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1
Schmitz, Hubert, and Bernard Musyck. "Industrial districts in Europe: Policy lessons for developing countries?" World Development 22, no. 6 (June 1994): 889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)90060-4.
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Vandenberg, Paul. "Industrial policy in developing countries: failing markets, weak states." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2019.1670501.
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Yean, Tham Siew, and Loke Wai Heng. "Industrial Deepening in Malaysia: Policy Lessons for Developing Countries." Asian Development Review 28, no. 02 (December 2011): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110511500119.
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The Malaysian economy has undergone substantial industrial transformation, shifting from primary commodity production to manufacturing in slightly more than 5 decades since achieving independence. However, efforts to deepen manufacturing development have not succeeded in nurturing a critical mass of domestic entrepreneurs with indigenous innovative capacities as industrialization continues to be dependent on imported technology and capital. Instead, the manufacturing sector is facing premature deindustrialization. In view of these developments, this study aims to assess the extent of industrial deepening in a country through the development of linkages, as well as the key factors that have contributed to this. This has important policy lessons for other developing countries that are following similar export-oriented, foreign direct investment-led strategies for their industrial development. The main findings of this study indicate that while trade and investment policies have contributed to the development of the manufacturing sector, they have also fostered closer integration with the rest of the world rather than within the domestic economy. The electrical and electronics subsector has relatively weaker backward linkages than other subsectors in the economy. Deepening internal integration requires complementary labor, human capital, and technology policies that can facilitate the development of linkages in the manufacturing sector.
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Behrens, Alfredo. "Industrial energy rationalization in developing countries." Energy Policy 15, no. 4 (August 1987): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(87)90033-4.
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Schclarek, Alfredo. "Fiscal policy and private consumption in industrial and developing countries." Journal of Macroeconomics 29, no. 4 (December 2007): 912–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2006.03.002.
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Kim, Junmo. "Industrial Policy Dilemmas: Entry Barriers and Cyclical Adjustments." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 14 (December 31, 1999): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps14006.
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Through its three decades of industrialization, the Korean economy has transformed into a heavily industrialized economy. In this transformation, one of the most dramatic developments was Korea's entrance into heavy industrialization due to the government's policy of HCI(Heavy and Chemical Industrialization). (Yotopoulos 1999; Amsden 1989) Heavy industrialization poses great challenges to developing economies which have capital and entry barrier requirements(Bain 1956; Singleton 1997; Seabright 1996; Ziss 1987), while most developing countries have sought such industrialization as one of their developmental goals. Challenges these sectors face range from the hurdles of technological barriers to MOS(Minimum Optimum Scale) or economies of scale to entry. While much has been discussed on the existence of such economies of scale and technological barriers, the Korean case is a clear one that shows the salience of the challenges as they are contested in the political economy.
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Saleh shafeek, Maryam. "Discuss and Analyze the Role and Impact of Industrial Policy on Economic Development and especially in Developing Countries." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 137 (June 15, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i137.1105.
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Different countries, especially developing ones, have resorted since the middle of the last century to using industrial policy in order to expand the industrial base and push forward the economic development wheel. Tangible results have been achieved in many Asian countries, while no such results have been achieved in the countries of Latin America and Africa. Support has been dropped for the application of industrial policy since the mid-eighties of the last century because of the negative consequences resulting from it and then return again in the recent period.
The research aims to analyze and discuss industrial policy and the extent of the need to use it in developing countries, it focuses on discussing the ideas and propositions of the two different approaches towards industrial policy. The first represents the position of those opposed to the industrial policy, and the second represents the position of those who support it. Those opposed to the industrial policy are the neoliberals in the United States of America who stress the role of the market in achieving development and point to the negative effects of industrial policy, while in favor of industrial policy book theoreticians Many economists because of the existence of globalization and the WTO rules and the changing nature of the global economy and that creates difficulties and impediments to developing countries and weaken the influence of industrial policy.
Through analysis and discussion of the various propositions and evidence, the research ends with recommending the use of a carefully formulated industrial policy as a means to achieve economic development in developing countries and overcome the negative effects on them. With the call to adjust the policies and rules of the World Trade Organization and the global economic system in line with the need of developing countries for the development of industrialization and promoting economic development.
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Arabi, U. "Industrial Growth in Developing Countries: A Survey of Industrial Cluster Approaches and Policy Implications." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 36, no. 3 (September 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846420090301.
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Nahikiriza, Daphin. "Policy Implementation Performance in Developing Countries: The Study of Uganda among East African Countries." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (July 12, 2023): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.6.1.1309.
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This policy paper examines the effectiveness of policy implementation in developing nations, with a focus on Uganda among the East African nations. The performance of Uganda's policy implementation in comparison to other East African nations is highlighted. The World Bank's "Country Policy and Institutional Assessment" (CPIA) for the year 2021 served as the foundation for this desk research. One-way analysis was used in the analysis. The results showed that the East African nations performed better than the global indicator. Kenya earned the highest mean policy implementation score among the three East African nations (3.7539683 on a scale of 1 = low to 6 = high). Kenya came in first, then Uganda (3.4484127), and Tanzania (3.5119048). However, the inconsequential F statistic showed that there is no difference in policy execution between the three states., i.e., the means are equal. There is a general consensus that Uganda has strong policies, but the execution is appalling. The country's policy implementation is better than the average index among developing countries, despite the claim that it might "hold some water." The three nations together with a few others make up the East African countries; while Uganda's performance is lower than Kenya's, it is higher than Tanzania's.
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Venger, Vitalii V., Andrii Y. Ramskyi, Natalia I. Romanovska, and Lyudmila I. Vasechko. "CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR EXPANDING THE EXPORT OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS TO RAPIDLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF ASIA." Academic Review 1, no. 60 (January 2024): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2024-1-60-16.
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The article analyzes the current state and prospects of development of exports of domestic industrial products to the rapidly developing countries of Asia, in particular to Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh and the Philippines. It is shown that today Ukraine is a full-fledged participant in the globalization process, and its further development will largely depend on the priorities of its foreign economic integration policy, the formation and implementation of which should be based on building strategic relations with both individual Asian countries and various regional associations. It is substantiated that the need to intensify Ukraine’s cooperation with Asian countries is caused not only by the global transformation in the balance of power of the world economy, but also by the need for export diversification of foreign trade in the context of Russian aggression. The analysis shows that by 2022, the demand for domestic industrial products in the markets of Indonesia and Thailand had positive dynamics and ensured, albeit not a significant increase in the export of Ukrainian high-tech goods. Despite the positive trade balance, demand for domestic industrial products in the markets of Bangladesh and the Philippines was characterized by a gradual decline until 2022. In general, the share of domestic industrial products in the structure of exports to these countries is quite low: Indonesia - 0.7%, Thailand - 3.0%, Bangladesh - 4.3%, and the Philippines - 9.9%. At the same time, the share of industrial products from these countries in the structure of Ukrainian imports was much higher, in particular: Indonesia - 20.0%, Thailand - 82.1%, Bangladesh - 96.8%, and the Philippines - 92.4%. Due to the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the article estimates the losses in foreign trade between Ukraine and rapidly developing Asian countries in 2022. In particular, it is shown that the volume of foreign trade turnover between Ukraine and Indonesia will decrease by 39.2% compared to 2021, Thailand - by 35.3%, Bangladesh - by 48.6%, and the Philippines - by 38.6%. Based on the analysis of scientific and statistical literature, it is established that the determining instrument of trade policy of the rapidly developing Asian countries is customs tariffs, various preferential regimes and benefits for industrial products in accordance with various bilateral and regional trade agreements. In order to further develop partnership relations between Ukraine and the rapidly developing countries of Asia, it is proposed to intensify and strengthen the dialogue on deepening trade and economic cooperation through the system of trade policy instruments. In terms of further research, additional studies are proposed to determine the prospects for concluding bilateral trade agreements on FTAs between individual countries and developing a long-term strategy for trade and economic cooperation.
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LIN, JUSTIN YIFU. "Development Strategies for Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia." Asian Development Review 21, no. 02 (January 2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110504000053.
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A continuous flow of technology/ industrial innovation is the key to sustained dynamic growth. Developing countries have an “advantage of backwardness” as they can borrow technology/industry from the developed countries. In an open, competitive market, the optimal technology/industrial structure of a country is endogenously determined by the country’s endowment structure, which is exogenously given at any specific time. However, the governments in most developing countries after World War II adopted an inappropriate development strategy to accelerate the build-up of developed countries’ capital-intensive industries, which deviated from the optimal technology/industrial structure determined by their own endowment structures. This strategy made firms in the priority sectors nonviable in an open, competitive market and was responsible for many policy distortions and for failures in catching up and achieving inclusive growth. A transition to a policy regime that facilitates industrial development along the countries’ comparative advantages is necessary for developing countries to improve their growth performance and to allow the poor to benefit from growth. As many distortions in the developing countries are endogenous to the viability problem of firms in the priority sectors of previous development strategies, governments have to find a way to resolve the firms’ viability problem to achieve dynamic growth in their transition processes.
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Hemmer, Hans-Rimbert. "A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4I (December 1, 1993): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4ipp.411-431.
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The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)
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Kattel, Rainer, and Veiko Lember. "Public procurement as an industrial policy tool: An option for developing countries?" Journal of Public Procurement 10, no. 3 (March 2010): 368–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-10-03-2010-b003.
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Herbert-Copley, Brent. "Capture, Drift and Learning: The State and Industrial Policy in Developing Countries." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 15, no. 3 (January 1994): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1994.9669564.
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Anandalingam, G. "Energy conservation in the industrial sector of developing countries." Energy Policy 13, no. 4 (August 1985): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90027-8.
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Mapanga, Arthur, Collins Ogutu Miruka, and Nehemiah Mavetera. "Barriers to effective value chain management in developing countries: new insights from the cotton industrial value chain." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.03.
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A rigorous and extensive application of the value chain management (VCM) has become the vogue in modern day business practices and processes. However, due to the complex and multidimensional nature of value chains, achieving efficient and effective value chain management in real value chains remains a major conundrum for practitioners. Many unknown barriers continue to impede effective and efficient value chain management in developing countries’ industrial value chains. The purpose of this study was to find out the common barriers to effective value chain management in a developing country’s industrial value chains using evidence from the cotton industry in Zimbabwe. The analysis was based on survey data sets obtained from 157 purposively sampled experts from the cotton industry value chain in Zimbabwe. Exploratory factor analysis was used to find the barriers to effective value chain management. The results revealed both architectural and governance barriers to effective value chain management. The findings also presented major policy implications for industrial value chains in the developing countries and also indicated areas for further robust research founded on a broader data set from other developing countries’ industrial chains as a way of validating the findings of this study.
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Vegh, Carlos A., and Guillermo Vuletin. "How Is Tax Policy Conducted Over the Business Cycle?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 327–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20120218.
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It is well known by now that government spending has typically been procyclical in developing economies but acyclical or countercyclical in industrial countries. Little, if any, is known, however, about the cyclical behavior of tax rates (as opposed to tax revenues, which are endogenous to the business cycle and, hence, cannot shed light on the cyclicality of tax policy). We build a novel dataset on tax rates for 62 countries for the period 1960–2013 that comprises corporate income, personal income, and value-added tax rates. We find that tax policy is acyclical in industrial countries but mostly procyclical in developing countries. (JEL E32, E64, H24, H25, O11, O23)
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Cho, Soon. "Government and Market in Economic Development." Asian Development Review 12, no. 02 (January 1994): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110594000126.
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Experiences of most developing countries show that the initial stage of development has to be engineered by the government. The governments of developing countries are likely to adopt “mercantilistic” growth promotion policies, which tend to be effective during the initial phase of extensive growth. Even at this stage, it is important for developing countries to adopt market-conforming type of growth promotion policies. The policy of industrial “targeting” can achieve success in promoting the targeted sectors, but on a long term, it tends to create industrial imbalance and overall inefficiency in the economy. The real and financial sectors of a developing economy are intimately related to each other. The more interventionist a government is with respect to the real sector, the more expansionary it is with its monetary policy, and the more repressive with its financial policy. The industrial targeting policy, accompanied by a repressive financial policy, may promote the growth of priority sectors, but the benefit to the economy as a whole, particularly from a long-run point of view, is likely to be limited. This policy would bring forth chronic inflation, distortion in industrial structure, and discourage financial saving and retard the development of financial entrepreneurship. Chronic inflation, imbalance in industrial structure, retarded development of financial sector, and proliferation of bureaucratic regulations, which are commonly observable in developing countries, call for a set of policies aimed at macroeconomic stability with microeconomic reform. It is, however, extremely difficult to implement these policies in such a way as to bring beneficial results to the economy. The developing countries should conform as much as possible the basic direction of economic policies to market principle. The government is also urged to adopt those policies which can improve the quality of human resources.
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Nyawo, Seabelo T., and Roscoe Bertrum Van Wyk. "The Impact of Policy Uncertainty on Macro-Economy of Developed and Developing Countries." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 1(J) (March 15, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i1(j).2086.
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This paper investigates the effects of a US economic policy uncertainty shock on Indian macroeconomic variables with a number of Structural VARs. This study models the economic policy uncertainty index as constructed by Baker et al. (2013). The study also uses a set of macroeconomic variables for India such as inflation, industrial production and nominal interest rate. The objective of the study is to identify the potential impacts of economic policy uncertainty shocks from the US economy to the Indian economy. According to the SVARs, a one standard deviation shock to the US economic policy uncertainty leads to a statistically significant decline in the Indian industrial production of -0.294% and in the Indian inflation of -0.032%. India shows to be resistant to US policy uncertainty. Furthermore, the study finds that the contribution of the US economic policy uncertainty on the Indian macroeconomic variables is shown to be significantly larger than the one exerted by the Indian uncertainty shock.
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Nyawo, Seabelo T., and Roscoe Bertrum Van Wyk. "The Impact of Policy Uncertainty on Macro-Economy of Developed and Developing Countries." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i1.2086.
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This paper investigates the effects of a US economic policy uncertainty shock on Indian macroeconomic variables with a number of Structural VARs. This study models the economic policy uncertainty index as constructed by Baker et al. (2013). The study also uses a set of macroeconomic variables for India such as inflation, industrial production and nominal interest rate. The objective of the study is to identify the potential impacts of economic policy uncertainty shocks from the US economy to the Indian economy. According to the SVARs, a one standard deviation shock to the US economic policy uncertainty leads to a statistically significant decline in the Indian industrial production of -0.294% and in the Indian inflation of -0.032%. India shows to be resistant to US policy uncertainty. Furthermore, the study finds that the contribution of the US economic policy uncertainty on the Indian macroeconomic variables is shown to be significantly larger than the one exerted by the Indian uncertainty shock.
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Han, Jong-Soo, and Narantsetseg Chinzorigt. "Industrial Structure and Industrial Policy Direction in Mongolia." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 74 (August 31, 2023): 225–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.74.225.
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The industrial structure in Mongolia was made up of the agriculture and stock-farming industry at 13.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 45.5%, and the service industry at 43.1% respectively in 2021. This is the typical industrial structure that is shown in developing countries.
The mining industry has been considered the easy and strong major driving sector to economic growth in Mongolia which retains various plentiful resources. And this belief may hinder the transition of the industrial structure of Mongolia to the one of developed countries. To ascertain this belief, we estimate Mongolia's industrial elasticity of economic growth from 1985-2022. The industrial elasticity of economic growth was shown as the stock-farming industry at 2.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 12.2%, and the service industry at 11.2% respectively.
The excessive dependency on the mining industry brought about Dutch disease in Mongolia. And the economy has been too weak to the foreign shocks. The industrial policy in Mongolia should be carefully executed to avoid Dutch disease and Mongolia should develop a manufacturing industry in order to achieve stable, and sustainable economic growth and development for the future.
Fortunately, the Mongolian government seems to perceive the necessity of persistent manufacturing industry development in the future. The industrial policy alternatives for breaking from the heavy dependency on the mining industry and fostering the manufacturing industry in Mongolia were listed in “vision-2050, Mongolian long-term development policy”.
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Correa, Carlos M. "Intellectual Property: How Much Room is Left for Industrial Policy?" Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 07, no. 02 (May 4, 2016): 1650012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993316500125.
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The early industrialization process in developed countries took place under flexible frameworks of intellectual property (IP) protection. Those countries, however, proposed and obtained in trade negotiations the adoption of an international IP regime that expanded and strengthened such protection. While the role of this regime, especially patents, in promoting innovation is controversial, it may effectively limit the ability of developing countries to implement industrial policies. These countries can preserve some room to implement such policies by using certain flexibilities, such as applying rigorous standards of patentability and granting compulsory licenses to broaden the space for local production.
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Lewis, Joanna I. "The Climate Risk of Green Industrial Policy." Current History 123, no. 849 (January 1, 2024): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2024.123.849.14.
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The proliferation of green industrial policy strategies around the world is taking place within a broader global context of a turn toward deglobalization and the pursuit of national self-sufficiency. The political economy of domestic renewable energy support and the basic principles of global trade regimes are in direct conflict, with direct implications for nations’ abilities to transition to low-carbon economies. Many are calling for decoupling clean energy supply chains from China, yet such responses could slow the global clean energy transition, increasing the cost of deployment in developing countries.
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Campbell, Joel R. "Technology Policy in Developing Countries: Indigenous Programs and Political Econorny Theory." International Studies Review 12, no. 2 (October 15, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01202001.
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The nature of the state and whether it is able to create a national innovation system have been the primary variables determining the direction of technology policy. This article considers five major cases: Taiwan and Korea, India. China, and Tanzania. Two of the cases, Taiwan and Korea, represent Newly lndustrializing Economies, while India and China represent emerging concinencal economies. All four have been, to varying degrees, Successful instances. Taiwan and Korea were able to link industrial development with applied technology development. while China and India had mixed successes and took much longer to realize technology policy goals. Tanzania illustrates the difficulties encountered by developing countries in creating a science and technology infrastructure. The article also presents theoretical implications of these cases, and assesses shortcomings in technology policy literature.
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Giavazzi, Francesco, Tullio Jappelli, and Marco Pagano. "Searching for non-linear effects of fiscal policy: Evidence from industrial and developing countries." European Economic Review 44, no. 7 (June 2000): 1259–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(00)00038-6.
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Jackson, Tony. "Altenburg T and Lütkenhorst W, Industrial policy in developing countries: Failing markets, weak states." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 31, no. 8 (October 7, 2016): 920–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094216674436.
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Dyah Febiyani Nuralifia and Muhammad Yasin. "Persaingan Industri dan Subtitusi Industri Terhadap Perkembangan Industri." Jurnal Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi 1, no. 4 (October 16, 2023): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54066/jrea-itb.v1i4.990.
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The industrialization policies taken by the governments of developing countries are carried out for several reasons. First, developing countries usually always experience difficulties in their balance of payments, so import substitution is intended to reduce or save foreign exchange. Moreover, foreign exchange for developing countries is often a scarce factor, so choices must be made regarding its use. Third, it is related to the spirit of nationalism in a country, so that it adopts an industrialization policy with the aim of achieving independence in the economic sector. The industrialization strategy is based on efforts to substitute imports of goods and services, which essentially focuses on the large dependence of developing countries, especially on the production of goods and services in developed countries. As a result, many developing countries have chosen an export-oriented strategy for their industrial development. Nevertheless, import substitution industries still play an important role in industrial development for developing countries, especially in several manufacturing sectors. Several countries choose to use an import substitution industrial strategy in the early stages of industrialization, including Indonesia. The import substitution industry is still able to make an important contribution to economic growth in developing countries.
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Singh, Surendar, and Ram Singh. "Revisiting the Debate on Import-Led Substitution and Export-Led Industrialization: Where Is India Heading Under Self-Reliant India?" Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 1 (December 1, 2022): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022005.
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The industrial policy is back in vogue of the ‘development discourse’ both in the developed and developing countries due to suboptimal success of market-oriented policies in facilitating socioeconomic and structural transformation. The rise of debate and discourse on industrial policy is also shaped by many other developments such as evolution of newer technologies and their impact on manufacturing, global trade protectionism and pandemic-induced global supply chain disruption( s) among others. The increased interest in the industrial policy at the time of global protectionism has refreshed the old debate in the developing countries on the choice of industrial model, that is, import-substituting industrialization (ISI) and export-led industrialization (ELI). In this context, this article examines India’s industrial strategy under the Self-Reliant India Mission with a special focus on trade policy, investment policy and production-linked incentives (PLI) to understand whether it is adopting policies that squarely fall under the ISI or ELI model. The findings of the article are based on analysis of the trade policy, investment policy and PLI scheme to illustrate that India is adopting policies that broadly fall under the ambit of ISI model thus taking India economy back to re-adoption of inward-looking policies of prereforms era. industrial policy, trade policy, investment, production subsidies, free trade agreement and industrial revolution
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El-Fadel, M., M. Zeinati, K. El-Jisr, and D. Jamali. "Industrial-waste management in developing countries: The case of Lebanon." Journal of Environmental Management 61, no. 4 (April 2001): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0413.
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Yeo, Heejae, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and diversification in the economic development of Kazakhstan." Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies 11, no. 2 (June 7, 2024): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajssms.v11i2.5704.
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This paper explains the role of industrial policy and diversification in Kazakhstan. The oil and gas sector has led Kazakhstan’s economic growth. Kazakhstan’s economic growth rate has been mediocre compared with its neighbouring countries. The government pursued market-based reform, privatization, and diversification. Although it has emphasized developing agriculture and manufacturing, development in sectors other than oil and gas has not been apparent. The dominance of the extractive sector suggests the existence of the Dutch disease. After explaining industrial policy measures, this paper evaluates the role of government policy and provides policy implications for developing countries. Although the government has tried to diversify from a heavy reliance on the oil and gas sector to the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, the diversification strategy has been unsuccessful overall. Kazakhstan’s government must pay more attention to improving human capital and raising R&D expenditure. Active government policy is needed to diversify FDI inflows by sector. The government must clarify the objective of SME promotion and fiscal incentives must be finely targeted, considering industrial policy objectives. Clusters must be closely related to the overall direction of the industrial policy. The government must establish other infrastructure that may attract foreign investors to value-added industries.
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Akhtar, Saima, Gulnaz Hameed, and Saad Ali Rabbani. "Income-Based Inequalities and Health Expenditures in Developing & Developed Countries." Global Economics Review VIII, no. I (June 30, 2023): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(viii-i).17.
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This study aims to understand the cost-effectiveness of health expenditures and explore why some countries have low expenses but better health outcomes, while others spend more but have underdeveloped healthcare systems. It analyzes income and health expenditures in developed and developing countries using existing literature and data analysis. The findings highlight the need for tailored policies, with developed countries focusing on cost increases and developing countries improving available healthcare services. This research provides insights for future studies and policy development, emphasizing the disparities in health expenditures between developing and developed countries.
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Musaeva, Bela, and Gulpam Annadurdyeva. "Climate Policy of the European Union: Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industrial Enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 63 (2023): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236303014.
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The global climate is determined by the global average temperature, which depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, which continue to rise. The key to addressing climate change is to reduce emissions and reduce GHG concentrations through removals. As part of the global climate agenda, a goal has been developed: to reach net-zero emissions in the second half of the 21st century (anthropogenic emissions should be equal to GHG removals). Currently, the climate policy of developed countries is undergoing a stage of major changes, and new energy technologies play the main role in this process. At the same time, the future of global energy and climate is increasingly dependent on decisions made in emerging market and developing countries. Emerging market and developing economies now account for more than two-thirds of global CO2 emissions, while emissions in advanced economies are declining structurally. On a per capita basis, emissions are a quarter of those of advanced economies, but economic growth and rising incomes create potential for demand and emissions growth. The challenge for developing countries is to find new models of economic development that avoid high levels of emissions, rather than repeating the path traveled by developed countries. Lowering the cost of key clean energy technologies opens up opportunities for lower-emission economic growth, addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.
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Helmer, R. "Socio-Economic Development Levels and Adequate Regulatory Policy for Water Quality Management." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0087.
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Rapid industrialization in a substantial number of developing countries has serious implications for the environment and human health and well being. Water resources such as river basins are particularly affected by industrial and municipal waste discharges which have led to severe effects on water quality. Current regulatory policies to cope with this situation are reviewed and their effectiveness compared. Major governmental instruments include legislation, planning instruments such as environmental impact assessment, effluent standards and charges, licensing, specification and subsidization of pollution control installations and direct interventions. In many developing countries the government acts in a dual role as developing agency and regulatory institution at the same time, which allows for introduction of environmental considerations and pollution control measures early in the industrial development process. Often the lack of an experienced and adequately staffed government machinery in the environmental sector hampers the regulatory agencies control function.
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Nassif, André, Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, and Carmem Feijo. "The case for reindustrialisation in developing countries: towards the connection between the macroeconomic regime and the industrial policy in Brazil." Cambridge Journal of Economics 42, no. 2 (May 17, 2017): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex028.
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Abstract The majority of economic literature tends to discuss economic development issues by analysing the industrial policy and other long-term development policies separate from short-term macroeconomic policy. However, development strategies require a close coordination of the macroeconomic regime with the industrial policy. In addition to Brazil, our analytical discussion and normative implications can be addressed to other developing countries also facing premature deindustrialisation. We propose an analytical discussion of the phenomena of industrialisation, deindustrialisation and reindustrialisation, including a discussion on the connection between the macroeconomic regime and industrial policy, both oriented to reindustrialisation and catching up. The main point is that both policy regimes must be closely coordinated with each other. Concerning the macroeconomic regime, we argue that consistent monetary, fiscal, wage and exchange rate policies are those which are able to not only keep price stabilisation, but also provide average real interest rates below the average real return rates on capital, a competitive real exchange rate and real wage rates increasing in accordance with labour productivity growth. As for industrial policy, theoretical and empirical evidence suggest strategies aimed at the diversification of production, processes and products, especially within the manufacturing sector and within tradable segments of the service sector.
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Dang, Alicia H., and Roberto Samaniego. "R&D, Industrial Policy and Growth." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15080344.
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An issue with estimating the impact of industrial support is that the firms that receive support may be politically connected, introducing omitted variable bias. Applying fixed-effects regressions on Vietnamese panel data containing several proxies for political connectedness to correct this bias, we find that firms that receive industrial support in the form of tax holidays experience more rapid productivity growth, particularly in R&D-intensive industries, and less so among politically connected firms. These findings do not appear to be due to the presence of financing constraints. We then develop a second-generation Schumpeterian growth model with many industries, and show that tax holidays disproportionately raise productivity growth in R&D-intensive industries. These results are significant and important for governments, especially those in transition and developing countries, in better targeting their industrial policy to facilitate higher productivity growth.
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Shen, Yijun. "Research on the Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry Structure in Emerging Countries under the Background of Climate Change: An International Comparison Perspective." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 62, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/62/20231329.
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Climate change has consistently commanded a central and pressing role in the development of countries and worldwide. The industrial structure upgrading of the manufacturing industry in emerging countries has gained significant attention due to its implications for economic growth and climate change. Through case studies and comparative analysis, this paper aims to thoroughly analyze and compare the industrial structure upgrading procedures between developed and developing countries, focusing on addressing climate change and reducing carbon emissions. The principal barriers encompass limitations in accessing advanced technologies due to insufficient research and development (R&D) investment, unreasonable energy consumption structure, infrastructural constraints and incoherent policy frameworks. The study proffers strategic imperatives to bridge the chasm between developed and developing countries. These encompass prioritizing targeted initiatives and augmenting R&D investments for innovation and technology acclimatization, countering infrastructure bottlenecks with substantial investments in energy and transportation networks, and fortifying policy frameworks to harmonize economic growth aspirations with sustainability objectives. By enhancing the understanding of how industrial structure upgrading can support climate change mitigation and sustainable development in developing nations, this study provides valuable advice for future policymaking and government actions.
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Kim, Seokwoo. "How Trade Liberalization Affects the Political and Economic Performance of Developing Countries: The Application of a Two-Stage Game Model." Asian Perspective 20, no. 1 (March 1996): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.1996.a921163.
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Abstract: The major purpose of this study is to investigate how a certain trade policy adopted by a country is related to the performance of its economic and political operations in a changing international environment. More specifically, the study tries to provide an answer to the question of why some developing countries perform much better economically and politically than other developing countries, and how trade politics at both domestic and international levels affects these. The international political economy is rapidly moving toward “globalization.” If we confine the concept of “globalization” to trade issues, it calls for improved trade liberalization within which countries lower their trade barriers. Voluntarily or reluctantly, many developing countries have begun to move toward greater trade liberalization. However, this process is not uniformly applied to all developing countries. This study explains why some developing countries can follow the path of trade liberalization, while others have more difficulties in adopting this policy. The adoption of a different development policy(export-promotion or import-substitution) leads to different industrial structures, which in turn, result in different political balances between free traders and protectionists. Because of these differences, countries which adopted an export-promotion policy can adjust to new international environments more easily than those which adopted an import-substitution policy. Furthermore, the countries which adopted an export promotion policy can perform economically and politically better than those which adopted an import substitution policy. This study applies the two-stage game model in which one stage is domestic and the other is international, to explain the source, the process, and the outcomes of trade liberalization in developing countries. The implications of this study are that (1) economic performance and political performance may be substitutes in some developing countries, while they are compliments in others; (2) the application of the IMF conditionality policy to push developing countries toward trade liberalization needs to be implemented with greater caution; and (3) the presence of mechanisms to transfer income from the winner to the losers in trade politics may be helpful in moving toward trade liberalization.
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Jia, Shaofeng, Hong Yang, Shifeng Zhang, Lei Wang, and Jun Xia. "Industrial Water Use Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Industrialized Countries and Implications for Developing Countries." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 132, no. 3 (May 2006): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2006)132:3(183).
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White, Easton R., Merrill Baker-Médard, Valeriia Vakhitova, Samantha Farquhar, and Tendro Tondrasoa Ramaharitra. "Distant water industrial fishing in developing countries: A case study of Madagascar." Ocean & Coastal Management 216 (February 2022): 105925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105925.
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Johanning, Eckardt, Mark Goldberg, and Rokho Kim. "Asbestos Hazard Evaluation in South Korean Textile Production." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/27ab-6j6d-udhk-qupk.
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The manufacture and use of asbestos-containing products has become the object of restrictive environmental and occupational health regulation in the United States and many European countries. World production, however, has not declined, but rather shifted to developing countries. Our knowledge of the working conditions in these countries is limited. This article describes an investigation conducted in 1991 into the conditions and work practices in asbestos textile manufacturing in South Korea. The findings are based on site visits to several asbestos textile manufacturing facilities, meetings with industrial safety experts, and labor and industry representatives. The authors describe the current status of exposure control technology and industrial hygiene practices, and the results of personal asbestos dust monitoring at five representative textile production workstations. In general, manufacturers and regulatory agencies have not taken the precautions necessary to adequately protect employee health and meet international standards. Worker exposure to asbestos dust well above U.S. and German standards is commonplace in South Korea. International cooperation of health and safety experts with experience in asbestos-related problems should be promoted to improve the level of industrial safety in developing countries.
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Svetnik, Nataliia. "Substantiation and Modeling of Effects from the Implementation of Industrial Policy in the Context of Techno-Economic Paradigm Shift." Bulletin of Baikal State University 28, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(4).661-673.
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After the recent economic crises, a necessity for industrial policy developing became obvious both for developed and developing countries. In 2014 Russia adopted a Fundamental federal law on industrial policy, but there are however a number of problems to be solved, such as an assessment of the impact of the implementation of industrial policy alternatives. In the author's opinion, the solution of these problems can be based on the concept of techno-economic paradigm shift. Using the correlation and regression analysis, the dependence of GDP on the development of high-tech industries was studied on the example of technologically advanced countries (USA, China, and Japan) and also Russia. The study was conducted in the absence of developed tools and limited statistics which could provide an indirect basis for assessing the impact of techno-economic paradigm on economic growth and well-being of the population. The author concludes that of the three examined indicators, the high-tech export is the most representative. It can thus be recommended as one of the criteria for assessing impact evaluations of the implementation of industrial policy, which can meet the challenges of scientific and technological progress at the shift of techno-economic paradigms.
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Pavlova, Natalia S., Andrey E. Shastitko, and Alexander A. Kurdin. "The calling card of Russian digital antitrust." Russian Journal of Economics 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.53904.
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Digital antitrust is at the forefront of all expert discussions and is far from becoming an area of consensus among researchers. Moreover, the prescriptions for developed countries do not fit well the situation in developing countries, and namely in BRICS: where the violator of antitrust laws is based compared to national firms becomes an important factor that links competition and industrial policy. The article uses three recent cases from Russian antitrust policy in the digital sphere to illustrate typical patterns of platform conduct that lead not just to a restriction of competition that needs to be remedied by antitrust measures, but also to noteworthy distribution effects. The cases also illustrate the approach taken by the Russian competition authority to some typical problems that arise in digital markets, e.g. market definition, conduct interpretation, behavioral effects, and remedies. The analysis sheds light on the specifics of Russian antitrust policy in digital markets, as well as their interpretation in the context of competition policy in developing countries and the link between competition and industrial policies.
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Suharto, Toto. "KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI GLOBAL DINEGARA SEDANG BERKEMBANG: Tinjauan Teori, Problematika dan Interaksi Kebijakan Perdagangan dan Industrialisasi." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v3i1.3924.
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It is generally speaking that a country must consider industrial and trade sector in making its global economical policies, as both of them are significant role to supporting national economic growth. According to the writer, when we discuss about experiences in the case of implementing industrial and trade policies in the developing countries, there are three dominant perspective analysis as written in the developmental literature, namely Neoclassical perspective, Structural perspective and Radical perspective. Furthermore, the problem in the industrial and trade policies mostly occurs on three main issues, those are exporting policy, importing policy, and strategic options of industrialization which lies on between import substituting industry or export promoting industry. In this paper, the writer also analyzing economical globalization issue as a big challenge nowadays and proposing strategic anticipatory actions that the developing countries should prepare.
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Khan, Mohsin S. "Exchange Rate Policies of Developing Countries in the Context of External Shocks (Invited Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i3pp.403-427.
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In the past decade a combination of events caused the international economic climate to become increasingly inimical to the growth and current account prospects of most developing countries. Worsening terms of trade, falling growth rates in industrial countries, and sharp changes in the availability of foreign financing that were accompanied by a dramatic increase in real interest rates on external borrowing, made the problem of economic management very difficult for policy-makers in the developing world. Adjusting to these shocks would have typically called for fiscal and monetary restraint to control both public and private spending, and more flexible exchange rate policy. Such a strategy, for one reason or another, was not followed by a number of developing countries, and consequently these countries experienced falling growth rates, rising inflation, and current account deficits that over time became unsustainable.
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Chesnais, François. "Present international patterns of foreign direct investment: underlying causes and some policy implications for Brazil." Revista de Economia Contemporânea 17, no. 3 (December 2013): 376–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-98482013000300001.
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An important feature of the 1980s has been the substantial fall in the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the developing countries and also, with the limited exception of the Asian NIE (Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore) and China, to the newly industrialized countries, in particular those in Latin America. FDI has been concentrated more than ever among the advanced industrialized countries of OECD. The same period has witnessed a number of extremely important changes, both in the nature and location of basic or key technologies, the role of technology in industrial competitiveness; the most appropriate industrial management paradigm following the difficulties of the "Fordist" one; the nature of predominant international supply or market structures; and the relationships between productive and financial capital. Today a number of governments in developing countries and in NIC, among them the new government of Brazil, are again engaged in an attempt to attract FDI and to make foreign capital one of the major pillars of industrial revival and future growth. This paper argues that this policy objective is both fairly illusory and largely mistaken. It is fairly illusory in that it seriously underestimates the nature and strength of the structural factors which have been at work since the mid-1970s and seriously modified the strategies and investment priorities of the TNC which under took the brunt of the investment in developing countries and NICs in the earlier "golden age" of the 1960s and 1970s . The objective of luring foreign capital again to Brazil in ways and on a level similar to the 1960s is also largely mistaken in that it fails to recognize that the change in technological paradigms has modified the parameters of international technology transfers (cf. Ernst and O'Connor, 1989) and made indigenous and endogenous industrial growth dependent to a much higher degree than in the previous period (19601975) on factors which foreign capital cannot and will not bring to or build in host countries and which must be created and built indigenously.
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Linden, Greg. "China Standard Time: A Study in Strategic Industrial Policy." Business and Politics 6, no. 3 (December 2004): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1069.
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China's industrial policy for high-technology industries combines key features of the policies pursued elsewhere in East Asia such as opening to foreign investors and supporting domestic firms. Leveraging its large market size, China has gone further than other developing countries by promoting standards for products that compete in China with products controlled by major electronics companies. This paper analyzes the experience to date of this Chinese policy in the consumer optical storage industry in the context of China's evolving national innovation system. China's standard-setting policy is politicized but ultimately pragmatic, which avoids imposing excessive costs on the economy. It may also have dynamic learning benefits for Chinese firms who are starting to compete in global markets.
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van Wijnbergen, Sweder, Rudiger Dornbusch, and Michael Wickens. "Interdependence Revisited: A Developing Countries Perspective on Macroeconomic Management and Trade Policy in the Industrial World." Economic Policy 1, no. 1 (November 1985): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344613.
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Tai, Wan-Ping, and Samuel Ku. "State and Industrial Policy: Comparative Political Economic Analysis of Automotive Industrial Policies in Malaysia and Thailand." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v1i1.61.
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Numerous differences exist between the neoclassical and national development schools of economics on how an economy should develop. For example, should the state interfere in the market using state resources, and cultivate certain industries to achieve specific developmental goals? Although the automotive industries in both Thailand and Malaysia developed in the 1970s with considerable government involvement, they have evolved along very different lines. Can these differences be traced to different interactions between the state and industry in these two countries? This paper examines this issue and finds that although industries in developing countries need government assistance, the specific political and economic contexts of each country affect the policies adopted and their effectiveness. The choice between “autonomous development” (Malaysia) and “dependent development” (Thailand) is the first issue. The second issue is that politics in Malaysia has deterred the automotive industry from adopting a “market following” position. This paper finds that the choice of strategy and political interference are the two main reasons the automotive industry in Malaysia is less competitive than that in Thailand.
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Deineko, Liudmyla, and Olena Tsyplitska. "Foundations of industrial policy in the countries with different levels of development: lessons for Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 43 (November 20, 2019): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-43-99-110.
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Relevance of the research topic is due to the need of developed and developing states of the world in renaissance and improvement of industrial policy as a key instrument of economic development strategy in a globalizing world. Formulation of the problem. The efficiency of industrial policy in countries with different level of development depends on the fact how principles the policy is based on take into consideration the starting national conditions and requirements and trends of global market. For the countries with the same levels of income it is possible to determine the common directions of industrial development strategies and efficient tools of industrial policy. Under similar starting conditions differences in approaches to industrial policy may also determine the differences in results of its implementation; under different starting conditions they can entail the smoothing out of economic performance and a rapid convergence of economies.Analysis of recent research and publications. Some issues on industrial policy implementation in the countries of the world were investigated by both domestic and foreign scholars: A. I. Amosha, A. Andreoni, K. Warwick, V. P. Vyshnevsky, V. M. Heyets, G. Cresti, J. Lin., V. I. Liashenko, A. Noman, I. Nubler, K. Ohno, H. alazar-Xirinachs, E. Starikov, J. Stiglitz, V. Treichel, K. Shwab. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In spite of the multiple attempts to generalize the approaches and instruments of industrial policy for groups of countries the search of optimal design of industrial policy is still going on, what makes the adoption of important industrial development regulations complicated and is the reason of bitter discussions between the branches of authorities in the course of formation of Strategy of Ukrainian industrial complex development, legislative regulation of «industrial visa-free» and export duties on some types of feedstock. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is generalization of the experience of industrial policies in countries with different levels of economic development and justification of the need to use it in setting the basic principles of domestic industrial policies. Method or methodology for conducting research. In the research we used general and specific scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, historical, comparison, dialectical method of knowledge; also methods of statistical analysis, monographic research for countries’ experience, expert assessment method for elaboration the recommendations on industrial policy implementation in transformation economies. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The industrial policy of three groups of countries – with high, middle and low income – are studied due to their historical development. Socioeconomic and institutional conditions of countries, where the implementation of a certain type of industrial policy had positive or negative results, were determined. The analysis of the Ukrainian industrial performance and industrial policy showed that the policy should be revised according to the relevance of instruments and measures to the challenges of internal and global environment. The priority directions of industrial development are determined and the key principles of industrial policy in Ukraine are justified based on foreign experience. The field of application of results. The results of this research can be applied in the process of industrial regulatory framework formation, in the Concept of state industrial policy and the Strategy of industrial development elaboration by central executive authorities, and in the preparation of relevant sections of programs of regions’ socioeconomic and cultural development. Conclusions according to the article. In the study it is determined that these are the protectionism measures and innovation activity stimulation which are the base of the modern industrial policies in the countries with a high level of development; the middle-income countries should prioritize innovation and technology policies; the low-income states including Ukraine should focus on industrial modernization, import substitution, and the integration into global value chains in order to accelerate their socioeconomic development and strengthen the competitiveness over the world markets.
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Oh, Seung-Youn. "Shifting gears: industrial policy and automotive industry after the 2008 financial crisis." Business and Politics 16, no. 4 (December 2014): 641–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0015.
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Apart from being one of the hardest hit sectors during the 2008 financial crisis, the auto sector is also a prominent sector where emerging auto markets such as China have fared relatively well compared to their competitors in North America and Europe. This paper examines various ways that nations have shifted their policy gears to revive and restructure the automotive industry by using the case studies of the USA, France, and China. New sets of policy initiatives are contingent on particular industrial and institutional contexts, but both developed and developing countries have employed wide range of “murky” protectionist measures. This makes it unlikely for the WTO member countries to take a naming and shaming approach and file a case at the WTO level, which poses challenges to the WTO rules and trade liberalization.