Journal articles: 'Induced seismicity'

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Keranen, Katie M., and Matthew Weingarten. "Induced Seismicity." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010054.

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The ability of fluid-generated subsurface stress changes to trigger earthquakes has long been recognized. However, the dramatic rise in the rate of human-induced earthquakes in the past decade has created abundant opportunities to study induced earthquakes and triggering processes. This review briefly summarizes early studies but focuses on results from induced earthquakes during the past 10 years related to fluid injection in petroleum fields. Study of these earthquakes has resulted in insights into physical processes and has identified knowledge gaps and future research directions. Induced earthquakes are challenging to identify using seismological methods, and faults and reefs strongly modulate spatial and temporal patterns of induced seismicity. However, the similarity of induced and natural seismicity provides an effective tool for studying earthquake processes. With continuing development of energy resources, increased interest in carbon sequestration, and construction of large dams, induced seismicity will continue to pose a hazard in coming years.

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Roeloffs, Evelyn. "Induced seismicity." Tectonophysics 275, no. 4 (July 1997): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(96)00281-8.

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Király-Proag, Eszter, J. Douglas Zechar, Valentin Gischig, Stefan Wiemer, Dimitrios Karvounis, and Joseph Doetsch. "Validating induced seismicity forecast models-Induced Seismicity Test Bench." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121, no. 8 (August 2016): 6009–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013236.

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Elsworth, Derek, Christopher J. Spiers, and Andre R. Niemeijer. "Understanding induced seismicity." Science 354, no. 6318 (December 15, 2016): 1380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2584.

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Yoon, Jeoung Seok, Günter Zimmermann, Arno Zang, and Ove Stephansson. "Discrete element modeling of fluid injection–induced seismicity and activation of nearby fault." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 10 (October 2015): 1457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0435.

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Enhanced geothermal systems, shale gas, and geological carbon sequestration all require underground fluid injection in high-pressure conditions. Fluid injection creates fractures, induces seismicity, and has the potential to reactivate nearby faults that can generate a large magnitude earthquake. Mechanisms of fluid injection–induced seismicity and fault reactivation should be better understood to be able to mitigate larger events triggered by fluid injection. This study investigates fluid injection, induced seismicity, and triggering of fault rupture using hydromechanical-coupled discrete element models. Results show that a small amount of fluid pressure perturbation can trigger fault ruptures that are critically oriented and stressed. Induced seismicity by rock failure shows in general higher b-values (slope of magnitude–frequency relation) compared to seismicity triggered by the fault fracture slip. Numerical results closely resemble observations from geothermal and shale-gas fields and demonstrate that discrete element modeling has the potential to be applied in the field as a tool for predicting induced seismicity prior to in situ injection.

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Liu, Su Mei, and Xiang Dong Xie. "Reservoir-Induced Seismicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1477.

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As a region with little or very low level background seismicity, the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in June 2003 was related to increasing reservoir-induced seismicity. Analysis of the spatial pattern of seismicity showed that a majority of the seismicity was associated with the heavily fractured, deep crustal Jiuwanxi Fault, especially in regions of permeable Carbonate rocks formations. Analysis of the temporal pattern of the seismicity and a comparison with the filling history of the reservoir showed that the frequency and intensity of induced seismicity started at low level accompanying the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and then increased with the increasing of water level and decreased thereafter. The amplitude of fluctuation of water level was found to be related to the frequency and intensity of induced seismicity. The pore pressure diffusion plays an important role in reservoir induced seismicity.

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McCann, D. M. "Induced seismicity in engineering." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 5, no. 1 (1988): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1988.005.01.44.

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Zhai, Guang, Manoochehr Shirzaei, and Michael Manga. "Widespread deep seismicity in the Delaware Basin, Texas, is mainly driven by shallow wastewater injection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 10, 2021): e2102338118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102338118.

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Industrial activity away from plate boundaries can induce earthquakes and has evolved into a global issue. Much of the induced seismicity in the United States' midcontinent is attributed to a direct pressure increase from deep wastewater disposal. This mechanism is not applicable where deep basement faults are hydraulically isolated from shallow injection aquifers, leading to a debate about the mechanisms for induced seismicity. Here, we compile industrial, seismic, geodetic, and geological data within the Delaware Basin, western Texas, and calculate stress and pressure changes at seismogenic depth using a coupled poroelastic model. We show that the widespread deep seismicity is mainly driven by shallow wastewater injection through the transmission of poroelastic stresses assuming that unfractured shales are hydraulic barriers over decadal time scales. A zone of seismic quiescence to the north, where injection-induced stress changes would promote seismicity, suggests a regional tectonic control on the occurrence of induced earthquakes. Comparing the poroelastic responses from injection and extraction operations, we find that the basement stress is most sensitive to shallow reservoir hydrogeological parameters, particularly hydraulic diffusivity. These results demonstrate that intraplate seismicity can be caused by shallow human activities that poroelastically perturb stresses at hydraulically isolated seismogenic depths, with impacts on seismicity that are preconditioned by regional tectonics.

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Mignan, A. "Static behaviour of induced seismicity." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 6 (December 10, 2015): 1659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-1659-2015.

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Abstract. The standard paradigm to describe seismicity induced by fluid injection is to apply nonlinear diffusion dynamics in a poroelastic medium. I show that the spatiotemporal behaviour and rate evolution of induced seismicity can, instead, be expressed by geometric operations on a static stress field produced by volume change at depth. I obtain laws similar in form to the ones derived from poroelasticity while requiring a lower description length. Although fluid flow is known to occur in the ground, it is not pertinent to the behaviour of induced seismicity. The proposed model is equivalent to the static stress model for tectonic foreshocks generated by the Non-Critical Precursory Accelerating Seismicity Theory. This study hence verifies the explanatory power of this theory outside of its original scope.

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Roberts, Jennifer J., Clare E. Bond, and Zoe K. Shipton. "Fracking bad language – hydraulic fracturing and earthquake risks." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-303-2021.

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Abstract. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a borehole stimulation technique used to enhance permeability in geological resource management, including the extraction of shale gas. The process of hydraulic fracturing can induce seismicity. The potential to induce seismicity is a topic of widespread interest and public concern, particularly in the UK where seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing has halted shale gas operations and triggered moratoria. Prior to 2018, there seemed to be a disconnect between the conclusions of expert groups about the risk of adverse impacts from hydraulic-fracturing-induced seismicity and the reported level of public concern about hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity. Furthermore, a range of terminology was used to describe the induced seismicity (including tremors, earthquakes, seismic events, and micro-earthquakes) which could indicate the level of perceived risk. Using the UK as a case study, we examine the conclusions of expert-led public-facing reports on the risk (likelihood and impact) of seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing for shale gas published between 2012 and 2018 and the terminology used in these reports. We compare these to results from studies conducted in the same time period that explored views of the UK public on hydraulic fracturing and seismicity. Furthermore, we surveyed participants at professional and public events on shale gas held throughout 2014 asking the same question that was used in a series of surveys of the UK public in the period 2012–2016, i.e. “do you associate shale gas with earthquakes?”. We asked our participants to provide the reasoning for the answer they gave. By examining the rationale provided for their answers, we find that an apparent polarisation of views amongst experts was actually the result of different interpretations of the language used to describe seismicity. Responses are confounded by the ambiguity of the language around earthquake risk, magnitude, and scale. We find that different terms are used in the survey responses to describe earthquakes, often in an attempt to express the risk (magnitude, shaking, and potential for adverse impact) presented by the earthquake, but that these terms are poorly defined and ambiguous and do not translate into everyday language usage. Such “bad language” around fracking has led to challenges in understanding, perceiving, and communicating risks around hydraulic-fracturing-induced seismicity. We call for multi-method approaches to understand the perceived risks around geoenergy resources and suggest that developing and adopting a shared language framework to describe earthquakes would alleviate miscommunication and misperceptions. Our findings are relevant to any applications that present – or are perceived to present – the risk of induced seismicity. More broadly, our work is relevant to any topics of public interest where language ambiguities muddle risk communication.

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Kivi, Iman R., Auregan Boyet, Haiqing Wu, Linus Walter, Sara Hanson-Hedgecock, Francesco Parisio, and Victor Vilarrasa. "Global physics-based database of injection-induced seismicity." Earth System Science Data 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): 3163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3163-2023.

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Abstract. Fluid injection into geological formations for energy resource development frequently induces (micro)seismicity. Moderate- to large-magnitude induced earthquakes may cause injuries and/or economic loss, with the consequence of jeopardizing the operation and future development of these geo-energy projects. To achieve an improved understanding of the mechanisms of induced seismicity, develop forecasting tools and manage the associated risks, it is necessary to carefully examine seismic data from reported cases of induced seismicity and the parameters controlling them. However, these data are challenging to gather together and are time-consuming to collate as they come from different disciplines and sources. Here, we present a publicly available, multi-physical database of injection-induced seismicity (Kivi et al., 2022a; https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/14813), sourced from an extensive review of published documents. Currently, it contains 158 datasets of induced seismicity caused by various subsurface energy-related applications worldwide. Each dataset covers a wide range of variables, delineating general site information, host rock properties, in situ geologic and tectonic conditions, fault characteristics, conducted field operations, and recorded seismic activities. We publish the database in flat-file formats (i.e., .xls and .csv tables) to facilitate its dissemination and utilization by geoscientists while keeping it directly readable by computer codes for convenient data manipulation. The multi-disciplinary content of this database adds unique value to databases focusing only on seismicity data. In particular, the collected data aim at facilitating the understanding of the spatiotemporal occurrence of induced earthquakes, the diagnosis of potential triggering mechanisms, and the development of scaling relations of maximum possible earthquake magnitudes and operational parameters. The database will boost research in seismic hazard forecasting and mitigation, paving the way for increasing contributions of geo-energy resources to meeting net-zero carbon emissions.

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Mignan, Arnaud. "Static behaviour of induced seismicity." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 23, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-107-2016.

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Abstract. The standard paradigm to describe seismicity induced by fluid injection is to apply non-linear diffusion dynamics in a poroelastic medium. I show that the spatio-temporal behaviour and rate evolution of induced seismicity can, instead, be expressed by geometric operations on a static stress field produced by volume change at depth. I obtain laws similar in form to the ones derived from poroelasticity while requiring a lower description length. Although fluid flow is known to occur in the ground, it is not pertinent to the geometrical description of the spatio-temporal patterns of induced seismicity. The proposed model is equivalent to the static stress model for tectonic foreshocks generated by the Non-Critical Precursory Accelerating Seismicity Theory. This study hence verifies the explanatory power of this theory outside of its original scope and provides an alternative physical approach to poroelasticity for the modelling of induced seismicity. The applicability of the proposed geometrical approach is illustrated for the case of the 2006, Basel enhanced geothermal system stimulation experiment. Applicability to more problematic cases where the stress field may be spatially heterogeneous is also discussed.

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Van Wees, Jan-Diederik, Peter A. Fokker, Karin Van Thienen-Visser, Brecht B. T. Wassing, Sander Osinga, Bogdan Orlic, Saad A. Ghouri, Loes Buijze, and Maarten Pluymaekers. "Geomechanical models for induced seismicity in the Netherlands: inferences from simplified analytical, finite element and rupture model approaches." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 96, no. 5 (December 2017): s183—s202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2017.38.

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AbstractIn the Netherlands, over 190 gas fields of varying size have been exploited, and 15% of these have shown seismicity. The prime cause for seismicity due to gas depletion is stress changes caused by pressure depletion and by differential compaction. The observed onset of induced seismicity due to gas depletion in the Netherlands occurs after a considerable pressure drop in the gas fields. Geomechanical studies show that both the delay in the onset of induced seismicity and the nonlinear increase in seismic moment observed for the induced seismicity in the Groningen field can be explained by a model of pressure depletion, if the faults causing the induced seismicity are not critically stressed at the onset of depletion. Our model shows concave patterns of log moment with time for individual faults. This suggests that the growth of future seismicity could well be more limited than would be inferred from extrapolation of the observed trend between production or compaction and seismicity. The geomechanical models predict that seismic moment increase should slow down significantly immediately after a production decrease, independently of the decay rate of the compaction model. These findings are in agreement with the observed reduced seismicity rates in the central area of the Groningen field immediately after production decrease on 17 January 2014. The geomechanical model findings therefore support scope for mitigating induced seismicity by adjusting rates of production and associated pressure change. These simplified models cannot serve as comprehensive models for predicting induced seismicity in any particular field. To this end, a more detailed field-specific study, taking into account the full complexity of reservoir geometry, depletion history and mechanical properties, is required.

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Vilarrasa, Víctor, Jesus Carrera, Sebastià Olivella, Jonny Rutqvist, and Lyesse Laloui. "Induced seismicity in geologic carbon storage." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 871–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-871-2019.

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Abstract. Geologic carbon storage, as well as other geo-energy applications, such as geothermal energy, seasonal natural gas storage and subsurface energy storage imply fluid injection and/or extraction that causes changes in rock stress field and may induce (micro)seismicity. If felt, seismicity has a negative effect on public perception and may jeopardize wellbore stability and damage infrastructure. Thus, induced earthquakes should be minimized to successfully deploy geo-energies. However, numerous processes may trigger induced seismicity, which contribute to making it complex and translates into a limited forecast ability of current predictive models. We review the triggering mechanisms of induced seismicity. Specifically, we analyze (1) the impact of pore pressure evolution and the effect that properties of the injected fluid have on fracture and/or fault stability; (2) non-isothermal effects caused by the fact that the injected fluid usually reaches the injection formation at a lower temperature than that of the rock, inducing rock contraction, thermal stress reduction and stress redistribution around the cooled region; (3) local stress changes induced when low-permeability faults cross the injection formation, which may reduce their stability and eventually cause fault reactivation; (4) stress transfer caused by seismic or aseismic slip; and (5) geochemical effects, which may be especially relevant in carbonate-containing formations. We also review characterization techniques developed by the authors to reduce the uncertainty in rock properties and subsurface heterogeneity both for the screening of injection sites and for the operation of projects. Based on the review, we propose a methodology based on proper site characterization, monitoring and pressure management to minimize induced seismicity.

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Imoto, Masajiro. "Point process modelling of reservoir-induced seismicity." Journal of Applied Probability 38, A (2001): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1085496605.

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A point process procedure can be used to study reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS), in which the intensity function representing earthquake hazard is a combination of three terms: a constant background term, an ETAS (epidemic-type aftershock sequence) term for aftershocks, and a time function derived from observation of water levels of a reservoir. This paper presents the results of such a study of the seismicity in the vicinity of the Tarbela reservoir in Pakistan. Making allowance for changes in detection capability and the background seismicity related to tectonic activity, earthquakes of magnitude ≥ 2.0, occurring between May 1978 and January 1982 and whose epicentres were within 100 km of the reservoir, were used in this analysis. Several different intensities were compared via their Akaike information criterion (AIC) values relative to those of a Poisson process. The results demonstrate that the seismicity within 20 km of the reservoir correlates with water levels of the reservoir, namely, active periods occur about 250 days after the appearance of low water levels. This suggests that unloading the reservoir activates the seismicity beneath it. Seasonal variations of the seismicity in an area up to 100 km from the reservoir were also found, but these could not be adequately interpreted by an appropriate RIS mechanism.

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Imoto, Masajiro. "Point process modelling of reservoir-induced seismicity." Journal of Applied Probability 38, A (2001): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200112811.

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A point process procedure can be used to study reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS), in which the intensity function representing earthquake hazard is a combination of three terms: a constant background term, an ETAS (epidemic-type aftershock sequence) term for aftershocks, and a time function derived from observation of water levels of a reservoir. This paper presents the results of such a study of the seismicity in the vicinity of the Tarbela reservoir in Pakistan. Making allowance for changes in detection capability and the background seismicity related to tectonic activity, earthquakes of magnitude ≥ 2.0, occurring between May 1978 and January 1982 and whose epicentres were within 100 km of the reservoir, were used in this analysis. Several different intensities were compared via their Akaike information criterion (AIC) values relative to those of a Poisson process. The results demonstrate that the seismicity within 20 km of the reservoir correlates with water levels of the reservoir, namely, active periods occur about 250 days after the appearance of low water levels. This suggests that unloading the reservoir activates the seismicity beneath it. Seasonal variations of the seismicity in an area up to 100 km from the reservoir were also found, but these could not be adequately interpreted by an appropriate RIS mechanism.

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Sreenivasan, Unnikrishnan, D. Kishan, S. K. Saritha, and Shankar Khushwaha. "Prediction of Reservoir Induced Seismicity by Analytical Hierarchy Process and Regression Analysis." Current World Environment 11, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.2.28.

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This study is done to find out the equation for reservoir induced seismicity. The mechanism and histories of reservoir induced seismicity are studied first to find out the factors affecting reservoir induced seismicity. A questionnaire survey is done to get an opinion of an expert on the effect of all the factors affecting reservoir induced seismicity. The results obtained from this questionnaire survey is used to find out the respective weightages of the factors by analytical hierarchy process. In the second part of the study, seismic details of 20 seismic and aseismic dams are found out in a questionnaire survey format. These details along with the weights found out in the first part of the study is used to find out the equation for reservoir induced seismicity by regression analysis.

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Rosidi, Dario. "Deep Well Injection Induced Seismicity." Civil Engineering Dimension 24, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.24.1.54-61.

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Injection of fluid into subsurface geologic strata for geothermal energy, oil production, and waste disposal has been linked to induced seismic activity in the United States as well as in several other countries. According to the report of the National Research Council of United States of America thousands of induced earthquakes were reported at the numerous sites, where oil and gas recovery and waste disposal activities took place. Most of these induced earthquakes were small magnitude events (Moment Magnitude [Mw] < 4), although earthquakes of magnitude (Mw) 6.5 to 7 were also reported near the oil and gas production sites. This paper presents the results of a review of case histories on increased seismic events due to deep well injection (DWI) and oil extraction. Key factors that may lead or contribute to increased seismicity will also be discussed.

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Kang, Tae-Seob, Junkee Rhie, and Nam-Soo Choi. "Induced Seismicity and Its Applications." Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7582/gge.2015.18.1.021.

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Kondrat’ev, O. K., and E. I. Lyuke. "Induced seismicity: Realia and myths." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 43, no. 9 (September 2007): 738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351307090030.

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Baranov, S. V., S. A. Zhukova, P. A. Korchak, and P. N. Shebalin. "Productivity of Mining-Induced Seismicity." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 56, no. 3 (May 2020): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351320030015.

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Zuzulock, Merissa L., Oliver-Denzil S. Taylor, and Norbert H. Maerz. "Soil Fatigue from Induced Seismicity." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (April 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7030425.

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Induced seismicity and the effects on civil engineering systems are not completely understood and infrequently studied. One specific area that is not well known is soil fatigue which includes factors such as understanding the natural conditions of the subsurface as well as operational parameters under short duration impulse loads. With the increase of geoinduced seismic activity, soil fatigue becomes of greater concern to structures in the vicinity of this seismic load. The foundations of these structures can be affected by impulse loads which can ultimately cause failure. The lack of quantitative data puts the reliability of these civil engineering systems at risk as they are not fully evaluated to determine if they are functioning as they are intended in the environments they are designed to support.

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Chen, L., and P. Talwani. "Reservoir-induced Seismicity in China." Pure and Applied Geophysics 153, no. 1 (November 1, 1998): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050188.

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Simpson, D. W., R. M. Kebeasy, M. Maamoun, E. M. Ibrahim, and R. N. Albert. "Induced seismicity around Aswan Lake." Tectonophysics 118, no. 3-4 (October 1985): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90126-x.

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Hazzard, J. F., and R. P. Young. "Dynamic modelling of induced seismicity." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 8 (December 2004): 1365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.005.

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Assumpção, M., V. Marza, L. Barros, C. Chimpliganond, J. E. Soares, J. Carvalho, D. Caixeta, A. Amorim, and E. Cabral. "Reservoir-induced Seismicity in Brazil." Pure and Applied Geophysics 159, no. 1 (January 2002): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00001266.

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Doglioni, C. "A classification of induced seismicity." Geoscience Frontiers 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 1903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.015.

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Barbour, Andrew J., and Fred Pollitz. "Induced Seismicity Reduces Seismic Hazard?" Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 4170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl081991.

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Kalyan Evani, Sai, and John Popovics. "Laboratory characterization of induced seismicity." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018662.

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Subsurface fluid injection causes an increase in seismic activity near injection sites. To ensure public safety and improve public acceptance of subsurface fluid injection, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms giving rise to these behaviors and characterize the factors affecting induced seismicity. The work reported here aims to better understand induced seismicity in faulted/fractured subsurface rock formations. A series of experiments are conducted in core flooding and triaxial configurations on test samples with a preexisting fracture/fault to study frictional slipping at small and large scales respectively. The geometries of both surfaces on either side of the fault are characterized using x-ray CT. The extent of fault gouging in a specimen after slipping is quantified by defining a cumulative gouging parameter using x-ray CT measurements before and after the experiment. Acoustic emission (AE) events emanating from the specimens in both configurations are monitored. The results demonstrate that (1) the orientation of fault relative to the major principal stress direction affects the slip characteristics, (2) frictional slipping at a fault can occur at different length scales, (3) with an increase in the scale of slipping, the spectral ratio of low-frequency bins increases while high-frequency bins reduces, and (4) locations on the fault surface that exhibit a sudden change in surface normal are most susceptible to gouging/damage during frictional slipping.

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Swanson, P. L. "Mining-induced seismicity in faulted geologic structures: An analysis of seismicity-induced slip potential." Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 139, no. 3-4 (1992): 657–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00879957.

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Langenbruch, Cornelius, and Serge A. Shapiro. "Decay rate of fluid-induced seismicity after termination of reservoir stimulations." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 6 (November 2010): MA53—MA62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3506005.

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We present a model describing the seismicity rate of fluid injection-induced seismicity. We put the focus on seismicity induced after termination of fluid injections. Here, our primary objective is the identification of parameters controlling the decay rate of seismicity. The particular importance of a theoretical model for postinjection seismicity is underlined by observations after stimulations of geothermal reservoirs at different locations. For instance, the postinjection phase is relevant for a seismic risk, which up to now has been difficult to control, because processes leading to postinjection events are not well understood. Based on the assumption of pore pressure diffusion as the governing mechanism leading to the triggering of seismic events, we develop a method to calculate the seismicity rate during and after fluid injections. We find that the decay rate of seismicity after termination of injection is very similar to the Omori law, which describes the decay rate of aftershock activity after tectonically driven earthquakes. We propose a modified Omori law for fluid-induced seismicity to estimate the decay rate in dependence on parameters of injection, reservoir rock, and the strength of preexisting fractures in a reservoir. We analyze two models of fracture-strength distribution, which represent stable and unstable preexisting fracture systems. We find that the decay rate of induced seismicity depends on the fracture strength. We present a possible application of this dependency to reservoir characterization. Furthermore, we find that the existence of unstable fractures results in a critical temporal trend of seismicity, which can enhance the occurrence probability of events with large magnitudes shortly after injection has been terminated. We verify our model by finite-element modeling and application to real data collected in case studies performed at Fenton Hill in the United States and Soultz-sous-Forêts in France.

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Wozniakowska, Paulina, and David W. Eaton. "Testing Hypotheses for Geological Controls on Hydraulic-Fracturing-Induced Seismicity in the Montney Formation, Canada." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 5322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145322.

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Hydraulic fracturing (HF) can trigger induced seismicity, but documented occurrences tend to be localized compared with the regional extent of industry operations. Factors that determine intrinsic geological susceptibility of a given region to induced seismicity remain incompletely understood. To address this uncertainty, we have developed a stochastic modeling approach to enable statistical testing of hypotheses regarding the distribution of induced seismicity. For reference, we adopted a null hypothesis that HF-induced seismic events are randomly associated with HF wells. Realizations of synthetic induced-seismicity catalogs are generated based on the Gutenberg–Richter relationship for magnitudes and explicit assumed spatial relationship(s) between HF wells and other known features, such as mapped structural corridors. Uncertainties in observed event locations and magnitudes are also considered. Based on 1000 independent realizations for each test scenario, normalized correlation coefficients, Bayesian information criteria and other statistical measures are used to quantify the similarity of synthetic catalogs to the observed seismicity distribution. We applied this approach to induced seismicity associated with HF operations within the Montney Formation, in western Canada. Three hypotheses were tested, each showing a statistically significant improvement over the null hypothesis. A previous machine-learning-based model for Seismogenic Activation Potential (SAP) showed the highest correlation between observed and synthetically generated seismicity catalogs. Our method has been developed using cloud-based computing and is easily adapted to other regions and data types.

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Ma, Xu, Erik Westman, Dave Counter, Farid Malek, and Brent Slaker. "Passive Seismic Imaging of Stress Evolution with Mining-Induced Seismicity at Hard-Rock Deep Mines." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 53, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02076-5.

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AbstractThis work aims to examine the stress redistribution with evolving seismicity rates using a passive seismic tomographic tool. We compiled a total of 26,000 events from two underground mines and partitioned them into multiple clusters in a temporal sequence, each of which contains 1000 events. To image stress redistribution associated with seismicity rates, we then run the tomographic studies using each cluster to yield seismic tomograms and computed the corresponding seismicity rate. We found that high velocity anomalies grew with the increase of seismicity rates, and they switched to a shrinking tendency under low seismicity rates. Results of this study imply that seismicity rates increase with increasing stress concentration and decrease with decreasing stress concentration. This study highlights the value of utilizing passive seismic tomography for estimating stress evolution associated with the change of seismicity rates at underground mines. Our findings illuminate the applications of using mining-induced seismicity to assess stress redistribution associated with seismicity rates at hard-rock mines, providing insights into seismic hazards for deep mining.

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Maxwell, Shawn, and Cody Comiskey. "Workshop Review: Recent Injection Induced Seismicity Workshop marks a decade of learnings." Leading Edge 41, no. 11 (November 2022): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41110792.1.

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The 6th Injection Induced Seismicity Workshop, hosted by SEG and the Society of Petroleum Engineers, was held 7–9 June 2022 in Austin, Texas. The workshop series has provided the opportunity for important dialogue among induced-seismicity practitioners and subject-matter experts. The Austin workshop was no exception. The venue location underscored the importance of the increasing occurrence of induced seismicity in the Permian Basin.

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Ries, Rosamiel, Michael R. Brudzinski, Robert J. Skoumal, and Brian S. Currie. "Factors Influencing the Probability of Hydraulic Fracturing-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (July 21, 2020): 2272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200105.

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ABSTRACT Injection-induced seismicity became an important issue over the past decade, and although much of the rise in seismicity is attributed to wastewater disposal, a growing number of cases have identified hydraulic fracturing (HF) as the cause. A recent study identified regions in Oklahoma where ≥75% of seismicity from 2010 to 2016 correlated with nearly 300 HF wells. To identify factors associated with increased probability of induced seismicity, we gathered publicly available information about the HF operations in these regions including: injected volume, number of wells on a pad, injected fluid (gel vs. slickwater), vertical depth of the well, proximity of the well to basement rock, and the formation into which the injection occurred. To determine the statistical strength of the trends, we applied logistic regression, bootstrapping, and odds ratios. We see no trend with total injected volume in our Oklahoma dataset, in contrast to strong trends observed in Alberta and Texas, but we note those regions have many more multiwell pads leading to larger cumulative volumes within a localized area. We found a ∼50% lower probability of seismicity with the use of gel compared to slickwater. We found that HF wells targeting older formations had a higher probability of seismicity; however, these wells also tend to be deeper, and we found the trend with well depth to be stronger than the trend with age of formation. When isolated to the Woodford formation, well depth produced the strongest relationship, increasing from ∼5% to ∼50% probability from 1.5 to 5.5 km. However, no trend was seen in the proximity to basement parameter. Based on previously measured pore pressure gradients, we interpret the strong absolute depth relationship to be a result of the increasing formation overpressure measured in deeper portions of the basin that lower the stress change needed to induce seismicity.

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Emanov, Aleksandr, Aleksey Emanov, Aleksandr Fateev, Elena Shevkunova, Valentina Podkorytova, and Oksana Kuprish. "Induced seismicity in coal and iron ore regions of Kuzbass." Russian Journal of Seismology 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/2686-7907.2020.3.08.

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According to the results of seismicity monitoring in the Kemerovo region, seismic activations are studied near coal enterprises and iron ore mines. The spatial-temporal variability of induced seismicity in Kuzbass is shown. It has been established that the strongest subsoil activations in the area of mining occur as short-term activations lasting 1-2 months and repeated several times in one to two years. The following similar activations are already taking place at other objects. Induced seismicity in Mountains Shoria is considered. The effect of partial synchronization of the development of seismicity was discovered at the mines of Kazsky, Sheregeshsky, Tashtagolsky, located one hundred kilometers apart.

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Savvaidis, Alexandros, Anthony Lomax, and Caroline Breton. "Induced Seismicity in the Delaware Basin, West Texas, is Caused by Hydraulic Fracturing and Wastewater Disposal." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (August 25, 2020): 2225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200087.

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ABSTRACT Most current seismicity in the southern U.S. midcontinent is related to oil and gas operations (O&G Ops). In Texas, although recorded earthquakes are of low-to-moderate magnitude, the rate of seismicity has been increasing since 2009. Because of the newly developed Texas Seismological Network, in most parts of Texas, recent seismicity is reported on a daily basis with a magnitude of completeness of ML 1.5. Also, funded research has allowed the collection of O&G Op information that can be associated with seismicity. Although in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, recent seismicity has been associated mostly with saltwater disposal (SWD), in the South Delaware Basin, West Texas, both hydraulic fracturing (HF) and SWD have been found to be causal factors. We have begun to establish an O&G Op database using four different sources—IHS, FracFocus, B3, and the Railroad Commission of Texas—with which we can associate recent seismicity to HF and SWD. Our approach is based on time and epicentral location of seismic events and time, location of HF, and SWD. Most seismicity occurs in areas of dense HF and SWD-well activity overlapping in time, making association of seismicity with a specific well type impossible. However, through examination of clustered seismicity in space and time, along with isolated clusters of spatiotemporal association between seismicity and O&G Ops, we are able to show that a causation between HF and seismicity may be favored over causation with SWD wells in areas of spatially isolated earthquake clusters (Toyah South, Reeves West, Jeff Davis Northeast, and Jeff Davis East). Causality between SWD and seismicity may be inferred for isolated cases in Reeves South and Grisham West.

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Bourne, S. J., S. J. Oates, and J. van Elk. "The exponential rise of induced seismicity with increasing stress levels in the Groningen gas field and its implications for controlling seismic risk." Geophysical Journal International 213, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 1693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy084.

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SUMMARY Induced seismicity typically arises from the progressive activation of recently inactive geological faults by anthropogenic activity. Faults are mechanically and geometrically heterogeneous, so their extremes of stress and strength govern the initial evolution of induced seismicity. We derive a statistical model of Coulomb stress failures and associated aftershocks within the tail of the distribution of fault stress and strength variations to show initial induced seismicity rates will increase as an exponential function of induced stress. Our model provides operational forecasts consistent with the observed space–time–magnitude distribution of earthquakes induced by gas production from the Groningen field in the Netherlands. These probabilistic forecasts also match the observed changes in seismicity following a significant and sustained decrease in gas production rates designed to reduce seismic hazard and risk. This forecast capability allows reliable assessment of alternative control options to better inform future induced seismic risk management decisions.

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Ibenbrahim, Aomar, James Ni, Stephen Salyards, and Inayat M. Ali. "Induced Seismicity of The Tarbela Reservoir, Pakistan." Seismological Research Letters 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.60.4.185.

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Abstract Earthquakes with local magnitudes from 0.0 to 4.9 recorded by the Tarbela seismic network, in Pakistan, between 1973 and 1982 have been used to study the reservoir-induced seismicity. A comparison between the pre-impounding and the post-impounding seismicity shows a dramatic decrease in the latter. The sharp decrease in seismicity is not related to the reservoir filling since it started two months before the first impounding and affected a very large area extending more than 100 km away from the reservoir. Statistical analyses of the distributions of earthquakes that occurred within the 20-km radial zone centered on the reservoir indicate that earthquakes in the magnitude range 0.0–1.9 are not randomly distributed in time, while larger events (2≤ML <5 ) have a random temporal distribution. Further analysis of the occurrence of larger magnitude earthquakes indicates that there is no simple relationship between their occurrence and the reservoir loading. On the other hand the cross-correlation of the frequency of non-random small-sized events in a 20-km radial zone with the monthly reservoir water level shows that there is a 160-day lag between the two time-series. This time lag, equivalent to a 180° phase shift between the water level curve and the event curve, indicates that the frequency of microearthquakes is reduced when the reservoir level is at high stand and vice-versa. An elastic model consisting of a two-dimensional rectangular load predicts that the effect of reservoir loading alone is to suppress the pre-existing seismicity directly beneath the Tarbela reservoir, while the effect of unloading the reservoir is to lead to a partial recovery of seismicity. The positive correlation between the frequency of earthquakes and the low reservoir water level could be explained mostly by the elastic effects of reservoir unloading. A gradual increase in the seismicity in regions as far as 100 km from the reservoir started in 1979 (five years after the first reservoir filling) and appears not to be a consequence of the slow diffusion of water to hypocentral depths; rather it reflects the long-term behavior of seismicity in the Pakistan Himalayas.

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Hejmanowski, Ryszard, Wojciech T. Witkowski, Artur Guzy, and Agnieszka Malinowska. "Identification of the ground movements caused by mining-induced seismicity with the satellite interferometry." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (April 22, 2020): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-297-2020.

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Abstract. The assessment of the impact of mining-induced seismicity on the natural environment and infrastructure is often limited to the analysis of terrain surface vibrations. However, similar seismic phenomena, like earthquakes, may also imply dislocations and deformations of the rock mass. Such ground movements may occur in areas which are not directly under the influence of the mining. The study of the displacement field caused by mining-induced seismicity is usually carried out with the use of geodetic methods. Classical geodetic measurements provide discrete information about observed ground movements. As a result, they generally do not provide spatially and temporally relevant estimates of the total range and values of ground movements for specific periods of interest. Moreover, mining-induced seismicity causes a severe threat to buildings. That is why, regarding the complexity of the mechanism of occurrence of mining-induced seismicity and their impact on ground movements, this problem remains a substantial research issue. The presented research aimed to analyse the ground movements caused by mining-induced seismicity. The ground displacements were established based on data from Sentinel-1 satellites applying differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR). The results of the investigation in the copper mining area of the Lower Silesia region of Poland revealed that the observed subsidence caused by mining-induced seismicity usually has a shape of a regular ellipse. The radius of these ground movements does not exceed approximately 2–3 km from the mining-induced tremor's epicenter, and the total subsidence reaches ca. 10–20 cm. More than 50 % of the total subsidence is observed on the surface within a few days after the mining tremor occurrence. Furthermore, the deformations of the surface occur when the energy of mining-induced tremor reaches values of the order of 105 J or higher. The presented research can contribute to better identification and evaluation of the mechanism of the rock mass deformation process caused by mining-induced seismicity. In addition, the use of satellite radar interferometry improves the quality of monitoring of these dynamic phenomena significantly. The data retrieved using this method allow for quasi-continuous monitoring of the local subsidence bowls caused by mining-induced seismicity.

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Aochi, Hideo, Julie Maury, and Thomas Le Guenan. "How Do Statistical Parameters of Induced Seismicity Correlate with Fluid Injection? Case of Oklahoma." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 2573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200386.

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Abstract The seismicity evolution in Oklahoma between 2010 and 2018 is analyzed systematically using an epidemic-type aftershock sequence model. To retrieve the nonstationary seismicity component, we systematically use a moving window of 200 events, each within a radius of 20 km at grid points spaced every 0.2°. Fifty-three areas in total are selected for our analysis. The evolution of the background seismicity rate μ is successfully retrieved toward its peak at the end of 2014 and during 2015, whereas the triggering parameter K is stable, slightly decreasing when the seismicity is activated. Consequently, the ratio of μ to the observed seismicity rate is not stationary. The acceleration of μ can be fit with an exponential equation relating μ to the normalized injected volume. After the peak, the attenuation phase can be fit with an exponential equation with time since peak as the independent variable. As a result, the evolution of induced seismicity can be followed statistically after it begins. The turning points, such as activation of the seismicity and timing of the peak, are difficult to identify solely from this statistical analysis and require a subsequent mechanical interpretation.

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Tashlykova, Tatiana G., Tamara G. Ryashchenko, Anna A. Dolgaya, and Elena A. Lukyanova. "Induced seismicity: a geo-ecological problem of a technogenic nature." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2016-0014.

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Abstract A debatable problem of the display of induced seismicity and its causes during the construction of reservoirs (Reservoir Induced Seismicity - RIS) is considered on the basis of an analysis of various publications. This paper describes the history of the evolution of ideas about the possibility of the activation of seismic events in the zones of influence of artificial reservoirs and examples of such activation in aseismic areas, which is a medium geological response to technogenic interference (e.g. Shivajisagar reservoir in West India, Mead reservoir in the USA, Danjiangkou Reservoir in central China, Nurek reservoir in Central Asia, Chirkey reservoir in Dagestan and other). The problem and reasons of induced seismicity (RIS) are debatable. however, published examples demonstrate the existence of this process. For reservoirs with different amounts of water RIS is an inseparable component of the natural and man-made geological process. The world statistics knows cases of seismicity intensification in areas near small man-made reservoirs with low pressure levels (Belecha in former Yugoslavia, Marathon in Greece, Grandval in France). In addition, it was found that the number of local earthquakes increased after creating a cascade of three small water reservoirs (Studen Kladenets, Kardzhali and Ivaylovgrad) in the basin of The Arda river (Bulgaria). The RIS examples listed above allow us to think that it is not only the creation of large reservoirs that change (in some cases, intensifies) the local seismicity in the surrounding area. No reservoir, no matter what size it is, is insured from such geological process. At the present time there are more than 100 places in the world with displays of induced seismicity due to reservoir construction. In India there are up to eight reservoirs with these problems. Induced seismicity associated with the influence of man-made water reservoirs, causes a specific geo-ecological risks to the surrounding areas.

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Candela, Thibault, Maarten Pluymaekers, Jean-Paul Ampuero, Jan-Diederik van Wees, Loes Buijze, Brecht Wassing, Sander Osinga, Niels Grobbe, and Annemarie G. Muntendam-Bos. "Controls on the spatio-temporal patterns of induced seismicity in Groningen constrained by physics-based modelling with Ensemble-Smoother data assimilation." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 2 (December 11, 2021): 1282–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab497.

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SUMMARY The induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands, presents contrasted spatio-temporal patterns between the central area and the south west area. Understanding the origin of this contrast requires a thorough assessment of two factors: (1) the stress development on the Groningen faults and (2) the frictional response of the faults to induced stresses. Both factors have large uncertainties that must be honoured and then reduced with the observational constraints. Ensembles of induced stress realizations are built by varying the Poisson's ratio in a poro-elastic model incorporating the 3-D complexities of the geometries of the Groningen gas reservoir and its faults, and the historical pore pressure distribution. The a priori uncertainties in the frictional response are mapped by varying the parameters of a seismicity model based on rate-and-state friction. The uncertainties of each component of this complex physics-based model are honoured through an efficient data assimilation algorithm. By assimilating the seismicity data with an Ensemble-Smoother, the prior uncertainties of each model parameter are effectively reduced, and the posterior seismicity rate predictions are consistent with the observations. Our integrated workflow allows us to disentangle the contributions of the main two factors controlling the induced seismicity at Groningen, induced stress development and fault frictional response. Posterior distributions of the model parameters of each modelling component are contrasted between the central and south west area at Groningen. We find that, even after honouring the spatial heterogeneity in stress development across the Groningen gas field, the spatial variability of the observed induced seismicity rate still requires spatial heterogeneity in the fault frictional response. This work is enabled by the unprecedented deployment of an Ensemble-Smoother combined with physics-based modelling over a complex case of reservoir induced seismicity.

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Cremen, Gemma, and Maximilian J. Werner. "A novel approach to assessing nuisance risk from seismicity induced by UK shale gas development, with implications for future policy design." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 2701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2701-2020.

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Abstract. We propose a novel framework for assessing the risk associated with seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing, which has been a notable source of recent public concern. The framework combines statistical forecast models for injection-induced seismicity, ground motion prediction equations, and exposure models for affected areas, to quantitatively link the volume of fluid injected during operations with the potential for nuisance felt ground motions. Such (relatively small) motions are expected to be more aligned with the public tolerance threshold for induced seismicity than larger ground shaking that could cause structural damage. This proactive type of framework, which facilitates control of the injection volume ahead of time for risk mitigation, has significant advantages over reactive-type magnitude and ground-motion-based systems typically used for induced seismicity management. The framework is applied to the region surrounding the Preston New Road shale gas site in North West England. A notable finding is that the calculations are particularly sensitive to assumptions of the seismicity forecast model used, i.e. whether it limits the cumulative seismic moment released for a given volume or assumes seismicity is consistent with the Gutenberg–Richter distribution for tectonic events. Finally, we discuss how the framework can be used to inform relevant policy.

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Kallen, Matthijs Jan, and Bert Scholtens. "Movers and Shakers: Stock Market Response to Induced Seismicity in Oil and Gas Business." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238051.

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Investors increasingly need to account for concerns about non-financial performance and to consider the environmental impact of fossil fuel investment. We analyze how financial investors appreciate induced seismicity in oil and gas fields in the US and the Netherlands. We employ an event study to investigate the stock market reaction of investors in two fossil fuel majors, ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell. We establish that stock market participants’ response is positively but weakly related to induced seismicity with ExxonMobil. This suggests that markets might interpret this seismicity as a signal of future productivity. With Royal Dutch Shell, there is no significant association, suggesting that their investors do not specifically appreciate its externalities. We conclude that the externality of induced seismicity goes unpriced.

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Simpson, D. W., W. S. Leith, and C. H. Scholz. "Two types of reservoir-induced seismicity." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2025–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780062025.

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Abstract The temporal distribution of induced seismicity following the filling of large reservoirs shows two types of response. At some reservoirs, seismicity begins almost immediately following the first filling of the reservoir. At others, pronounced increases in seismicity are not observed until a number of seasonal filling cycles have passed. These differences in response may correspond to two fundamental mechanisms by which a reservoir can modify the strength of the crust—one related to rapid increases in elastic stress due to the load of the reservoir and the other to the more gradual diffusion of water from the reservoir to hypocentral depths. Decreased strength can arise from changes in either elastic stress (decreased normal stress or increased shear stress) or from decreased effective normal stress due to increased pore pressure. Pore pressure at hypocentral depths can rise rapidly, from a coupled elastic response due to compaction of pore space, or more slowly, with the diffusion of water from the surface.

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Anglin, F. M., and G. G. R. Buchbinder. "Induced seismicity at the LG3 reservoir, James Bay, Quebec, Canada." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750041067.

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Abstract The filling of the second reservoir, LG3, in the James Bay hydroelectric development has resulted in a number of small induced earthquakes up to magnitude 3.7. The activity has occurred in two main areas, one of which can be associated with the previously mapped LG3 fault and the other with the intersection of two dominant regional structures. The significant induced activity started 7 months after filling commenced, when the water depth had reached 64 m, and continued for another 11 months. After a lull of about 6 months, a short burst of events, much more energetic than that during filling, occurred probably on the LG3 fault after a 2 m lowering of the water level. A further episode of seismicity occurred in the spring of 1984, also during the lowering of the water level. Based on the data available, it is suggested that postfilling seismicity permits one to isolate two classes of reservoirs from the general population of reservoirs, those with seismicity associated with refilling and those with seismicity associated with lowering water levels. LG3 belongs to the latter class where seismicity recurrs during lowering of a few meters of water.

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TERASHIMA, Tsutomu, and Ikuyo KOYA. "Induced Seismicity and Dam Reservoirs (III)." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 41, no. 4 (1988): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.41.4_591.

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Jacobs, Trent. "Searching for Solutions to Induced Seismicity." Journal of Petroleum Technology 66, no. 09 (September 1, 2014): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0914-0060-jpt.

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Atkinson, Gail M., David Wald, C. Bruce Worden, and Vince Quitoriano. "The Intensity Signature of Induced Seismicity." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, no. 3A (May 1, 2018): 1080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170316.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Induced seismicity'

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