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Journal articles on the topic 'Inductive Voltage Transformer'
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1
Kaczmarek, Michał, and Dariusz Brodecki. "Transformation of Transient Overvoltages by Inductive Voltage Transformers." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124167.
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Overvoltage transients occur after any type of switching activity in a power network, such as breaker operation, fault occurrence/clearance and rapid load change. This distortion of voltage is transformed to the secondary circuit of a voltage transformer. The maximum values of such impulses may many times exceed the rated value of its secondary voltage. This can lead to malfunction of measuring or protection devices connected to the secondary circuit of a voltage transformer and even their damage. The paper presents the application of determined values of ratio error at harmonics of the inductive voltage of the transformer to predict the value of transformed slow-front transient overvoltage to their secondary circuits. This will help to prevent malfunction of measuring or protection devices connected to the secondary side of the voltage transformer and increase their safety of operation. The inductive voltage transformer equivalent circuit for transformation of higher frequency components of distorted voltage must be extended with internal capacitances of windings. This is caused by the fact that the resonance phenomenon of the slow-front transient overvoltage results from leakage inductance and capacitance of primary winding, not from the magnetic core. Therefore, this behaviour is independent from the value of the applied voltage.
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Trkulja, Bojan, Ana Drandić, Viktor Milardić, and Igor Žiger. "Evaluation of Methodology for Lightning Impulse Voltage Distribution over High-Voltage Windings of Inductive Voltage Transformers." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165144.
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Knowledge of lightning impulse (LI) voltage distribution over transformer windings during the design stage of the transformer is very important. Specific design differences in inductive voltage transformers make the transient analysis approach different to the approach to the power transformers. In this paper, a methodology for acquiring lightning impulse voltage distribution over high-voltage (HV) winding of inductive voltage transformers is presented and evaluated. Resistance, inductance, and capacitance matrices are calculated using the integral and boundary element methods (BEM) approach. Additionally, in order to improve the capacitance matrix solver, adaptive cross approximation (ACA) is applied. These parameters are then used to solve the equivalent circuit model in time domain. In order to evaluate the methodology, an experimental and numerical investigation of the layer discretisation, iron core influence, and accuracy of the proposed methodology is performed. The comparison of numerical results with measurements confirms the validity of the methodology.
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Liang, Ji Chong, Tian Zheng Wang, Kang Ning Wang, and Jun Hao Li. "The Simulation Study of Transformer Inductive Oscillating Switching Impulse Voltage Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.169.
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According to IEC60060-1, IEC60060-2 requirements, the large transformer should take impulse voltage test in site. However, this test is not performed in the field for the impulse voltage generator huge and difficult to operate. To solve this problem, IEC60060-3 propose using oscillating impulse voltage for equipment on-site impulse withstand voltage test. Oscillating impulse voltage has higher generation efficiency and close to the actual voltage waveform that electrical equipment bear. For the transformer, the oscillating impulse voltage can generated through inductive method. In order to study the generation of oscillating impulse voltage through inductive method for transformer, the simulation circuit is established using ATP soft and the oscillating switching impulse voltage characteristics is studied in this paper. The result show that the oscillating switching impulse voltage waveform that accordance with IEC requirements can be generated through inductive method for transformer.
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Kumrey, G. R., and S. K. Mahobia. "STUDY AND DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER USING OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i8.2016.2562.
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The field of electrical transformer are most important equipment which is use to convert ac voltage or current like lower to higher , higher to lower without change in the frequency . its primary side and secondary side are isolate from each other and it can higher or lower voltage level the apparent value of electrical passive element like inductive , resistive . It use to transfer electrical energy for long distance with higher voltage level .the electrical power transmission,distribution through transformer for factories and home . AC supply can easily generated by a convenient voltage and transformed into much higher voltage for transmission and distribution purpose.
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Wang, Quan, Huan Wang, and Qiong Xiang. "Design and Calibration of Inductive Current Transformer." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 2261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2261.
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In this paper, the design principle of inductive current transformer is introduced at first. Then an inductive current transformer is produced by applying the structure of two-stage inductive voltage divider. And finally, the error of the sample machine is given through examine test, and the suggestion for improving the machine is given based on the data. The data from the sample machine shows that: without compensation winding, the error level of 1200 ampere-turn of inductive current transformer can reach 0.1 level, after adding the compensation winding, it can reach 0.02 level. The design and data have laid a foundation for the future design of inductive current transformer with higher level of accuracy.
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Mingotti, Alessandro, Lorenzo Bartolomei, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. "On the Long-Period Accuracy Behavior of Inductive and Low-Power Instrument Transformers." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 5810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205810.
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The accuracy evaluation of instrument transformers is always a key task when proper control and management of the power network is required. In particular, accuracy becomes a critical aspect when the grid or the instrumentation itself is operating at conditions different from the rated ones. However, before focusing on the above non-rated conditions, it is important to fully understand the instrument transformer behavior at rated conditions. To this end, this work analyzed the accuracy behavior of legacy, inductive, and low-power voltage transformers over long periods of time. The aim was to find patterns and correlations that may be of help during the modelling or the output prediction of voltage transformers. From the results, the main differences between low-power and inductive voltage transformers were pointed out and described in detail.
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Avdeev, Boris, Aleksei Vyngra, and Sergei Chernyi. "Improving the Electricity Quality by Means of a Single-Phase Solid-State Transformer." Designs 4, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4030035.
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The paper describes the use of a single-phase three-stage solid-state transformer in networks with non-sinusoidal voltages in order to improve the quality of electricity. An active-inductive load was chosen as the load. The solid-state transformer was simulated by the Matlab/Simulink software. Its performance was analyzed and the parameters for optimal performance were specified. The voltage and current graphs on the load and their spectral analysis are given. Total harmonic distortion was evaluated for current and voltage. As a comparison, the operation of a classic transformer was simulated. Modeling shows that solid-state transformer copes with improving the quality of electricity better than a classical transformer. In addition to improving the quality of the load current, the solid-state transformer protects the consumer from overvoltage, voltage dips, and other transient phenomena, due to the accumulated supply of electricity in the capacitors of the DC-Bus.
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Lesniewska, Elzbieta, Michal Kaczmarek, and Ernest Stano. "3D Electromagnetic Field Analysis Applied to Evaluate the Accuracy of a Voltage Transformer under Distorted Voltage." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010136.
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Voltage transformers (VTs) are an important element of the measuring system that allows measuring the energy flow in medium and high voltage networks. Additional problems with the accuracy of the measurement introduced by the appearance of sources and nonlinear receivers cause deformation of the voltage shape in the energy system. Due to the high metrological requirements, the design of voltage transformers requires high accuracy (for class 0.2 ΔU ≤ 0.2, phase displacement ≤10 min), which is not possible with the use of analytical methods using approximate models. Therefore, only the application of numerical modeling by the finite element method, taking into account real three-dimensional phenomena, allows achieving high modeling accuracy. The article concerns the phenomenon of the influence of voltage higher harmonics of supply voltage on the accuracy (up to the 100th harmonic) of the measuring inductive voltage transformer (IVT). The applied modeling method takes into account the phenomena in the transformer core and the circuit equations resulting from the winding arrangement, which allows for the study of the deformation voltage transformation. Experimental tests on a real model to evaluate the method used were necessary. The article presents simulations for a model transformer, and results have been confirmed by experimental tests.
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Gusenkov, A. V., V. D. Lebedev, S. N. Litvinov, S. A. Slovesny, and A. A. Yablokov. "Experimental determination of partial discharges in a model of a digital instrument transformer by differential method." Vestnik IGEU, no. 2 (2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.2.032-042.
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Power facilities are now implementing the concept of smart grid and its essential elements – high-voltage digital current and voltage transformers. However, the implementation of digital technologies is slowed down by the lack of operation experience and reliability indicators. One of the main causes of high-voltage equipment failures is insulation damage. The most informative parameters determined by insulation evaluation are partial discharge characteristics. There are rated values of these characteristics for rotating electrical machines and power transformers measured by external equipment. But the existing method of partial discharge analysis cannot be applied to digital current and voltage transformers as there are no criteria for tripping of the innovative equipment with comprehensive insulation. All this urges us to study the possibility to determine experimentally the characteristics of partial discharges in the insulation of digital current and voltage transformers by using embedded inductive sensors in order to develop a method for condition monitoring of digital current and voltage transformers and improving of their reliability. In this work, we have used a model of digital current and voltage transformers, a high-voltage test unit, a digital multi-input oscciloscope and inductive sensors. The experiment includes: detecting partial discharges in the model of digital current and voltage transformers by the external bridge connection, recording the voltage at which partial discharges occur in the simulated fault area, measuring the corresponding value of the apparent charge of the partial discharge, detecting partial discharges in the model of digital current and voltage transformers by a differential method with the help of embedded inductive sensors. The characteristics of partial discharges in the simulated fault area have been experimentally determined on a model of digital current and voltage transformers. The pulse voltage on the embedded inductive sensor corresponding to the apparent charge of 80 pC was equal to 600 mV at the test voltage of 2,7 kV. Embedded inductive sensors allow implementing the method of insulation condition monitoring for digital current and voltage transformers in accordance with the partial discharge characteristics both at the stages of production and operation extending the potential of the electronic (microprocessor) module and increasing the reliability of digital current and voltage transformers.
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Mikolajewski, Miroslaw. "A Transformer Class E Amplifier." Archives of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 4 (December 11, 2014): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2014-0043.
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Abstract In a high-efficiency Class E ZVS resonant amplifier a matching and isolation transformer can replace some or even all inductive components of the amplifier thus simplifying the circuit and reducing its cost. In the paper a theoretical analysis, a design example and its experimental verification for a transformer Class E amplifier are presented. In the experimental amplifier with a transformer as the only inductive component in the circuit high efficiency ηMAX = 0.95 was achieved for supply voltage VI = 36 V, maximum output power POMAX = 100 W and the switching frequency f = 300 kHz. Measured parameters and waveforms showed a good agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, the relative bandwidth of the switching frequency was only 19% to obtain output power control from 4.8 W to POMAX with efficiency not less than 0.9 in the regulation range.
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Baqaruzi, Syamsyarief, and Surya Tarmizi Kasim. "Comparison of Effect Efficiency and Voltage Regulation Between Three-Phase Transformer Winding Connections." Bulletin of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering 1, no. 2 (August 2, 2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25008/bcsee.v1i2.1123.
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A transformer is an important device in electrical processes, as we know static electricity that involves magnetically coupled coils to increase or decrease the voltage. In three-phase transformer, there are various winding connections such as delta-delta (?, ?), wye-wye (Y, Y), wye-delta (Y, ?), delta-wye (?, Y), zig-zag (Z, Z), etc. And of the many often used connection are Yy0, Yd11, Dd0, and Dy5. From these various connections, each connection has different efficiency, losses, and voltage regulation. If they are connected with resistive, inductive, or capacitive loads. This paper method has discussed a transformer connection used are Yy0, Dd0, Yd11, and Dy5 in Laboratory Konversi Energi USU to see how the influence of load changes, on voltage regulation Where a state of balance load using are resistive, inductive, capacitive, and RLC combination. The result analysis of the experiment show, the best efficiency is at Dd0 connection, when loaded condition using capacitive is average 97.87%, and the best voltage regulation is obtained at Dy5, when loaded condition using resistive is average 28.35%
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Zhang, Ming, Kaicheng Li, Shunfan He, and Jun Wang. "DESIGN AND TEST OF A NEW HIGH-CURRENT ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMER WITH A ROGOWSKI COIL." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0012.
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Abstract This paper describes the design and test of a new high-current electronic current transformer based on a Rogowski coil. For better performances, electronic current transformers are used to replace conventional electro-magnetic inductive current transformers based on ferromagnetic cores and windings to measure high-current on the high voltage distribution grids. The design of a new high-current electronic current transformer is described in this paper. The principal schemes of the prototype and partial evaluation results are presented. Through relative tests it is known that the prototype has a wide dynamic range and frequency band, and it can allow high accuracy measurements.
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Alyunov, Alexander, Olga Vyatkina, and Alexander Nemirovskiy. "On efficiency of digital system of power transformer proactive diagnostics." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 5 (October 2020): 966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-5-966-976.
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The purpose of the paper is to diagnose the state of a power transformer by determining its equivalent circuit parameters by means of synchronized vector measurements of currents and voltages in the transformer normal operation mode without shutdowns, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of relay protection operation. A cost - effective method for proactive diagnostics of power transformers is proposed. Through monitoring of additional parameters (short circuit resistance, active and inductive resistance of the positive sequence, active and inductive resistance of the negative sequence) it can increase the speed and accuracy of detecting possible internal short circuits arising due to winding damage or high-voltage transformer bushings without diagnosed transformer disconnection from the network. The method allows to estimate the transformer health index and serviceability by the difference between the calculated parameters of the equivalent circuit and the passport values of the parameters. Having conducted the damage causedependent analysis of the number of power transformer damages, the authors determined total economic losses that include the losses caused by equipment damage and losses caused by the interruptions in consumer power supply. The total economic losses for a power transformer with a rated power of 63 MVA amounted to 10687402 rubles. It is shown that the diagnostic system expands the possibilities of analyzing the transformer state in operating modes, allows to pr event the approaching of the damage moment and occurrence of sudden accidents as well as minimizes the expected damage from shutdowns and equipment failure. A hardware and software complex is proposed for the diagnostics of power transformer internal damage. The given main characteristics of the proposed hardware and software complex include the number of measuring channels, accuracy class, sampling frequency, and others. The results of the work expand the possibilities of analyzing the transformer state in the operating mode and can be used in the world practice of creating various monitoring systems designed to identify the defects developing in transformers caused by winding deformation.
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ESFANDIARI, EHSAN, FARHAD MESRINEJAD, and NORMAN BIN MARIUN. "MULTI-WINDING TRANSFORMER-BASED DIODE CLAMPING MULTILEVEL INVERTER, EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 08 (September 2013): 1350071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613500710.
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The feasibility of a staircase-output, diode clamping multilevel inverter based on multiwinding transformer is investigated through experimental results including: output voltage and current waveforms under resistive and inductive loads and the THD. The 2.5 kW, 7-level prototype of the constructed configuration proves the ability to act as an inverter under resistive and inductive loads and generates outputs with 2.1–11.5% of THD and 92.5% of peak efficiency. At last, a table of comparison with the closest topology is brought.
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Adegboye, B. A. "Power Quality Assessment in a Distribution Network." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.53.
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The paper explores power quality disturbances on a specified section of the distribution network of a Textile Industry in Kaduna State of Nigeria. The 33kV PHCN incoming to the industry is stepped down to 11kV by a 7.5MVA, 33/11kV three-phase transformer. This transformer supplies various 11/.415kV transformers present in the distribution network. Another 11kV PHCN incoming is used in event of any failure from the 33/11kV transformer. The paper focuses on Transformer No. 1, a 150kVA, 11/.415kV three-phase transformer operating at 0.9 power factor, located at printing and dying (P/D) building 1. Majority of the loads on it are inductive. Measurements were taken at the secondary terminal of this transformer by the use of the Harmonitor 3000 power analyzer, which generates the voltage and current waveforms, power factor, voltage and current total harmonic distortion and the apparent power of the red, yellow and blue phases of the transformer. Analyses of these data reveal the disturbances due to harmonics in the phases and neutral of the transformer. The effect of the harmonic current is seen as poor power factor of the transformer. Considering the observations and analyses of the power quality of the transformer 1 (P/D), the paper proposes some recommendations for improving the power quality of the distribution network under study.
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Zhang, Xu, and Guo Ying Meng. "Theoretical Analysis of Power Transfer Performance of Primary and Secondary Compensation Topology of Inductive Coupled Power Transfer System." Advanced Materials Research 529 (June 2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.529.43.
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Inductive coupled power transfer system is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction to transfer power from the primary side to the secondary side of a loosely coupled transformer, which can transfer electricity wirelessly. The loosely coupled transformer has large leakage inductance, which reduces the power transfer efficiency. In order to reduce the leakage inductance, a capacitance is used at the primary side and secondary side of a loosely coupled transformer, which can increase the power transfer efficiency. For four different compensation structures, this paper analyses the coupling coefficient and the secondary quality factor’s influence on the voltage gain, current gain and transfer efficiency, and also compares different compensation structures
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Jayaprakash, S., and V. Ramakrishnan. "Hardware Implementation of Single-Stage Solar Based DC-DC Converter for Inductive Load Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.31.
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This paper presents a Hardware implementation of single-stage solar based DC-DC converter for inductive load application. Solar model is connected in the input side. The circuit has two full wave converter connected to boost the voltage and also for the power factor correction. Switch-utilization factor is improved by using two active switches to serve in the PFC circuits. Controlled converter is used to load side along with pi filter. Finally inductive load is connected to output side. In the hardware circuit solar panel output voltage, transformer primary, secondary voltage and load voltage is measured. In the circuit used with all the component parameters to operate at zero-voltage switching which retains the high circuit efficiency. A circuit is designed for an 80v dc output and tested.
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Chen, Yuehui, Zhao Huang, Zhenfeng Duan, Pengwu Fu, Guandong Zhou, and Longfu Luo. "A Four-Winding Inductive Filtering Transformer to Enhance Power Quality in a High-Voltage Distribution Network Supplying Nonlinear Loads." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102021.
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This paper solves the problem of reactive power and harmonics compensation in a high-voltage (HV) distribution network supplying nonlinear loads. An inductive filtering (IF) approach where passive filters connect to the filtering winding of a four-winding inductive filtering transformer (FW-IFT) is presented to enhance the power quality of the public grid. This method can not only greatly suppress harmonic currents of the medium and/or low-voltage (LV) side, but also prevent them from flowing into the public grid. The new main circuit topology, where the FW-IFT has specific filtering winding by adopting the ampere-turn balance of the transformer, is presented. On the basis of the structure of the FW-IFT, the magnetic potential balanced equation and inductive filtering technology, its equivalent circuit and mathematical model are established, and the filtering performances are analyzed in detail. Simulation and experimental results rated at SN-10/0.38 of the FW-IFT are presented to prove the efficacy of the comprehensive enhancement of power quality on the grid side.
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Rashitov, Pavel A., Dmitriy A. Seregin, Mikhail D. Anikin, and Evgeniy A. Vershanskiy. "Application of Multilevel Voltage Inverters in Distributed Series Compensation Devices." Vestnik MEI 3, no. 3 (2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-3-58-66.
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The operation principles of multilevel inverter circuits and methods for controlling them are considered. The operation of a multilevel circuit as part of a distributed transformer-based series compensation device is analyzed. The specific feature pertinent to the operation of a self-excited inverter within a distributed series compensation device is that it is loaded on the transformer connected in series into the power transmission line. In this case, the load is in fact a current transformer. Analytical expressions for calculating the circuit parameters are presented. The results of spectral modeling and simulation of the multilevel circuit in different modes of its operation are given. By using the spectral modeling, the currents and voltages of all power circuit components and their harmonic composition were estimated in the steady-state operation mode, and it has been shown that inductive injection is the heaviest mode of operation, because the inverter current reaches its maximum value in this mode. In using the multilevel circuit, additional requirements are posed to the control system, which, in addition to ensuring stable control of the output voltage, must also balance the voltages across the capacitors in the inverter arm. In selecting a storage capacitor and filter capacitor, it should be borne in mind that the maximum possible voltage across these components is determined not only by the necessary boost voltage, but also by the line current in the rectifier mode and can be significantly higher than the originally evaluated value. The obtained results can be used in designing distributed series compensation devices on the basis of an NPC inverter.
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Wei, Hao, Fengju Sun, Aici Qiu, Jiahui Yin, Jiangtao Zeng, Yixiang Hu, and Tianxue Liang. "Simulation analysis of transformer oil and glycerin as dielectric medium in inductive voltage adders." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 21, no. 4 (August 2014): 1778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2014.004270.
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Olguín-Becerril, Miguel A., Cesar Angeles-Camacho, and Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel. "Ferroresonance in subharmonic 3rd mode in an inductive voltage transformer, a real case analysis." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 61 (October 2014): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.03.057.
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Kaczmarek, Michal, and Piotr Kaczmarek. "Comparison of the Wideband Power Sources Used to Supply Step-Up Current Transformers for Generation of Distorted Currents." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071849.
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In this paper a comparison of the wideband power sources of a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter and a power supply composed of an audio power amplifier and a two-channel arbitrary generator is discussed. Their application is to supply a step-up current transformer for generation of the distorted current required to test the transformation accuracy of the distorted currents of the inductive current transformers. The proposed equations allow to calculate the maximum rms values of higher harmonic of distorted currents for its required main harmonic component. Moreover, they also enable the calculation of the maximum rms values of the main harmonic of the distorted current for which the required higher harmonic component may be obtained. This defines the usable bandwidth of the tested power source for their specific load. During work on high inductive impedance, the maximum voltage is the limitation that determines the higher harmonic value. While for resistive loads, the maximum current and the transistor’s slew rate are the limiting factors. The usage of the compensation system for the inductive reactance of the step-up current transformer under supply significantly increased its maximum output current. Its rms value with a 10% higher harmonic component up to 5 kHz was almost 400 A instead 100 A for the PWM-based power source and about 800 A instead 200 A for the power supply system with the audio amplifier.
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Yang, Libin, Ming Zong, and Chunlai Li. "Voltage-Gain Design and Efficiency Optimization of Series/Series-Parallel Inductive Power Transfer System Considering Misalignment Issue." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14112999.
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Compensation is key to an inductive power transfer (IPT) system in terms of voltage transfer function and efficiency optimization. Basic compensation is simple, but not suitable, for the achievement of variable load-independent voltage-gains without changing the design of the loosely-coupled transformer (LCT). On the other hand, higher-order compensation circuits enable greater design freedom to achieve variable load-independent voltage-gains while keeping the LCT unchanged, but it requires a variety of compensation components, especially the inductive components, which incur significant copper and core losses. This paper proposes a comprehensive design of the series/series-parallel (S/SP) IPT system. The design methodology for variable load-independent voltage-gains is studied to keep the LCT unchanged and achieve zero phase angle input over the whole load range. Design consideration includes the effect of misalignment issue on the voltage-gain and, thus, a design criteria can be derived to ensure an acceptable sensitivity to the misalignment when taking efficiency optimization. The experimental results are presented for verification.
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Filipović-Grčić, Dalibor, Božidar Filipović-Grčić, and Danijel Krajtner. "Frequency response and harmonic distortion testing of inductive voltage transformer used for power quality measurements." Procedia Engineering 202 (2017): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.703.
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Farnesi, Stefano, Mario Marchesoni, Massimiliano Passalacqua, and Luis Vaccaro. "Solid-State Transformers in Locomotives Fed through AC Lines: A Review and Future Developments." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244711.
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One of the most important innovation expectation in railway electrical equipment is the replacement of the on-board transformer with a high power converter. Since the transformer operates at line-frequency (i.e., 50 Hz or 16 2/3 Hz), it represents a critical component from weight point of view and, moreover, it is characterized by quite poor efficiency. High power converters for this application are characterized by a medium frequency inductive coupling and are commonly referred as Power Electronic Transformers (PET), Medium Frequency Topologies or Solid-State Transformers (SST). Many studies were carried out and various prototypes were realized until now, however, the realization of such a system has some difficulties, mainly related to the high input voltage (i.e., 25 kV for 50 Hz lines and 15 kV for 16 2/3 Hz lines) and the limited performance of available power electronic switches. The aim of this study is to present a survey on the main solutions proposed in the technical literature and, analyzing pros and cons of these studies, to introduce new possible circuit topologies for this application.
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Zainuddin, Zafirah, Rahimi Baharom, Ihsan Mohd Yassin, and Khairul Safuan Muhammad. "Solid-State Transformer (S2T) of Single Phase Matrix Converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp997-1005.
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<span lang="EN-US">Solid-State Transformer (S2T) also known as Power Electronic Transformer (PET) is applied in various industrial fields compared to the conventional transformer due to it flexible voltage transfer ratio, high power density, and low harmonic distortion. This paper presents the S2T of Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC) that acts as cyclo-converter. A 1kHz frequency was synthesized on the primary side of the transformer using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, whilst, the output converted by the SPMC that produces the 50Hz frequency. A part of AC to AC operation, the switching algorithm for safe-commutation technique is also presented to solve the commutation problem caused by the usage of inductive load. Minimization of size, losses and optimal efficiency are the advantages of this approach. The proposed model was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink (MLS).</span>
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Krainyukov, Alexander, Igor Lyaksa, and Rodions Saltanovs. "Research Of The Efficiency Of The Wireless Power Transfer With The Employment Of DD Inductance Coils." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2015-0031.
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Abstract The paper is devoted to using of DD inductance coils for the wireless power transfer. The aim of the given research is to determine influence of the parameters of resonance transformer on the efficiency of the wireless power transfer with the use of the DD inductance coils. Experimental installation of the wireless power transfer by a resonance inductive method was constructed. Experiments were performed with it help. Research results show influence of the distance between the coils of inductance, of the resonance transformer frequency, of the storage source voltage and of the temperature conditions on the efficiency of the wireless power transfer.
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Su, Qian, Xin Liu, Yan Li, Xiaosong Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, and Yu Liu. "A Graphical Design Methodology Based on Ideal Gyrator and Transformer for Compensation Topology with Load-Independent Output in Inductive Power Transfer System." Electronics 10, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050575.
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Compensation is crucial in the inductive power transfer system to achieve load-independent constant voltage or constant current output, near-zero reactive power, higher design freedom, and zero-voltage switching of the driver circuit. This article proposes a simple, comprehensive, and innovative graphic design methodology for compensation topology to realize load-independent output at zero-phase-angle frequencies. Four types of graphical models of the loosely coupled transformer that utilize the ideal transformer and gyrator are presented. The combination of four types of models with the source-side/load-side conversion model can realize the load-independent output from the source to load. Instead of previous design methods of solving the equations derived from the circuits, the load-independent frequency, zero-phase angle (ZPA) conditions, and source-to-load voltage/current gain of the compensation topology can be intuitively obtained using the circuit model given in this paper. In addition, not limited to only research of the existing compensation topology, based on the design methodology in this paper, 12 novel compensation topologies that are free from the constraints of transformer parameters and independent of load variations are stated and verified by simulations. In addition, a novel prototype of primary-series inductor–capacitance–capacitance (S/LCC) topology is constructed to demonstrate the proposed design approach. The simulation and experimental results are consistent with the theory, indicating the correctness of the design method.
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Ali, Faheem, Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Gulzar Ahmed, Majid Ashraf, and Muhammad Sarim. "An SVC controller for Power Quality Improvement of a Heavily Loaded Grid." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2002.03.
Full textAbstract:
Pakistan is faced with energy crises from the last two decades. Generation cannot balance the load demands of the electricity consumers. Power delivery systems are generally old-fashioned and overloaded. They are unable to provide consistent and uninterrupted supply to commercial, industrial, and domestic loads. Generally speaking, the Power Systems consist of loads that are inductive and resistive in nature. Heavy machinery, induction motors, and arc furnaces are heavily inductive in nature. Inductive loads when operated in a weak power system results in lagging VARs (Volt Ampere Reactive) and poor voltage regulation, which must be balanced by the same number of leading VARs in order to ensure unity power factor and thus helps in improving the voltage profile. At times the reactive VARs injected may not be sufficient to balance the VARs requires by the system, but still the power factor is improved up to some extent. In hot and humid climatic conditions, air-cooling system and chillers greatly burdens the grids. Such loads require excessive reactive VARs, and if not offered with ample reactive power, causes severe voltage drops in distribution system. To manage low voltages and power-factor, household users use automatic voltage regulators while industries connect capacitor banks. Voltage regulators control output voltage within the required limits at the expense of excessive line current from transformer, which may overburden it. Moreover, with each operation of tap changer, current rises which further intensifies line losses. Static capacitors provide stable voltage but repeated variations in load demands reliable and vigorous voltage regulation. This investigation aims to come up with a power quality improvement scheme which would deliver instantaneous control of power (reactive) with SVC (Static VAR Compensator) thus overcoming the shortcomings of step-wise banks of capacitors and or voltage regulators. Simulation work is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are compliance with IEEE Standards for SVCs. The device can offer steady state as well as dynamic VAR compensation under changing load conditions. Result showed considerable improvement both in terms of response time and power factor. Switching time has been improved to less than 1/10th fraction of a second which in previous simulations was 0.7 seconds approximately. Initial power factor without disturbance and without compensation was recorded to be 0.6 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging. Similarly, in presence of disturbance without compensation the power factor fluctuated between 0.55 and 0.9 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging and above throughout the course of operation.
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Ali, Faheem, Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Gulzar Ahmed, Majid Ashraf, and Muhammad Sarim. "An SVC controller for Power Quality Improvement of a Heavily Loaded Grid." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/10.22581/muet1982.2002.03.
Full textAbstract:
Pakistan is faced with energy crises from the last two decades. Generation cannot balance the load demands of the electricity consumers. Power delivery systems are generally old-fashioned and overloaded. They are unable to provide consistent and uninterrupted supply to commercial, industrial, and domestic loads. Generally speaking, the Power Systems consist of loads that are inductive and resistive in nature. Heavy machinery, induction motors, and arc furnaces are heavily inductive in nature. Inductive loads when operated in a weak power system results in lagging VARs (Volt Ampere Reactive) and poor voltage regulation, which must be balanced by the same number of leading VARs in order to ensure unity power factor and thus helps in improving the voltage profile. At times the reactive VARs injected may not be sufficient to balance the VARs requires by the system, but still the power factor is improved up to some extent. In hot and humid climatic conditions, air-cooling system and chillers greatly burdens the grids. Such loads require excessive reactive VARs, and if not offered with ample reactive power, causes severe voltage drops in distribution system. To manage low voltages and power-factor, household users use automatic voltage regulators while industries connect capacitor banks. Voltage regulators control output voltage within the required limits at the expense of excessive line current from transformer, which may overburden it. Moreover, with each operation of tap changer, current rises which further intensifies line losses. Static capacitors provide stable voltage but repeated variations in load demands reliable and vigorous voltage regulation. This investigation aims to come up with a power quality improvement scheme which would deliver instantaneous control of power (reactive) with SVC (Static VAR Compensator) thus overcoming the shortcomings of step-wise banks of capacitors and or voltage regulators. Simulation work is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are compliance with IEEE Standards for SVCs. The device can offer steady state as well as dynamic VAR compensation under changing load conditions. Result showed considerable improvement both in terms of response time and power factor. Switching time has been improved to less than 1/10th fraction of a second which in previous simulations was 0.7 seconds approximately. Initial power factor without disturbance and without compensation was recorded to be 0.6 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging. Similarly, in presence of disturbance without compensation the power factor fluctuated between 0.55 and 0.9 lagging, which after compensation was improved to 0.95 lagging and above throughout the course of operation.
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P, Maithili, and Kanakaraj J. "Transformer Less Self-Commutated PV Inverter." Regular issue 10, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.g9037.0610821.
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The power demand is increased day by day and generation of electrical energy from non-renewable sources are not able to meet the demand. An alternate energy sources are the only solution to meet the power demand. The power generation from solar energy with photovoltaic effect is plays a major role. This Solar PV system has low efficiency. The power semiconductor devices and converter circuit along with inductive / magnetic circuit. The Inverter circuit have an influence on photovoltaic power generation to improve the level of output voltage along with efficiency. In this paper a new transformer less DC-AC converter is proposed, and it has high efficiency, requires less cost when compares with conventional inverter with transformer. Transformer less self-commutated photovoltaic inverter is reflected the advantages of central and string inverters. It gives high output power and low-cost converter. These transformer less DC-AC converter is connect with Boost/Buck-Boost converter for the better output. So, this proposed DC-AC converter topology is not required mechanical switching and it is lighter in size. The PV technology has low efficiency and utilize more cost for generation of power. The proposed transformer less PV inverter is the better choice to increase the usefulness and reduce the charge rate of this PV system.
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Pavlov, L’uboš, L’uboš Skurčák, Juraj Chovanec, and Juraj Altus. "Impact of impedance unbalance on the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution - A case study." Journal of Electrical Engineering 68, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2017-0086.
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Abstract This article is devoted to the analysis of the possible influence of impedance asymmetry on the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution in the electricity system in Slovakia, at a voltage level of 110 kV - 400 kV, using synchronic phasor monitoring results. For simplicity of calculations, in practice, the impedance imbalance from mutual interfacial inductive capacitances bonds is neglected. In this way, the 3-phase network is interpreted as symmetrical in the calculations. In this case, it is possible to determine only some components of losses (ohmic losses, corona loss, leakages, etc). The influence of impedance asymmetry can be quantified by calculation using the results of the monitoring of the synchronous phasors of selected electricity system elements (OHL, transformer, choke) or by 3-phase modelling of real system elements. frequency to test the transformer for induced over voltage test, and its characteristics is analysed.
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Zhou, Jing, Pengzhi Yao, Kan Guo, Pengju Cao, Yao Zhang, and Hao Ma. "A Heterogeneous Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles with Spontaneous Constant Current and Constant Voltage Output Features." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111978.
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An inductively coupled wireless power transfer system is proposed in this paper, which is designed to comply with the battery’s load characteristics. A loosely coupled transformer with high coupling coefficient is proposed. A heterogeneous compensation topology is proposed which is able to switch between constant current and constant voltage output mode according to the load resistance. The output characteristic curve agrees with the charging curve of the battery in a whole cycle. The proposed topology has a misalignment range of 300 mm where the coupling coefficient is 0.2. A 3 kW experimental platform is established to verify the theoretical analysis, and the experimental results show that the proposed loosely coupled transformer has high coupling coefficient and high power transmission efficiency (95.2% in aligned position) within a large misalignment range, which agrees with the charging scenario of the electric vehicle.
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Nakawiro, Worawat. "A Machine Learning Approach for Coordinated Voltage and Reactive Power Control." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2020181.220341.
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Increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in form of distributed generators has brought many technical challenges to distribution networks. Among those, voltage and reactive power control should be revised and improved. Existing and new control resources should be coordinated based on real-time information and in closed loop. To achieve this, machine learning (ML) can be used to map the relationship between the selected network information and the desired control output. In this paper, setting of the shunt compensator operating in capacitive or inductive modes is coordinated with the tap position of substation transformer by the developed ML. Dataset emulating network behaviour during a year operation is constructed for training ML. A multi-class classification problem is formulated. Simulation results show satisfactory accuracy for some classes.
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Khan, Farid Ullah. "Energy Harvesting from the Stray Electromagnetic Field around the Electrical Power Cable for Smart Grid Applications." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3934289.
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For wireless sensor node (WSN) applications, this paper presents the harvesting of energy from the stray electromagnetic field around an electrical power line. Inductive and capacitive types of electrodynamic energy harvesters are developed and reported. For the produced energy harvesters, solid core and split-core designs are adopted. The inductive energy harvester comprises a copper wound coil which is produced on a mild steel core. However, the capacitive prototypes comprise parallel, annular discs separated by Teflon spacers. Moreover, for the inductive energy harvesters’ wound coil and core, the parametric analysis is also performed. A Teflon housing is incorporated to protect the energy harvester prototypes from the harsh environmental conditions. Among the inductive energy harvesters, prototype-5 has performed better than the other harvesters and produces a maximum rms voltage of 908 mV at the current level of 155 A in the power line. However, at the same current flow, the capacitive energy harvesters produce a maximum rms voltage of 180 mV. The alternating output of the prototype-5 is rectified, and a super capacitor (1 F, 5.5 V) and rechargeable battery (Nickel-Cadmium, 3.8 V) are charged with it. Moreover, with the utilization of a prototype-5, a self-powered wireless temperature sensing and monitoring system for an electrical transformer is also developed and successfully implemented.
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Pieters, Willem D., and Raynitchka Tzoneva. "Investigation of an IEC 61850 standard-based process bus implementation of a protection and control scheme for parallelly connected transformers." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 19, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 850–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2020-0023.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the implementation of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850–9-2 standard based process bus with merging units (MUs) and sampled values (SV) to improve the protection and control systems. The digital process interface is important to be included on the process bus level. Design/methodology/approach The IEC 61850–9-2 process bus standard is not extensively used in regard to SV when the IEC 61850 standard is implemented by power utilities. Many protection and control intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are connected to a substation communication network, routers and switches using fibre-optic linked Ethernet. However, inductive current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) secondary circuits are still hardwired to the IEDs. The paper highlight issues with the copper wires for currents signals and how these issues can be eliminated by using the MUs and the SV protocol. The voltage regulator control IED of each transformer is required to regulate the voltage level of the secondary side bus bar it is connected to. All the regulating IEDs of parallel-connected transformers are required to communicate with each other to share information. They collectively control the bus bar voltage depending on the switching configuration of the parallel transformers. Findings It is shown that process bus information such as the high voltage switchgear status information of primary plant in the yard, can be used to improve the substation protection and control systems. The power transformer protection and voltage regulator control are focused on. Research limitations/implications The deliverables of the research work can be applied in: The Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management systems of the Department of Electrical Engineering, power utilities and other establishments using power systems and digital substations in the electrical supply industry. The research work on the thesis led to the development of a laboratory test-bench where students can learn and understand the basics of the IEC 61850–9-2 SVs principles. The test-bench components such as the IEDs, real-time digital simulator, standalone MUs and Ethernet equipment can be used for future research applications. The test-bench can be used to demonstrate during course work for students at the University, the basics of digital substations using a process bus network with IEDs, MUs and Ethernet equipment. Practical implications The research work showed where lab equipment is getting outdated and future equipment will be required for research work in IEC 61850–9-2 process bus. Originality/value Power utilities can benefit from implementing the IEC 61850 part 9–2 of the standard and by using MUs and other process interface information in substations. A cost reduction in high voltage equipment, substation installation and commissioning costs and better performance of protection and control system can be achieved.
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Rahman, Tawfikur, S. M. A. Motakabber, and M. I. Ibrahimy. "Design and Simulation of a PWM Based Phase Synchronous Inverter for Utility Grid Systems with 20km Feeder Line." Scientific Research Journal 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v14i2.4903.
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In recent years, the utility grid system is more essential for the power transmission and distribution system because it cannot produce harmful gases or no discharge waste in the environment. PWM based phase synchronous invert systems are generally utilised in the high efficiency energy supply, long distance and higher power quality. The inverter output voltage depends on the coupling transformer, input sources and invert controllers. An inverter using a three leg IGBT has been designed for utility grid and simulated by using MATLAB2014a. In this paper, both sides of the LCL filters are used for removing the DC ripple current, reducing the noise and synchronous the output phase between inverter and the utility grid. The PWM controller has created pulse signal to control the inverter, electronic switches and precisely synchronise with grid line frequency. In this system, the input DC voltage 500V, switching frequency 1.65 kHz, grid frequency 50Hz, 20 km feeder (resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length, which are 0.1153, 1.05e-3 and 11.33e-09 ohms/km) with 30MW three phase load (active and inductive reactive power which are 30e6 W and 2e6 var) and also a balanced utility grid load of star configuration (00, 1200, and 2400 degree) are considered in the design. On the other hand, three phase transformer consists of three signal phase transformers, normal power 100e3, magnetization resistance and inductance which are 500 pu and 416.67pu are considered in this design. The system conversion efficiency is 99.94% and 99.96%, while the total THD are 0.06% on inverter side and 0.04% on grid side.
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Rahman, Tawfikur, S. M. A. Motakabber, and M. I. Ibrahimy. "Design and Simulation of a PWM Based Phase Synchronous Inverter for Utility Grid Systems with 20km Feeder Line." Scientific Research Journal 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v14i2.9359.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the utility grid system is more essential for the power transmission and distribution system because it cannot produce harmful gases or no discharge waste in the environment. PWM based phase synchronous invert systems are generally utilised in the high efficiency energy supply, long distance and higher power quality. The inverter output voltage depends on the coupling transformer, input sources and invert controllers. An inverter using a three leg IGBT has been designed for utility grid and simulated by using MATLAB2014a. In this paper, both sides of the LCL filters are used for removing the DC ripple current, reducing the noise and synchronous the output phase between inverter and the utility grid. The PWM controller has created pulse signal to control the inverter, electronic switches and precisely synchronise with grid line frequency. In this system, the input DC voltage 500V, switching frequency 1.65 kHz, grid frequency 50Hz, 20 km feeder (resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length, which are 0.1153, 1.05e-3 and 11.33e-09 ohms/km) with 30MW three phase load (active and inductive reactive power which are 30e6 W and 2e6 var) and also a balanced utility grid load of star configuration (00, 1200, and 2400 degree) are considered in the design. On the other hand, three phase transformer consists of three signal phase transformers, normal power 100e3, magnetization resistance and inductance which are 500 pu and 416.67pu are considered in this design. The system conversion efficiency is 99.94% and 99.96%, while the total THD are 0.06% on inverter side and 0.04% on grid side.
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Angga Juliantara, Putu, I. Wayan Arta Wijaya, and Cok Gede Indra Partha. "Rancang Bangun Kapasitor Bank Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P Untuk Perbaikan Faktor Daya." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i01.p23.
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Inductive load with low power factor has led to the greater load current so that it is required a power factor improvement. Improvement of power factor in inductive load can be carried out by installing capacitor according to required proportion. Installation of capacitors can be used in parallel or series to electric source.The method of making design is divided into two parts, namely, the first is the designing of hardware and the second is the designing of the software. The designing of hardware consists of designing the power supply circuit, driver relay circuit, LCD circuit, minimum system circuit of ATmega 328P, capacitor bank circuit, current sensor circuit and voltage sensor circuit. The sensors used in this study were a non-invasive type SCT013-010 current sensor and a voltage sensor of a 500 mA type zero transformer. The design of software was in the form of work program tools that use the application of Arduino IDE. LCD displays the readout values of voltage, load current, active power, apparent power, reactive power and power factor. The ATmega 328P microcontroller processes data and determines the working relay so that the purpose of power factor value by cos phi ? 0.85 is achieved. The results achieved in this research is the design of automatic bank capacitor based on microcontroller of ATmega 328P can improve power factor by conducting injection capacitor to raise the power factor value according to PLN standard by cos phi ? 0.85 by connecting capacitor to the source of PLN paralleled by a single phase inductive load.
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Qu, Xiaohui, Yanyan Jing, Hongdou Han, Siu-Chung Wong, and Chi K. Tse. "Higher Order Compensation for Inductive-Power-Transfer Converters With Constant-Voltage or Constant-Current Output Combating Transformer Parameter Constraints." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32, no. 1 (January 2017): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2016.2535376.
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Kaczmarek, M. "Secondary current distortion of inductive current transformer in conditions of dips and interruptions of voltage in the power line." Electric Power Systems Research 137 (August 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.03.043.
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Styslo, Bohdan, Roman Zaitsev, Kseniia Minakova, Mykhailo Kirichenko, and Oleksandr Eresko. "ANALYSIS OF BATTERIES ACTIVE BALANCE SCHEMES EFFICIENCY." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 2(8) (June 15, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.02.06.
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The paper reviews the existing circuit solutions of devices for balancing electric batteries. The balancing principle on the basis of capacitive and inductive buffer elements has been described. It was shown the features of their work and the basic calculations for each device type. For circuits with transformer topology, the calculated values for determining the balancing current are indicated. Based on the circuit solutions analysis, the efficiency of using solutions based on inductive buffer elements is numerically determined and proved. Powerful batteries for power supply systems are used in the form of stacks, consisting of a series-parallel connection of single cells. During their operation, there is a problem of uneven discharge or charge, to compensate which it is necessary to make voltage levels balancing in the stack batteries. For safely using electrochemical batteries the using of specialized balancing devices is required. The most efficient, from an energy point of view, are active balancing systems. The analysis of the mathematical model of two types (capacitive and inductive) buffer elements operation allowed to give a qualitative assessment of their efficiency. The first, in comparison with inductive - not only have worse energy characteristics, but also do not allow to perform "scaling" of the device without significant complication of the control system. The current amplitude value in circuits with a capacitive buffer element is limited only by the internal parasitic resistances of the circuit elements, therefore, with a relatively large value of imbalance, in circuit elements (including batteries) takes place a significant energy loss in the form of heat which negatively effects on rechargeable battery parameters. The current amplitude value in the circuit based on inductive buffer elements is limited by the inductance value. It can be calculated at the device design stage. In addition, providing the control system with intermittent converter operation allows to reduce switching losses in the circuit power switches and increases the overall operation efficiency. With a large number of batteries (more than three) should be preferred transformer balancing systems, as a special case of inductive topology.
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Bao, Guanghai, Xiaoqing Gao, Run Jiang, and Kai Huang. "A Novel Differential High-Frequency Current Transformer Sensor for Series Arc Fault Detection." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173649.
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Fault arc detection is an important technology to ensure the safe operation of electrical equipment and prevent electrical fires. The high-frequency noise of the arc current is one of the typical arc characteristics of almost all loads. In order to accurately detect arc faults in a low-voltage alternating-current (AC) system, a novel differential high-frequency current transformer (D-HFCT) sensor for collecting high-frequency arc currents was proposed. The sensitivity and frequency band of the designed sensor were verified to ensure that the acquisition requirements of the high-frequency current were satisfied. A series arc fault simulation experiment system was built, and resistive, inductive, and non-linear load and high-power shielding load experiments were carried out. Experiments showed that the sensor output signal was close to zero in the non-arc state, and the sensor output response was a high-frequency glitch in the arc state. The results were consistent for different loads, and the discrimination between normal and fault states was obvious, which proved that the sensor is suitable for series arc fault detection.
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Alam, Md, Saad Mekhilef, Hussain Bassi, and Muhyaddin Rawa. "Analysis of LC-LC2 Compensated Inductive Power Transfer for High Efficiency and Load Independent Voltage Gain." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112883.
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A novel LC-LC2 compensated resonant converter topology with high efficiency and good controllable voltage gain is presented in this paper. An additional receiving side inductor working together with the receiving coil has the contribution to work with a large range of air gap distance. Due to this property, proposed compensation technique is effective for IPT based EV charging application. Voltage gain with independent of load and input impedance having ZPA of the proposed resonant converter are observed by the frequency domain analysis. On the other hand, time domain analysis gives the circuit operation. A 500 W LC-LC2 compensated resonant converter prototype is built to testify the theoretical analysis. To observe the efficiency-comparison, an S-SP compensated resonant converter with a similar amount of output power under different air gap is also presented. In order to justify the effectiveness, the proposed compensation method is verified by the laboratory results. The highest efficiency of the proposed compensated resonant converter is 93% with output power of 500 W at 140-mm air gap between the two sides of the IPT (inductive power transfer) transformer.
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Moradewicz, A., and M. Kazmierkowski. "High efficiency contactless energy transfer system with power electronic resonant converter." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-010-0141-0.
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High efficiency contactless energy transfer system with power electronic resonant converterA novel Inductive Contactless Energy Transfer (ICET) system is presented in this paper. The energy is transferred using a rotatable air gap transformer and a power electronic converter. To minimize total losses of the system a series resonant circuit is applied, assuring zero current switching condition for IGBT power transistors. The analytical expression of the transfer dc voltage gain is given and discussed. The developed ICET system is characterized by high efficiency and fast FPGA based controller and protection system. The resonant frequency is adjusted by extreme regulator which follows instantaneous value of primary peak current. Simulated and experimental results which verify and illustrate operation of developed 3 kW laboratory model are presented.
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El-Bayeh, Claude Ziad, Khaled Alzaareer, Brahim Brahmi, and Mohamed Zellagui. "A Novel Algorithm for Controlling Active and Reactive Power Flows of Electric Vehicles in Buildings and Its Impact on the Distribution Network." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11020043.
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In the literature, many optimization algorithms were developed to control electrical loads, especially Electric Vehicles (EVs) in buildings. Despite the success of the existing algorithms in improving the power profile of charging EVs and reducing the total electricity bill of the end-users, these algorithms didn’t show significant contribution in improving the voltage profile on the network, especially with the existence of highly inductive loads. The control of the active power may not be sufficient to regulate the voltage, even if sophisticated optimization algorithms and control strategies are used. To fill the gap in the literature, we propose a new algorithm that is able to control both the active and reactive power flows using electric vehicles in buildings and homes. The algorithm is composed of two parts; the first part uses optimization to control the active power and minimize the electricity bill, while the second part controls the reactive power using the bidirectional converter in the EV in a way that the voltage profile on the distribution transformer respects its limits. The new approach is validated through a comparative study of four different scenarios, (i) without EV, (ii) with EV using uncoordinated charging, (iii) with EV using coordinated charging, (iv) with EV using our proposed algorithm. Results show that our algorithm has maintained the voltage within the recommended limits, and it has minimized the peak load, the electricity cost, and the techno-economic losses on the network.
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Elwalaty, Moustapha, Mohamed Jemli, and Hechmi Ben Azza. "Modeling, Analysis, and Implementation of Series-Series Compensated Inductive Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) System for an Electric Vehicle." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (January 24, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9561523.
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This paper focuses on the modeling and implementation of an Electric Vehicle (EV) wireless charging system based on inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technique where electrical energy can be wirelessly transferred from source to vehicle battery. In fact, the wireless power transfer (WPT) system can solve the fundamental problems of the electric vehicle, which are the short battery life of the EV due to limited battery storage and the user safety by handling high voltage cables. In addition, this paper gives an equivalent electrical circuit of the DC-DC converter for WPT and comprises some basic components, which include the H-bridge inverter, inductive coupling transformer, filter, and rectifier. The input impedance of ICPT with series-series compensation circuit, their phases, and the power factor are calculated and plotted by using Matlab scripts programming for different air gap values between the transmitter coil and receiver coil. The simulation results indicate that it is important to operate the system in the resonance state to transfer the maximum real power from the source to the load. A mathematical expression of optimal equivalent load resistance, corresponding to a maximal transmission efficiency of a wireless charging system, was demonstrated in detail. Finally, a prototype of a wireless charging system has been constructed for using two rectangular coils. The resonant frequency of the designed system with a 500 × 200 mm transmitter coil and a 200 × 100 mm receiver coil is 10 kHz. By carefully adjusting the circuit parameters, the implementation prototype have been successfully transferred a 100 W load power through 10 cm air gap between the coils.
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Solih, Achmad, and Jamaaluddin Jamaaluddin. "Rancang Bangun Pengaman Panel Distribusi Tenaga Listrik Di Lippo Plaza Sidoarjo Dari Kebakaran Berbasis Arduino Nano." JEEE-U (Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA) 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeee-u.v1i2.1171.
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Panel system power distribution at Lippo Plaza Mall Sidoarjo consists of several parts, namely from Cubicle 20 KV, 20 KV step-down transformer for 380 V, then the supply to LVMDP (Low Voltage Main Distribution Panel) The new panel to the user. Before delivery to users to note that the power factor is corrected using a capacitor bank. Less good a power factor is turned into inductive load on the capacitor bank so that temperatures high because of high load resulting capacitor bank erupt. To overcome in this study proposes a safety panel automation power distribution control system using a microcontroller. Control system microcontrollers for safety panel power distribution consists of: Microcontroller (Arduino Nano), Light sensor (LDR), temperature sensor (LM35DZ), LCD 16x2 I2C, Actuators (fan, buzzer, relay switch breaker network three phase), switch ( relay 5 VDC), ADC as Input data. The working principle of this microcontroller LM35DZ if the sensor detects a high temperature fan will flash, if the LDR sensor detects sparks then the buzzer will sound as a warning sign of the dangers and disconnected the electricity network. From the design of a safety tool for power distribution panels due to high temperatures or sparks as well as the expected rate of fire outbreaks can be prevented.
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Kaczmarek, Michal, and Ernest Stano. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Medium Voltage Inductive Voltage Transformers?" Energies 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154432.
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In this paper the results of the tests of the wideband transformation accuracy of medium voltage (MV) inductive voltage transformers (VTs) in the frequencies range from 50 Hz up to 5 kHz are presented. The values of voltage error and phase displacement for transformation of the harmonics of distorted primary voltages are determined. In the case of a typical 50 Hz-type inductive VT with a rated primary voltage equal to (15/√3) kV and (20/√3) kV manufactured by an international company the limiting values of the accuracy classes extension for quality metering required by the standard IEC 61869-6 for the Low Power Instrument Transformers (LPIT) were not exceeded. While, in the same test other MV inductive VTs show poor accuracy and even resonance at multiple frequencies. Unfortunately, this problem also arises from nonlinearity of the magnetization characteristic of their magnetic core. Therefore, for transformation of the sinusoidal voltage in the secondary voltage significant but not easily detectable values of the low order higher harmonics are present. Moreover, for transformation of harmonics of distorted primary voltage the influence of connected capacitance on the obtained values of voltage error and phase displacement was tested.
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Bykovskaya, Lyudmila V., and Viktor V. Bykovskiyi. "ON APPLICATION OF AMORPHOUS STEELS IN THE MAGNETIC CIRCUITS OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2020-3-58-66.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of studying the influence of amorphous steels on the antiresonance properties of voltage transformers. The authors developed a mathematical model of a voltage transformer with a magnetic circuit using amorphous steels based on the system of nonlinear differential equations with approximation of the magnetization curve of steel by a hyperbolic expression. The model was applied to the calculation of a voltage transformer with different brands of amorphous alloys. The model of the anti-resonance voltage transformer based on the finite element method and created with the help of the FEMM PC was used to verify the obtained results which made it possible to obtain a graphical representation of magnetic induction distribution in the voltage transformer magnetic circuit.