Relevant bibliographies by topics / Indus river and valley

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Academic literature on the topic 'Indus river and valley'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Kumar, Anil, and Pradeep Srivastava. "The role of climate and tectonics in aggradation and incision of the Indus River in the Ladakh Himalaya during the late Quaternary." Quaternary Research 87, no. 3 (May 2017): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.19.

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AbstractThe geomorphic evolution of the upper Indus River that traverses across the southwest (SW) edge of Tibet, and the Ladakh and Zanskar ranges, was examined along a ~350-km-long stretch of its reaches. Based on the longitudinal river profile, stream length gradient index, and river/strath terraces, this stretch of the river is divided into four segments. Valley fill river terraces are ubiquitous, and strath terraces occur in the lower reaches where the Indus River cuts through deformed Indus Molasse. Optically stimulated luminescence ages of river/strath terraces suggest that valley aggradation occurred in three pulses, at ~52, ~28, and ~16 ka, and that these broadly coincide with periods of stronger SW Indian summer monsoon. Reconstructed longitudinal river profiles using strath terraces provide an upper limit on the bedrock and provide incision rates ranging from 1.0±0.3 to 2.2±0.9 mm/a. These results suggested that rapid uplift of the western syntaxes aided by uplift along the local faults led to the formation of strath terraces and increased fluvial incision rates along this stretch of the river.
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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.

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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
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Anoop, N. R., S. Babu, S. Bharathidasan, and R. Nagarajan. "Status of raptors in the Moyar River Valley, Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 12317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3054.10.10.12317-12327.

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This study examined the species composition and nest-tree characteristics of diurnal raptors in the tropical forests of Moyar Valley, Western Ghats between December 2012 and March 2013. We recorded 28 species of raptors including three species of vultures. Accipitridae was the dominant family comprising of 25 species followed by two from Falconidae and the monotypic Pandionidae. Among them, eight species fall under various threatened category: three Critically Endangered, one Endangered, two Vulnerable and two Near Threatened. The Critically Endangered Gyps bengalensis was frequently recorded during the survey (175 sightings) followed by Milvus migrans (39 sightings) and Haliastur indus (27 sightings). We located 53 active nests of four species of raptors, viz., Gyps bengalensis (42 nests), Nisaetus cirrhatus (4 nests), Haliastur indus (4 nests), and Milvus migrans (3 nests). A notable difference in the nest-tree characteristics among the sympatric raptors was observed. These results would be important to identify priority areas for developing future conservation and management programs for the long-term conservation of raptorial birds in the Western Ghats.
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Lakho, Nawab Ali, Muhammad Auchar Zardari, and Ashfaq Ahmed Pathan. "Effect of Age and Environment on Strength of Old Baked Clay Bricks of Indus Valley Civilization." July 2016 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1603.13.

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This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.
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Mahessar, A. A., A. L. Qureshi, A. N. Laghari, S. Qureshi, S. F. Shah, and F. A. Shaikh. "Impact of Hairdin, Miro Khan and Shahdad Kot Drainage on Hamal Dhand, Sindh." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (December 22, 2018): 3652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2389.

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Safe drinking water is a basic need. Surface water bodies are the primary source of safe water. Drain water, industries, urban/rural effluents, and waste materials are often disposed into surface water bodies without any treatment. All major water bodies of Sindh province are thus more or less polluted. These water bodies are interconnected with the Indus River like the artery system for blood circulation in bodies of living things. The main source of contamination of Hamal Lake is the disposal of the effluents of Hairdin drain, Miro Khan drain, and Shahdad Kot drain. This lake’s main source of fresh water is rained from Khirthar mountains. Hamal lake is connected through the Main Nara Valley drain (MNVD) to Manchar lake that eventually outfalls into Indus River. Hence, drain water pollutes not only Hamal and Manchar lakes but also Indus River due to their interconnection. Presently, right bank outfall drains (RBOD I-III) have been constructed for safe disposal of drain effluents thus avoiding the polluting of freshwater bodies.
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Belokrenitsky, V. Y. "Indus River Valley in Modern Times — From Sparsely Inhabited to Overpopulated." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (12) (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-2-37-50.

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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.

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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.
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Ahmad, Khalil. "GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORIC, POLITICAL, RIPARIAN, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LEAD TO PAKISTAN AS A LAND OF PENTA MESOPOTAMIA." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 01 (March 31, 2022): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.656.

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The research aims to investigate Pakistan’s geographic, historic, political, riparian, and socio-economic factors that lead to Pakistan as a Land of Penta Mesopotamia. Pakistan is situated in South Asia along the coast of Arabian Sea, bordering Afghanistan in west, China in north, Iran in southwest, Arabian Sea in South and Hindustan (India) lies in the east. Historically, the land of Pakistan has been the host of Neolithic period’s South Asian multi Indus valley civilization (IVC) that includes Gandhara, Harappan, Mehrgarh, Mohenjo-Daro, Takht-i-Bahi and Texila civilizations that emerged during 3,300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Muslim Civilizations emerged from 712 to 1857 and British colonial culture also developed from 1857-1947 in this area. The Indus valley civilization flourished parallel to the Mesopotamian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization includes the Assyrian and Babylonian Civilization that emerged in Iraq in between the two rivers of Euphrates and Tigris from 3,100 B.C. to 332 B.C. and is referred to the “Cradle of Civilizations”. Since Mesopotamian civilization attracted all the ancient civilizations in West Asia to nourish because of its friendly ecological environments, fertile land and rich alluvium soils. Pakistan’s geography also attracted the Indus valley civilizations that emerged in the confluence of seven perennial rivers i.e. Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers, credited as the “Cradle of South Asian Indus valley Civilizations”. Pakistan’s strategic location in the region, her favorable ecosystem for biodiversity, favorable multi seasons, fertile land, friendly ecological conditions, rich agricultural environment, rich alluvium soils, strategic multiple riparian potentials that originate from Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush mountain ranges, remained lucrative for South Asian Indus valley civilizations. Pakistan’s geography also remained very attractive to the sub regions of Asia i.e. Central, South and West Asia because it has provided and has been providing the Mesopotamians agrarian transit economy to landlocked countries of Afghanistan and Central Asian States from the shortest possible sea route of Arabian Sea and visa-vi to oil rich states of Middle East via China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Mesopotamian’s cultural, ecological, geographic, historic, riparian, socio-economic, socio-political equilibrium and similar factors are founded in the Indus valley civilizations that erect the sufficient evidence to prove that “Pakistan is a Land of Penta Mesopotamia”. Keywords: Civilizations, Confluence, Fertile land, Mesopotamia, Riparian potentials.
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WINK, ANDRÉ. "Saints of the Indus: The Rise of Islam in South Asia's Borderlands." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26, no. 1-2 (January 2016): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186315000905.

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AbstractThis paper summarises an argument I make at much greater length in the forthcoming fourth volume of my book Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. For more detail and extensive footnotes and references I refer to the longer version.The aim of this summary is to provide an outline of a new account of the rise of Islam in Sindh and more broadly the Indus borderlands — the latter comprise Sindh, Baluchistan, the Afghan tribal areas and the Kabul wilayat, Kafiristan (the later Nuristan), the western Panjab, and, to the east and south of the northernmost curve of the Indus river, the Kashmir valley and its surrounding mountain zone. With the exception of about half of the Afghan tribal lands which are part of Afghanistan and the valley of Kashmir which is part of India today, this area is broadly coterminous with Pakistan minus Lahore.
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Vijay Jayswal and Ashna Gargi. "To Analysis the Impact of Flood on Communities Belong to Various Socio-economic Background in the Highly Vulnerable Regions Along with the Yamuna Catchment Area, New Delhi." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, no. 10 (May 31, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/kr.v1i10.79.

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Disasters are old-age concerns of the human race. Hazards are the product of natural cycles and physical adjustments of nature to maintain equilibrium. In the course of development, Humans invited disasters through reckless, unplanned, unmindful settlements. They continuously ignored the signs of nature and today reached at the stage that no corner of the earth is safe from disasters. Among, all kinds of disasters, Flood is the most important type of natural disaster. Almost all human civilizations developed around rivers, such as the great Indus Valley Civilization that flourished and perished along the banks of the Indus River. Floods engulfed many great human settlements in seconds and erased many great lands from the world map. Rivers are carried endless opportunities embracing huge resources enough to thrive a large population for years but at the same time, their nature is random, flickering, and devastating when caused disturbance either by nature or humans. The purpose of the current research paper is to understand the impact of the flood on various socio-economic sections of society in Delhi.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Green, Adam. "The State in the Indus River Valley." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_hontheses/1.

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This thesis examines the concept of the state in the context of the Indus River Valley, located in northwest India and Pakistan. In the first section, I synthesize several popular trends in state discussion from both inside and outside of archaeological theory. I then apply my synthesized approach to state definition to the archaeological record from the Indus River Valley. The resulting work visits both the concept of the state and the rich cultural history of the Indus Civilization. I determine that there was a state in the Indus River Valley, but that the Indus state was very different from others scholars have identified in the archaeological record.
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Lancelotti, Carla. "Fuelling Harappan hearths : human-environment interactions as revealed by fuel exploitation and use." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608968.

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Belcher, William R. "Fish exploitation of the Baluchistan and Indus Valley traditions an ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of fish remains /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1998. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9813108.

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Tahir, Adnan Ahmad. "Impact of climate change on the snow covers and glaciers in the Upper Indus River basin and its consequences on the water reservoirs (Tarbela reservoir) – Pakistan." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20056/document.

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L'économie du Pakistan, fondée sur l'agriculture, est hautement dépendante de l'approvisionnement en eau issu de la fonte de la neige et des glaciers du Haut Bassin de l'Indus (UIB) qui s'étend sur les chaînes de l'Himalaya, du Karakoram et de l'Hindukush. Il est par conséquent essentiel pour la gestion des ressources en eau d'appréhender la dynamique de la cryosphère (neige et glace), ainsi que les régimes hydrologiques de cette région dans le contexte de scénarios de changement climatique. La base de données satellitaire du produit de couverture neigeuse MODIS MOD10A2 a été utilisée de mars 2000 à décembre 2009 pour analyser la dynamique du couvert neigeux de l'UIB. Les données journalières de débits à 13 stations hydrométriques et de précipitation et température à 18 postes météorologiques ont été exploitées sur des périodes variables selon les stations pour étudier le régime hydro-climatique de la région. Les analyses satellitaires de la couverture neigeuse et glaciaire suggèrent une très légère extension de la cryosphère au cours de la dernière décade (2000‒2009) en contradiction avec la rapide fonte des glaciers observée dans la plupart des régions du monde. Le modèle « Snowmelt Runoff » (SRM), associé aux produits neige du capteur MODIS a été utilisé avec succès pour simuler les débits journaliers et étudier les impacts du changement climatique sur ces débits dans les sous-bassins à contribution nivo-glaciaire de l'UIB. L'application de SRM pour différents scénarios futurs de changement climatique indique un doublement des débits pour le milieu du siècle actuel. La variation des écoulement de l'UIB, la capacité décroissante des réservoirs existants (barrage de Tarbela) à cause de la sédimentation, ainsi que la demande croissante pour les différents usages de l'eau, laissent penser que de nouveaux réservoirs sont à envisager pour stocker les écoulements d'été et répondre aux nécessités de l'irrigation, de la production hydro-électrique, de la prévention des crues et de l'alimentation en eau domestique
Agriculture based economy of Pakistan is highly dependent on the snow and glacier melt water supplies from the Upper Indus River Basin (UIB), situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere (snow and ice) dynamics and hydrological regime of this area under changed climate scenarios, for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover dynamics in the UIB. A database of daily flows from 13 hydrometric stations and climate data (precipitation and temperature) from 18 gauging stations, over different time periods for different stations, was made available to investigate the hydro-climatological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000‒2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) integrated with MODIS remote-sensing snow cover products was successfully used to simulate the daily discharges and to study the climate change impact on these discharges in the snow and glacier fed sub-catchments of UIB. The application of the SRM under future climate change scenarios indicates a doubling of summer runoff until the middle of this century. This variation in the Upper Indus River flow, decreasing capacity of existing reservoirs (Tarbela Dam) by sedimentation and the increasing demand of water uses suggests that new reservoirs shall be planned for summer flow storage to meet with the needs of irrigation supply, increasing power generation demand, flood control and water supply
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Fioccoprile, Emily Ann. "Gender in the Indus Valley Civilization." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146215.

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Ul, Ain Qurat <1990&gt. "The Hakra Cultural Horizon in the Greater Indus Valley." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20594.

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Research in the archaeology of South Asia and particularly Pakistan and India is scarce. Scarcity of research and production of new knowledge about Indus Civilization is equally hampered. The recent most discovery about a new aspect of Indus Civilization happened in 1970s and later it was defined under new terminology. It also gave a new direction to the research in early phases of Indus Civilization hence Early Indus Civilization Period was defined cogently and a proper chronological sequence was established from Neolithic Period in Balochistan to the Mature Indus Period when civilization fully emerged. The newly discovered phase or aspect of the Indus Civilization was separately termed and defined as Hakra Culture and often written as Hakra Phase or Hakra Period by many different scholars. This study undertakes specific role of the Hakra Period and its role in Indus Civilization and chronology of South Asia. First chapter defines the terminology of the title and its background. Also it establishes the orientation of the research. Theories applied and methodology used is explained in the chapter. Moreover literature review and scheme of the thesis, Hakra as cultural aspect and in accordance with Early phases of Indus Civilization. Second Chapter sheds light on the background of the discovery of the civilization and how research in Indus Civilization developed overtime. Moreover, the establishment of the early village farming communities of Mehrgarh in the highlands of Balochistan and their movement down to the low lands along the banks of Indus River as pastoral camps initially and ultimate culmination into a civilization. Third chapter is about geographical boundaries of the civilization and definition of greater Indus Valley. It also talks about the river Hakra out of which the term has been derived and associated with a deeply integrated and rich aspect of the early phases of Indus Civilization. It also throws light about the natural resources, river track and travel routes for trade and interaction purposes. Fourth Chapter is about Early Period in Indus Civilization which was defined as a sequential phase of the civilization, its nature, characteristics and how it adds quality to the overall idea and theme of the research. The major sites and their contribution to the chronology of the Indus Civilization has been discussed. Fifth Chapter defines Hakra Cultural Horizon in isolation, its initially discover, nature and characteristics of culture material which makes it unique to be studied throughly and to be designated as separate phenomena. Its a huge phenomena and rarely studied, the density of sites in Cholistan desert along the now dry bed of Hakra river which was first identified at a site named Jalilpur in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Also number of sites and their location in India and Pakistan is discussed. Newly excavated sites of Hakra Period in India.
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Alizai, Anwar Hussain. "Holocene evolution of the Indus River and tributaries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202561.

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The Northwest Himalaya is a region of rapid rock uplift and a strongly erosive climate that allows the competing influences on drainage development to be assessed in the Indus River. This study used U-Pb zircon and K-feldspar Pb isotope analysis together with conventional heavy minerals to reconstruct flood plain drainage patterns from ~20 ka. Furthermore, clay mineralogy is used to reconstruct changes in chemical weathering. U-Pb ages for zircon grains from the Indus tributaries were compared with available bedrock data in order to constrain the source of the sediment reaching the Arabian Sea. The trunk Indus is typified by <200 Ma zircons, in contrast with >800 Ma in the eastern tributaries, eroded from Himalayan sources. A significant population of grains <200 Ma in Thar Desert indicates monsoon-related eolian transport from the lower Indus. Modelling of modern delta sand that is rich in >1700 Ma zircons contrasts with modern water discharge which is dominated by the trunk Indus indicating preferential Lesser Himalayan erosion before ~7 ka. Pb isotope compositions of K-feldspars were used as an additional provenance constraint. The eastern tributaries show a clear Himalayan provenance, contrasting with radiogenic grains in the trunk Indus. Thar desert sands show isotopic values that suggest significant erosion from Karakoram, consistent with the zircon dating, as well as heavy mineral data. In turn Holocene river sands from the western edge of the desert indicate increasing reworking from the dunes prior to ~4.5 ka, linked to climatic drying. XRD clay mineralogy shows increasing smectite in the delta at 13–7.5 ka, indicating stronger chemical weathering as the summer monsoon intensified. In contrast, the upper flood plains show evidence for increased chemical weathering after ~7 ka linked to the cessation of fluvial transport under the influence of a weakening monsoon.
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Karim, Ajaz. "Hydrochemistry and isotope systematics of the Indus River Basin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0010/NQ38787.pdf.

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Asay, Maria Nicole. "Quantification of glacier melt volume in the Indus River watershed." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2684.

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Quantifying the contribution of glaciers to water resources is particularly important in locations where glaciers may provide a large percentage of total river discharge. In some remote locations, direct field measurements of melt rates are difficult to acquire, so alternate approaches are needed. Positive degree-day modeling (PDD) of glacier melt is a valuable tool to making first order approximations of the volume of melt coming from glaciers. In this study, a PDD-melt model is applied to glaciers in the Indus River watershed located in Afghanistan, China, India, and Pakistan. Here, millions of people rely on the water from the Indus River, which previous work suggests may be heavily dependent on glacier melt from high mountain regions in the northern part of the watershed. In this region, the PDD melt model calculates the range of melt volumes from more than 45,000 km2 of glaciated area. It relies on a limited suite of input variables for glaciers in the region: elevation, temperature, temperature lapse rate, melt factor, and surface area. Three global gridded climate datasets were used to determine the bounds of temperature at each glacier: UEA CRU CL 2.0, UEA CRU TS 2.1, and NCEP/NCAR 40 year reanalysis. The PDD melt model was run using four different melt scenarios: mean, minimum, maximum, and randomized. These scenarios account for differences in melt volume not captured by temperature, and take uncertainties in all input parameters into account to bound the possible melt volume. The spread in total melt volume from the model scenarios ranges between 27 km3 and 439 km3. While the difference in these calculations is large, it is highly likely the real value falls within this range. Importantly, even the smallest model volume output is a significant melt water value. This suggests that even when forcing the absolute smallest volume of melt, the glacier contribution to the Indus watershed is significant. In addition to providing information about melt volume, this model helps to highlight glaciers with the greatest contribution to total melt. Despite differences in the individual climate models, the spatial pattern in glacier melt is similar, with glaciers contributing the majority of total melt volume occurring in similar geographic regions regardless of which temperature dataset is used. For regions where glacier areas are reasonably well-constrained, contributions from individual glaciers can be quantified. Importantly, less than 5% of glaciers contribute at least 70% of the total melt volume in the watershed. The majority of these glaciers are in Pakistan, the region with the largest percentage of known glaciers with large surface areas at lower elevations. In addition to calculating current melt volumes over large glaciated areas, this model can also be used to determine future melt rates under differing climate scenarios. By applying suggested future regional temperature change to the temperature data, the impact on average melt rate over the watershed was found to increase from 3.02 m/year to 4.69 m/year with up to 2 °C temperature increase. Assuming glacier area remains relatively constant over short time periods, this would amount to a 145 km3 increase in melt volume.
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Braulik, Gillian T. "Conservation ecology and phylogenetics of the Indus River dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3036.

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The historical range of the Indus River dolphin has declined by 80% since the 19th century and has been fragmented into 17 river sections by construction of irrigation barrages. Dolphin sighting and interview surveys showed that river dolphins persist in six river sections, have been extirpated from ten, and are of unknown status in the remaining section. Logistic regression and survival modelling showed that low dry season river discharge was the primary factor responsible for the Indus dolphins range decline. Abundance of the three largest Indus dolphin subpopulations was estimated using tandem vessel-based direct counts, corrected for missed animals using conditional likelihood capture-recapture models. The entire subspecies was estimated to number between 1550-1750 in 2006. Dolphin encounter rates within the Guddu-Sukkur subpopulation (10.35/km) were the highest reported for any river dolphin and direct counts suggest that this subpopulation may have been increasing in abundance since the 1970s when hunting was banned. The dry season habitat selection of Indus dolphins was explored using Generalised Linear Models of dolphin distribution and abundance in relation to river geomorphology, and channel geometry in cross-section. Channel cross-sectional area was shown to be the most important factor determining dolphin presence. Indus dolphins avoided channels with small cross-sectional area <700m2, presumably due to the risk of entrapment and reduced foraging opportunities. The phylogenetics of Indus and Ganges River dolphins was explored using Mitochondrial control region sequences. Genetic diversity was low, and all 20 Indus River dolphin samples were identical. There were no haplotypes shared by Indus and Ganges River dolphins, phylogenetic trees demonstrated reciprocal monophyletic separation and Bayesian modelling suggested that the two dolphin populations diverged approximately 0.66 million years ago. Declining river flows threaten Indus dolphins especially at the upstream end of their range, and it is important to determine how much water is required to sustain a dolphin population through the dry season. Fisheries interactions are an increasing problem that will be best addressed through localised, community-based conservation activities.
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Books on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Hasan, Mubashir. Birds of the Indus. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Richard, Burton. Falconry in the valley of the Indus. 3rd ed. Karachi: Dept. of Culture, Government of Sindh, 1997.

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R. A. (Rafique Ali) Jairazbhoy. The first goddess of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent: A new theory. Karachi: Sindhi Kitab Ghar, 1990.

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K̲h̲āṣk̲h̲elī, Rashīdu Aḥmadu. Mohanu Je Daṛī je mītī: Nas̲rī ṭukrā ain ḍāʼirī jā varqu. Karācī: Pīkāk Pablishars, 2019.

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Bank, World, ed. The Indus Basin of Pakistan: The impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 2013.

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Ganeri, Anita. Indus Valley. London: Franklin Watts, 2014.

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Aronovsky, Ilona. The Indus Valley. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2005.

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Sujata, Gopinath, ed. The Indus valley. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2005.

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Kirkpatrick, Naida. The Indus Valley. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2002.

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McIntosh, Jane. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Rao, Nalini. "Indus Valley Civilization." In Hinduism and Tribal Religions, 1–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_251-1.

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Rao, Nalini. "Indus Valley Civilization." In Hinduism and Tribal Religions, 677–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_251.

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Nawaz, Rab, Ali Dehlavi, and Nadia Bajwa. "Indus River Basin Wetlands." In The Wetland Book, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_219-1.

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Nawaz, Rab, Ali Dehlavi, and Nadia Bajwa. "Indus River Basin Wetlands." In The Wetland Book, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_219-2.

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Nawaz, Rab, Ali Dehlavi, and Nadia Bajwa. "Indus River Basin Wetlands." In The Wetland Book, 1697–703. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4001-3_219.

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Sahrhage, Dietrich. "Fishing in the Indus Valley." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1889–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_8593.

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Zafar Khan, Muhammad, and Ghulam Akbar. "In the Indus Delta it is No More the Mighty Indus." In River Conservation and Management, 69–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119961819.ch6.

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Kumar, Anil, and Pradeep Srivastava. "Landscape of the Indus River." In Springer Hydrogeology, 47–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2984-4_4.

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Shakir, Masooma, Suneela Ahmed, Michel Boivin, and Fahmida Shaikh. "Indus River and Cultural Heritage." In Handbook of Waterfront Cities and Urbanism, 58–74. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204565-5.

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Lovell, Nancy C. "Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization." In A Companion to South Asia in the Past, 169–86. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119055280.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.

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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.
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Bartha, A., M. Ali, F. H. Siddiqui, A. I. Bhatti, T. Joppen, M. A. Nawaz, S. Akhtar, and I. Khan. "Integrated Charge Assessment in Nashpa Block Area of Kohat Fold and Thrust Belt of Pakistan." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23837-ms.

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The main goal of the 2D basin and petroleum systems modeling (BPSM) study was to understand the petroleum systems elements and processes in Nashpa Block Area of Kohat Fold and Thrust Belt (FTB) of Pakistan, including generation potential of presumed source rocks, timing relationship between hydrocarbon charge and trap formation, role of the faults in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, uncertainties related to input parameters, and last but not least to support the risk matrix concept to increase the confidence in assigned risk values. The area of interest (AOI) of the 2D BPSM study is located west of the Indus River in the Kohat Basin which together with Potwar Basin are considered as part of Sub-Himalayan Tectonic Province demarcated by the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) to the south and the Main Boundary Thrust to the North (MBT). The Main Boundary Thrust displaced the Mesozoic rocks over Eocene to Miocene rocks in the footwall. This major compression created the Kohat and Potwar foreland basins defined by thin-skinned tectonics of thrust and duplexes (Wandrey et al. 2004). In the area with very complex structural movements the potential traps located on regional antiforms are the consequences of the compressive deformation triggered by the collision of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate. In addition to the general north-south shortening, additional displacement events took place as well, which significantly enhanced the properties of the Mesozoic-Paleocene reservoir rocks through fractures (Wandrey et al. 2004).
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Memon, Altaf A. "Devastation of the Indus River Delta." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)500.

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Coulton, Kevin G., Peter Goodwin, and Christine Perala-Gardiner. "Willamette River Valley Floodplain Restoration." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)186.

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Prudhvi Raju, K. N., Shraban Sarkar, and Manish Kumar Pandey. "Indus and Ganga River Basins in India: Surface Water Potentials." In Rejuvenation of Surface Water Resources of India: Potential, Problems and Prospects. Geological Society of India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/cgsi/2014/62876.

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Kathayat, Gayatri, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, and Hanying Li. "Role of Climate in the De-Urbanization of the Indus Valley Civilization." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1255.

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Barla, Sarat Sasank, Sai Surya Sanjay Alamuru, and Peter Zsolt Revesz. "Feature Analysis of Indus Valley and Dravidian Language Scripts with Similarity Matrices." In IDEAS'22: International Database Engineered Applications Symposium. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3548785.3548801.

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Tamaddun, Kazi Ali, Waqas Ahmed, Steve Burian, Ajay Kalra, and Sajjad Ahmad. "Reservoir Regulations of the Indus River Basin under Different Flow Conditions." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481400.019.

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Muhammad, Shabana, and M. Imran Majid. "Energy aware Centralized Acoustic Network for Indus River Blind Dolphin Conservation." In 2018 IEEE 29th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2018.8581045.

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Ke, Chang-Qing. "Land cover change in Qumar River Valley." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Wei Gao and Susan L. Ustin. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.677337.

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Reports on the topic "Indus river and valley"

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Novichkova, Tatiana. The Indus River. Basin of the river. Edited by Nikolay Komedchikov. Entsiklopediya, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/dm2015-12-29-3.

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Rollason, Russell, Trudy Green, and Basundhara Bhattarai. Elevating river basin governance and cooperation in the HKH region: Summary report III, Indus River Basin. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1036.

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The report "Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region: Summary Report III on the Indus River Basin" provides a comprehensive overview of the Indus River Basin, emphasizing its significance as a crucial water source for over 268 million people. The report highlights the challenges posed by climate change, stressing the expected increase in water demand and the need for a multilateral or regional framework for enhanced basin-scale management. The report offers high-level recommendations for climate resilience, food and water security, regional water governance, and the adoption of common approaches and tools. Furthermore, it underscores the need for a people-centered approach, and the documentation of existing knowledge and success stories of marginalized groups. Key aspects of the report include: A detailed analysis of the Indus River Basin, its socio-economic trends, environmental characteristics, and climate change impacts. An examination of the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. The report also focuses on gender and social inclusion (GESI) and engagement with all relevant stakeholders, including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and other marginalized populations in knowledge generation, dialogues, planning, and cooperation at the local and basin scales. It is part of a series of three reports on Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region, which also include reports on the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins.
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Dyke, L. D. Climate of the Mackenzie River valley. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211906.

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Tarnocai, C., I. M. Kettles, and B. Lacelle. Peatlands of the Mackenzie River Valley. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213958.

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Harwood, David B. River Rats: A History of the Red River Valley Association. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160090.

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Cai, Xueliang, B. R. Sharma, M. A. Matin, D. Sharma, and S. Gunasinghe. An assessment of crop water productivity in the Indus and Ganges River Basins: current status and scope for improvement. International Water Management Institute; IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2010.232.

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HI-AWARE, ICIMOD. Moving to adapt: Migration and adaptation to environmental stress in the Gandaki, Upper Ganga, Indus and Teesta River Basins. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.880.

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Ravindranath, N. H., and G. Bala. Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Forests in the Brahmaputra, Koshi, and Upper Indus River Basins; ICIMOD Research Report 2017/1. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.687.

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Ravindranath, N. H., and G. Bala. Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Forests in the Brahmaputra, Koshi, and Upper Indus River Basins; ICIMOD Research Report 2017/1. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.687.

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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Understanding plateau and prairie landslides: research plans for the Thompson River valley, British Columbia, and the Assiniboine River valley, Manitoba-Saskatchewan (2020-2025). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/327127.

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