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1
Dean, Robert N., and Lauren E. Beckingham. "A PCB Sensor for Magnetic Materials." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 001323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tha3_026.
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Printed circuit board (PCB) sensors are a sensor technology where the layout of traces on a PCB has been optimized so that the traces electromagnetically interact with the surrounding environment. These types of sensors can be manufactured at very low cost using standard commercially available low-cost printed circuit board fabrication. Exposed conductive electrodes on the circuit board are useful for measuring the electrical conductivity of the surrounding environment, and these sensors have been used in applications such as salinity measurement and dissolved ion content measurement of aqueous solutions. Insulated interdigitated electrode sensors are useful for capacitively analyzing the surrounding environment, and these sensors have been used to detect the presence of liquid water and to measure the moisture content of substances in physical contact with the sensor. Additionally, by measuring the complex impedance of the capacitive sensor over a wide frequency range, information concerning the chemical composition of the substance in contact with the sensor can be determined. In addition to conducive and capacitive PCB sensors, the third type of PCB sensor would be an inductive sensor. Although it is challenging to realize 3D coils in PCB technology, planar inductors can be realized in a single Cu layer on a PCB, and insulated from the environment using a cover layer of polymeric solder mask. This type of electrode structure can inductively couple with magnetic materials in close proximity to the sensor. A variety of magnetic materials exist, including iron, nickel and cobalt. Additionally, many alloys of these elements are also magnetic. Of particular interest are corrosion products with magnetic properties, such as iron(III) oxide, Fe3O2, also known as common rust. A thin layer of iron(III) oxide powder deposited on the sensor's active area results in a measureable increase in the sensor's inductance. As such, an inductive PCB sensor could be a low-cost option for detecting the presence of some corrosion products in its operating environment.
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Sillanpää, Teemu, Alexander Smirnov, Pekko Jaatinen, Jouni Vuojolainen, Niko Nevaranta, Rafal Jastrzebski, and Olli Pyrhönen. "Three-Axis Inductive Displacement Sensor Using Phase-Sensitive Digital Signal Processing for Industrial Magnetic Bearing Applications." Actuators 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10060115.
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Non-contact rotor position sensors are an essential part of control systems in magnetically suspended high-speed drives. In typical active magnetic bearing (AMB) levitated high-speed machine applications, the displacement of the rotor in the mechanical air gap is measured with commercially available eddy current-based displacement sensors. The aim of this paper is to propose a robust and compact three-dimensional position sensor that can measure the rotor displacement of an AMB system in both the radial and axial directions. The paper presents a sensor design utilizing only a single unified sensor stator and a single shared rotor mounted target piece surface to achieve the measurement of all three measurement axes. The sensor uses an inductive measuring principle to sense the air gap between the sensor stator and rotor piece, which makes it robust to surface variations of the sensing target. Combined with the sensor design, a state of the art fully digital signal processing chain utilizing synchronous in-phase and quadrature demodulation is presented. The feasibility of the proposed sensor design is verified in a closed-loop control application utilizing a 350-kW, 15,000-r/min high-speed industrial induction machine with magnetic bearing suspension. The inductive sensor provides an alternative solution to commercial eddy current displacement sensors. It meets the application requirements and has a robust construction utilizing conventional electrical steel lamination stacks and copper winding.
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Neumann, Anja, Dirk Hortig, and Marion Merklein. "Measurement of Material Flow in Series Production." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.137.
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This paper provides first results of a contact-free measurement system for monitoring the material flow in series production which has been under investigation for more than one year. An inductive proximity sensor with analog output was used to measure its own sheet metal coverage. Multiple sensors were integrated in the blank holder without affecting the deep drawing process. The robustness of the monitoring principle was assessed under series production conditions by using optical measurement equipment. This paper describes the basic information of the inductive measurement, the comparison of the inductive and optical measurement results and analyses correlations between the sensors.
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Gong, Yu, Jing Cai Zhang, and Hong Qi Liu. "Research on Online Measurement Method of Hole Diameter and Position." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.197.
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In this paper, research on measurement methods of hole during the parts online detection has been made. Both diameter and position of the hole are going to be detected in the same measurement system. In order to obtain higher accuracy and efficiency, a comparative analysis test of using the contact probes, the inductive sensor, the laser sensor, the forward and back lighting CCD imaging have been achieved. Results show that the contact measurement using inductive sensor is more suitable for the system, for the reason that it has higher reliability and efficiency.
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Przysowa, Radosław, and Edward Rokicki. "Inductive sensors for blade tip-timing in gas turbines." Journal of KONBiN 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0064.
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Abstract The paper reviews features and applications of the upgraded inductive sensor for BTT, which is able to operate in contact with exhaust gases of temperature even as high as 1200 K. The new design includes metal-ceramic housing ensuring proper heat transfer, magnetic circuit containing set of permanent magnets with various magnetic field values and Curie temperatures, completely redesigned windings and current/voltage converter used instead of an electromotive force amplifier. Its principle of operation is based on electro-dynamical interaction and therefore it may be referred as a passive eddy-current sensor. The sensor technique has been demonstrated on four stages of a surplus military turbofan including the high pressure turbine as part of the engine health monitoring system. We present signal samples and review methods used for online processing of time-of-arrival signals when only a limited number of sensors is available.
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Loginov, Sergei, Dmitriy Fedorov, Igor Savrayev, Igor Plokhov, Andrey Hitrov, and Alexander Hitrov. "INDUCTIVE LINEAR DISPLACEMENT SENSOR IN ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 20, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol3.4070.
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Active magnetic bearings are increasingly used in various fields of industry. The absence of mechanical contact makes it possible to use them in ultra-high-speed electric drives. The main trend of active magnetic bearings development is the improvement of the control system. The main problem of the control system is the displacement sensor (most of them has low accuracy and large interference). The sensor must have the following properties: simple in realization, high linearity of the characteristic, high sensitivity and noise immunity, high reliability. At the present time there is no sensor that satisfies all these conditions. Most manufacturers use various kinds of filters to get an accurate position signal. This increases the response time of the control system. Thus, problem of designing and modeling the position sensor, considered in the article is topical.
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Rana, Srinivas, Boby George, and Varadarajan Jagadeesh Kumar. "An Efficient Digital Converter for a Non-Contact Inductive Displacement Sensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2017.2772859.
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Babu, Anish, and Boby George. "Design and Development of a New Non-Contact Inductive Displacement Sensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2017.2780835.
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Becker, Andrew. "Health indicator metrics applicable to inductive wear debris sensors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 5 (August 16, 2016): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116665047.
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The Inductive Wear Debris Sensor is a relatively new invention that is increasingly being used for the detection of incipient machinery damage or failures by sensing metallic debris in lubrication systems. This type of sensor is typically used in-line and has a superior particle size detection range compared to traditional techniques such as the ubiquitous spectrometric oil analysis. There is, however, very little in the literature regarding the application and interpretation of data arising from this type of sensor. Unlike other condition monitoring sensors, no data will be generated by an Inductive Wear Debris Sensor in an ideal system; however, in real applications it is necessary to discriminate between occasional particles unrelated to a failure and incipient failure particles. Inductive Wear Debris Sensor data could be misinterpreted if a simple cumulative count limit was applied to the data. A short-term rate of particle generation is sometimes used as an alternative; however, it too can be misleading with short succession particles producing high instantaneous rates possibly causing false alarms. The purpose of this work was to develop a robust metric (or group of metrics) that when applied to Inductive Wear Debris Sensor data would reliably identify a failure event and exclude non-failure related particles. The Health Indicator described herein consists of three subordinate Condition Indices that collectively are shown to reliably detect the onset of rolling contact fatigue. The metrics have been applied to bearing test rig data (seeded fault) and data obtained from a non-seeded fault test of a complex helicopter gearbox.
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Guo, Yi-Xin, Cong Lai, Zhi-Biao Shao, Kai-Liang Xu, and Ting Li. "Differential Structure of Inductive Proximity Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092210.
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The inductive proximity sensor (IPS) is applicable to displacement measurements in the aviation field due to its non-mechanical contact, safety, and durability. IPS can increase reliability of position detection and decrease maintenance cost of the system effectively in aircraft applications. Nevertheless, the specialty in the aviation field proposes many restrictions and requirements on the application of IPS, including the temperature drift effect of the resistance component of the IPS sensing coil. Moreover, reliability requirements of aircrafts restrict the use of computational-intensive algorithms and avoid the use of process control components. Furthermore, the environment of airborne electronic equipment restricts measurements driven by large current and proposes strict requirements on emission tests of radio frequency (RF) energy. For these reasons, a differential structured IPS measurement method is proposed in this paper. This measurement method inherits the numerical separation of the resistance and inductance components of the IPS sensing coil to improve the temperature adaptation of the IPS. The computational complexity is decreased by combining the dimension-reduced look-up table method to prevent the use of process control components. The proposed differential structured IPS is equipped with a differential structure of distant and nearby sensing coils to increase the detection accuracy. The small electric current pulse excitation decreases the RF energy emission. Verification results demonstrate that the differential structured IPS realizes the numerical decoupling calculation of the vector impedance of the sensing coil by using 61 look-up table units. The measuring sensitivity increased from 135.5 least significant bits (LSB)/0.10 mm of a single-sensing-coil structured IPS to 1201.4 LSB/0.10 mm, and the linear approximation distance error decreased from 99.376 μm to −3.240 μm. The proposed differential structured IPS method has evident comparative advantages compared with similar measuring techniques.
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Becker, Andrew, Sylvester Abanteriba, and David Forrester. "Determining inductive sensor wear debris limits for rolling contact fatigue of bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 229, no. 6 (November 24, 2014): 698–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650114559997.
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Zhang, Chao, Zhipeng Li, Jie Chen, Feng Qiu, and Shaodan Na. "Design and research of a novel non-contact vertical inductive torque sensor." Measurement 177 (June 2021): 109252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109252.
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Dinh, Thi, Stéphane Serfaty, and Pierre-Yves Joubert. "Non-Contact Radiofrequency Inductive Sensor for the Dielectric Characterization of Burn Depth in Organic Tissues." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051220.
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A flat circular transmission line-based 300 MHz resonator was implemented for the non-contact assessment of burn depths in biological tissues. Used as a transmit-and-receive sensor, it was placed at a 2 mm distance from organic material test samples (pork fillet samples) which were previously burned on their surface in various heating conditions involving different temperatures, durations, and procedures. Data extracted from the sensor by means of a distant monitoring coil were found to clearly correlate with the depth of burn observed in the tissue samples (up to 40% sensor output changes for a 7 mm burn depth) and with the heating conditions (around 5% sensor output changes observed in samples burned with identical heating procedures but at two different temperatures—75 °C and 150 °C—and around 40% sensor output changes observed between samples heated at the same temperature but with different heating procedures). These results open the way for the development of easy-to-implement assessment and monitoring techniques for burns, e.g., integrated in wearable medical dressing-like monitoring devices.
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Dionisio, Rogerio, Pedro Torres, Armando Ramalho, and Ricardo Ferreira. "Magnetoresistive Sensors and Piezoresistive Accelerometers for Vibration Measurements: A Comparative Study." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan10010022.
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This experimental study focuses on the comparison between two different sensors for vibration signals: a magnetoresistive sensor and an accelerometer as a calibrated reference. The vibrations are collected from a variable speed inductor motor setup, coupled to a ball bearing load with adjustable misalignments. To evaluate the performance of the magnetoresistive sensor against the accelerometer, several vibration measurements are performed in three different axes: axial, horizontal and vertical. Vibration velocity measurements from both sensors were collected and analyzed based on spectral decomposition of the signals. The high cross-correlation coefficient between spectrum vibration signatures in all experimental measurements shows good agreement between the proposed magnetoresistive sensor and the reference accelerometer performances. The results demonstrate the potential of this type of innovative and non-contact approach to vibration data collection and a prospective use of magnetoresistive sensors for predictive maintenance models for inductive motors in Industry 4.0 applications.
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Nam, Si-Byung, Gun-Jin Yun, and Su-Il Lim. "Development of the Inductive Proximity Sensor Module for Detection of Non-contact Vibration." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 16, no. 5 (May 31, 2011): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2011.16.5.061.
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Liu, Zhenxia, Ziyu Zhao, Yaguo Lyu, and Lingqiang Zhao. "Experimental Investigation of Inductive Sensor Characteristic for Blade Tip Clearance Measurement at High Temperature." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 25, 2019): 3694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173694.
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Turbine tip clearance of aero-engine is important to engine performance. Proper tip clearance can reduce the gas leakage over turbine blade tips and improve the engine efficiency of turbo machinery and reduce the fuel consumption. Therefore, accurate tip clearance measurement is essential. The inductive measurement method is one of the non-contact distance measurement methods, which has the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast response speed, and strong anti-interference ability. Based on the principle of inductive sensor measuring tip clearance, the ambient temperature change may cause the material electromagnetic performance change for the conductivity and permeability varies with temperature. In order to verify the temperature effect on the sensor performance, the repeated calibration experiments were carried out to obtain the sensor repeatability error of 5.4%. Then, the sensor was calibrated in the range of 0mm–4mm clearance at temperature from 600 °C to 1000 °C and obtained the measurement error of 4.6%. Results indicate when the temperature ranged from 600 °C to 1000 °C, clearance measurement error is smaller than the sensor repeatability error so the temperature effect on the sensor characteristics can be ignored. This conclusion makes the sensor promising for monitoring the blade tip clearances at various temperature environment.
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Tang, Xinran, Yihui Miao, Xinjian Chen, and Baoqing Nie. "A Flexible and Highly Sensitive Inductive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Ferrite Films." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102406.
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There is a rapid growing demand for highly sensitive, easy adaptive and low-cost pressure sensing solutions in the fields of health monitoring, wearable electronics and home care. Here, we report a novel flexible inductive pressure sensor array with ultrahigh sensitivity and a simple construction, for large-area contact pressure measurements. In general, the device consists of three layers: a planar spiral inductor layer and ferrite film units attached on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane, which are separated by an array of elastic pillars. Importantly, by introducing the ferrite film with an excellent magnetic permeability, the effective permeability around the inductor is greatly influenced by the separation distance between the inductor and the ferrite film. As a result, the value of the inductance changes largely as the separation distance varies as an external load applies. Our device has achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.60 kPa−1 with a resolution of 13.61 Pa in the pressure range of 0–0.18 kPa, which is comparable to the current state-of-the-art flexible pressure sensors. More remarkably, our device shows an outstanding stability when exposed to environmental interferences, e.g., electrical noises from skin surfaces (within 0.08% variations) and a constant pressure load for more than 32 h (within 0.3% variations). In addition, the device exhibits a fast response time of 111 ms and a good repeatability under cyclic pressures varying from 38.45 to 177.82 Pa. To demonstrate its practical usage, we have successfully developed a 4 × 4 inductive pressure sensor array into a wearable keyboard for a smart electronic calendar application.
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Bamgboje, David, Iasonas Christoulakis, Ioannis Smanis, Gaurav Chavan, Rinkal Shah, Masoud Malekzadeh, Ioannis Violaris, et al. "Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives." Biosensors 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060189.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are invasive while they only provide periodic measurements. The pain and measurement intermittency associated with invasive techniques resulted in the exploration of painless, continuous, and non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement that would facilitate intensive management. The focus of this review paper is the existing solutions for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses (CLs) and to carry out a detailed, qualitative, and comparative analysis to inform prospective researchers on viable pathways. Direct glucose monitoring via CLs is contingent on the detection of biomarkers present in the lacrimal fluid. In this review, emphasis is given on two types of sensors: a graphene-AgNW hybrid sensor and an amperometric sensor. Both sensors can detect the presence of glucose in the lacrimal fluid by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase. Additionally, this review covers fabrication procedures for CL biosensors. Ever since Google published the first glucose monitoring embedded system on a CL, CL biosensors have been considered state-of-the-art in the medical device research and development industry. The CL not only has to have a sensory system, it must also have an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for readout and wireless communication. Moreover, to retain mobility and ease of use of the CLs used for continuous glucose monitoring, the power supply to the solid-state IC on such CLs must be wireless. Currently, there are four methods of powering CLs: utilizing solar energy, via a biofuel cell, or by inductive or radiofrequency (RF) power. Although, there are many limitations associated with each method, the limitations common to all, are safety restrictions and CL size limitations. Bearing this in mind, RF power has received most of the attention in reported literature, whereas solar power has received the least attention in the literature. CLs seem a very promising target for cutting edge biotechnological applications of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Mangra, Gabriel Ioan, Sorin Vasile Savu, and Danut Savu. "Inductive Sensor with Sintered Magnetic Core to Evaluate the Performances of the Table Tennis Players." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.105.
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The reaction speed of the tennis player and the speed of the ball after the impact to the tennis blade, they both are important elements of the performance evaluation of a tennis player. The determination of those parameters is possible by using specialized contact sensors. Permanent ceramic magnets can be used to process such sensors and the paper presents the experimental results concerning the processing of such magnets of barium hexaferritte powders
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Zhao, Ziyu, Zhenxia Liu, Yaguo Lyu, and Yajun Gao. "Experimental Investigation of High Temperature-Resistant Inductive Sensor for Blade Tip Clearance Measurement." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010061.
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Turbine tip clearance of aero-engine is important to engine performance. Proper control of rotor tip clearance contributes to engine efficiency improvement and fuel consumption reduction. Therefore, accurate tip clearance measurement is essential. The inductive measurement method is one of the non-contact distance measurement methods, which has the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast response speed and strong anti-interference ability. Based on the principle of inductive sensor measuring tip clearance, the ambient temperature change will cause the material electromagnetic performance change for the conductivity and permeability varies with temperature. The calibration experiment was conducted to obtain the sensor resolution and sensing range. The effect of temperature on sensor parameters was extracted from high temperature experiment data. Results show the resolution of planar coil made of platinum wire can be 10 μm and the maximum sensing range can reach 5 mm. At temperature from 500 ℃ to 1100 ℃, coil inductance almost does not change with temperature while coil resistance varies exponentially with temperature, that means the coil inductance variation can reflect the tip clearance change and resistance can indicate the measuring temperature.
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Ma, Yu Zhen, Xin Hua Wang, Hong Min Li, Xiao Dong, and Yan Hui Kang. "A New Capacitive Sensing System for Roundness Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.754.
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A capacitive sensing system for measuring spindle roundness was proposed in this paper, it was different with the past method using inductive sensors and laser displacement sensors. Three capacitive displacement probes were installed circularly on the measured shaft, because of capacitive sensor with average effect in two electrode plates, it is able to overcome the affect of microscopic factors. while the shaft was rotating with a certain speed, the probes measured the shaft’s profile in non-contact mode simultaneously, then through linear combination for three output signals, the spindle error of the rotating shaft was eliminated, and the roundness error was effectively separated from the measurement results. The experiment results have verified the effectiveness of roundness error measuring system based on mutiple capacitive probes, this capacitive sensing system can be used for rotating shaft roundness measurement.
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Aldoumani, Maha, Baris Yuce, and Dibin Zhu. "Using the Variable Geometry in a Planar Inductor for an Optimised Performance." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060721.
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In this paper, the performance, modelling and application of a planar electromagnetic sensor are discussed. Due to the small size profiles and their non-contact nature, planar sensors are widely used due to their simple and basic design. The paper discusses the experimentation and the finite element modelling (FEM) performed for developing the design of planar coils. In addition, the paper investigates the performance of various topologies of planar sensors when they are used in inductive sensing. This technique has been applied to develop a new displacement sensor. The ANSYS Maxwell FEM package has been used to analyse the models while varying the topologies of the coils. For this purpose, different models in FEM were constructed and then tested with topologies such as circular, square and hexagon coil configurations. The described methodology is considered an effective way for the development of sensors based on planar coils with better performance. Moreover, it also confirms a good correlation between the experimental data and the FEM models. Once the best topology is chosen based on performance, an optimisation exercise was then carried out using uncertainty models. That is, the influence of variables such as number of turns and the spacing between the coils on the output inductance has been investigated. This means that the combined effects of these two variables on the output inductance was studied to obtain the optimum values for the number of turns and the spacing between the coils that provided the highest level of inductance from the coils. Integrated sensor systems are a pre-requisite for developing the concept of smart cities in practice due to the fact that the individual sensors can hardly meet the demands of smart cities for complex information. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical concept of smart cities and the integrated sensor systems.
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Macnae, James, and Christopher Adams. "Near-surface resistivity contrast mapping with a capacitive sensor array and an inductive source." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 2 (March 2011): G13—G23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3553480.
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Electromagnetic survey methodology is adapted to use the electric component to directly detect buried resistors and map resistivity contrasts in the near surface. System implementations do not require ground contact because they use capacitive electric-field sensors and an inductive source and may be operated at walking pace. This study outlined theoretical basis, computational modeling, and verification for the methodology. The systems are designed to operate at low enough frequency that any responses are at the resistive limit; as such, the electric fields they measure are insensitive to horizontal layering and absolute conductivity. A surface integral equation algorithm is used to model regular discrete objects in a half-space. Anomalies are controlled by geometry and lateral resistivity contrast rather than by absolute resistivity values. A prototype electrode array system called CARIS 1 reliably detects resistive objects submerged in a saltwater tank, and the measured responses are consistent with numerical modeling. These results provided the basis for further development of the CARIS II system with flexible geometry that is adaptable to detect resistive or conductive targets in any background environment. CARIS is designed to be useful where conventional electromagnetics, ground-penetrating radar, and conventional resistivity face difficulties or fail, and it has easily detected a range of buried targets in the near surface. However, it is quite sensitive to disturbed ground and surface undulation and inhomogeneity.
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Michalik, Peter, Vieroslav Molnár, Gabriel Fedorko, Beáta Stehlíková, Peter Tirpák, and Jozef Macej. "Research on the Influence of Production Technologies on the Positioning Accuracy of a Robotic Arm for Low-Handling Weights." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136104.
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The subject of the paper is the research of production technologies’ influence on positioning accuracy of a robotic arm. The aim was to find out whether different production technologies (additive and conventional) and the related design differences of the robotic arm affect its operational functionality. In the research, positioning accuracy of a robotic arm formed by three partial arms was specifically investigated, while the first partial arm, Arm I, was manufactured by two different technologies. On the robotic arm, the research was carried out in such a way that the first partial arm, Arm I, was being continuously changed and was available for research purposes in two variants. Each of the Arm I variants was manufactured using a different technology (additive and conventional) while, at the same time, the individual variants also differed in construction. The design differences of both variants were related to the production technology used. The measurement of positioning accuracy was performed with the use of two methods. Specifically, a contact and a non-contact method were used. The contact method was implemented on a 3D-measuring machine, RAPID, and the second contactless method was performed using an inductive sensor.
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Lin, Hong, Chang Li Zhou, Jun Shi, and Zhi Hua Feng. "Transverse Vibration of Axially Accelerating Moving Fabric: Experiment and Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.150.
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Axially moving fabric can be met in many textile devices. In most cases, the transverse vibrations of fabric can cause a series of negative influents to the product. In this paper, the transverse vibration of axially accelerating moving fabric, which is excited by velocity fluctuations, is investigated by experimental method. The harmonic varying velocity is achieved through a brushless DC motor controlled by PWM technology based on the embedded microcontroller LPC1768. An inductive non-contact displacement sensor is used to measure transversal vibration of fabric. The motor speed is measured by a photoelectric encoder. The experimental data is processed by measurement platform based on Labview and the analysis is given. Laboratory measurements demonstrate the effect of velocity fluctuations on transverse vibration of fabric, particularly near the parametric resonance region.
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Robles, Guillermo, Muhammad Shafiq, and Juan Martínez-Tarifa. "Designing a Rogowski Coil with Particle Swarm Optimization." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05721.
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Rogowski coils are inductive sensors based on Faraday’s and Ampère’s Laws to measure currents through conductors without galvanic contact. The main advantage of Rogowski coils when compared with current transformers is the fact that the core is air so they never saturate and the upper cut-off current can be higher. These characteristics make Rogowski coils ideal candidates to measure high-amplitude pulsed currents. However, there are two main drawbacks. On the one hand, the output voltage is the derivative of the primary current so it has to be integrated to measure the original signal; on the other hand, the transfer function is resonant as a result of the capacitance and the self-inductance of the coil. The solution is the use of a passive integration with a terminating resistor at the output of the sensor that splits the two complex poles and gives a constant transfer function for a determined bandwidth. The downside is a loss of sensitivity. Since it is possible to calculate the electrical parameters of the coil based on its geometrical dimensions, the geometry can be adapted to design sensors for different applications depending on the time characteristics of the input current. This paper proposes the design of Rogowski coils based on their geometric characteristics maximizing the gain-bandwidth product using particle swarm optimization and adapting the coils to the specific requirements of the application.
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Miller, Tatiana, Aneta Łętocha, and Krzysztof Gajda. "Influence of Different Filtration Methods Application on a Filtered Surface Profile and Roughness Parameters." Key Engineering Materials 637 (February 2015): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.637.57.
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The measurements were performed on the surfaces made of different materials and typical of diversified character. Glass roughness standards with sinusoidal profile, approximately sinusoidal profile and metallic comparative standards after lathing and grinding were object of research. Analysis was performed including the surface and profile evaluation. Statistical analysis was conducted. Measurement sections and other filter parameters were selected in accordance with standards. Measurements were carried out with stylus tip contact method – using TOPO 01P device designed by The Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, that uses diamond tip inductive sensor. Tip sensor radius is equal to 2 μm. The results of measurements were filtered by: Gaussian filter, Robust Gaussian regression Filter, Spline, Spline Wavelet, Morphological Filter. Gaussian Filter uses linear system based on Fourier wavelengths. Robust Gauss Regression Filter is similar to Gaussian Filter, but it is insensitive on the specified phenomena in input signal. Spline Filter is based on linear polynomial combination. Wavelet Filter decomposes profile on constant shape elements, but on different scales. Morphological Filter operates on the principle of filtered profile plotting using circular disc or horizontal line segment with a specified (respectively) radius or length. Selection of suitable filtration method is essential and one of the most important things to obtain reliable measurement results evaluation. Not all filters are suitable for each type of surface. Filter algorithms differ from each other and this influences in a greater or lesser degree on the roughness profile and hence on roughness parameters and waviness parameters related to it.
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Lozanova, Siya, Ivan Kolev, Avgust Ivanov, and Chavdar Roumenin. "2D In-Plane Sensitive Hall-Effect Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 30, 2018): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130711.
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A new 2D (two-dimensional) in-plane sensitive Hall-effect sensor comprising two identical n-Si Greek-crosses is presented. Each of the crosses contains one central square contact and, symmetrically to each of their four sides, an outer contact is available. Outer electrode from one configuration is connected with the respective opposite contact from the other configuration, thus forming four parallel three-contact (3C) Hall elements. These original connections provide pairs of opposite supply currents in each of the cross-Hall structure. Also the obligatory load resistors in the outer contacts of 3С Hall elements are replaced by internal resistances of crosses themselves. The samples have been implemented by IC technology, using four masks. The magnetic field is parallel to the structures’ plane. The couples of opposite contacts of each Greek-cross are the outputs for the two orthogonal components of the magnetic vector at sensitivities S ≈ 115 V/AT whereas the cross-talk is very promising, reaching no more than 2.4%. The mean lowest detected magnetic induction B at a supply current Is = 3 mA over the frequency range f ≤ 500 Hz at a signal to noise ratio equal to unity, is Bmin ≈ 14 μT.
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Shi, Gang, Na Wang, and Chong Du Cho. "Design of a New Non-Contact Torque Sensor for Rotating Stepped Shaft by Monitoring Magnetic Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.547.
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In this paper, a new non-contact sensor is presented for detecting torque of a rotating stepped shaft which is frequently employed in power transmission system. This sensor doesn’t require cutting or lengthening the rotating shaft. Torque value is obtained by using two magnetic sensors to sense magnetic field intensity of two permanent rubber magnets fixed at the outer surface of the shaft. The phase difference between these two induction signals is used to determine torque of the stepped shaft. A real-time algorithm based on LabVIEW is employed to obtain the measured torque value. The present work has demonstrated that non-contact torque measurement for rotating stepped shaft by monitoring magnetic field is feasible. It seems like that further development will result in low-cost torque sensor. It is hoped that this kind of sensor can lead to a new development direction of torque sensor for rotating shaft.
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Wu, Ying, Yuanjie Su, Junjie Bai, Guang Zhu, Xiaoyun Zhang, Zhanolin Li, Yi Xiang, and Jingliang Shi. "A Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for PH Detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5121572.
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A self-powered, sliding electrification based triboelectric sensor was developed for detecting PH value from a periodic contact/separation motion. This innovative, cost-effective, simply designed sensor is composed of a fluorinated ethylene propylene thin film and an array of electrodes underneath. The operation of the TENG (triboelectric nanogenerator) sensor relies on a repetitive emerging-submerging process with traveling solution waves, in which the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction gives rise to alternating flows of electrons between electrodes. On the basis of coupling effect between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, the sensor generates electric output signals which are associated with PH value. Experimental results show that the output voltage of the TENG sensor increases with the increasing PH value, which indicate that the PH value of different solution can be real-time monitored. This work not only demonstrates a new principle in the field of PH value measurement but also greatly expands the applicability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as self-powered sensors.
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Jia, Wendan, Qiang Zhang, Yongqiang Cheng, Dong Zhao, Yan Liu, Wendong Zhang, and Shengbo Sang. "Flexible and Highly Sensitive Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with Sandpaper as a Mold." Nano 14, no. 07 (July 2019): 1950081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500814.
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Flexible pressure sensors based on piezoresistive induction have recently become a research hotspot due to the simple device structure, low energy consumption, easy readout mechanism and excellent performance. For practical applications, flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and low-cost mass production are highly desirable. Herein, this paper presents a high-sensitivity piezoresistive pressure sensor based on a micro-structured elastic electrode, which is low cost and can be mass-produced by a simple method of sandpaper molding. The micro-structure of the electrode surface under external pressure causes a change in the effective contact area and the distance between the electrodes, which exhibits great pressure sensitivity. The test results show that the surface structure is twice as sensitive as the planar structure under low pressure conditions. This is because of the special morphology of silver nanowires (AgNWs), which exhibits the tip of nanostructures on the surface and realizes the quantum tunneling mechanism. The sensor has high sensitivity for transmitting signals in real time and it can also be used to detect various contact actions. The low cost mass production and high sensitivity of flexible pressure sensors pave the way for electronic skin, wearable healthcare monitors and contact inspection applications.
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Hong, Yingping, Ting Liang, Pinggang Jia, Wenyi Liu, Qiulin Tan, Chen Li, Tingli Zheng, Binger Ge, and Jijun Xiong. "Wireless measurement for passive pressure sensors in high temperature environment." Sensor Review 35, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-05-2014-649.
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Purpose – Physical contact and traditional sensitive structure Physical contact and traditional pressure-sensitive structures typically do not operate well in harsh environments. This paper proposes a high-temperature pressure measurement system for wireless passive pressure sensors on the basis of inductively coupled LC resonant circuits. Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with a general introduction to the high-temperature pressure measurement system, which consists of a reader antenna inductively coupled to the sensor circuit, a readout unit and a heat insulation unit. The design and fabrication of the proposed measurement system are then described in detail. Findings – A wireless passive pressure sensor without an air channel is fabricated using high-temperature co-fired ceramics (HTCC) technology and its signal is measured by the designed measurement system. The designed heat insulation unit keeps the reader antenna in a safe environment of 159.5°C when the passive sensor is located in a 900°C high-temperature zone continuously for 0.5 h. The proposed system can effectively detect the sensor’s resonance frequency variation in a high bandwidth from 1 to 100 MHz with a frequency resolution of 0.006 MHz, tested from room temperature to 500°C for 30 min. Originality/value – Expensive and bulky equipment (impedance analyzers or network analyzers) restrict the use of the readout method outside the laboratory environment. This paper shows that a novel readout circuit can replace the laboratory equipment to demodulate the measured pressure by extracting the various sensors’ resonant frequency. The proposed measurement system realizes automatic and continuous pressure monitoring in a high-temperature environment with a coupled distance of 2.5 cm. The research finding is meaningful for the measurement of passive pressure sensors under a wide temperature range.
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Gao, Wu Bin, Cheng Dong, Xu Liu, Yun Han Ling, and Jia Lin Sun. "Effect of Au Doped WO3 Gas Sensors for NO2 Detection." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.308.
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Gas sensor based on point contact tungsten trioxide (WO3) was prepared by in-situ induction-heating thermal oxidation of tungsten filaments. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to analyze the phase and the morphology of the fabricated thin films. The results showed that the WO3films exhibited a monoclinic phase and were composed of hierarchical micro and nano crystals. The NO2(1-8 ppm) sensing properties of the point contact sensors based on Pure and Au-sputtering doped (2.5 at%) WO3films were investigated. The results showed that the gas sensing properties of the Au (2.5 at%) doped WO3sensors were superior to those of the undoped. The obtained point contact WO3sensor exhibited the maximum NO2gas response at 100°C.
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Zheng, Gang Feng, Jie Yang, Wen Li Zhang, and Li Ling. "Research on Electromagnetic Pick-up Type Grip Device." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.167.
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An electromagnetic pick-up grip device is designed in the paper. The device is used to realize mutual attraction of the spot galvanized solenoid with iron core by using principle of electromagnetic induction. Thus, it can realize effective contact between sensor and testing specimen. It belongs to nondestructive testing support equipment. The device has the following characteristics of high accuracy, easy operation and continuous test of multi-sensors and multi-specimens because it adopts electromagnetic pick-up, step-motor controlling and recoil of spring device.
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Xu, Peng, Xinyu Wang, Siyuan Wang, Tianyu Chen, Jianhua Liu, Jiaxi Zheng, Wenxiang Li, Minyi Xu, Jin Tao, and Guangming Xie. "A Triboelectric-Based Artificial Whisker for Reactive Obstacle Avoidance and Local Mapping." Research 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9864967.
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Since designing efficient tactile sensors for autonomous robots is still a challenge, this paper proposes a perceptual system based on a bioinspired triboelectric whisker sensor (TWS) that is aimed at reactive obstacle avoidance and local mapping in unknown environments. The proposed TWS is based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and mimics the structure of rat whisker follicles. It operates to generate an output voltage via triboelectrification and electrostatic induction between the PTFE pellet and copper films (0.3 mm thickness), where a forced whisker shaft displaces a PTFE pellet (10 mm diameter). With the help of a biologically inspired structural design, the artificial whisker sensor can sense the contact position and approximate the external stimulation area, particularly in a dark environment. To highlight this sensor’s applicability and scalability, we demonstrate different functions, such as controlling LED lights, reactive obstacle avoidance, and local mapping of autonomous surface vehicles. The results show that the proposed TWS can be used as a tactile sensor for reactive obstacle avoidance and local mapping in robotics.
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Wang, Jie, Shuo Qian, Junbin Yu, Qiang Zhang, Zhongyun Yuan, Shengbo Sang, Xiaohong Zhou, and Lining Sun. "Flexible and Wearable PDMS-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Tactile Sensing." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091304.
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Flexible electronics devices with tactile perception can sense the mechanical property data of the environment and the human body, and they present a huge potential in the human health system. In particular, the introduction of ultra-flexible and self-powered characteristics to tactile sensors can effectively reduce the problems caused by rigid batteries. Herein, we report a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), mainly consisting of an ultra-flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with micro-pyramid-structure and sputtered aluminum electrodes, which achieves highly conformal contact with skin and the self-powered detection of human body motions. The flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film was selected as spacer layer, which made the sensor work in the contact-separation mode and endowed the perfect coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Moreover, the controllable and uniform micro-structure PDMS film was fabricated by using the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) manufacturing process, bringing a good sensitivity and high output performance to the device. The developed TENG can directly convert mechanical energy into electric energy and light up 110 green Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Furthermore, the TENG-based sensor displays good sensitivity (2.54 V/kPa), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.99522) and good stability (over 30,000 cycles). By virtue of the compact size, great electrical properties, and great mechanical properties, the developed sensor can be conformally attached to human skin to monitor joint movements, presenting a promising application in wearable tactile devices. We believe that the ultra-flexible and self-powered tactile TENG-based sensor could have tremendous application in wearable electrons.
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Markiewicz, Nicolai, Olga Casals, Muhammad Fahlesa Fatahilah, Klaas Strempel, Alaaeldin Gad, Hutomo Suryo Wasisto, Andreas Waag, and Joan Daniel Prades. "Top-Down Fabrication of Arrays of Vertical GaN Nanorods with Freestanding Top Contacts for Environmental Exposure." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 3, 2018): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130845.
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Arrays of 1D-vertically arranged gallium nitride (GaN) nanorods (NRs) are fabricated on sapphire and connected to both bottom and freestanding top contacts. This shows a fully validated top-down method to obtain ordered arrays of high-surface-to-volume elements that can be electrically interrogated and used, e.g., for sensing applications. Specifically, these will be used as highly integrated heating elements for conductometric gas sensors in self-heating operation. Detailed fabrication and processing steps involving inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE), KOH-etching, interspace filling, and electron-beam physical vapor deposition technologies are discussed, in which they can be well adjusted and combined to obtain vertical GaN NRs as thin as 300 nm in arbitrarily large and regular arrays (e.g., 1 × 1, 3 × 3, 9 × 10 elements). These developed devices are proposed as a novel sensor platform for temperature-activated measurements that can be produced at a large scale offering low-power, and very stable temperature control.
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Lewis, Adam P., Chris Hunt, Owen Thomas, and Martin Wickham. "High-speed non-contact sheet resistivity monitoring of printed electronics using inductive sensors." Flexible and Printed Electronics 2, no. 4 (December 2017): 044001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/aa9875.
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Sharma, Richa, Pirjo Manninen, and Lashmikumar Venkatraghavan. "Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia using the new modified entropy sensors during supratentorial craniotomy: Our experience." Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 02, no. 01 (April 2015): 028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-0548.148384.
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Abstract Background: Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia can be a challenge in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy because the conventional sensors for both bispectral index and entropy monitors lose their contact with a brain after scalp elevation. The new sensors for the entropy monitor are more flexible and can be placed in different locations. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility on the use of new GE entropy sensors in monitoring depth of anaesthesia in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 20 consecutive patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy who had the monitoring of the depth of anaesthesia using modified entropy sensors. Prior to the induction of anaesthesia, the new GE entropy sensor (P/N M1038681) was applied in a modified fashion. We measured the state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE) at 12 perioperative time points. Entropy values were compared with the clinical indices of depth of anaesthesia. Results: Data from 20 consecutive patients (orbitozygomatic craniotomy [10] and bifrontal craniotomy [10]) were analysed. Monitoring was possible in all the patients. The changes in entropy values correlated with clinical indices of depth of anaesthesia. However, some patients showed variations in absolute values (RE and SE) during the intraoperative period without any changes in the level of anaesthetic depth. Conclusions: Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia is feasible with the use of new entropy sensors in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. In contrast to standard sensors, the new sensors offer flexibility with the placement.
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Milov, Anton Vladimirovich, Vadim Sergeevich Tynchenko, Sergei Olegovich Kurashkin, Valeriya Valerievna Tynchenko, Vladislav Viktorovich Kukartsev, Vladimir Viktorovich Bukhtoyarov, Roman Sergienko, Viktor Alekseevich Kukartsev, and Kirill Aleksandrovich Bashmur. "The Use of Collections of Artificial Neural Networks to Improve the Control Quality of the Induction Soldering Process." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124199.
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In industries that implement the technology of induction soldering, various sensors, including non-contact pyrometric ones, are widely used to control the technological process. The use of this type of sensor implies the need to choose a solution that is effective in different operating conditions in terms of the accuracy of the data obtained and the reliability of the measurement equipment and duplication in case of a failure. The present article discusses the development of intelligent technology based on a collection of artificial neural networks, which allows a number of problems associated with technological process control when using pyrometric sensors to be solved: assessing the quality of measurements, correcting measurements when non-standard errors are detected, and controlling the process of induction heating in the absence of reliable readings of the measurement instruments. The collection of artificial neural networks is self-configuring with the use of multicriterion genetic algorithms. The use of the proposed intelligent technology made it possible to improve the control quality of the technological process of the induction brazing of waveguide paths of spacecraft: the overregulation was decreased from 0–20 to 0, and the difference in the heating temperatures of the elements of the brazed waveguide assembly was decreased from 20–100 to 0–10. In addition, the overall process duration decreased and became more stable. When using the classical control technology, the time varied in the range of 20–60 s; when using the proposed technology, it stabilized in the range of 30–35 s.
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Farooque, Aitazaz, Mahnaz Zare, Qamar Zaman, Farhat Abbas, Melanie Bos, Travis Esau, Bishnu Acharya, and Arnold Schumann. "Evaluation of DualEM-II sensor for soil moisture content estimation in the potato fields of Atlantic Canada." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 6 (June 19, 2019): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/72/2019-pse.
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The conventional gravimetric methods of estimating soil moisture content (θ) are laborious, time-consuming, and destructive to agricultural fields. We evaluated the performance of DualEM-II sensor in non-destructive way of θ prediction and for predicting θ variations within potato fields in Atlantic Canada. Values of θ were measured from four potato fields in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island using a pre-calibrated (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) time domain reflectometry (TDR) from root zone of potato tubers under grid sampling arrangements. Horizontal co-planar (HCP) and perpendicular co-planar (PRP) readings were taken using DualEM-II sensor from the same locations of θ measurements. There was a better correlation between PRP and θ (r: 0.64–0.83) was calculated than between HCP and θ<br /> (r: 0.41–0.79). There was no significant difference (R<sup>2</sup>: 0.60–0.69; RMSE (root mean square error): 2.32–4.02) between the θ values measured with TDR (θ<sub>M</sub>) and those predicted with DualEM-II (θ<sub>P</sub>) confirming that the use of electromagnetic induction technique, evaluated during this study, is labor saving, quick, non-destructive, and accurate and can be considered a precision agriculture tool for efficiently managing soil water in potato fields.
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Andrade, M. F. F. de, and E. Dos Reis. "ON THE MONITORING OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOWS IN INDUSTRIAL FLUIDIZED BEDS BY USING ELECTRICAL CHARGE SENSORS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v17i1.62255.
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The fluidized bed technology has been used in many industrial processes. It promotes good rates of heat, mass transfer and chemical reaction by generating high level of gas-solid mixture. However, the assurance of quality and efficiency of these processes requires the monitoring of the gas-solid flow. For this propose, there are some sensing techniques that allows generating dynamic signals from cold or hot fluidized beds. They are based on pressure fluctuations, acoustic and mechanical vibrations, electrical capacitance and on electrical charges. Electrical charge sensors were proposed originally for measuring the flow velocity in pneumatic conveying. They are composed of one or more metallic electrodes that detect electrical charges in the gas-solid flow, which are generated by particle-particle and particle-wall interaction due to triboelectric effect. In this work, such sensors are explored as a robust and inexpensive solution for the monitoring of industrial fluidized beds. However, since research investments are requested specially on the design of the sensor, concerning the flow quantity of interest and the electrification processes acting on the sensor, in this work different configurations were classified from information in literature, and other were proposed in this work concerning their use with industrial fluidized beds. Although the relation between magnitude of the detected charges and some physical quantities of the flow, such as concentration, is still not clear, other important information can be obtained by analyzing dynamic signals, as velocity or bubbles frequency, or even for identifying of the fluidization regime. It was stated that each configuration, with its own shape and arrangement, can promote or not one or other electrification process by contact, friction or induction and, therefore, each one has a different perception of the flow.
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Tynchenko, Vadim, Sergei Kurashkin, Valeriya Tynchenko, Vladimir Bukhtoyarov, Vladislav Kukartsev, Roman Sergienko, Viktor Kukartsev, and Kirill Bashmur. "Mathematical Modeling of Induction Heating of Waveguide Path Assemblies during Induction Soldering." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050697.
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The waveguides used in spacecraft antenna feeders are often assembled using external couplers or flanges subject to further welding or soldering. Making permanent joints by means of induction heating has proven to be the best solution in this context. However, several physical phenomena observed in the heating zone complicate any effort to control the process of making a permanent joint by induction heating; these phenomena include flux evaporation and changes in the emissivity of the material. These processes make it difficult to measure the temperature of the heating zone by means of contactless temperature sensors. Meanwhile, contact sensors are not an option due to the high requirements regarding surface quality. Besides, such sensors take a large amount of time and human involvement to install. Thus, it is a relevant undertaking to develop mathematical models for each waveguide assembly component as well as for the entire waveguide assembly. The proposed mathematical models have been tested by experiments in kind, which have shown a great degree of consistency between model-derived estimates and experimental data. The paper also shows how to use the proposed models to test and calibrate the process of making an aluminum-alloy rectangular tube flange waveguide by induction soldering. The Russian software, SimInTech, was used in this research as the modeling environment. The approach proposed herein can significantly lower the labor and material costs of calibrating and testing the process of the induction soldering of waveguides, whether the goal is to adjust the existing process or to implement a new configuration that uses different dimensions or materials.
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Paulus, Thompson, Nur Amira Zulkiflli, Fatin Aliah Phang Abdullah, Azli Yahya, Siti Zarina Abdul Muji, and Jaysuman Pusppanathan. "A Study of Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) for Calcium Oxalate Renal Screening." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n4.2224.
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Nephrolithiasis is a process of stone formation in the kidney by crystallization. The increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis from time to time had sought an alternative from the conventional imaging techniques that is invasive, radiative, and non-rapid usage. This paper enclosed a design simulation study of Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) system using COMSOL Multiphysics for renal imaging. MIT is a soft field tomography and non-contact imaging modality which can project the passive electromagnetic properties (conductivity, permittivity and permeability) under the principle of electromagnetic induction. In this research also, 8 copper trans-receiver coils were employed in the MIT system and fixed by the insulation belt. Meanwhile, geometric set-up of renal organ was set to imitate the transverse section of human renal. In the methodology, sensor performance analyses were done using frequency ranging from 50 kHz to 2 MHz of the MIT system on radii of calcium oxalate in renal. The sensor response and pattern is discussed in this paper.
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Aldon, Didier, Belen Brito, Christian Boucher, and Stéphane Genin. "A bacterial sensor of plant cell contact controls the transcriptional induction of Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity genes." EMBO Journal 19, no. 10 (May 15, 2000): 2304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.10.2304.
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Greene, Ernest, and George Pavlov. "Angular Induction as a Function of Contact and Target Orientation." Perception 18, no. 2 (April 1989): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180143.
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The Poggendorff effect is seen as misalignment of two obliques, or misprojection of one, when the obliques are placed outside a set of parallel lines. To understand better the mechanisms behind this effect, the orientation of the lines which are normally parallel was systematically manipulated. The results indicate that projection bias is affected by the orientation of either line, is at a minimum where the line is orthogonal to the oblique, and is maximal at small angles. This is in line with classic theories which attribute the illusion to misperception of angular size. However, such explanations presuppose that in order to be effective the induction line must be proximal to the oblique so that an angle can be formed. Results are reported which show that the angle formed by the oblique and a line placed at a distance from the oblique, serving as the target of the projection, follows an angular rule of effectiveness similar to what is seen when the line is placed directly in contact with the oblique. The underlying process is described as ‘angular induction’.
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Wu, Kuo-Ting, and Cheng-kuei Jen. "J0402-2-1 Study of non-contact sensor combined integrated piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer and inductively coupled coil." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2010.6 (2010): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.6.0_397.
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Yu, Mengting, Jingang Wang, Jun Ma, Hu Peng, and Lan Xiong. "Research on Non-contact Voltage Transducer for High-Voltage Transmission Lines Based on Inverse Problem of Electric Field." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0060.
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Abstract A new method to measure the voltage in a grid has been proposed based on the studies of a novel electronic voltage transducer for the high-voltage power transmission equipment using the charge induction principle and electromagnetic computing method. The voltage measuring method has been improved, the real-time electric field position and orientation near the high-voltage transmission lines has been measured and the real-time voltage has been calculated by computing the electric field inverse problem. According to the electric field simulation with test data, the data compensation and calibration calculation were carried out. With the rapid engineering method on computing voltage, a non-contact electronic voltage transducer has been developed. First, we did the confirmatory test of the electric field detection and designed the preliminary model of the sensor. By the contrast test of voltage detection, the sensor was able to realize the voltage detection, but the precision was not high enough. Next, the measuring mechanism of the voltage transducer was analyzed taking account of strong interference from electromagnetic field, electric field distortion, changes in temperature and humidity, and impact between adjacent electric fields and conductor galloping. The measuring accuracy was satisfied by data compensation.
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Rajeev, Sreenidhi Prabha, S. Sabarinath, CK Subash, Uvais Valiyaneerilakkal, Pattiyil Parameswaran, and Soney Varghese. "α- & β-crystalline phases in polyvinylidene fluoride as tribo-piezo active layer for nanoenergy harvester." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 7 (August 28, 2018): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318796141.
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The manuscript introduces the use of non-electrically polled spin-coated thin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films as the active layers in a contact electrification-based nanoenergy harvester. The four-layered device utilizes both piezo and triboelectric effect coupled with electrostatic induction. The elucidation of potential generation during contact between crystalline phases ( α and β) of PVDF layer material is investigated in the manuscript. Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy is carried out to illustrate the α- and β-phases in PVDF pellet, prepared film as well as the film after contact. Dynamic contact mode electrostatic force microscopy (DC-EFM) along with atomic force microscopy is used for the evaluation of reverse piezoelectric, local ferroelectric, triboelectric voltage and adhesive energy of the PVDF films before–after contact process. Quantum chemical calculation is performed using density functional theory to explain possible electron transitions in the active layers between the cylindrically symmetric α-phase and electrical double layer charges in the β-phase of PVDF. The interface study of the film is also carried out both experimentally using DC-EFM and through quantum chemical calculations. The fabricated device with the hybrid piezo-tribo layer promises to be a simple and low-cost energy source for the next-generation self-powered electronic devices. The device can also be used as knock sensor in engines as well as a capacitor.
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Xie, Shijun, Yu Zhang, Huaiyuan Yang, Hao Yu, Zhou Mu, Chenmeng Zhang, Shupin Cao, Xiaoqing Chang, and Ruorong Hua. "Application of Integrated Optical Electric-Field Sensor on the Measurements of Transient Voltages in AC High-Voltage Power Grids." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091951.
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Transient voltages in the power grid are the key for the fault analysis of a power grid, optimized insulation design, and the standardization of the high-voltage testing method. The traditional measuring equipment, based on electrical engineering, normally has a limited bandwidth and response speed, which are also featured by a huge size and heavy weight. In this paper, an integrated optical electric-field sensor based on the Pockels effect was developed and applied to measure the transient voltages on the high-voltage conductors in a non-contact measuring mode. The measuring system has a response speed faster than 6 ns and a wide bandwidth ranging from 5 Hz to 100 MHz. Moreover, the sensors have the dimensions of 18 mm by 18 mm by 48 mm and a light weight of dozens of grams. The measuring systems were employed to monitor the lightning transient voltages on a 220 kV overhead transmission line. The switching transient voltages were also measured by the measuring system during the commissioning of the 500 kV middle Tibet power grid. In 2017, 307 lightning transient voltages caused by induction stroke were recorded. The characteristics of these voltage waveforms are different from the standard lightning impulse voltage proposed by IEC standards. Three types of typical switching transient voltage in 500 kV AC power grid were measured, and the peak values of these overvoltages can reach 1.73 times rated voltage.