficiency for the light gauge steel buildings, thereby maintaining comfortable indoor thermal environment. The paper conducted an indoor thermal environment experiment on a small light gauge steel building. In the experiment, a comparison between outer roof heat insulation and inner roof heat insulation was implemented to see the heat insulation improvement. Four types of materials were used in the procedure. For the outer roof heat insulation, black shade nets and white insulation paint were applied; for the inner roof heat insulation, fine air bubble heat insulation sheets and coarse air bubble heat insulation sheets were used. An analysis of the experiment revealed that the respective heat insulating methods had similar average semi-outdoor temperatures. The outer roof heat insulation has been more efficient in reducing direct penetration of heat into the interior; furthermore, it’s noted that the white insulation paint had a significant time lag effect of two hours at a smaller level of heat flux. Each heat insulation material had an average radiation temperature difference of merely 1.9℃ during day. As for the slope of the indoor vertical temperature fluctuation trend line from roof to floor in the daytime, the greatest slope, 0.0094, was noted under the fine air bubble heat insulation sheet. A comparison between the temperature at a 170-cm height and the temperature beneath the ceiling showed a temperature difference of 0.4℃ for each material. It is apparent that the average radiation temperatures and vertical temperature fluctuations of the respective insulation materials have similar effect on the indoor thermal environment. Furthermore, according to the psychrometric chart, the indoor environments under the foregoing insulation materials are outside the range of summer season thermal comfort of the ASHRAE Standard 55. Experiment findings revealed that the efficiency of the outer roof heat insulation applied on the small light gauge steel buildings is better and more capable of reducing direct penetration of heat into the interior. Moreover, the white insulation paint has a significant time lag effect at a smaller level of heat flux, thus effectively reducing penetration of heat into the interior. Thus in the future, it is imperative to make indoor floor-to-ceiling distance and proper ventilation the priority consideration when designing the light gauge steel buildings, and to coat white insulation paint or apply other insulation materials on the exterior roof before constructing and installing the roof in order to make sure a comfort indoor thermal environment.
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Hussain, SHAFQAT. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT IN ATRIA AND OF THE BUOYANCY- DRIVEN VENTILATION IN A SIMPLE ATRIUM BUILDING." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7330.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been extensively used in the study of the indoor environment and the thermal comfort conditions for the design of modern buildings, however, there remains the need to thoroughly evaluate the accuracy of the results given by CFD methods. In the present work, numerical investigations of the indoor thermal environment in the atria of two existing buildings and in a simple three-storey atrium building design have been undertaken using CFD techniques.
The initial work involved the evaluation of various turbulence models and a radiation model used in CFD simulations for the prediction of the thermal environment in atria of different geometrical configurations in two buildings for which experimental data is available. The airflow patterns and temperature distributions were determined, under both forced and hybrid ventilation conditions and thermal comfort conditions were evaluated. The numerical predictions were compared with the available experimental measurements and, in general, good agreement was obtained between the numerical and experimental results.
After the evaluation of the adequacy of available turbulence models and the validation of the accuracy of the CFD model used, a simple full-scale three-storey atrium building was modeled to explore the potential of using buoyancy-driven natural ventilation. The validated CFD model was used to determine the ventilation flow rates, airflow patterns, and temperature distributions in the building. The dynamic effect of the thermal mass of the external walls on the performance of the building was also investigated using transient CFD simulations.
Atria with various geometrical configurations were studied in order to investigate the effect of atrium design changes on the air flow and temperature distributions in the simple atrium building considered. A parametric study was carried out to assess the sensitivity of the ventilation performance to the change in various geometric and solar parameters. On the basis of this parametric study, a few changes were carried out in the design of the building to examine their effect on ventilation performance. Finally, the use of night ventilation in the atrium building was explored and it was found that night ventilation can be increased by using hot water circulation in the chimney walls.Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-07-22 12:57:00.947
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HSIU, SU CHING, and 蘇敬琇. "The Influence of Building Expanded Components on the Indoor Thermal Environment: Take Commercial Buildings in Kaohsiung City as Case Study." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06759668771354193653.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
建築與古蹟維護研究所
96
This study aimed to investigate the impact of indoor thermal environment of commercial buildings in Kaohsiung area. Four individual cases were selected for field measurement and investigation based on measured data. The data measured under different variables, such as different annexations and changes of building openings, were used for comparing the impacts of indoor thermal environment of different variables on human body thermal comfort. The measured data were used to discuss evaluation factors for thermal comfort zone (temperature, humidity, air speed), PMV of thermal comfort, and PPD of thermal comfort based on the comfort zone and thermal comfort index theories referred by this study. Besides understanding more about the existing circumstance of indoor thermal environment of commercial buildings, this study also probed into the impact of variables, including annexations on indoor thermal environment, and established benchmark data of indoor thermal environment of commercial buildings in Kaohsiung area, in order to provide a relatively complete and scientific reference data for building designs with orientation of "sustainable buildings, healthful comfort". This research results are as follows: 1. Analysis of indoor thermal environment characteristics with different variables: 1) From the measured cases in this study, the measured value of temperature of cases without annexations in the actual measurement are mostly within the comfort zone, the measured value of temperature is a bit higher than the comfort zone in cases with annexations. Those in relative humidity without annexations and indoor relative humidity with annexations are kept within a comfort zone between 58.6~69.4 %. 2) As for air speed, in four model testing environments, the indoor mean air speed is kept within the comfort baseline value, but indoors with annexations mostly show zero-wind conditions, so that people feel fuggy in the indoor space; the PMV of cases without annexations is between 0.1 and 1.5, and the PMV of cases with annexations is between 1.1 and 1.7, cases with annexations are hotter than those without annexations; the percentage of dissatisfaction of cases without annexations is between 5.6~48.8%, and that of cases without annexations is between 32.6~62.4%. Therefore, the reactions of cases with annexations to PMV and PPD index are a bit higher than the standard value. 2. Modal analysis of indoor vertical thermal field distribution with different variables: 1) Regarding the vertical temperature change of indoor space with or without annexations in a room with a western exposure, the indoor temperature in the afternoon is higher than that in the morning, the temperature of room with annexations is obviously higher than that of room without annexations all day, and the indoor thermal environment without annexations is comfortable. 2) As for the vertical temperature change of indoor space with annexations in a room with a western exposure, the maximum indoor mean vertical temperature is 27.2℃ in the morning; as for the vertical temperature change of indoor space without annexations in a room with a western exposure, the maximum indoor mean vertical temperature is 26.4℃ in the morning; for the vertical temperature change of indoor space with annexations in a room with a western exposure, the maximum indoor mean vertical temperature is 27.7℃ in the afternoon; and for the vertical temperature change of indoor space without annexations in a room with a western exposure, the maximum indoor mean vertical temperature is 26.8℃ in the afternoon.
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Motsatsi, Lorato. "The development and critical evaluation of learner thermal comfort protocol for applicability to two primary schools in Mamelodi, City of Tshwane." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/48952.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop a Learner Thermal Comfort Protocol (LTCP) for the assessment of thermal comfort in naturally ventilated public school classrooms occupied by primary learners aged between 7 and 14 years and to establish whether there is a relationship between the thermal comfort standards (ASHRAE 55-2004 and ISO 7730-2005) and the learners’ perception thereof.
The study tests the LTCP on two primary school case studies in Mamelodi Township, City of Tshwane (CoT), South Africa, by following the adaptive or field study method to collect quantitative data from the classroom and the learners. The classrooms’ actual temperature is measured and recorded by HOBO pendant data loggers while the learners’ thermal comfort perception is surveyed using questionnaires. The actual classroom indoor temperatures are compared to the ASHRAE 55 and ISO 7730 standard temperature range recommendations of ±22°C to ±27°C, based on the heat balance model, and ±20°C to ±27°C temperature range based on the context related adaptive model.
To establish whether there is a relationship between standards and learners’ perception, the learners’ perception results are compared to the predicted percentage that occupants would find acceptable.
This predicted percentage is based on the heat balance model (i.e. 80%) and adaptive model (i.e. 80% - 90%).
The results indicate that the indoor temperature range did not meet the recommended temperature range of either of the thermal comfort models. However, the thermal perception scale shows that the indoor temperatures were accepted by most of the learners. A relationship between the learners’ perception, the thermal comfort standards’ recommended temperature range and predicted percentage of acceptance was established. However, a wider temperature range is suggested for the thermal comfort assessment of classrooms located in the South African climate.
This study will contribute to the body of knowledge on thermal comfort in schools and provide the Department of Basic Education (DBE) with an assessment tool for the evaluation of school classroom indoor environments.Dissertation (MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Architecture
Unrestricted
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Lin, Hsin—Hung, and 林信宏. "A Stndy on the Indoor Physical Environment of the Water-Floating Honse—Take the Thermal comfort and ventilation Effect as Illustrations." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00963411277371777999.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
建築與室內設計研究所
100
2007, Carteret Islands in Papua New Guinea had became the world''s first disappeared island because of the sea-level rise. Taiwan is the island-oriented country, Topography of Taiwan''s rivers are short and turbulent, debris is often washed away and it is not easy to use. As the ecological resources barren islands, the western plains are mostly wilderness ecology, are likely to be another group of climate refugees, especially when flooding come often resulted in losing lives and property of residents. Ever years when Taiwan''s typhoon season comes, the residents living in low-lying areas are always suffer by the flooding troubled, especially the flooding brought on by Typhoon Morakot in 2009, let all the residents in Taiwan experienced a painful experience. In this reason, Taiwanese government try to follow the Dutch water-floating building, plans to built in the higher frequency of flooding areas. In promoting, this project at the same time, how to transform the existing water-floating building "? This study is on the Sun Moon Lake’s in “Water-floating building’s” interior space, with the physical factor instrument measured the indoor thermal environment and use the CFD computer simulation analysis the natural ventilation, the change of airflow in the interior space, combined-site determination of the quantitative data and chart, the thermal comfort impact of changes in the numerical simulation method to explore the Taiwan water floating building "in the indoor space environment and simulation analysis of the best natural ventilation mode. The results of this study can be summarized to the following conclusions and recommendations: 1.In air temperature: the temperature near the opening part of the construction is the partial heat of 29.51 ° C, if we set appropriate rain shelters in the opening part to reduce the direct sun light into the room, and the introduction of adequate ventilation, will enhance the comfort of the living quality of the environment in the indoor staff. 2.In the vertical temperature: indoor vertical temperature variations in the western site, the temperature in the afternoon session is higher than the morning and evening session. I suggest to open the windows to import the outdoor’s cool breeze by the Sun Moon Lake, and the window part is easier to cooling down than the internal part. So the fenestration amount is one of the important indicator of the indoor temperature 3.In relative humidity: Sun Moon Lake region is belong to summer heat and rainy climate, is not suitable to directly introduced the humid air from outdoor, but must consider both the moisture absorption, anti-dew design; night can considered a mechanical dehumidifier to help reduce indoor moisture phenomenon. 4.In wind speed: on matter the windows are opened or not, the indoor wind speed is always maintain between 0.05 ~ 0.3m / s, this wind speed is belongs to the human comfort wind speed of 0.5m / s within the range, the average wind speed is 0.13m / s, so it would not be necessary to improve. 5.Prediction of natural ventilation: the outdoor’s fresh air can be led in by the leeway cause by the fenestration, form cross flow ventilation to maintain indoor comfort
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Chan, Yuan-Ching, and 詹元慶. "Numerical Simulation Study on the Influence of Landscape Balcony of the Surrounding and Indoor Thermal Environment Buildings; Some Kaohsiung Residential Building." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6bnwv7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士樹德科技大學
建築與室內設計研究所
107
Taiwan is located at the junction of Southeast Asia and East Asia and the area where the Tropic of Cancer passed. At the end of the twentieth century, many cities in Taiwan developed a lot. The building was built for efficiency, using a large number of high-heat-storage building materials such as concrete and artificial impervious pavements. It absorbs heat and slowly releases heat at night, keeping the city at a high temperature. In addition, the reduction of green space reduces the water retention and climatic function of the ground, and the possibility of relying on surface water evaporation and cooling is reduced, thereby aggravating the heat island effect of urbanization, high temperature and dryness. In 2014, the Kaohsiung City Government issued the “Kaohsiung Kaohsiung Design and Encouragement Reward”, which was designed by Kaohsiung’s innovative policy to respond to high temperatures and hot climates, and to reduce high carbon emissions in the city, following Kaohsiung’s design principles and respecting the land climate. , to establish the architectural design belonging to the local. Therefore, this study uses the design of effective deep shading in the ten criteria implemented by Kaohsiung, taking a case study of a residential building in Kaohsiung City as an example. The CFD numerical simulation is used to analyze the different types of balcony design for the surrounding and indoor warm environment of the building. Influences.
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Chou, Chang-Hsien, and 周昌賢. "The study of improving indoor thermal environment by using natural ventilation design-the case study of administration building in National Ilan University." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73j3fs.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
土木工程學系碩士班
102
The building consumes more energy to achieve thermal comfort because of the global temperature increase resulted from greenhouse effect. The research related to this topic of energy saving by using construction method of green building was numerous. The object of this study is the administration building of National Ilan University. The indoor environment is hot because of the greenhouse effect resulted from the design of glass curtain with solar incidence and poor ventilation. Different types of opening were assumed in the stairs and hallways. Then computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate the flow field and temperature field, and heat gain was analyzed. The optimal opening methods were conducted by the results of simulation and analyzed process. The results of the study show that the decrease of temperature is not significant by the opening of stairs and hallways. The average temperature of layout 1 to layout 7 is about 0.1℃ less than that of the original layout, but the average temperature decreases significantly in layout 8 and layout 9 by opening of windward side. The highest average airspeed is 0.1 m/s in the stairs of layout 1 to 7, but the average airspeed exceeds 0.5 m/s after improvement. The difference of average airspeed between original layout and layout 1 to 7 is 0.1 m/s, but the average airspeed exceeds 2.5 m/s when the opening is in the windward side as in layout 8 and layout 9. The heat gains are almost equal to 110 W/m2 in different layouts. The layout 10 and layout 11 are arranged from the analysis of layout 1 to layout 9. The environment improvement of layout 10 and layout 11 without opening in stairs is similar as in layout 9. The results derive the importance of natural ventilation from the opening of windward side. The effect of natural ventilation reduces the extra indoor heat by the design of building orientation and the path of wind. The improvement by using natural ventilation achieves thermal comfort with saving of renovation cost.