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Journal articles on the topic 'Induction hardening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Knauf, S., K. Buchner, and R. Jenne. "Gearbox Production Using Distortion Controlled Inductive Fixture Hardening*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-0003.

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Abstract Fixture-hardening, also known as quench-press hardening, is a widespread process mainly for the automotive industry. This paper introduces a new inductive hardening and tempering process that combines the well-known advantages of induction heating and hardening with the advantages of a fixture hardening process to obtain highly precise workpieces with enormously reduced or even without rework. The main component is a new hardening machine with implemented fixture hardening assembly and integrated induction coil, all in a protective gas atmosphere. Induction as electrical energy source can be used for heating up workpieces prior to fixture hardening and for tempering, which allows to simultaneously draw out the calibration mandrel without any abrasive wear on its surface. In certain applications, an expanding mandrel can be used in order to relieve the workpiece.

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2

Li, Zhong Hua, Qian Tang, Di Yan, and Jie Wu. "Design of the Conjugate Cam Induction Hardening Mechanism and Establishment of the Motion Controlling Mathematical Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.726.

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The common methods of cam induction hardening are discussed at present. By analyzing the basic motion law of conjugate cam, a new induction hardening mechanism is designed. The motion controlling mathematical model is built on the basis of the kinematic relationship of the transmission of the induction hardening mechanism. Through the mathematical model calculation, we can get angular velocity of the workbench, then realize that single axis on NC machine controls the inductor to make isometric uniform motion relative to the cam surface, so that the cam hardening depth distribution is uniform.

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3

Hájek, Jiří, David Rot, and Jakub Jiřinec. "Distortion in Induction-Hardened Cylindrical Part." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.30.

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This article concerns distortion of a workpiece after induction-hardening under various conditions. It focuses particularly on the effects of quenching water temperature, PAG polymer concentration and the rotation speed of the workpiece during induction hardening. Electrical as well as non-electrical quantities which affect the process were monitored. They included the current passing through the inductor, the power frequency, quenching water temperature, the flow rate of the quenchant through the spray-quench device, the speed of rotation of the workpiece and some others. The workpiece was a cylinder 70 mm in length which contained a drilled off-axis through hole. Prior to hardening, dimensions of the workpiece and the hole were measured on three planes set in different distances from the bottom face. The measurement was repeated after induction hardening and the findings are reported in this article. Post-process hardness was measured on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece. Hardening depths obtained with different quenchants were measured.

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4

Aliferov, A., M. Forzan, and S. Lupi. "Milliseconds pulse induction hardening." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 13, no. 1/2 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2018.093287.

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5

Aliferov, A., S. Lupi, and M. Forzan. "Milliseconds pulse induction hardening." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 13, no. 1/2 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2018.10014735.

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6

Pavlushin, Aleksey V. "Optimization design and operating parameters of induction heat-ing system for hardening." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 29, no. 3 (October 13, 2021): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2021.3.2.

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The paper deals with the problem of optimizing the design and operating parameters of an induction heating system for surface hardening of a steel stepped shaft. The problem of optimal design of an inductor is formulated based on a nonlinear two-dimensional numerical model of coupled electromagnetic and temperature fields, developed in the ANSYS Mechanical APDL software. Alternance method of parametric optimization of systems with distributed parameters is used to optimize induction hardening system. MATLAB software has been used for developing parametric optimization subroutine, which was incorporated into the numerical ANSYS model to simulate a process of induction heating. Commonly used a multi-turn solenoid-style coil fabricated from rectangular copper tubing has been used as a hardening inductor. Besides that, an application of profiled copper turns has been investigated. Optimization of induction hardening system described above allows one to substantially improve heating uniformity and enhance metallurgical characteristics of as-hardened stepped shaft. Localized temperature surplus at an upper diameter shoulder has been minimized. At the same time, sufficient austenitization in the fillet area near stepped region (diameter transition) has been obtained.

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7

Hoja, S., N. Haupt, M. Steinbacher, and R. Fechte-Heinen. "Martensitic Induction Hardening of Nitrided Layers*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1027.

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Abstract In this research a combination of nitriding and induction hardening is investigated, as this is expected not only to result in significant savings in process time and energy, but also to produce surface layer properties that cannot be set with one of the individual processes. The focus of the current investigations was on the dissolution of the compound layer during inductive heating and the resulting microstructure formation and the hardness profile. Furthermore, it was investigated how the absence of a compound layer affects the subsequent martensitic transformation. For this purpose, differently nitrided surface layers were martensitically hardened and the microstructure was investigated metallographically and physically. After the martensitic transformation of the nitrided layer porosity and retained austenite were observed due to the decomposition of the nitrides of the compound layer. The retained austenite could be reduced by higher temperatures during surface hardening and compound layer removal. The investigations showed, that the optimum initial condition for induction hardening is nitriding with compound layer and a mechanical removal of the latter prior to induction heat treatment.

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8

Barglik, Jerzy. "Mathematical modeling of induction surface hardening." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 35, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 1403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2015-0323.

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Purpose – As far as the author knows the modeling of induction surface hardening is still a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to present both mathematical models of continuous and simultaneous hardening processes and exemplary results of computations and measurements. The upper critical temperature Ac3 is determined from the Time Temperature Austenization diagram for investigated steel. Design/methodology/approach – Computation of coupled electromagnetic, thermal and hardness fields is based on the finite element methods, while the hardness distribution is determined by means of experimental dependence derived from the continuous cooling temperature diagram for investigated steel. Findings – The presented results may be used as a theoretical background for design of inductor-sprayer systems in continual and simultaneous arrangements and a proper selection of their electromagnetic and thermal parameters. Research limitations/implications – The both models reached a quite good accuracy validated by the experiments. Next work in the field should be aimed at further improvement of numerical models in order to shorten the computation time. Practical implications – The results may be used for designing induction hardening systems and proper selection of field current and cooling parameters. Originality/value – Complete mathematical and numerical models for continuous and simultaneous surface induction hardening including dual frequency induction heating of gear wheels. Experimental validation of achieved results. Taking into account dependence of the upper critical temperature Ac3 on speed of heating.

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9

Iswanto, Iswanto. "Perbandingan Induction Hardening dengan Flame Hardening pada Sifat Fisik Baja ST 60." Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika 19, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v19i2.43203.

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<p><em>This study will discuss the comparison between induction hardening with flame hardening in ST 60 steel in terms of tensile strength and microstructure. The induction hardening machine is designed and made by itself with the maximum heat generated reaching 650 °C. While the flame hardening machine uses an acetylene welding machine. After heating the specimen to 650 °C, it is then cooled using water. Each heating process uses three specimens for tensile testing and microstructure testing. From the tensile test results obtained that, ST 60 steel with induction hardening has a greater tensile strength compared to flame hardening. ST 60 steels which experienced induction hardening treatment also had higher strain compared to ST 60 steels which experienced flame hardening treatments.</em></p>

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10

Aswad, Mokhalad F., Aseel J. Mohammed, and Sahar R. Faraj. "Induction Surface Hardening: a review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012087.

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11

MINOUE, Junji, and Yasuyuki WATANABE. "Recent Developments of Induction Hardening." Journal of High Temperature Society 34, no. 6 (2008): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jhts.34.282.

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12

Bukanin, V. A., A. N. Ivanov, A. E. Zenkov, V. V. Vologdin, and V. V. Vologdin. "Induction Hardening of External Gear." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 327 (March 2018): 022016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/327/2/022016.

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13

Verhoeven, J. D., H. L. Downing, and E. D. Gibson. "Induction case hardening of steel." Journal of Heat Treating 4, no. 3 (June 1986): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02833303.

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14

Cajner, F., B. Smoljan, and D. Landek. "Computer simulation of induction hardening." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 157-158 (December 2004): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.09.017.

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15

Gavrilov, V. A., I. I. Trusova, A. A. Fralovskii, and L. I. Kurganskaya. "Induction hardening of bearing parts." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 8 (August 1987): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00763113.

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16

SÖNMEZ, Önder, Deniz KAYA, владимир БУКАНИН, and Aleksandr IVANOV. "Numerical simulation of a magnetic induction coil for heat treatment of an AISI 4340 gear." European Mechanical Science 6, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1027181.

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In manufacturing industry, heat treatment is a fundamental requirement for improving the material quality of readily manufactured products. Induction heating technology is repeatable and easily controlled by the advantage of having an electronical control unit. Nowadays, numerical methods have gained so much importance that it become as a reference for the induction heating industry. Experimental methods are costly and time demanding procedures. However, making use of finite element method software, induction heating simulations of a steel gear can be performed relatively cost effective and in a short time. In this paper, induction heating simulation of an AISI 4340 steel gear using FEA software is performed. The effect of variation of inductor frequency and gear workpiece-inductor coil distance on the hardening depth of the gear surface is investigated. The temperature profile of the workpiece is obtained. From the temperature distribution on the steel gear workpiece, the regions of the gear at which the austenitizing temperature (Ac3) - responsible for martensite phase formation- are observed. From the numerical results, hardening profile and hardening depth of the gear is interpreted.

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17

Xu, Yuan Kui, Rui Wu, and Sha Sha Yao. "Research and Application of Constant Motion Controlled by Two-Axle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1949.

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Some devices require non-circular parts high surface quality. However, when hardening surfaces of these parts, it is important to choose specific motion control card to keep induction heating spots constant moving. Following mathematical model of constant motion, we program in the computer to control two-type movement of general induction hardening bed in order to achieve linked control of workpiece swing and induction spots linear motion. By test detection we can get relative velocity of induction heating spots unchanged basically and meet the requirements of parts’ induction hardening. This research has very important significance of solving problems of non-circular parts’ surface hardening.

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18

Landek, D., F. Cajner, and T. Filetin. "Computer simulation of induction surface hardening axially symmetric workpieces." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120057.

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To achieve a higher quality process planning and a more flexible execution of induction hardening computer simulation of electromagnetic and thermodynamic processes as well as microstructural transformation is recommended. This paper describes and suggests an own simulation model of the induction hardening process and explains a special simulation program that has been developed for the surface induction hardening of axially symmetric steel workpieces. The simulation program performance has been tested by experiments in some cases of high frequency induction hardening cylindrical specimens made of DIN 42CrMo4 steel grade. The measured values of surface hardness and hardening depths have been compared with the simulated values and a good correspondence between simulated and measured values has been obtained.

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19

Miyachika, Kouitsu, Takao Koide, Satoshi Oda, Naoki Motooka, Keiichi Uemoto, Yoshihisa Matsumoto, Chiaki Namba, Hidefumi Mada, and Hajime Tsuboi. "Simulation of Induction Hardening Process of Sintered Metal Shafts." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.381.

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A FEM simulation program for induction hardening of sintered metal shafts was made up. Physical properties of the sintered metal were measured. An electromagnetic field analysis, a heat conduction analysis and an elastic-plastic stress analysis during the induction hardening process of sintered metal shafts were carried out for various hardening conditions by using the measured material data and the simulation program. The effects of the electric power and the frequency on the temperature and the stress during the induction hardening process of the sintered metal shaft and the residual stress were examined. The map for selecting the optimum heating condition (P, f) for the residual stress of the sintered metal shaft due to the induction hardening was indicated.

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20

Sackl, Stephanie, Harald Leitner, Michael Zuber, Helmut Clemens, and Sophie Primig. "Induction Hardening vs Conventional Hardening of a Heat Treatable Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 12 (August 26, 2014): 5657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2518-4.

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21

Rokicki, P., E. Bąk, G. Mrówka-Nowotnik, and A. Nowotnik. "Single-frequency induction hardening of structural steel." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 86 (February 1, 2018): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8237.

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Purpose: Current paper presents investigation of specimens after single frequency induction hardening process. The main aim is to compare microstructure of the material after the process conducted with different voltage on the induction coil. Moreover, two different steel grades are used for comparative reasons. As the final result it is desired to obtain sufficient parameters for the process in aim to obtain proper surface treatment of the material. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives of the research are achieved by using single-frequency induction hardening device with varying voltage. Two different steel grades were treated with change of the induction voltage from 300 to 600 V. Findings: In the outcomes of the study, the main conclusion is that there is an impact of the induction voltage in the hardening process on the microstructure of treated elements, both for 40H41Cr4 and 40HNMA36NiCrMo16 steels. Research limitations/implications: Obtained results will be used for much more complex investigation of the induction hardening process in future to introduce more exact parameters and double-frequency induction hardening process for complex geometries as gears. Originality/value: The originality of the research is based on the specific process and the materials that are being submitted to the comparative analysis. Moreover, executed research will be a basis for more complex induction hardening processes in the future.

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22

Kanetake, N. "Integrated Computer Control of Induction Hardening." Materials Science Forum 102-104 (January 1992): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.102-104.799.

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23

Dean, S. W., and Valery Rudnev. "Spray Quenching in Induction Hardening Applications." Journal of ASTM International 6, no. 2 (2009): 101928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai101928.

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24

Karban, Pavel, and Martina Donátová. "Continual induction hardening of steel bodies." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 80, no. 8 (April 2010): 1771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2009.12.004.

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25

Asadzadeh, Mohammad Zhian, Peter Raninger, Petri Prevedel, Werner Ecker, and Manfred Mücke. "Hybrid modeling of induction hardening processes." Applications in Engineering Science 5 (March 2021): 100030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apples.2020.100030.

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26

Shepelyakovskii, K. Z. "50th Anniversary of induction surface hardening." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 8 (August 1987): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00763106.

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27

Shevchenko, Viktor, and Galyna Kotsay. "Influence of Fine-Grinded Glass Additives on the Induction and Post-induction Periods of Portland Cement Hardening." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht08.02.189.

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28

Lebedev, V. D., and E. E. Gotovkina. "Development of design of an inductor for hardening a part of a complex shape." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2023.3.016-024.

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Due to active process of import substitution, domestic industry starts producing the parts previously purchased abroad. These parts are necessary for stable and reliable operation of various technical objects and systems. Thus, the development of a technological installation for hardening a metal profile is topical. The task is complicated by the fact that the profile has very thin irregularly shaped walls, which should be hardened only from the inside, while the outer wall of the profile should be heated minimally to maintain strength. The studies have been carried out on simulation models of electromagnetic and thermal fields, which make it possible to reproduce the process of induction heating of the research object. Since the part has the same shape along the entire length, the simulation of the process of its induction heating is performed in two-dimensional space. The authors have developed a simulation model of the process of induction heating of a part of a non-standard shape, which includes calculations of thermal and electromagnetic fields. The design of the inductor is proposed, supplemented with ferrite inserts, which makes it possible to achieve the temperature regime necessary for the hardening process. The developed simulation model makes it possible to evaluate the distribution of the thermal and electromagnetic fields of the part, thereby predicting getting the temperatures required for its hardening when using various designs of inductors. The results of numerical experiments are consistent with the physical concepts of induction heating and prove the possibility to use induction hardening for thin-walled parts of complex shape instead of laser hardening used for this type of parts. The proposed model can be used in engineering practice to design inductors of non-standard parts.

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29

Nugroho, Sri, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Rifky Ismail, Thesar Aditya Nurcholis, Tezara Cionita, and Januar Parlaungan Siregar. "The Effect of Surface Hardening on The HQ 705 Steel Camshaft Using Static Induction Hardening and Tempering Method." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 3 (June 12, 2022): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.7029.

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Induction hardening (IH) is a popular choice for automotive components such as camshafts for its ability to harden portions of a component selectively. The camshaft will contact the tappet, connected to the rocker arm, to open and close the valve whenever the engine is running. This contact between the camshaft and the tappet causes wear on the camshaft surface. IH of the camshaft is required to improve wear resistance and service life, as well as core elasticity to absorb high torsional stresses. It is known that studies about IH on camshafts are still very limited. This study aims to determine the effect of the induction hardening and tempering treatment on the mechanical properties of the camshaft made of HQ 705 steel. The induction hardening carried out in this study uses different parameter settings such as heating time and output current. The camshaft specimen is hardened by static induction and then quenched in oil. The specimens are tempered after induction hardening with different temperatures and holding times to adjust the hardness level and reduce brittleness. Hardness, macro photographs, micrograph, and wear tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the camshaft specimen after the induction hardening and tempering process. This study indicates that induction hardening with an output current of 747 A for 15 seconds followed by tempering at 150 °C for 15 seconds on specimen 1 produced the best mechanical properties. On the surface of these specimens found more martensite content while there was no microstructural change on the inside. The surface hardness of these specimens is 44 HRC (Rockwell C Hardness), while the inside is 26 HRC. Meanwhile, specific wear decreased by 45.45%.

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30

Popov, Anton V. "Optimal inductor design for surface hardening under conditions of interval uncertaity of process parameters." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 28, no. 3 (December 11, 2020): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2020.3.9.

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The paper is devoted to the optimal inductor design for surface hardening of steel cylindrical billets. The heating stage of surface induction hardening is considered as an object with distributed parameters, which unknowns are design characteristics of the induction installation. In real industrial conditions the main technological parameters are often defined by the intervals of their possible values. That is why, in the paper the optimal design problem under the conditions of interval uncertainty of initial billets temperature and thermal exchange coefficient is formulated. Solution of the formulated problem is carried out by alternance method of parametric optimization based on numerical model developed in Altair FLUX software.

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31

ДРОБОТ, ОЛЬГА, АНАТОЛІЙ НЕСТЕР, and СВІТЛАНА ПІДГАЙЧУК. "USING INDUCTION HARDENING TO STRENGTHEN CAR PARTS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 331, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2024-331-46.

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The war waged by the Russian state against independent Ukraine posed new difficult tasks for society in the production and repair of damaged military equipment. In the conditions of a shortage of military equipment, carrying out repairs becomes a task that must be performed quickly and efficiently in order to replenish the armed forces of the state. In such difficult conditions, methods of high-speed processing should be used, including methods of surface strengthening of machine parts. The work is devoted to the improvement of technological processes of restoration and strengthening of parts of automobile and military equipment at repair factories under conditions of martial law. The efficiency of auto repair production is determined by the number of parts that are restored and continue to perform their functions with even better indicators than before restoration.Most parts have a residual resource and can be reused as a result of carrying out a relatively small amount of work on their restoration. The main methods of surface strengthening of machine parts are chemical and thermal treatment (cementation, nitriding, nitrocementation), surface plastic deformation, application of electrolytic coatings and surface hardening - laser and induction using high frequency current. The processes of chemical and thermal treatment are long-term and are not relevant in repair production in wartime. Modern mobile repair workshops prefer equipment and tools that are not metal-intensive and are able to perform technological processes in a short period of time. The most expedient at present is the introduction of technological processes using installations that produce high-frequency current and processes based on it.In the work, the authors conducted research and developed an inductor for hardening the rocker arm made of steel 45. The choice of the type of inductor and its calculation are based on the relevant conditions described in the work.In the work, the authors conducted research and developed an inductor for hardening the rocker arm made of steel 45. The choice of the type of inductor and its calculation are based on the relevant conditions described in the work.

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32

Wang, Jian Gang, Jian Wen Hu, Lei Mao, Yong Juan Dai, and Dong Ying Ju. "Effects of the Complex Strengthening Process on Microstructureand Properties of Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.169.

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A numerical simulation method is used to predict the depth distribution of martensite and hardness in the case layer of carburizing (carbonitriding)-quenched 20CrMnTi steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 20CrMnTi steel after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is investigated. The results show that the microstructure after nitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main tempered martensite and nitrides; after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main martensite and a small amount nitrides. The simulation results were a little different from experimental results. According to the results, the factors of reducing the accuracy of the numerical simulation method have been discussed.

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33

Smalcerz, A., J. Barglik, D. Kuc, K. Ducki, and S. Wasiński. "The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cylindrical Elements from Steel 38Mn6 after Continuous Induction Heating." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0318.

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Abstract The paper deals with the influence of induction surface hardening on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cylindrical elements made of steel 38Mn6. The first stage was based on computer simulation of the induction hardening process. The second stage - experiments were provided on laboratory stand for induction surface hardening located at the Silesian University of Technology. Microstructure tests were conducted on light and scanning microscopes. The hardness penetration pattern and thickness of hardened layer were marked. It was found that due to properly chosen parameters of the process, the appropriate properties and thickness of hardened layer were achieved.

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34

Rokicki, P. "Induction hardening of tool steel for heavily loaded aircraft engine components." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0047.

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Abstract Induction hardening is an innovative process allowing modification of the materials surface with more effective, cheaper and more reproducible way to compare with conventional hardening methods used in the aerospace industry. Unfortunately, high requirements and strict regulation concerning this branch of the industry force deep research allowing to obtain results that would be used for numerical modelling of the process. Only by this way one is able to start the industrial application of the process. The main scope of presented paper are results concerning investigation of microstructure evolution of tool steel after single-frequency induction hardening process. The specimens that aim in representing final industrial products (as heavily loaded gears), were heat- -treated with induction method and subjected to metallographic preparation, after which complex microstructure investigation was performed. The results obtained within the research will be a basis for numerical modelling of the process of induction hardening with potential to be introduced for the aviation industrial components.

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35

Holmberg, Jonas, Peter Hammersberg, Per Lundin, and Jari Olavison. "Predictive Modeling of Induction-Hardened Depth Based on the Barkhausen Noise Signal." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010097.

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A non-destructive verification method was explored in this work using the Barkhausen noise (BN) method for induction hardening depth measurements. The motive was to investigate the correlation between the hardness depth, microstructure, and the Barkhausen noise signal for an induction hardening process. Steel samples of grade C45 were induction-hardened to generate different hardness depths. Two sets of samples were produced in two different induction hardening equipment for generating the model and verification. The produced samples were evaluated by BN measurements followed by destructive verification of the material properties. The results show great potential for the several BN parameters, especially the magnetic voltage sweep slope signal, which has strong correlation with the hardening depth to depth of 4.5 mm. These results were further used to develop a multivariate predictive model to assess the hardness depth to 7 mm, which was validated on an additional dataset that was holdout from the model training.

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36

Barglik, Jerzy, Adrian Smagór, Albert Smalcerz, and Debela Geneti Desisa. "Induction Heating of Gear Wheels in Consecutive Contour Hardening Process." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133885.

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Induction contour hardening of gear wheels belongs to effective heat treatment technologies especially recommended for high-tech applications in machinery, automotive and aerospace industries. In comparison with long term, energy consuming conventional heat treatment (carburizing and consequent quenching), its main positive features are characterized by high total efficiency, short duration and relatively low energy consumption. However, modeling of the process is relatively complicated. The numerical model should contain both multi-physic and non-linear formulation of the problem. The paper concentrates on the modeling of rapid induction heating being the first stage of the contour induction hardening process which is the time consuming part of the computations. It is taken into consideration that critical temperatures and consequently the hardening temperature are dependent on the velocity of the induction heating. Numerical modeling of coupled non-linear electromagnetic and temperature fields are shortly presented. Investigations are provided for gear wheels made of a special quality steel AISI 300M. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed approach, exemplary computations of the full induction contour hardening process are provided. The exemplary results are compared with the measurements and a satisfactory accordance between them is achieved.

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Palaniradja, K., N. Alagumurthi, and V. Soundararajan. "Modeling of Phase Transformation in Induction Hardening." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2010): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x010040300064.

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Mechanical properties of machined components are controlled by inducing phase transformations in the outer layer of the materials. Induction hardening is one such manufacturing process where the surface hardness is enhanced while the core is retained with the original structure and characteristics. In this study, a mathematical model had been developed to predict the hardness and the volume fraction of martensite present in the hardened surface. Experiments applying induction hardening were conducted on the following specimen materials AISI 1040, AISI 4140, AISI 4340, AISI 1055, AISI 6150 and AISI 9255. The microstructures obtained from the experiment showed a moderate phase transformation of austenite to martensite. The hardness and the volume fraction of martensite estimated from the experiments were found to match the results of mathematical modeling as well as the theoretical model using regression analysis.

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Wendel, M., F. Hoffmann, and W. Datchary. "Bearing steels for induction hardening – Part I." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 71, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110277.

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Wendel, M., F. Hoffmann, and W. Datchary. "Bearing Steels for Induction Hardening – Part II." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 71, no. 5 (October 17, 2016): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110299.

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Archambault, Pierre, M. Pierronnet, F. Moreaux, and Y. Pourprix. "Induction Heat Treatment of Case Hardening Steels." Materials Science Forum 102-104 (January 1992): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.102-104.335.

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Samotugin, S. S. "Combined induction‐plasma hardening of tool steels." Welding International 14, no. 12 (January 2000): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110009549307.

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Kurek, Krzysztof, and Dagmara M. Dolega. "Numerical simulation of superficial induction hardening process." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 29, no. 1/2/3/4 (2007): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2007.013132.

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Tang, Cai, Bo Chen, and Huiji Fan. "Induction Hardening Process of G18NiMoCr3-6 Steel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 677 (December 10, 2019): 022085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/677/2/022085.

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BARGLIK, Jerzy. "Induction surface hardening - comparison of different methods." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.07.02.

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Hömberg, Dietmar, Thomas Petzold, and Elisabetta Rocca. "Analysis and simulations of multifrequency induction hardening." Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 22 (April 2015): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2014.07.007.

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Pantleon, K., O. Kessler, F. Hoffann, and P. Mayr. "Induction surface hardening of hard coated steels." Surface and Coatings Technology 120-121 (November 1999): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(99)00416-8.

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deshmukh, Aniket, and D. H. Burande. "A review: Induction Hardening on Axle shaft." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 35, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v35p209.

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Fuhrmann, Jürgen, Dietmar Hömberg, and Manfred Uhle. "Numerical simulation of induction hardening of steel." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 18, no. 3 (September 1999): 482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321649910275161.

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Kurmashov, M. G., K. N. Sapunov, and R. M. Kurmashev. "Machine for surface induction hardening of shafts." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 6 (June 1985): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01147938.

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Kuznetsov, A. A., and Yu Kh Inglezi. "Quenchants for surface induction hardening of parts." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 30, no. 10 (October 1988): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699560.

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