Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inducible defense

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Inducible defense'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Ullmann, Breanna D., Hadley Myers, Wiriya Chiranand, Anna L. Lazzell, Qiang Zhao, Luis A. Vega, Jose L. Lopez-Ribot, Paul R. Gardner, and Michael C. Gustin. "Inducible Defense Mechanism against Nitric Oxide in Candida albicans." Eukaryotic Cell 3, no. 3 (June 2004): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.3.3.715-723.2004.

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ABSTRACT The yeast Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that threatens patients with compromised immune systems. Immune cell defenses against C. albicans are complex but typically involve the production of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) that damage the yeast or inhibit its growth. Whether Candida defends itself against NO and the molecules responsible for this defense have yet to be determined. The defense against NO in various bacteria and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves an NO-scavenging flavohemoglobin. The C. albicans genome contains three genes encoding flavohemoglobin-related proteins, CaYHB1, CaYHB4, and CaYHB5. To assess their roles in NO metabolism, we constructed strains lacking each of these genes and demonstrated that just one, CaYHB1, is responsible for NO consumption and detoxification. In C. albicans, NO metabolic activity and CaYHB1 mRNA levels are rapidly induced by NO and NO-generating agents. Loss of CaYHB1 increases the sensitivity of C. albicans to NO-mediated growth inhibition. In mice, infections with Candida strains lacking CaYHB1 still resulted in lethality, but virulence was decreased compared to that in wild-type strains. Thus, C. albicans possesses a rapid, specific, and highly inducible NO defense mechanism involving one of three putative flavohemoglobin genes.
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Frank, Steven A. "A Model of Inducible Defense." Evolution 47, no. 1 (February 1993): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410142.

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Frank, Steven A. "A MODEL OF INDUCIBLE DEFENSE." Evolution 47, no. 1 (February 1993): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01223.x.

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Kishida, Osamu, and Kinya Nishimura. "Bulgy tadpoles: inducible defense morph." Oecologia 140, no. 3 (June 9, 2004): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1609-0.

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Cecchini, Nicolás M., Ho Won Jung, Nancy L. Engle, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, and Jean T. Greenberg. "ALD1 Regulates Basal Immune Components and Early Inducible Defense Responses in Arabidopsis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 4 (April 2015): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0187-r.

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Robust immunity requires basal defense machinery to mediate timely responses and feedback cycles to amplify defenses against potentially spreading infections. AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) is needed for the accumulation of the plant defense signal salicylic acid (SA) during the first hours after infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and is also upregulated by infection and SA. ALD1 is an aminotransferase with multiple substrates and products in vitro. Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an ALD1-dependent bioactive product induced by P. syringae. Here, we addressed roles of ALD1 in mediating defense amplification as well as the levels and responses of basal defense machinery. ALD1 needs immune components PAD4 and ICS1 (an SA synthesis enzyme) to confer disease resistance, possibly through a transcriptional amplification loop between them. Furthermore, ALD1 affects basal defense by controlling microbial-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptor levels and responsiveness. Vascular exudates from uninfected ALD1-overexpressing plants confer local immunity to the wild type and ald1 mutants yet are not enriched for Pip. We infer that, in addition to affecting Pip accumulation, ALD1 produces non-Pip metabolites that play roles in immunity. Thus, distinct metabolite signals controlled by the same enzyme affect basal and early defenses versus later defense responses, respectively.
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Sobral, Mar, Luis Sampedro, Isabelle Neylan, David Siemens, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2005865118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005865118.

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As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.
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An, Haein, Thinh Do, Gila Jung, Mustafa Karagozlu, and Chang-Bae Kim. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis for Understanding Predator-Induced Polyphenism in the Water Flea Daphnia pulex." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072110.

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The crustacean Daphnia pulex is one of the best model organisms for studying inducible defense mechanisms due to their inducible morphology in response to the predator Chaoborus larvae. In this study, multiple developmental stages of D. pulex were exposed to C. flavicans larvae and transcriptome profiles of samples from late embryo to fifth instar were sequenced by the RNA-seq technique to investigate the genetic background underlying inducible defenses. In comparison, differentially expressed genes between defensive and normal morphs were identified, including 908 genes in late embryo, 1383 genes in the first-third (1–3) instar, and 1042 genes in fourth-fifth (4–5) instar. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that structural constituents of the cuticle and structural molecule activity genes were prominent up-regulated genes in late embryos. Down-regulated genes in late embryos and 1–3 instar comprised metabolic process, hydrolase activity, and peptidase activity gene classes. Pathway analysis indicated that small molecule neurotransmitter pathways were potentially involved in the development of inducible defenses. The characterization of genes and pathways in multiple developmental stages can improve our understanding of inducible defense responses of D. pulex to predation at the molecular level.
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Sullivan, T. J., T. L. Bultman, J. Rodstrom, J. Vandop, J. Librizzi, C. Graham, A. Sielaff, and L. Fernandez. "Inducible defense provided by Neotyphodium to Lolium arundinacea and lolium pratense: an ecological and molecular approach." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3106.

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Plants have evolved a range of responses to herbivory ranging from tolerance to both inducible and constitutive chemical defenses. Previous research has shown lolines produced by Neotyphodium coenophialum are inducible by host damage. In this paper, we examined whether this inducibility can also be caused by damage from an invertebrate herbivore and whether this phenomenon also occurs in N. uncinatum. We also investigated whether changes in gene expression for lolC, a gene in the loline biosynthesis pathway, accompanies changes in defense response. For N. coenophialum, both mechanical and herbivore damage had a negative effect on subsequent aphid herbivores. For N. uncinatum, damage did not cause an increase in defense, although there was an increase in endophyte-free hosts. Relative expression of lolC varied significantly over time, and between damage types for N. uncinatum with herbivore damaged plants having a lower relative lolC -1 expression. Keywords: Neotyphodium, gene expression, inducible defense, loline, lolC
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Kusch, Jürgen. "Long-term effects of inducible defense." Écoscience 5, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1998.11682449.

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Mallo, Gustavo V., C. Léopold Kurz, Carole Couillault, Nathalie Pujol, Samuel Granjeaud, Yuji Kohara, and Jonathan J. Ewbank. "Inducible Antibacterial Defense System in C. elegans." Current Biology 12, no. 14 (July 2002): 1209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00928-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Bernhardsson, Carolina. "Molecular population genetics of inducible defense genes in Populus tremula." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-54361.

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Plant-herbivore interactions are among the most common of ecological interactions. It is therefore not surprising that plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to defend themselves, using both constitutive chemical and physical barriers and by induced responses which are only expressed after herbivory has occurred. Herbivores, on the other hand, respond to these plant defenses by evolving counter-adaptations which makes defenses less effective or even useless. Adaptation can occur at different geographical scales, with varying coevolutionary interactions across a spatially heterogenous landscape. By looking at the underlying genes responsible for these defensive traits and herbivore related phenotypic traits, it is possible to investigate the coevolutionary history of these plant- herbivore interactions. Here I use molecular population genetic tools to investigate the evolutionary history of several inducible defense genes in European Aspen (Populus tremula) in Sweden. Two genes, belonging to the Polyphenol oxidase gene-family (PPO1 and PPO2), show skews in their site frequency spectrum together with patterns of diversity and divergence from an outgroup which correspond to signatures of adaptive evolution (Paper II). 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from seven inducible defense genes (PPO1-PPO3, TI2-TI5) show elevated levels of population differentiation compared to control genes (genes not involved in plant defense), and 10 of these defense SNPs show strong signatures of natural selection (Paper III). These 71 defense SNPs also divides a sample of Swedish P. tremula trees into three distinct geographical groups, corresponding to a Southern, Central and Northern cluster, a patterns that is not present in control SNPs (Paper III). The same geographical pattern, with a distinct Northern cluster, is also observed in several phenotypic traits related to herbivory in our common garden in Sävar (Paper IV). These phenotypic traits show patterns of apparent local maladaptation of the herbivore community to the host population which could indicate the presence of “information coevolution” between plants and herbivores (Paper IV). 15 unique defense SNPs also show significant associations to eight phenotypic traits but the causal effects of these SNP associations may be confounded by the geographic structure found in both the underlying genes and in the phenotypic traits. The co-occurrence of population structure in both defense genes and herbivore community traits may be the result from historical events during the post-glacial recolonization of Sweden.
Interaktioner mellan växter och herbivorer är bland de vanligaste ekologiska interaktionerna och det är därför inte förvånande att växter har utvecklat flera olika mekanismer för att försvara sig. Dessa försvarsmekanismer består både av konstitutiva kemiska och fysiska barriärer så väl som inducerade försvar som bara är uttryckta efter att en växt har blivit skadad genom betning. Herbivorerna å sin sida svarar på dessa försvar genom att utveckla motanpassningar som gör växternas försvar mindre effektiva eller till och med verkningslösa. Dessa anpassningar kan ske över olika geografiska skalor beroende på om de samevolutionära interaktionerna varierar i ett rumsligt heterogent landskap. Genom att studera de underliggande gener som kontrollerar dessa försvarsegenskaper tillsammans med herbivorrelaterade fenotypiska egenskaper är det möjligt att undersöka den samevolutionära historien av interaktionerna mellan växter och herbivorer. Här använder jag mig av molekylärpopulationsgenetiska verktyg för att undersöka den evolutionära historien i flera inducerade försvarsgener hos asp (Populus tremula) i Sverige. Två gener, som tillhör genfamiljen Polyphenol-oxidaser (PPO1 och PPO2), uppvisar ett frekvensmönster som man förväntar sig vid positiv selektion. Detta mönster kan också ses i dessa geners diversitet samt i divergens från en utgrupp (Uppsats II). 71 ”single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPar) från 7 inducerade försvarsgener (PPO1-PPO3, TI2-TI5) visar förhöjda nivåer av populationsdifferentiering jämfört med kontrollgener (gener som inte är involverade i trädens försvar), och 10 av dessa försvars-SNPar visar även tecken på naturlig selektion (Uppsats III). Dessa 71 försvars-SNPar delar in ett urval av svenska aspar i tre distinkta geografiska grupper som beskriver ett sydligt, centralt och nordligt kluster som inte förekommer hos kontroll-SNPar (Uppsats III). Samma geografiska mönster, med ett distinkt nordligt kluster, återfinns däremot i ett antal fenotypiska egenskaper som är relaterade till herbivori i ett odlingsförsök utanför Sävar (Uppsats IV). Dessa fenotypiska egenskaper visar tecken på lokal felanpassning hos herbivorsamhället till den lokala värdpopulationen, vilket kan indikera förekomsten av ett ”samevolutionärt informationsutbyte” mellan växter och herbivorer (Uppsats IV). 15 unika försvars-SNPar påvisar också signifikanta associationer med 8 olika fenotypiska egenskaper, men om dessa har en verklig effekt eller inte är svårt att säga på grund av den geografiska strukturen som förekommer både hos de underliggande generna och hos de fenotypiska egenskaperna. Att denna populationsstruktur förekommer hos både försvarsgener och egenskaper som är förknippade med herbivorsamhället kan däremot vara ett resultat av historiska händelser som skett under aspens post-glaciala återkolonisation av Sverige.
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Kroupa, Thomas F. "Ecological Consequences of Constitutive versus Inducible Thermal Defense Strategies in Rocky Shore Limpets." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10638863.

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My study was designed to determine how different thermal defense strategies and the intensity of high temperature challenges might affect demographic and physiological performance of limpets on rocky shores. Found together in the high intertidal zone, Lottia scabra employs a constitutive thermal defense strategy, whereas L. austrodigitalis has an inducible one. I measured loss and growth rates of both species as a function of average daily maximum temperature exposure in the field, and respiration rates for field-collected and lab-acclimated individuals under benign conditions in the lab before and after exposure to one of five peak temperatures (14, 24, 28, 32, or 36 °C) during a 4.5-hour simulated low tide. L. scabra was relatively unaffected by exposure to high temperatures, whereas L. austrodigitalis exhibited significant increases in loss rates from experimental plates, decreases in growth rates, and increases in oxygen consumption, consistent with activation of the heat shock response.

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Saint, Paul Veronica von. "Stress inducible glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana and their impact on plant metabolism and defense mechanisms." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-140281.

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Humphrey, Parris Taylor. "The Ecology Of Co-Infection In The Phyllosphere: Unraveling The Interactions Between Microbes, Insect Herbivores, And The Host Plants They Share." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565900.

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Infection by multiple parasites is a part of everyday life for many organisms. The host immune system may be a central mediator of the many ways parasites might influence one another (and their hosts). Immunity provides a means for the colonized to reduce the success of current and future colonizers and has evolved across the tree of life several times independently. Along the way, the immune systems of plants as well as many groups of animals has evolved perhaps an accidental vulnerability wherein defense against one parasite can increase susceptibility to others. This so-called immune 'cross-talk' is a conundrum worth investigating not only to understand the impact of parasites on focal organisms, but also to better predict how immunity itself influences the evolution and epidemiology of parasites whose spread we might like to curtail. For plants, co-infection often comes from insect herbivores and various bacteria that colonize the leaf interior. Both colonizers can reduce plant fitness directly or indirectly by potentiating future enemies via cross-talk in plant immunity. This phenomenon has largely been studied in laboratory model plants, leaving a substantial gap in our knowledge from native species that interact in the wild. This dissertation helps close this gap by investigating the ecology of co-infection of a native plant by its major insect herbivore and diverse leaf-colonizing bacteria. I revealed that leaf co-infection in the field by leaf-mining herbivores and leaf-colonizing ("phyllosphere") bacteria is substantially more common than single infection by either group and that bacterial infection can cause increased feeding by herbivores in the laboratory. Immune cross-talk can also shape the field-scale patterns of herbivory across a native plant population. Studying the main herbivore of this native plant in detail revealed that, in contrast to many specialist herbivores, our focal species avoids plant defenses likely because it does not possess a specialized means of avoiding their toxicity. Nonetheless, this species may depend on the very same defenses it avoids by being initially attracted to plants that produce them. This foraging strategy is unique among known specialists. Lastly, I moved beyond immune cross-talk to explore how co-occurring phyllosphere bacteria might directly impact one another through competition. In the lab, I found that different growth strategies underlie competitive ability for two major clades of bacteria within the genus Pseudomonas, and that toxin production and resistance may be important mediators of competition within the phyllosphere. However, competitively superior bacteria that produce toxins may indirectly facilitate the survival of inferior competitors through their being toxin resistant, which likely enhances co-existence of diverse bacteria in the phyllosphere. Together, this dissertation has revealed a variety of means by which co-infecting bacteria and insects might influence one another through plant defense cross-talk, as well as how the complex interplay of colonization and competition might affect the structure of leaf microbial communities in nature.
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Saint, Paul Veronica von [Verfasser], and Anton [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffner. "Stress inducible glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana and their impact on plant metabolism and defense mechanisms / Veronica von Saint Paul. Betreuer: Anton Schäffner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2010. http://d-nb.info/101993025X/34.

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Klintworth, Sandra [Verfasser], Eric von [Gutachter] Elert, and Jost [Gutachter] Borcherding. "Effects of Chaoborus kairomone: resource allocation in Daphnia pulex and factors influencing the inducible morphological defense / Sandra Klintworth ; Gutachter: Eric von Elert, Jost Borcherding." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1233426435/34.

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Garza, Mark Isaac. "Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309.

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Phenotypic plasticity is an environmentally based change in phenotype and can be adaptive. Often, the change in an organism's phenotype is induced by the presence of a predator and serves as a defense against that predator. Defensive phenotypes are induced in freshwater physid snails in response to both crayfish and molluscivorous fish. Alternative morphologies are produced depending on which of these two predators snails are raised with, thus protecting them from each of these predators' unique mode of predation. Snails and other mollusks have been shown to produce thicker, differently shaped shells when found with predators relative to those found without predators. This production of thicker, differently shaped shells offers better protection against predators because of increased predator resistance. The first study in this thesis explores costs and limits to plasticity using the snailfish- crayfish system. I exposed juvenile physid snails (using a family structure) to either early or late shifts in predation regimes to assess whether developmental flexibility is equally possible early and late in development. Physid snails were observed to produce alternative defensive morphologies when raised in the presence of each of the two predators. All families responded similarly to the environment in which they were raised. Morphology was found to be heritable, but plasticity itself was not heritable. Morphology was found to become less flexible as snails progressed along their respective developmental pathways. In the second study, I raised physid snails with and without shell-crushing sunfish and examined the differences in shell thickness, shell mass, shell size and shell microstructural properties between the two treatment groups. Shells of snails raised with predators were found to be larger, thicker and more massive than those raised without predators, but differences in microstructure were found to be insignificant. I conclude that the observed shell thickening is accomplished by the snails' depositing more of the same material into their shells and not by producing a more complex shell composition.
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Soriano, Imelda Rizalina. "Novel inducible phytochemical defences against plant parasitic nematodes /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs7141.pdf.

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Herzog, Quirin [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Laforsch. "Reversibility of inducible defenses in Daphnia / Quirin Herzog ; Betreuer: Christian Laforsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122435894/34.

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Sarmiento, Leslie Vanesa. "Inducible chemical defenses in temperate reef sponges of the South Atlanitic Bight, U.S.A." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/leslie_v_bates/Sarmiento_Leslie_V_200801_MS.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts." Under the direction of Joe Pellergino. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-86) and appendices.
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Books on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Toth, Gunilla B. Inducible chemical responses and herbivore resistance in seaweeds. Göteborg: Inst. för Marin Ekologi, Göteborgs Universitet, 2002.

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1960-, Tollrian Ralph, and Harvell C. Drew 1954-, eds. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.

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Xu, Kui, Joseph C. LaManna, and Michelle A. Puchowicz. Ketogenic Diet, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0024.

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The brain is normally completely dependent on glucose, but is capable of using ketones as an alternate energy source, as occurs with prolonged starvation or chronic feeding of a ketogenic diet. Research has shown that ketosis is neuroprotective against ischemic insults in rodents. This review focuses on investigating the mechanistic links to neuroprotection by ketosis in the aged. Recovery from stroke and other pathophysiological conditions in the aged is challenging. Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, cerebral blood flow, and the defenses against oxidative stress are known to decline with age, suggesting dysfunction of the neurovascular unit. One mechanism of neuroprotection by ketosis involves succinate-induced stabilization of hypoxic inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1α‎) and its downstream effects on intermediary metabolism. The chapter hypothesizes that ketone bodies play a role in the restoration of energy balance (stabilization of ATP supply) and act as signaling molecules through the up-regulation of salvation pathways targeted by HIF1α‎.
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Book chapters on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Hickey, Michael A., and Diane Wallace Taylor. "The Inducible Defense System: The Induction and Development of the Inducible Defence." In Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 131–56. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203750964-8.

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Chen, Mingshun, Junxiang Wu, and Guohui Zhang. "Inducible Direct Defense of Plants Against Insects." In Recent Advances in Entomological Research, 49–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17815-3_3.

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Karp, R. D. "Inducible Humoral Immune Defense Responses in Insects." In Invertebrate Immunology, 67–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79735-4_4.

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Taylor, Diane Wallace. "The Inducible Defense System: Antibody Molecules and Antigen-Antibody Reactions." In Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 105–29. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203750964-7.

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Djordjevic, G. M., and T. R. Klaenhammer. "A method for mapping phage-inducible promoters for use in bacteriophage-triggered defense systems." In Methods for studying the genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and pathogenesis of the streptococci, 119–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2258-2_14.

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Constabel, C. Peter, Daniel R. Bergey, and Clarence A. Ryan. "Polyphenol Oxidase as a Component of the Inducible Defense Response in Tomato against Herbivores." In Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, 231–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1754-6_9.

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Whitlow, W. Lindsay, Neil A. Rice, and Christine Sweeney. "Native species vulnerability to introduced predators: testing an inducible defense and a refuge from predation." In Marine Bioinvasions: Patterns, Processes and Perspectives, 23–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0169-4_3.

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Hammerschmidt, R. "Local and Systemic Plant Defensive Responses to Infection." In Stress-Inducible Processes in Higher Eukaryotic Cells, 27–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0069-2_2.

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Davies, Kelvin J. A. "Repair Systems and Inducible Defenses against Oxidant Stress." In Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants, 253–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2907-8_23.

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Navarre, Duroy A. "Inducible Plant Defenses: Prospects for Disease and Stress Control." In Crop Protection Products for Organic Agriculture, 186–94. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2007-0947.ch013.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Tamiru, Amanuel. "A maize landrace with a novel indirect defense signaling trait possesses a strongly inducible (E)-caryophyllene synthase gene." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.104964.

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Townsend, Gloria Childress, Wade N. Hazel, and Benjamin Steffen. "Relationship of reproduction and evolutionary computation to analytical modeling of the ecological genetics of inducible defenses." In the 27th Annual ACM Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2245276.2231994.

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Reports on the topic "Inducible defense"

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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.

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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. Role of GRAS Transcription Factors in Tomato Disease Resistance and Basal Defense. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696520.bard.

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The research problem: Bacterial spot and bacterial speck diseases of tomato are causedby strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (Pst), respectively. These bacteria colonize aerial parts of the plant and causesignificant losses in tomato production worldwide. Protection against Xcv and Pst bycultural practices or chemical control has been unsuccessful and there are only limitedsources of genetic resistance to these pathogens. In previous research supported in part byBARD IS-3237-01, we extensively characterized changes in tomato gene expression uponthe onset of spot and speck disease resistance. A remarkable finding of these studies wasthe inducibility in tomato leaves by both Xcv and Pst strains of genes encodingtranscriptional activator of the GRAS family, which has not been previously linked todisease resistance. Goals: Central goals of this research were to investigate the role of GRAS genes in tomatoinnate immunity and to assess their potential use for disease control.Specific objectives were to: 1. Identify GRAS genes that are induced in tomato during thedefense response and analyze their role in disease resistance by loss-of-function experiments.2. Overexpress GRAS genes in tomato and characterize plants for possible broad-spectrumresistance. 3. Identify genes whose transcription is regulated by GRAS family. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas:1. Identification of tomato GRAS family members induced in defense responses andanalysis of their role in disease resistance. Genes encoding tomato GRAS family memberswere retrieved from databases and analyzed for their inducibility by Pst avirulent bacteria.Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that six SlGRAS transcripts are induced during theonset of disease resistance to Pst. Further expression analysis of two selected GRAS genesshowed that they accumulate in tomato plants in response to different avirulent bacteria orto the fungal elicitor EIX. In addition, eight SlGRAS genes, including the Pst-induciblefamily members, were induced by mechanical stress in part in a jasmonic acid-dependentmanner. Remarkably, SlGRAS6 gene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Pstin virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments.2. Molecular analysis of pathogen-induced GRAS transcriptional activators. In aheterologous yeast system, Pst-inducible GRAS genes were shown to have the ability toactivate transcription in agreement with their putative function of transcription factors. Inaddition, deletion analysis demonstrated that short sequences at the amino-terminus ofSlGRAS2, SlGRAS4 and SlGRAS6 are sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally,defense-related SlGRAS proteins were found to localize to the cell nucleus. 3. Disease resistance and expression profiles of transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRASgenes. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRAS3 or SlGRAS6 were generated. Diseasesusceptibility tests revealed that these plants are not more resistant to Pst than wild-typeplants. Gene expression profiles of the overexpressing plants identified putative direct orindirect target genes regulated by SlGRAS3 and SlGRAS6. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities established a novel linkbetween the GRAS family of transcription factors, plant disease resistance and mechanicalstress response. SlGRAS6 was found to be required for disease resistance to Pstsuggesting that this and possibly other GRAS family members are involved in thetranscriptional reprogramming that takes place during the onset of disease resistance.Their nuclear localization and transcriptional activation ability support their proposed roleas transcription factors or co-activators. However, the potential of utilizing GRAS familymembers for the improvement of plant disease resistance in agriculture has yet to bedemonstrated.
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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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