Academic literature on the topic 'Inducing resistance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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Hammerschmidt, R. "Inducing genes, inducing resistance." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 81 (January 2013): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2013.01.005.
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Hammerschmidt, R. "Inducing resistance in different ways." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 82 (April 2013): iii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(13)00026-x.
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Degani, Marcos H., and Luis V. A. Scalvi. "Subband mixing inducing negative resistance." Solid State Communications 86, no. 5 (1993): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90377-y.
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O'Donnell, Will M. "Inducing ampicillin resistance in Escherichia coli." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106, no. 1 & 2 (2003): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0099:iariec]2.0.co;2.
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Hoffmann, M. R. "On inducing equations for vegetation resistance." Journal of Hydraulic Research 47, no. 2 (2009): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2009.9521996.
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Warren, Amye, Katherine Hulse-Trotter, and Ernest C. Tubbs. "Inducing resistance to suggestibility in children." Law and Human Behavior 15, no. 3 (1991): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01061713.
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Baptist, M. J., V. Babovic, J. Rodríguez Uthurburu, et al. "On inducing equations for vegetation resistance." Journal of Hydraulic Research 45, no. 4 (2007): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521778.
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WANI, Shabir Hussain. "Inducing Fungus-Resistance into Plants through Biotechnology." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 2 (2010): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb224594.
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Plant diseases are caused by a variety of plant pathogens including fungi, and their management requires the use of techniques like transgenic technology, molecular biology, and genetics. There have been attempts to use gene technology as an alternative method to protect plants from microbial diseases, in addition to the development of novel agrochemicals and the conventional breeding of resistant cultivars. Various genes have been introduced into plants, and the enhanced resistance against fungi has been demonstrated. These include: genes that express proteins, peptides, or antimicrobial compounds that are directly toxic to pathogens or that reduce their growth in situ; gene products that directly inhibit pathogen virulence products or enhance plant structural defense genes, that directly or indirectly activate general plant defense responses; and resistance genes involved in the hypersensitive response and in the interactions with virulence factors. The introduction of the tabtoxin acetyltransferase gene, the stilbene synthase gene, the ribosome-inactivation protein gene and the glucose oxidase gene brought enhanced resistance in different plants. Genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and glucanase, which can deteriorate fungal cell-wall components, are attractive candidates for this approach and are preferentially used for the production of fungal disease-resistant plants. In addition to this, RNA-mediated gene silencing is being tried as a reverse tool for gene targeting in plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In this review, different mechanisms of fungal disease resistance through biotechnological approaches are discussed and the recent advances in fungal disease management through transgenic approach are reviewed.
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Raza, Syed Abbas, Richard T. DeWitt, Herbert Chen, Thomas F. Warner, and Robert D. Blank. "CATECHOLAMINE EXCESS IN PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA INDUCING INSULIN RESISTANCE." Endocrine Practice 10, no. 2 (2004): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep.10.2.149.
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Manong’a, Theresa, and Adesh Kumar. "Effect of Growth Promoting and Resistance Inducing Chemicals on Yield Attributing Characteristics of Tomato." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 11, no. 3 (2017): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.11.3.32.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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Neethling, Ian Garth. "Can the Sutherlandia herb or resistance exercise reverse the stress inducing effects of a mild-intermittent stress procedure." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2465.
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Thesis (MSc (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>This study aimed to assess the effect of mild psychological stress in male Wistar rats using incremental, intermittent stress on parameters of atrophy, including body mass, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle mass, and mechanisms possibly contributing to atrophy. Serum corticosterone concentrations, 20s proteasome activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) and tyrosine amino-transferase (TAT) activities were determined. I also assessed whether Sutherlandia (Su) or resistance exercise was able to reverse the effects of stress on any of these parameters.
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Han, David Youngsun. "Identification an characterization of the systemic resistance-inducing biological control agent Pantoea Agglomerans E278A from compost-amended potting mixes /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488187049539837.
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Wittek, Finni [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Durner, and Wilfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwab. "Identification of systemic acquired resistance-inducing molecules in plants by a new metabolomic approach / Finni Wittek. Gutachter: Wilfried Schwab ; Jörg Durner. Betreuer: Jörg Durner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044680512/34.
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Dhillon, Jaspreet. "Y-box binding protein-1 is essential for the growth and survival of HER2 over-expressing breast cancers and mediates trastuzumab resistance by inducing CD44." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24372.
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Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is an oncogenic transcription/translation factor expressed in 40% of all subtypes of invasive breast carcinomas, where its expression is correlated with relapse and poor survival. HER2 amplifications are a frequent genetic abnormality observed in approximately 25% of breast cancers where its over-expression is associated with poor clinical outcome and decreased disease free survival. We recently reported that HER2 over-expressing breast cancers are dependent on YB-1 for growth and survival. In HER2 positive tumours we implicated YB-1 in sustaining cancer cells by its involvement in the STAT3 signalling pathway. The development of trastuzumab, a targeted therapy against HER2, has provided substantial advances in the care and treatment of patients whose tumours over-express HER2. Unfortunately, the development of acquired resistance to trastuzumab remains a prevalent challenge in the treatment of patients whose tumours express HER2. Since YB-1 is also linked to drug resistance in other types of cancer, we addressed its possible role in trastuzumab insensitivity. Employing an in vivo model of acquired resistance, we demonstrated that resistant cell lines have elevated levels of P-YB-1S¹°² and its activating kinase P-RSK and that these levels are sustained following trastuzumab treatment. Further, to demonstrate the importance of YB-1 in mediating drug resistance, the expression of the active mutant YB-1S¹°²D rendered the BT474 cell line insensitive to trastuzumab. Questioning the role of tumour initiating cells (TICs) and their ability to escape cancer therapies, we investigated YB-1’s involvement in inducing the cancer stem cell marker CD44. Notably, the resistant cells expressed more CD44 mRNA and protein compared to BT474 cells, which correlated with increased mammosphere formation. Expression of YB-1S¹°²D in the BT474 cells increased CD44 protein levels, resulting in enhanced mammosphere formation. Further, exposing BT474 cells to trastuzumab selected for a resistant subpopulation enriched for CD44. Conversely, siRNA inhibition of CD44 restored trastuzumab sensitivity in the resistant cell lines. Our findings provide insight on a novel mechanism employed by tumour cells to acquire the ability to escape the effects of trastuzumab and suggest that targeting YB-1 may overcome resistance by eliminating the unresponsive TIC population, rendering the cancer sensitive to therapy.
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Fonseca, Fernando Mello Fróes da. "Papel da atividade física na expressão gênica das vias proliferativas e de angiogênese na próstata e suas implicacações na prevenção da hiperplasia prostática benigna: estudo experimental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5153/tde-28032018-102020/.
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Introdução: O sedentarismo e obesidade têm sido descritos como fatores de risco relevantes para o desenvolvimento de hiperplasia prostática benigna (HBP). No presente trabalho investigamos o papel da atividade física nas vias proliferativas e de angiogênese da próstata e sua relação na prevenção da HPB. Métodos: Foram utilizados nesse experimento ratos machos Wistar com oito semanas de idade, divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: 1. atividade física (AF) e dieta normal; 2. AF e dieta rica em gorduras; 3. Sedentários com dieta normal; 4. Sedentários e dieta rica em gorduras. Alimentos e água foram fornecidos ad libitum. Os ratos dos Grupos 1 e 2 foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento de natação por 10 semanas, executado cinco vezes por semana com duração de 60 minutos por dia. No final do protocolo, as glândulas prostáticas foram dissecadas, pesadas e armazenadas. Medimos os níveis de expressão gênica do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina (IGF1), do genes relacionados ao eixo proliferativo IGF1/PI3K/Akt e dos genes relacionados à hipóxia e angiogênese através do método de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) e do índice apoptótico tecidual por hibridização in-situ (TUNEL). Resultados: Após 10 semanas, os grupos 1 e 2 apresentaram menor gordura visceral quando comparados aos grupos 3 (29,4 vs 37,96 gramas, p < 0,05) e 4 (31,87 vs 41,96 gramas, p < 0,05), respectivamente. AF diminuiu o crescimento da próstata em ratos com dieta normal (grupo 1 vs grupo 3, p < 0,05), mas este achado não foi evidenciado em ratos alimentados com dieta rica em gorduras (grupo 2 vs grupo 4). Quando comparados os ratos com dieta normal (grupo 1 vs grupo 3), os genes relacionados ao IGF1, IRS1 e Akt foram subexpressos na próstata de ratos submetidos a AF (médias de 0.22, 0.04 e 0.27 respectivamente). Esses padrões de expressão também foram evidenciados quando comparamos ratos com dieta rica em gorduras (grupo 2 vs grupo 4), mas a subexpressão de IGF1 foi menos pronunciada (p < 0,001). AF aumentou a expressão de genes relacionados à angiogênese (HIF-1?, VEGF, VEGFR e mTOR) quando comparamos ratos submetidos a dieta rica em gorduras (grupo 2 vs grupo 4). O índice apoptótico (número de apoptoses/10 HPF) foi maior em ratos submetidos a AF (9,0 vs 2,0, grupo 1 vs grupo 3, p=0,07), (9,0 vs 1,43, grupo 1 vs grupo 4; p < 0,05). Conclusão: A atividade física inibe a expressão gênica do eixo proliferativo IGF1/Akt na próstata tanto em ratos normais quanto em ratos com dieta rica em gorduras, estimula a angiogênese em ratos com dieta rica em gorduras e estimula a apoptose prostática. Esses achados podem estar relacionados à prevenção de HPB<br>Introduction: Sedentarism and obesity have been reported as relevant risk factors for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In the present work we investigated the role of physical activity in proliferative and angiogenic pathways on prostate and implications for BPH prevention. Methods: Male Wistar rats with eight weeks old were used in this experiment, randomly divided into four groups: 1. physical activity (PA) and normal diet; 2. PA and high fat diet; 3. sedentary (S) and normal diet; 4. S and high fat diet. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The rats in the Groups 1 and 2 were submitted to a swimming training protocol for 10 weeks, executed five times a week with duration of 60 minutes per day. At the end of the protocol, prostate glands were dissected, weighted and stored. We measured prostatic gene expression levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1/PI3K/Akt proliferative axis and genes related to angiogenesis through the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method, and apoptotic index (TUNEL). Results: After 10 weeks, groups 1 and 2 had less visceral fat when compared to the groups 3 (29,4 vs 37,96 grams; p < 0,05) and 4 (31,87 vs 41,96 grams; p < 0,05), respectively. According to prostate weight, PA decreased prostate growth in normal fed rats (group 1 vs group 3, p < 0,05), but this finding was not shown in high fat fed rats (group 2 vs group 4). When comparing normal fed rats (group 1 vs group 3), IGF1, IRS1 and Akt genes were less expressed in prostate of rats submitted to PA (means 0.22, 0.04 and 0.27 respectively). Those patterns of expressions were also shown when we compared high fat fed rats (group 2 vs group 4), but the IGF1 downregulation was less pronounced (p < 0,001). PA increased the expression of angiogenic related genes (HIF-1alpha, VEGF, VEGFR and mTOR) when comparing rats submitted to high fat diet. Apoptotic index (number of apoptosis per 10 HPF) was higher in rats submitted to PA (9,0 vs 2,0; group 1 vs group 3; p=0,07), (9,0 vs 1,43; group 1 vs group 4; p < 0,05). Conclusion: PA seems to inhibit IGF1/Akt proliferative axis on prostate in both normal and high fat fed rats, stimulates angiogenesis in high fed rats, and increase prostatic apoptosis. These findings can be related to BPH prevention
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Sun, Ping [Verfasser], Angelika [Gutachter] Schmitt, Wolfgang [Gutachter] Rössler, Jürgen [Gutachter] Deckert, and Camelia-Maria [Gutachter] Monoranu. "Alzheimer`s disease and brain insulin resistance: The diabetes inducing drug streptozotocin diminishes adult neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus – an in vivo and in vitro study / Ping Sun. Gutachter: Angelika Schmitt ; Wolfgang Rössler ; Jürgen Deckert ; Camelia-Maria Monoranu." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111509115/34.
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Mazzucco, Sara. "Inactivity as a key factor inducting insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/4594.
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2009/2010<br>Introduction. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of alterations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, abdominal obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome is usually associated with sedentary lifestyle and overweight, while regular physical activity and weight loss can counteract these alterations and prevent type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Aim of the Thesis. In order to define the net role of inactivity as key factor inducing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome independently from changes in body fat we have investigated the net impact of experimental bed rest on human metabolism. Experimental bed rest in healthy, young, lean subjects represents a suitable model to determine the effects of inactivity on physiology, avoiding potential interferences and confounding effects of diseases, ageing, energy unbalance and excess body fat. We have focused on inactivity-related development of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension as well as inflammation and oxidative stress. These aspects have been investigated during four different experimental bed rest protocols, lasting 2 months (WISE-Toulouse, France) and 5 weeks (Valdoltra, Slovenia 2006–2007–2008). Energy requirements and intakes were strictly controlled to avoid changes in fat mass.
Results and discussion. Muscle atrophy. Muscle atrophy was evidenced after three weeks of bed rest and was worsened by prolonged exposure to inactivity (WISE, Valdoltra studies). However, muscle loss rate was higher in the first 5 weeks of bed rest while it decreased in the second month of inactivity (WISE). Time-course analysis of insulin resistance development. Insulin resistance, measured by an oral glucose tolerance test, rapidly developed in the first week of inactivity and was maintained after 5 weeks of bed rest, as assessed by the ISI-Belfiore index of insulin sensitivity (Valdoltra 2008). Cardiovascular regulation. In the first week of bed rest, baroreflex sensitivity decreased indicating that, in an early phase, alterations in the sympatovagal balance paralleled changes in insulin resistance development. At the end of 5 week-bed rest, heart rate and heart rate variability as well as systolic blood pressure variability, indexes of cardiovascular regulation, were also impaired (Valdoltra 2008). Plasma lipids and lipid metabolism. Five weeks of bed rest induced a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. During inactivity, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a key enzyme involved in HDL metabolism, was up-regulated and changes in CETP inversely correlated with changes in HDL-to-non-HDL cholesterol ratio. Conversely, changes in CETP and HDL were not directly correlated to insulin resistance (Valdoltra studies). Cell membrane lipids. Bed rest reduced monounsaturated FAs, enhanced n-6 polyunsaturated FA total contents and affected activities of both Δ-5 and Δ-9 desaturases, enzymes involved in FA metabolism. These data further support that membrane FA composition and activities of Δ-5 and Δ-9 desaturases are predictive indicators of metabolic syndrome development. Moreover, arachidonic-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, reflecting the competitive role of these FAs in the modulation of inflammatory processes, was shifted towards pro-inflammatory state (Valdoltra studies). Oxidative stress and glutathione kinetics. Bed rest induced oxidative stress as showed by enhanced muscle protein carbonylation, a marker of tissue exposure to oxidative damage, and increased muscle glutathione absolute synthesis, as assessed by a new one-sample, double-isotope tracers infusion method (Valdoltra 2007). Homocysteinemia and homocysteine kinetics. Plasma homocysteine level was increased by bed rest, due to a decrease in homocysteine clearance related to remethylation (WISE). Hyperhomocysteinemia is a further evidence of inactivity-mediated oxidative stress and increased cardiovascular risk.
Conclusions. Physical inactivity in healthy young subjects is a suitable model to define the net impact of physical inactivity on the development of metabolic alterations observed in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Our results indicate that inactivity is directly involved in insulin resistance development, low-grade systemic inflammation, dyslipidaemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress and autonomic-cardiovascular abnormalities.<br>XXIII Ciclo<br>1983
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Fernández, Crespo Emma. "Estudio integral de los mecanismos de resistencia inducida. Inductores frente a estrés biótico y abiótico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398704.
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En este trabajo se ha demostrado que el NH4+ actúa como inductor de resistencia frente a estrés salino en cítricos, observándose acumulación de ABA, poliaminas (PAs), H2O2 y prolina. También se ha demostrado que plantas de tomate crecidas con NH4+ muestran una reducción de los síntomas de la enfermedad producida por Pst. El estudio del modo de acción de la NH4+-IR reveló que los mecanismos inducidos en las plantas en respuesta a NH4+, tales como la acumulación de ABA, PAs y H2O2 son clave para la inducción de aclimatación sistémica adquirida (SAA) que confiere a las plantas de tomate resistencia frente a Pst.
Por último, se ha demostrado que el virus MNSV induce en plantas de melón una compleja red hormonal de respuesta, así como la acumulación de calosa y ROS. El Hx resultó ser efectivo como inductor de resistencia frente a virus evitando el paso del virus al floema.<br>In this work, we reveal that NH4+ nutrition in citrange Carrizo plants acts as an inducer of resistance against salinity conditions. We investigated its mode of action and provide evidence that NH4+ confers resistance by priming abscisic acid and polyamines, just as enhancing H2O2 and proline basal content.
Moreover, we demonstrated the NH4+ nutrition induces-resistance (NH4+-IR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) in tomato plants. N-NH4+ plants displayed basal H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA) and putrescine (Put) accumulation. H2O2 accumulation acted as a signal to induce ABA-dependent signalling pathways required to prevent NH4+ toxicity. This acclimatory event provoked an increase of resistance against later pathogen infection.
We studied the basal response of melon (Cucumis melo) to Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and demonstrated the efficacy of the hexanoic acid priming that blocks the virus systemic spread. We analyzed callose deposition and ROS production, as well as the hormonal profile and gene expression at the whole-plant level.
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Pastor, Fuentes María Victoria. "Redox homeostasis, callose and hormonal responses in primed defenses." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565663.
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Las plantas, debido a que no pueden desplazarse cuando el ambiente no les es favorable, han desarrollado una inmunidad innata que les permite ser resistentes a casi todos los microbios e insectos. El priming de las defensas basales hace que la respuesta de la planta sea más temprana y más intensa si un patógeno virulento intenta colonizar la planta. Además de los mecanismos que se proponen para explicar el priming de las defensas basales, se señala otro nuevo, que es la necesidad de la homeostasis en el control de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). El priming por BABA (ácido beta-aminobutírico) genera un ambiente celular más oxidado que necesitará estar estrechamente controlado para no provocar daños en la célula. Por otra parte, cuando los mecanismos primarios de priming están bloqueados, como el priming de ROS o de calosa, BABA es capaz de actuar induciendo líneas de defensa más tardías o secundarias, indicando que el priming de las defensas es un mecanismo multicomponente. Así mismo, se demuestra que las condiciones ambientales pueden influir de forma decisiva en el resultado final de una interacción planta-patógeno, pudiendo pasar de generar resistencia a susceptibilidad. Mediante análisis metabolómico usando UPLC-qTOF analysis se observa que la ruta más importante en el priming contra el hongo Plectosphaerella cucumerina es la ruta del triptófano, y dirigiéndose hacia una rama de la ruta distinta a los indolglucosinolatos, camalexina o IAA.
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Ortiz, Ruiz Antonio José. "Interacción cardiovascular angiotensina II- péptido natriurético en la hipertensión arterial experimental." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10867.
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Hemos inducido en ratas wistar dos modelos de hipertensión arterial (HTA): hipertensión vasculorrenal 2 riñones-1 clip (2R-1C) e hipertensión por déficits crónico de óxido nítrico (NO). La angiotensina II (AII) participa en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la hipertensión vasculorrenal y por déficit crónico de NO. La administración crónica de losartán, aún previniendo el desarrollo de la hipertensión por déficit crónico de NO, no confiere protección completa frente a las alteraciones hemodinámicas que dicha hipertensión conlleva. Los bloqueantes de los receptores de la AII, saralasina y losartán, poseen efectos hemodinámicos similares, aunque de distinta potencia, sobre los grupos de HTA. En condiciones normales, los efectos hemodinámicos del péptido natriurético auricular (PNA) no son modulados por los receptores de AII. La HTA potencia los efectos hemodinámicos del PNA por un efecto en el que intervienen los receptores de AII.<br>We have induced in Wistar rats two models of experimental hypertension: two kidney-one clip hypertension (2K-1C) and hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production (L-NAME-induced hypertension). In both, angiotensin II (AII) participates in the development and maintenance of the hypertension. Chronic administration of losartan prevents the development of the L-NAME-induced hypertension, although it does not confer complete protection to the hemodynamic alterations that this hypertension causes. The AII receptor antagonists, saralasin and losartan, have similar hemodynamic effects on the hypertensive groups, although in different degrees. Moreover, the hemodynamic effects of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) under normal conditions are not modulated by the AII receptor. However, hypertension increases the hemodynamic effects of the ANP by an effect partially due to the AII receptors
Books on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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Conditions Inducing Heat Resistance in Seedling Plants of Corn, Wheat, and Sorghum. Hassell Street Press, 2021.
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Sobhy, Islam S., Yonggen Lou, and Toby J. A. Bruce, eds. Inducing Plant Resistance Against Insects Using Exogenous Bioactive Chemicals: Key Advances and Future Perspectives. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88976-124-1.
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McCall, Pete. Smarter Workouts. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718225527.
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What are the biggest obstacles to sticking to a workout plan? You don’t have enough time? It costs too much? You don’t have enough equipment? You don’t know how to get the results you want? Now you can set those excuses aside. Smarter Workouts gives you the solution you need with efficient and effective workout programs that use only one piece of equipment. You can work out in a short period of time without spending a lot of money on expensive equipment or gym memberships—all while targeting your personal goals. Fitness expert Pete McCall explains the effects of exercise on your body so you can identify what will work best for you. He gives you access to fat-burning workouts that help you work smarter to produce real results. First, choose your target: improving mobility for better balance and coordination, amping up your metabolism with sweat-inducing conditioning work, or strengthening your core for better functional movement. Then select one of seven equipment options: • Bodyweight • Dumbbell • Kettlebell • Medicine ball • Stability ball • Sandbag • Resistance band Armed with a variety of exercises and organized plans, you’ll flow quickly through your workouts, saving precious time and experiencing real results. Put an end to your frustration and let Smarter Workouts be your go-to guide for smart, effective workouts. Need continuing education? A companion continuing education exam is available for purchase. See the back page for details.
Book chapters on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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van Loon, L. C., and P. A. H. M. Bakker. "Root-associated bacteria inducing systemic resistance." In Plant-Associated Bacteria. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4538-7_8.
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Lockwood, Dean H., Gary R. Hayes, and Michael L. McCaleb. "The Insulin-Resistance Inducing Factor Associated with Uremia." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5445-1_13.
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Siah, Ali, Maryline Magnin-Robert, Béatrice Randoux, et al. "Natural Agents Inducing Plant Resistance Against Pests and Diseases." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67045-4_6.
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Chen, Yabing, Kaiyu Yuan, and Jay McDonald. "Pancreatic Cancer Resistance to TRAIL Therapy: Regulators of the Death Inducing Signaling Complex." In Resistance to Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17807-3_11.
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Saxena, Rajiv K., Queen B. Saxena, Apurva Sarin, and Ronald B. Herberman. "Natural Killer — Resistance Inducing Factor (NK-RIF): a Novel Immunomodulatory Cytokine." In Nk Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003574729-30.
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Manikandan, P., M. Saravanaraman, K. Saravanan, and V. Selvanarayanan. "Inducing Insect Resistance in Sesame by Innovative Genetic Manipulation Using Mutagens." In Genetic Methods and Tools for Managing Crop Pests. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0264-2_26.
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Singh, Shachi. "Role of Nonpathogenic Fungi in Inducing Systemic Resistance in Crop Plants Against Phytopathogens." In Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity. Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2644-4_5.
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Iqbal, Saima, Muhammad Hassan, Hassan Waqar, et al. "Pherotypes in Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Role of CSP-1 and CSP-2 in Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance; Towards Development of Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates in Inducing Netosis Based Acquired Immune Response." In Biochemistry of Drug Resistance. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76320-6_18.
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Nasim, Ghazala. "The Role of Arbuscualr Mycorrhizae in Inducing Resistance to Drought and Salinity Stress in Crops." In Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9370-7_6.
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Ghanim, Abdelbagi M. A. "Physical Mutagenesis in Cereal Crops." In Mutation Breeding and Efficiency Enhancing Technologies for Resistance to Striga in Cereals. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68181-7_2.
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AbstractThe use of physical mutagens to induce heritable genetic variation in crop plants dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. While X-rays were the first to be used for mutation induction in plants, gamma-rays have been the most widely used physical mutagen. Currently gamma induced mutations represents 60% of the registered mutant varieties in the Mutant Variety Database of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Beside gamma and X-rays, other physical mutagens include neutrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons and ion beam. This chapter introduces the technique of physical mutagenesis with emphasis on gamma-ray and X-ray irradiation of seeds in cereals in the context of inducing genetic variation for resistance to the parasitic weed, Striga. Easy to follow step-by-step protocols are explained including sample preparation, treatment application and post-treatment handling of irradiated seeds. Data collection and graphic illustration are presented to estimate the optimum dose for bulk treatment to determine the radio-sensitivity of cereal crops. The last section briefly explains the development and handling of mutant populations by way of introduction to the rest of this book on mutation breeding in cereals for resistance to Striga.
Conference papers on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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Pearlstein, Fred, and Vinod S. Asarwala. "Trivalent Chromium Treatment for Aluminum - Corrosion Resistance and Paint Adhesion." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97546.
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Abstract It was demonstrated that 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 aluminum treated in dilute, relatively non-toxic trivalent chromium bath have achieved salt spray corrosion resistance and paint adhesion equivalent to that of chromate conversion coatings. The trivalent chromium bath has less tendency for inducing hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel than a chromating (Cr+6) bath. Color coatings were successfully produced by addition of dyes to the trivalent chromium solution.
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Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun, Taiwo Felicia Owoeye, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola, et al. "Performance of Hura Crepitans Mediated Ag-Nanoparticle Material on the Inhibition of Microbes Inducing Microbiologically-Influenced-Corrosion." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10916.
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Abstract The performance of Hura crepitans mediated Ag (silver) nanoparticle material on the inhibition of microbes (including six bacteria and a fungus strain) inducing microbiologically-influenced-corrosion (MIC) of metals was investigated in this paper. Leaf-extract was obtained from the Hura crepitans for use as a precursor for the Ag-nanoparticle synthesis, which was then characterised by the instrumentation of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM+EDS). The natural plant-mediated Ag-nanoparticle material was then utilised for sensitivity and/or resistance experimental investigations against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus strains of microbes that are known to induce microbiologically-influenced-corrosion in metallic materials. From this, the inhibition of microbial growth by the plant-extract mediated Ag-nanoparticle was compared with that from a commercial antibiotic that was used as the control. From the results, it was established that all the microbial strains studied were sensitive to the Hura crepitans mediated Ag-nanoparticle material while three out of the seven microbial strains for the study were resistant to the control antibiotic chemical. The implications and recommendations, ensuing from these results, on the use of the bio-mediated Ag-nanoparticle in MIC mitigation/control applications are detailed in the study.
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Gooch, T. G., and R. N. Gunn. "Welding Duplex Stainless Steels for Maximum Corrosion Resistance in Chemical Process Industry Applications." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94385.
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Abstract Fabrication of process plant, pipework etc in ferritic-austenitic steels commonly entails fusion welding. The weld thermal cycle can significantly influence material corrosion behaviour and hence service performance. The paper reviews the situation, with emphasis on arc welding as most commonly employed by industry. An outline is given of the major metallurgical changes due to welding which take place in the heat affected zone in base steel and in the fused weld metal. The weld thermal cycle experienced alters the ferrite/austenite structure from that in the parent material, and can induce intermetallic precipitation. Nitrogen may also be lost from the weld metal. These changes affect corrosion resistance, and must be controlled to achieve optimum service properties. The consequences of surface oxidation in the weld area and of local residual stresses are also considered, and it is pointed out that resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride or sour, H2S media is dependent on ferrite/austenite balance. The main factors in formulating a welding procedure are described. Depending on the material composition and joint heat sink, arc energy should be held between minimum and maximum levels to promote adequate austenite formation in the weld area without inducing intermetallic formation. Nitrogen loss should be minimised, and adequate filler should be added: slight overalloying of the consumable is preferred, provided that intermetallic precipitation is avoided.
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Curtzwiler, Greg W., Eric B. Williams, Christina M. Konecki, Steven M. Wand, and James W. Rawlins. "Corrosion Performance of Chemically Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Epoxy-Amine Coating Systems on Steel Substrates." In SSPC 2016 Greencoat. SSPC, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2016-00015.
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Abstract Carbon nanotubes are well-known for their ability to improve critical properties of polymeric materials. Our research objective is to quantify the influence of incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with amine, hydroxyl, or epoxy functionalities on the corrosion performance of epoxy amine coatings on steel substrates. Coated substrates were exposed to ASTM B117 for 168 hours, and were analyzed via optical imaging as a function of time. After 168 hours, the coatings were removed from the substrate and the substrate/coating interface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Coatings that contained MWCNTs reduced the rate of corrosion compared to coatings with without MWCNTs, however the corrosion resistance was statistically insignificant between formulations containing MWCNTs. SEM-EDS analysis showed a reduction in the frequency of corrosion products and corrosion-inducing NaCl at the coating/substrate interface of MWCNT formulations compared to without MWCNTs. It is hypothesized that the reduced amount of corrosive species at the coating/substrate interface is attributed to increased ion tortuosity from interactions between the permeating ions and the MWCNTs.
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Miyata, Yukio, Mitsuo Kimura, Haruo Nakamichi, Kaoru Sato, Noritsugu Itakura, and Katsumi Masamura. "Effects of Thermal Cycle Conditions on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sweet Environment for Supermartensitic Stainless Steel." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05095.
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Abstract Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in heat affected zone (HAZ) for supermartensitic stainless steel was studied. Two grades of the steel, lean and high grades, were heat-treated for simulating welding thermal cycles. Cracks were observed in some simulated HAZ specimens by all four methods of SCC test, U-bend, four point bent (4PB), slow strain rate technique (SSRT) and single edge notch bend (SENB) methods. It suggests that even smoothly machined specimen can detect IGSCC as long as the specimen is sensitized sufficiently and immersed in severe corrosion environment. Thermal cycle conditions inducing the cracking were clarified by U-bend SCC test for the lean and high grade steels. The results revealed that the high grade steel has higher resistance to IGSCC than the lean grade steel, and that post welding heat treatment (PWHT) is effective to prevent IGSCC. Chromium depleted zones were confirmed on prior austenite grain boundary adjacent to carbides that precipitated on the grain boundary for the lean grade steel. In these results, it was concluded that IGSCC in HAZ for supermartensitic stainless steel is caused by chromium depletion on prior austenite grain boundary accompanied by re-precipitation of chromium carbide during girth welding.
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Xie, Jeffrey, Katy Yazdanfar, Derek Mitchell, and Bill Courtney. "Fatigue Fracture of a Stainless Steel Rotary Valve Shaft." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02119.
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Abstract The shaft of a rotatory valve (RV) for polyethylene pellet service fractured. In order to understand the fracture mechanism and mitigate future fracture failures, the fractured shaft was investigated in terms of metallurgical, compositional and morphological characteristics on the fracture surface and cross-sections of the shaft. The characterization determined that the fracture of the rotatory valve shaft was the result of rotational bending fatigue. Fatigue cracks were initiated from multiple locations, leading to formation of multiple ratchat marks around the shaft circumference. The torsional stress caused the ratchet marks to be roughly 45° to the fracture plane. The stress was high at the time of the fracture, inducing an overload zone to be roughly 60% of the entire fracture surface. The concave curvature of the fracture surface indicated stress concentration at the location of fracture. Microstructural analysis revealed that excessive amounts of manganese sulfide (MnS) stringers were present across the entire thickness along the axial direction of the shaft. Combined with the microstructure and composition, the shaft was determined to be made of UNS S30400 stainless steel with excessive amount of MnS inclusions. As a result, the fatigue resistance was greatly compromised. The fatigue cracks were determined to initiate from the MnS inclusions, acting as a stress riser, on the outer diameter. The selected stainless steel with MnS inclusions and the particular geometry of the rotatory valve shaft induced weak load-bearing capacity and excessive stress concentration, thus promoting fatigue failure of the shaft.
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Ibrahim, I., H. Takenouti, B. Tribollet, et al. "Harmonic Analysis Study of the AC Corrosion of Buried Pipelines under Cathodic Protection." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07042.
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Abstract Pipelines buried in soil are protected by a thick organic coating complemented by cathodic protection. In spite of this double protection, when these pipelines are in the vicinity of a high voltage AC electrical field, such as a power line or an electrical railway for instance, corrosion may occur at the location of coating holidays. This phenomenon may be explained by a faradic rectification due to a non-linearity of electromagnetic interface behavior, and by the AC field effect. At each AC signal, the steel-soil interface may be polarized anodically, therefore inducing a dissolution process. We will examine quantitatively AC induced corrosion by harmonic analyses and the simultaneous collection of potential and current signals at 50 Hz, using a carbon steel disc electrode in simulated natural soil waters. It has been observed that in presence of an AC signal, the corrosion potential (defined at the zero-overall DC current) shifts towards a more negative direction. As a consequence, the cathodic protection (polarization) is less efficient. The more conductive is the solution, the higher is the AC corrosion rate. In addition, though the interface impedance is essentially determined by the electrolyte resistance and partly by the double layer capacitance (around 50 Hz), the faradic current density is in the order of the overall current. The alternative transformation of the steel - ferric oxide - ferrous oxide at each AC signal may therefore lead to a significant corrosion of carbon steel.
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Yang, Shanshan, Sonja Richter, Winston Robbins, and Srdjan Nesic. "Evaluation of the Protectiveness of a Paraffin Layer in CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01323.
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Abstract Crude oil composition is highly variable and complex. Its components can be broken down into four different classes by solubility characteristics such as: saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes. Within each class are myriad of chemical compounds, and many have the potential to interact with the pipeline wall to confer protection from corrosion. In this work the focus is on saturates, with the the n-paraffins chosen as being most relevant for the purposes of the present study. A representative pure model compound for the n-paraffins used in the experiments is eicosane (C20H42). A mixture of eicosane and a clear, inert model oil was prepared with a range of paraffin concentrations (0 – 50% eicosane). The chemical properties of the mixture were measured, including the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), density, viscosity and interfacial tension. The CO2 corrosion rate for carbon steel was measured both below and above the WAT, using the linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique. The protectiveness of the long-chain paraffin layer was challenged by inducing flow (hydrodynamic shear stress) and by increasing temperature. The eicosane successfully conferred corrosion retardation at temperatures below the WAT; however, this protection did not withstand the effect of shear stress or increased temperature. Further analysis by using sessile drop contact angle measurements using a goniometer revealed that the protectiveness by the eicosane is related to changes in the wettability of the surface. The hydrophobicity of the steel surface increased as the concentration of the paraffins in the synthetic paraffin-oil mixture was increased.
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de Rincón, Oladis Trocónis, Ruby Mejías de Gutierrez, and Manuela Salta. "Durability of Concrete Structures: Duracon, an Iberoamerican Project. Preliminary Results." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04311.
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Abstract This work presents the preliminary results of the project: “Effect of the environment on reinforcement durability” (DURACON), which presents the physicomechanical and chemical characterization of the types of concrete prepared in the participating countries, as well as of the environment to which they are exposed. These results show the potentiality and probability of future reinforcement corrosion, depending on the type of mixture and the environment to which it is exposed. To that effect, concrete specimens, with and without reinforcement, were prepared for electrochemical and physical/mechanical/chemical tests using the existing materials in each participating country, following premises that enabled the preparation of similar concrete samples. So two water/cement (w/c) ratios (0.45 and 0.65) were selected, where the concrete with w/c = 0.45 had to have a minimum cement content of 400 Kg/m3 and the one with w/c = 0.65 a compressive strength of 210 Kg/cm2. Portland I cement was used and the aggregate was silica type crushed with a 13-mm. Maximum Nominal Size (MNS) and quartz sand. The specimens were exposed to two types of environments, urban and marine (at least two stations for each country), making a total of 53 test stations distributed among twelve countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Spain, Uruguay, Paraguay, Portugal and Venezuela).The environment was evaluated using ISO Standard 9223 and the concrete was characterized by measuring compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, total and effective porosity, chloride permeability according to ASTM standards, as well as resistance to water absorption, using the Fagerlund method. After a one-year exposure, the results of the corrosion potentiality and probability analysis of the reinforcement in the different test stations show that, for marine atmospheres, the most aggressive environment is at the Cabo Raso station in Portugal, inducing the greatest steel-corrosion probability and the least aggressive is the one at Valparaíso in Chile. For carbonation, it was determined that the concrete prepared in Venezuela is the one that has the greatest probability of causing corrosion by carbonation of the reinforcement, with the station at Cali, Colombia being the one that would least induce corrosion of the reinforcement.
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Wood, R. J. K., T. F. Jones, and J. Ganeshalingam. "Erosion in Swirl-Inducing Pipes." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31287.
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Swirl inducing pipes are proposed for the alleviation of problems of poor particle distribution and sliding wear, particularly at downstream bends and elbows. In a well-designed conventional pipeline, the mean axial velocity to assure good dispersion of particles is much greater than the velocity required to merely transport the slurry. This gives the impetus to design swirl-inducing pipes which allow for reduced pumping power, and reduced erosion, while efficiently maintaining suspension at strategic points. This paper covers research that has been aimed at producing good distribution of particles at relatively low velocities, by applying swirl induction. Computational models for the impact velocity and impact angle in a bend have been successfully applied to the flow field and validated by experiments in a perspex flow loop including electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to confirm the placement of particle burdens. Particle impact parameters from this work have been used as inputs to erosion models to predict wall wastage rates in bends and the location of damage from well distributed and swirling particulate flows.
Reports on the topic "Inducing resistance"
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Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.
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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.
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Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.
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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
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Crisosto, Carlos, Susan Lurie, Haya Friedman, Ebenezer Ogundiwin, Cameron Peace, and George Manganaris. Biological Systems Approach to Developing Mealiness-free Peach and Nectarine Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592650.bard.
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Peach and nectarine production worldwide is increasing; however consumption is flat or declining because of the inconsistent eating quality experienced by consumers. The main factor for this inconsistent quality is mealiness or woolliness, a form of chilling injury that develops following shipping periods in the global fruit market today. Our research groups have devised various postharvest methods to prolong storage life, including controlled atmosphere and delayed storage; however, these treatments only delay mealiness. Mealiness texture results from disruption of the normal ripening process involving disassembly of cell wall material, and creates a soft fruit texture that is dry and grainy instead of juicy and smooth. Solving this problem is a prerequisite for increasing the demand for fresh peach and nectarine. Two approaches were used to reveal genes and their associated biochemical processes that can confer resistance to mealiness or wooliness. At the Volcani Center, Israel, a nectarine cultivar and the peach cultivar (isogenetic materials) from which the nectarine cultivar spontaneously arose, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center of UC Davis, USA, a peach population that segregates for quantitative resistance to mealiness was used for dissecting the genetic components of mealiness development. During our project we have conducted research integrating the information from phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression studies, proposed possible candidate genes and SNPs-QTLs mapping that are involved in reducing peach mealiness susceptibility. Numerous genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and its signal transduction, cell wall structure and metabolism, stress response, different transcription factor families were detected as being differentially accumulated in the cold-treated samples of these sensitive and less sensitive genotypes. The ability to produce ethylene and keep active genes involved in ethylene signaling, GTP-binding protein, EIN-3 binding protein and an ethylene receptor and activation of ethyleneresponsive fruit ripening genes during cold storage provided greater resistance to CI. Interestingly, in the functional category of genes differentially expressed at harvest, less chilling sensitive cultivar had more genes in categories related to antioxidant and heat sock proteins/chaperones that may help fruit to adapt to low temperature stress. The specific objectives of the proposed research were to: characterize the phenotypes and cell wall components of the two resistant systems in response to mealiness- inducing conditions; identify commonalities and specific differences in cell wall proteins and the transcriptome that are associated with low mealiness incidence; integrate the information from phenotypic, biochemical, and gene expression studies to identify candidate genes that are involved in reducing mealiness susceptibility; locate these genes in the Prunus genome; and associate the genes with genomic regions conferring quantitative genetic variation for mealiness resistance. By doing this we will locate genetic markers for mealiness development, essential tools for selection of mealiness resistant peach lines with improved fruit storability and quality. In our research, QTLs have been located in our peach SNPs map, and proposed candidate genes obtained from the integrated result of phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression analysis are being identified in our QTLs as an approach searching for consistent assistant markers for peach breeding programs.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.
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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.
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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Dawson, William O., and Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.