Journal articles: 'Indus Civilization'

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Kumar, Suneel, Muhammad Ali, and Pasand Ali Khoso. "Emergence and Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(v-ii).02.

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Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world dating back to 7000BCE. The explored sites of the civilization span present day Pakistan and India. The following paper explore the Indus Valley Civilization through the sites in Pakistan. The paper highlights feature of various stages of the Indus Valley, for example, Early Food Producing Era (7000-4000 BCE), Regionalization Era – Early Harappan Era (4000-2600 BCE), Integration Era (Early Harappan Phase) (2600 – 1900), Localization Era (Late Harappan Phase) (1900 – 1300), and Indus Valley from 1300 BCE to Present. In doing so, the paper discusses the geography, environment, material culture, subsistence patterns, political and social organization of each era. Finally, it explores the various theories of decline of Indus Valley Civilization, drawing on various sources. In the conclusion, the paper provides recommendations for future focus on the archaeological sites in Pakistan enhance our understanding of the civilizations.

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Jun. "Historical Review of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan Civilization in Pakistan." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i2.185.

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The ancient Indus civilization, also known as Harappan civilization is famous for the ruins of two ancient cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which remained unknown for thousands of years due to little written record in human history. It was not in the 1820s, when archaeologists excavated a large number of stone tools, bronzes, seals and agricultural remains in the two cities, that the world began to learn about the secret of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan civilization. The total number of Harappan civilization sites may be as many as 2,000, but most of them are still buried underground, awaiting further excavation. Nearly 200 sites have been excavated or are being excavated, ranging from ancient couple tombs to ancient city ruins. Mohenjo-Daro, which means "hill of death" in the local language, is an ancient city of the civilization of the Indus valley located on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It was built around 2500 BC and was abandoned in 1900 BC. In the sites of both cities, archaeologists discovered the advanced scientific and technological achievements of the ancient Indus civilization, but they were puzzled by the loss of the civilization. This paper starts with the introduction of the ancient Indus civilization before moves to the discovery process of Harappa and Mohendaro. Literature review on the studies on Harappa and Mohenjodaro is presented with a brief analysis in the end. After giving an outline of the civilization, the paper tries to solve the mystery of the loss of civilization, but so far no agreed understanding of the cause has been reached. By reviewing the civilizations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the paper presents to readers the ancient civilizations of Pakistan and enhance their understanding of human science, technology and culture in ancient times.

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Ahmad, Khalil. "GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORIC, POLITICAL, RIPARIAN, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LEAD TO PAKISTAN AS A LAND OF PENTA MESOPOTAMIA." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 01 (March 31, 2022): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.656.

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The research aims to investigate Pakistan’s geographic, historic, political, riparian, and socio-economic factors that lead to Pakistan as a Land of Penta Mesopotamia. Pakistan is situated in South Asia along the coast of Arabian Sea, bordering Afghanistan in west, China in north, Iran in southwest, Arabian Sea in South and Hindustan (India) lies in the east. Historically, the land of Pakistan has been the host of Neolithic period’s South Asian multi Indus valley civilization (IVC) that includes Gandhara, Harappan, Mehrgarh, Mohenjo-Daro, Takht-i-Bahi and Texila civilizations that emerged during 3,300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Muslim Civilizations emerged from 712 to 1857 and British colonial culture also developed from 1857-1947 in this area. The Indus valley civilization flourished parallel to the Mesopotamian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization includes the Assyrian and Babylonian Civilization that emerged in Iraq in between the two rivers of Euphrates and Tigris from 3,100 B.C. to 332 B.C. and is referred to the “Cradle of Civilizations”. Since Mesopotamian civilization attracted all the ancient civilizations in West Asia to nourish because of its friendly ecological environments, fertile land and rich alluvium soils. Pakistan’s geography also attracted the Indus valley civilizations that emerged in the confluence of seven perennial rivers i.e. Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers, credited as the “Cradle of South Asian Indus valley Civilizations”. Pakistan’s strategic location in the region, her favorable ecosystem for biodiversity, favorable multi seasons, fertile land, friendly ecological conditions, rich agricultural environment, rich alluvium soils, strategic multiple riparian potentials that originate from Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush mountain ranges, remained lucrative for South Asian Indus valley civilizations. Pakistan’s geography also remained very attractive to the sub regions of Asia i.e. Central, South and West Asia because it has provided and has been providing the Mesopotamians agrarian transit economy to landlocked countries of Afghanistan and Central Asian States from the shortest possible sea route of Arabian Sea and visa-vi to oil rich states of Middle East via China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Mesopotamian’s cultural, ecological, geographic, historic, riparian, socio-economic, socio-political equilibrium and similar factors are founded in the Indus valley civilizations that erect the sufficient evidence to prove that “Pakistan is a Land of Penta Mesopotamia”. Keywords: Civilizations, Confluence, Fertile land, Mesopotamia, Riparian potentials.

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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.

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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.

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Shinde, Vasant. "Padri and the Indus civilization." South Asian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1992.9628444.

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Singh, Abhijeet. "THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION: GLOBALIZATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ANCIENT WORLD." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (26) (2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-4-011-019.

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The South Asian civilization or the Indus Valley civilization, as it is more commonly known, is as old as antiquity itself. The permanent character of settlements is one of the defining features of this civilization. The maritime trade during the Indus Valley civilization was developed and it was well connected to Egypt, Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) and China. The Indus Valley сivilization was the first foray of the South Asian region into the international maritime trade and cultural diffusion with other parts of the world having a civilization. The amount of cultural, economic and social exchange and interaction can be ascertained from the archeological finds and it shows the intermingling and cross cultural influence among the then known and developed world.

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Akhter, Dr Naseem. "Analytical Study of the Socio- Religious Condition of Early Ancient Egyptian Civilization." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/arjish.v5.3(21)e5.47-54.

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This paper is primarily deals and highlights the main characteristics of the Egyptian civilization which is considered the mother civilizations of the world. The world has been making progress for thousands of years and the people became gradually civilized. We found few major civilizations of the world. Among them Egyptian Civilization is one of them which considered the most historic and early civilization as compared to its contemporary civilizations i.e. Mesopotamian, Indus and Chinese civilizations of the world. Although it’s a common perception about the people of ancient time that they were savages and had no sense of life. But when we observe them they looked very elegant people who introduced the different socio-political concepts regarding way of life, education, living, philosophy, socio-cultural norms along with religious traditions and political thoughts. In this context we look the ancient Egyptian civilization as cradle of civilizations of the world which consequently given a birth to other civilizations. It was the influence of this civilization which created the opportunities of trade, harmony and mutual cooperation among the people. This research paper is an attempt to explore the prominent feature of the ancient Egyptian civilization and how this civilization nourished.

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Sergiev, V. P., and V. V. Kutyrev. "Cholera and the Death of the Ancient Indus Civilization." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 12, 2023): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-95-100.

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The paper presents a hypothesis that the most probable cause of death of the ancient world Indus (Harappa) civilization was the epidemic of Asiatic cholera. A brief description of the Indus civilization that existed for two millennia (3300–1300 BC) is given. It is shown that the previously described factors for the decline of the thriving Indus civilization (climate change, shallowing of the Indus river and reduction in floods, catastrophic floods, drought, economic crisis, etc.) do not provide a consistent and comprehensive explanation of the causes of its death. Meanwhile, the natural environment and peculiarities of agriculture of the Indus civilization (annual floods affecting not only fields, but also sewage systems) created ideal conditions for the spread of water-borne cholera. The evolution of the Asiatic cholera agent is discussed. The results of paleogenomics study of this pathogen and their significance for the reconstruction of evolutionary events are briefly reviewed. The stages of evolution of Vibrio cholerae of the classical biovar are described, and possible mechanisms for the preservation of the pathogen during inter-epidemic period are considered. It is demonstrated that aside from cholera, other catastrophic, destructive epidemics are recorded in the history of mankind.

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Robinson, Andrew. "Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script." Nature 526, no. 7574 (October 2015): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/526499a.

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10

Possehl, Gregory L. "The transformation of the Indus Civilization." Journal of World Prehistory 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 425–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02220556.

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Kumar, Vinod. "Hindu Temple Architecture in India." Studies in Art and Architecture 3, no. 1 (March 2024): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/saa.2024.03.04.

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Religious edifices in India seems to have developed during the urban phase of Indus Sarasvati or Harappan civilization (3200-2600 BCE) and continuing afterwards, till the sixth century CE. The certain concepts of Gods and human beings have led to the emergence of temple as an architectural body. The relationship of Indus valley’s people with the God or gods can be surmised in conformity with the antiquarian remains discovered in archaeological excavations conducted at the sites of Indus Sarasvati Civilization during the several last decades.

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Jayshwal, Vijay Prasad, and Seema Kumari Shah. "Narratives of ‘Common Civilization’ of South Asia: Tracing the Origin of Shared Values and Culture." Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2023.08.01.11.

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South Asia is a constructed concept. Although South Asian countries choose to function within the paradigm of independent statehood, they are undergoing overlapping developments rooted in the distant and recent colonial past. This paper reflects on the notion that South Asia has a common past. In this context, the civilizational politics of India is addressed and the discourse on civilization is unwrapped to understand its contemporary and historical perspectives. The study of South Asian history constructs that Indus valley civilization presents a common ground for cultural and civilizational associations of South Asian countries. To understand the changing form of Indian civilization over the period of time, this paper examines four variants of Indian civilization: Orientalist, Anglicist, liberal nationalist, and Hindu nationalist variants. In this discussion, the perception of Tagore and Gandhi on nationalism is considered, and discourse on civilization between Asian thinkers like Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Western thinkers like Samuel P. Huntington are provided to understand the historical underpinning of Indian civilization.

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M, Rajentran, and Silllalee K. "An Introduction to the Indus Valley Civilization." Journal of Indian Studies 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jis.vol12no1.1.

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Smith, Monica L. "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (review)." Asian Perspectives 45, no. 2 (2006): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2006.0027.

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Weber, Steve, and Arunima Kashyap. "The vanishing millets of the Indus civilization." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-013-0143-6.

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Allchin, F. R. "An Indus Ram: A Hitherto Unreported Stone Sculpture from the Indus Civilization." South Asian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1992.9628443.

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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.

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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.

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Rind, Ayaz Ahmad, Hafiz Muhammad Fiaz, and Dr Sohail Akhtar. "Historical analysis of the Socio-Cultural Significance of the Saraiki Region Multan during Sultanate of Delhi Period." International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjmss.v2.2(21)1.1-11.

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Multan is considered one of the important historical cities of the Saraiki region through ages. The city is alive from thousands of years from and a major part of Indus civilization. The socio-cultural position od Multan recognized the most prominent during the Sultanate period of Delhi. Although it has seen many ups and downs and faced various governments. It also remained as a cradle of civilizations which had been grown in this area and Multan remained as the center of all these civilizations. It remained an important trade center between Harrpa and Mohenjo-Daro in the past. The mighty Indus civilization had been also great linkage with Multan. Multan remained important area from initial era to till Muslim invasion in Sindh. During the 1st Muslim Turkish rule in northern India Multan was occupied by Mehmmod of Ghazna and later it was an important part of Sultanate of Delhi. Several major dynasties and families govern at Multan. With political role Multan also has important socio-cultural importance during through ages. During ancient time it was also called as BAIT-UL-ZAHAB the house of gold due wealthy city. This research paper highlights the socio-cultural and political significance of Saraiki region Multan during the Sultanate period 1206-1526.

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Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. "Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization." American Anthropologist 102, no. 2 (June 2000): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2000.102.2.365.

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Dutt, Som, Anil K. Gupta, Manjeet Singh, Sonu Jaglan, P. Saravanan, P. Balachandiran, and Amar Singh. "Climate variability and evolution of the Indus civilization." Quaternary International 507 (February 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.012.

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Weber, Steven. "Seeds of urbanism: palaeoethnobotany and the Indus Civilization." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (December 1999): 813–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065558.

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Palaeoethnobotanical evidence reveals that there was increasing emphasis on greater varieties of species and cropping practices in the changing subsistence of the Indus civilization: agricultural intensification is discussed in relation to social and environmental changes.

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Raghavan, Maanasa, Hannes Schroeder, and Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas. "An Ancient Genome from the Indus Valley Civilization." Cell 179, no. 3 (October 2019): 586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.027.

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Lakho, Nawab Ali, Muhammad Auchar Zardari, and Ashfaq Ahmed Pathan. "Effect of Age and Environment on Strength of Old Baked Clay Bricks of Indus Valley Civilization." July 2016 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1603.13.

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This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.

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Iqra Ashraf, Attiya Khanum, and Sohail Akhtar. "An Analytical Study of the Mesopotamian Civilization." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.112.

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One of the most ancient myths is that the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the abomination of civilization and nature, numerous wars, the number of love stories and legends that carry the world which is the holiest sea are among the places where it is located. Like the other contemporary civilizations i.e. Egypt in west and Indus in east the Mesopotamian civilization is also considered one of the important ancient civilizations of the world Tigris and Euphrates. The civilization remained as center of socio-political activities. Egypt is a safe haven for little to no war?The Egyptians deny that, contrary to a lush interest, the attack will take center stage. Different ethnic groups often experience key combat battles. Thousands of years ago, the two rivers opened to show that people who are interested in the history of fertility are a sign of life on the other side of the rivers. There are two different seas of origin, the center of which is the genus Alma, Assyria, Babylon, Samir, Akkad, and other notable tribes of Egypt. Tigris and Euphrates

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Saini, Sujata, Hiroki Shibata, and Yasufumi Takama. "Construction of Handwritten Indus Signs Dataset Employing Social Approach." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 28, no. 1 (January 20, 2024): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2024.p0122.

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This paper constructs a dataset of handwritten Indus signs employing a social approach. A writing system called the Indus script was created in the Indus civilization. It has been decoded numerous times throughout the years, but it has not yet been fully deciphered. Due to a lack of information and the scarcity of evidence, the mystery of the Indus signs has not yet been fully solved. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for huge datasets in order to use cutting-edge machine learning techniques. Considering the restricted availability of images of authentic Indus signs, this paper proposes creating an Indus signs dataset by asking participants to draw the Indus signs while referring to the image of the original Indus signs. A web application was developed and used to collect the 44 participants’ handwritten images of ten Indus signs. To show the availability of the constructed dataset, it is used to train convolutional neural networks. The experimental result demonstrates that the model can classify the images of original Indus script with 70% accuracy.

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Kurmi, Dr Manoj Kumar. "RELEVANCE OF HARAPPAN GEMS IN PRESENT ASTROLOGICAL CONTEXT." VESTIGIA INDICA: BSSS Journal of History & Archaeology 01, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jha0103.

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This paper examines the relevance of Harappan gems in the present astrological context. The Harappan Civilization, the first urban civilization in the Indian subcontinent, thrived in the Indus and Saraswati basin and is also known as the Indus-Saraswati Civilization. More than seventy Harappan sites have been excavated in India since its discovery in 1922, revealing abundant semiprecious stones, artifacts, and other archaeological remains. The Harappan traders brought exotic raw materials to the city workshops, where skilled artisans crafted ornaments and tools for both common people and the elites. These gems are rare, smooth, hard, beautiful, and natural, holding astrological significance. There are a total of eighty-four varieties of precious and semi-precious stones, with nine being precious stones (Navratna) and the rest categorized as semi-precious stones (Upratna). This paper explores the historical and cultural importance of Harappan gems and their continued significance in astrology today

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R, Kaladevi, Revathi A, and Manju A. "Analyzing the Evolution of Modern Tamil Script for Natural Language Processing." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 5219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.5219ecst.

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History is essential for understanding the society's former state. It is beneficial to understand people's historical status, culture, and how we view the present. The society benefits from the society's diversified culture and unparalleled civilization. The limited sources available to learn about our history are books, epigraphs, and inscriptions. Only around half of all Indian inscriptions are in Tamil, and only half of those are published. The name India is derived from the Indus River, and the Indus Valley Civilization is the most active and progressive civilization in the ancient world. Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism are four well-known religions that emerged from this culture. Epigraphs are the most reliable source of information about ancient India's life, culture, religion, and politics. This study examines the evolution of India's many scripts and languages. Discovering the incremental changes in scripts and languages that demonstrate the linguistic relationship between distinct populations is critical. Natural language processing benefits from knowledge of numerous scripts, languages, and techniques for letter recognition.

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Ghoshal, Anubha. "System of weights and measurements in indus-sarasvati civilization." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 9 (2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01027.7.

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Sinopoli, Carla M. "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Gregory L. Possehl." Journal of Anthropological Research 60, no. 1 (April 2004): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.60.1.3631018.

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GOOD, I. L., J. M. KENOYER, and R. H. MEADOW. "NEW EVIDENCE FOR EARLY SILK IN THE INDUS CIVILIZATION." Archaeometry 51, no. 3 (June 2009): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x.

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Sengupta, Shamashis. "Fish Symbolism in Indus Valley Epigraphy and Protohistoric Accounts." Studia Orientalia Electronica 11, no. 1 (November 18, 2023): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.110917.

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The contribution of the Indus Valley civilization to the historic cultures of South Asia is a matter of debate due to a discontinuity in material culture, from the time of its decline to the reappearance of urbanization several centuries later. Progress in the epigraphy of the Indus Valley has been hindered by the absence of a bilingual inscription and the brevity of its texts. One of the most frequent signs encountered in its undeciphered writing system is the pictogram of ‘fish’. On a few seal inscriptions, this sign appears alone, suggesting that it represented a meaningful word or a name. It is noteworthy that Indian literature of later centuries recounts a protohistoric kingdom named Matsya in the vicinity of the Indus Valley sites, as matsya is the Sanskrit word for ‘fish’ and a divinity in the form of a fish is celebrated in the Indian version of the flood myth. An analysis of these narratives is presented in this paper, revealing the possibility of an association with the Indus Valley civilization of the more distant past. These observations indicate that fish symbolism may have occupied a place of prominence in Indus culture from political and religious perspectives. The Matsya territory mentioned in Vedic and epic literature is discussed in light of the chalcolithic cultures of Rajasthan, and it is suggested that this region witnessed successive waves of migration of different cultural groups due to its economic importance related to the exploitation of copper reserves.

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Yasin, Shabana, and Gull-i. Hina. "WOMEN'S EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA IN THE LIGHT OF HINDU SCRIPTURES AND SCHOLARS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 02 (June 30, 2023): 718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1155.

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India has been the cradle of the ancient civilizations of the world, such as the Indus Valley civilization and the Gandhara civilization. No civilization develops and flourishes without the arts, crafts, and sciences, Nor the development of any civilization can be imagined without the vital role of women. women in ancient Indian society were not allowed to receive education. This misconception not only existed in the past but also persists today. While the Hindu scriptures, old writings and Books on Hinduism spotlight this concept that women in ancient Indian society were not only well-educated but also an important segment of society. They have the right to receive education in all fields of knowledge. Women in ancient Indian society showed their talent in different positions. As religious scholars, Preachers, teachers, Philosophers doctors, artists and in many capacities, women played positive and useful roles in society. Women in the static and traditional society of ancient India were successful in gaining respectable and honourable positions. This opportunity was not confined to the women of the upper class, women belonging to other classes had equal rights and chances to receive all kinds of education. Keywords: Education, India, Women, Vedas, Hindu society.

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Bukharin, Mikhail. "Soviet Atlantis: the Harappan Civilization in Soviet Oriental Studies in the 1920s and 1950s (to the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization)." ISTORIYA 14, no. 2 (124) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024493-1.

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In the 1920s, intensive excavations were carried out in the Indus Valley. The formed the foundation for the study of the Harappan (Indus Valley) civilization. Information about the progress of the work also reached the USSR, but for a long time Soviet orientalists could only state the importance of excavations, unable to independently interpret their results. In the late 1930s, interest in the fate of the Harappan civilization in Soviet science increased sharply due to the aggressive policy of Germany. Soviet orientalists saw certain parallels between the actions of Germany and the Aryans, who invaded India and destroyed the Dravidian culture of Harappa in the eyes of Soviet orientalists. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR allocated funds for the purchase of three articles by the Czechoslovak scientist B. Hrozny, with description of decipherment of Harappan inscriptions. This decipherment would provide the key to understanding the sense of the inscriptions and postulating “correct” conclusions. World Oriental studies did not accept the conclusions of B. Hrozny, but in the USSR his work found active support. It was the active introduction into the scientific circulation of these excavations in the Indus Valley that led to the final inclusion of India and China in the sphere of research on the history of the Ancient Orient. Interest in the conclusions of Hrozny was largely fueled by the independence of India (1947) and the proclamation of the republic (1950). In this regard, V. V. Struve is making a decisive attempt, based on the secondary interpretation of the excavations’ data of J. Marshall and E. Mackay, as well as a critical analysis of B. Hrozny’s approach to decipherment of Harappan inscriptions, to reconstruct the social type of the Harappan civilization, equalizing it typologically with the already known societies of the Ancient Orient. Struve’s conclusions are not based on the interpretation of the sources themselves, but on typological comparisons, that is, on conclusions made earlier about civilizations of the Middle East on the basis of the “correct” — class — approach, which in themselves were largely erroneous. By the mid-1950s the rhetoric of works on the history of the Harappan civilization is significantly softened. The main driver of interest in Soviet oriental studies of the 1920s — 1950s to the history of the Harappan civilization were changes in the situation in the world before and after World War II. Soviet orientalists created their own Harappa as an ideal ancient society, associating it in certain aspects with the USSR.

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Akhtar, Muhammad, and Muhammad Mumtaz Khan. "Class Conflict in Siraiki Waseeb Before Islam." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i2.156.

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The history of class conflict in Siraiki Waseeb is as old as the Indus Valley Civilization. The history of Indus Valley is interpreted as a conflict of invading nations. The Siraiki Waseeb can be called the center of the valley. The class system of the Siraiki Waseeb is influenced by the arrival of various nations. The ancient Australoid tribes, the Dravidians and the Aryans had a profound effect on the civilization here. This division is wrapped not only in economic but also in the social cloak of religion. Along with the division of rich and poor, the system of division between pure and impure, masters and slaves, feudal, landlord and ‘kammi’ has sustained itself parallel to the caste system. The roots of the class system are still embedded in the Waseeb. These class factors have been analyzed in the article under discussion.

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Khan, Saifullah, Nese Yilmaz, Mohammad Valipour, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Hydro-Technologies of Mehrgarh, Baluchistan and Indus Valley Civilizations, Punjab, Pakistan (ca. 7000–1500 BC)." Water 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202813.

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Weather and climate have been participating in an imperative function in both the expansion and crumple of mankind civilizations diagonally across the globe ever since the prehistoric eras. The Neolithic Mehrgarh (ca. 7000–2500 BC) and Balochistan and Indus Valley civilizations (ca. 2500–1500 BC), in Sindh Province in Pakistan, have been the spotlight of explorations to historians, anthropologists, and archeologists in terms of their origin, development, and collapse. However, very rare consideration has been given previously to the role of weather and climate, sanitation, and wastewater technologies in highlighting the lessons of these formerly well-developed ancient metropolitan civilizations. This study presents an existing climate of the archaeological sites, sanitation, and wastewater technologies to recognize the different elements that influenced the evolution of the civilization mystery. In addition, it is recommended that the weather and climate conditions in southwest Asia were the foremost controlling element in resolving the destiny of the Indus and Mehrgarh civilizations. Furthermore, the rural tradition was mostly adapted by the increasing rate of western depressions (winter rains), as well as monsoon precipitation in the region. The factors that affected the climate of both civilizations with the passage of time might be population growth, resource conflicts, technological advancement, industrial revolution, Aryan invasion, deforestation, migration, disasters, and sociocultural advancement. The communities residing in both civilizations had well developed agriculture, sanitation, water management, wells, baths, toilets, dockyards, and waterlogging systems and were the master of the water art.

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K, Prasanna. "Diet of Indus Civilization: Reinterpretations from Multi–Site Stable Isotopic Mortuary Analysis." Journal of Palaeosciences 72, no. 1 (July 14, 2023): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2023.1855.

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Several insights on the identification and mobility of the Indus Civilization were provided by previous researchers based on the results limited towards archaeological context. In this study, several such published data of Mortuary samples from the major urban centre of Harappa, the eastern frontier town of Farmana, and the post–urban necropolis at Sanauli are re–evaluated in context with the modern dental samples. The results are compared to the compositional signatures found within teeth from modern humans from the USA, East Asia, Mexico and Bulgaria, which is expected to show variance in their isotopic signature depending upon regional level precipitation and diet. The results from δ18O signatures from the Indus Valley point towards dependence on riverine water for drinking.

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Erdberg, Eleanor von. "The Indus-Valley Civilization. Rediscovery of an Early Advanced Culture." Philosophy and History 21, no. 1 (1988): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist198821155.

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Humes, Cynthia Ann. "Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology." Numen 59, no. 2-3 (2012): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852712x630770.

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AbstractThis essay elucidates ideologically-inspired interpretations of the South Asian archeological record, particularly by those calledHindutvādins, and those who write about (and against) them. I first survey briefly the chief points in the history of archaeology in examining the Indus Valley Civilization. Next, I describe some of the major controversies that reflect claims of Hindutva pseudoarchaeology in the South Asian context. Throughout, I illustrate the increasingly virulent interactions between Hindutva proponents, indigenist theorists, and academic interpreters, and what these debates foretell of the future of Indus Valley studies.

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Vijay Jayswal and Ashna Gargi. "To Analysis the Impact of Flood on Communities Belong to Various Socio-economic Background in the Highly Vulnerable Regions Along with the Yamuna Catchment Area, New Delhi." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, no. 10 (May 31, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/kr.v1i10.79.

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Disasters are old-age concerns of the human race. Hazards are the product of natural cycles and physical adjustments of nature to maintain equilibrium. In the course of development, Humans invited disasters through reckless, unplanned, unmindful settlements. They continuously ignored the signs of nature and today reached at the stage that no corner of the earth is safe from disasters. Among, all kinds of disasters, Flood is the most important type of natural disaster. Almost all human civilizations developed around rivers, such as the great Indus Valley Civilization that flourished and perished along the banks of the Indus River. Floods engulfed many great human settlements in seconds and erased many great lands from the world map. Rivers are carried endless opportunities embracing huge resources enough to thrive a large population for years but at the same time, their nature is random, flickering, and devastating when caused disturbance either by nature or humans. The purpose of the current research paper is to understand the impact of the flood on various socio-economic sections of society in Delhi.

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Ishfaq Ahmad Mir. "INDIA'S CULTURAL RELATIONSHIP WITH ASIAN NATIONS." International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, no. 2 (March 12, 2023): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i2.731.

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The social customs and technological advancements that have their roots in or are connected to the ethno linguistically heterogeneous country of India are known as Indian culture. The phrase also refers to nations and cultures outside of India whose histories have ties to India via immigration, colonialism, or other forms of influence, notably in South Asia and South-East Asia. An important chapter in the history of India is the spread of Indian culture and civilization to other regions of Asia. Indian trade relations with other nations date back many centuries. The spread of Indian languages, religions, arts, and architectural styles, as well as Indian philosophy, beliefs, and practices, was an inevitable outcome of this. In certain regions of Southeast Asia, Hindu kingdoms were even founded mainly through Indian political intrigue. The Indus Valley Civilization and other early cultural regions were influential in shaping Indian culture, which is sometimes described as a synthesis of various civilizations.

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Alam, U., P. Sahota, and P. Jeffrey. "Irrigation in the Indus basin: A history of unsustainability?" Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.024.

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The Indus basin civilization (3000–1500 BC) is thought to have collapsed due to the Indus river shifting its course, and unchecked salinization of the irrigated land. Though modern irrigation practices in the Indus basin do not have to worry about the river shifting its course, a priority concern should be the basin's salt profile. Despite attempts to deal with the problem since the 1960 s, the net result is still an increasing salt balance which threatens the system's sustainability. This paper explores what it means to manage risk, and then applies these insights to a narrative history of the Indus basin. Particular focus is placed on the basin's current management since it will shape how irrigation is managed in the future. A key lesson to derive is that given the short-term nature of decision-making in the basin, any significant change has to address the political reality whereby politicians exert influence over water allocations in order to safeguard their political lives.

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Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization." Studies in People's History 2, no. 2 (December 2015): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448915600953.

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Kochhar, N., R. Kochhar, and Dilip K. Chakrabarti. "A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilization." South Asian Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1999): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1999.9628571.

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Wright, Rita P., David L. Lentz, Harriet F. Beaubien, and Christine K. Kimbrough. "New evidence for jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) in the Indus civilization." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4, no. 2 (February 3, 2012): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-012-0088-1.

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Hoffman, Brett C., and Heather M. L. Miller. "Production and Consumption of Copper-base Metals in the Indus Civilization." Journal of World Prehistory 22, no. 3 (September 2009): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-009-9024-4.

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Gohar, Sirat, and Ifqut Shaheen. "Experiencing the past through archaeological fiction: a novel on Mohenjodaro by Ali Baba." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/6.2.2.

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This study focuses on the book entitled “Mohan Jo Daro”, a fictional account (Novel) of the Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization. In Sindhi literature, the novel titled “Mohan Jo Daro” is a literary work representing the ancient Sindhi culture and civilisation. It has been playing a key role in understanding and experiencing the past of Sindh. The Novel was written by a famous Sindhi novelist and short-story writer, Ali Muhammad, popularly known as Ali Baba. It is one of the reasons for the popularity of the Mohenjodaro and Ali Baba among Sindhi-speaking audiences. Being an archaeology fiction book, the Novel plays a key role in making the people experience the past of Sindh (through Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization) in a stylised way. In this research, the Novel has been studied in the framework of science (archaeology) popularisation and “experiencing the past”. The study explores, identifies and brings out the information included in the Novel about Mohenjodaro. The aesthetic context of Ali Baba’s Novel has also been highlighted in this research.

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Satpathy, Chinmayee. "RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE TEMPLES IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND PURI SHRI JAGANNATH TEMPLE IN INDIA: COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW." MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (2022): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/mes.2022.v03i01.15.

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Since ancient times, two ancient civilizations of the world such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Egyptian Civilization though geographically fall apart from one another; they were well connected through the sea routes for maritime trading and cultural exchange as described in the ancient texts and archival records. The maritime trading also resulted in the social and cultural exchange between the two civilizations as well. The article focuses primarily on the striking resemblances observed between the Puri Shri Jagannath temple in India with that of the temples of ancient Egypt in terms of the religious worship of the deities, ritual practices in the temples, arts and architecture, celebration of temple festivals, religious record keeping, the role of king as the first servitor, humanisation of God and daily offering rituals, the concept of the state deity and God-King relationship etc. Though it is very difficult to trace the origin and evolution of the religio-cultural system and ritual practices in the temples of both the regions Odisha in India and ancient Egypt, however this similar system and arrangements might have been originated and evolved at one place at some point in time, might have gradually spread over to the other places in course of time.

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Giesche, Alena, Michael Staubwasser, Cameron A. Petrie, and David A. Hodell. "Indian winter and summer monsoon strength over the 4.2 ka BP event in foraminifer isotope records from the Indus River delta in the Arabian Sea." Climate of the Past 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-73-2019.

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Abstract. The plains of northwest South Asia receive rainfall during both the Indian summer (June–September) and winter (December–March) monsoon. Researchers have long attempted to deconstruct the influence of these precipitation regimes in paleoclimate records, in order to better understand regional climatic drivers and their potential impact on human populations. The mid–late Holocene transition between 5.3 and 3.3 ka is of particular interest in this region because it spans the period of the Indus Civilization from its early development, through its urbanization, and onto eventual transformation into a rural society. An oxygen isotope record of the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber from the northeast Arabian Sea provided evidence for an abrupt decrease in rainfall and reduction in Indus River discharge at 4.2 ka, which the authors linked to the decline in the urban phase of the Indus Civilization (Staubwasser et al., 2003). Given the importance of this study, we used the same core (63KA) to measure the oxygen isotope profiles of two other foraminifer species at decadal resolution over the interval from 5.4 to 3.0 ka and to replicate a larger size fraction of G. ruber than measured previously. By selecting both thermocline-dwelling (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) and shallow-dwelling (Globigerinoides sacculifer) species, we provide enhanced detail of the climatic changes that occurred over this crucial time interval. We found evidence for a period of increased surface water mixing, which we suggest was related to a strengthened winter monsoon with a peak intensity over 200 years from 4.5 to 4.3 ka. The time of greatest change occurred at 4.1 ka when both the summer and winter monsoon weakened, resulting in a reduction in rainfall in the Indus region. The earliest phase of the urban Mature Harappan period coincided with the period of inferred stronger winter monsoon between 4.5 and 4.3 ka, whereas the end of the urbanized phase occurred some time after the decrease in both the summer and winter monsoon strength by 4.1 ka. Our findings provide evidence that the initial growth of large Indus urban centers coincided with increased winter rainfall, whereas the contraction of urbanism and change in subsistence strategies followed a reduction in rainfall of both seasons.

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MATSUI, Saburo, Arata ICHIKAWA, Tetsuya KUSUDA, Tohru MORIOKA, and Takaya HIGUCHI. "Findings of sanitation ideas in the Indus civilization through Mohenjo-daro remains." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 22 (1994): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.22.115.

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Robbins Schug, Gwen, K. Elaine Blevins, Brett Cox, Kelsey Gray, and V. Mushrif-Tripathy. "Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilization." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2013): e84814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084814.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Indus Civilization'

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