Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industrial symbiosi'

L'industria ha un ruolo centrale da svolgere nella transizione verso la sostenibilità sociale, economica e ambientale guidata dalla Commissione europea e dal Programma delle Nazioni Unite per lo sviluppo. Nonostante un crescente interesse verso un settore industriale di qualità, affidabile, sostenibile e resiliente, le singole imprese incontrano ancora diverse barriere che ostacolano una transizione conforme ai tre pilastri della sostenibilità. Di solito vengono adottate strategie comuni, ma il raggiungimento degli ambiziosi obiettivi di sostenibilità resta ancora una sfida. Partendo da una panoramica della letteratura scientifica e delle politiche europee e internazionali, il presente lavoro mette in luce strategie alternative e innovative per promuovere un'industria sostenibile. Attraverso l'analisi di casi di studio vengono dimostrati i benefici ambientali e il miglioramento del benessere umano, con un focus sulle piccole e medie imprese spesso trascurate rispetto alle grandi aziende energivore. L'obiettivo è l'identificazione di soluzioni praticabili ed efficaci per le industrie che seguono una strategia multi-approccio a più livelli, dimostrando che agire sull'intero settore industriale può contribuire in modo significativo al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile. I risultati ottenuti possono aiutare i professionisti e le parti interessate a integrare pratiche sostenibili nel loro modello di gestione.
Industry has a central role to play in the social, economic, and environmental sustainability transition driven by the European Commission and by the United Nations Development Programme. Despite a growing interest in moving towards a quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient industrial sector, individual firms still encounter several barriers that hamper a transition compliant with the three pillars of sustainability. Common strategies are usually adopted but reaching the ambitious sustainability target levels still remains a challenge. Starting from an overview of the scientific literature and of European and International policies, the present works highlights alternative and innovative strategies for promoting a sustainable industry. Through the analysis of case studies environmental benefits and human well-being improvements are demonstrated, with a focus on small and medium-sized enterprises often overlooked compared to energy-intensive and large companies. The objective is the identification of viable and effective solutions for industries following a multi-approach strategy at several levels, showing that acting on the overall industrial sector can significantly contribute on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The obtained results can help practitioners and stakeholders to integrate sustainable practices into their management model.

La lignocellulosa è il principale componente strutturale delle piante legnose e non, e rappresenta una delle principali fonti potenziali di materia organica rinnovabile. La lignocellulosa è composta principalmente da due polimeri di carboidrati, cellulosa ed emicellulosa e dalla lignina (un polimero aromatico). Questi polimeri complessi da un lato costituiscono spesso una biomassa residua della filiera agroalimentare, ma allo stesso tempo contengono differenti monomeri zuccherini e precursori fenolici, aventi un enorme valore biotecnologico, poiché potenzialmente possono essere convertiti in differenti prodotti ad elevato valore aggiunto. In uno scenario in cui la popolazione mondiale è in aumento insieme alla generazione di rifiuti ed inquinamento a scapito delle risorse del pianeta e del benessere umano, questo progetto mira a proporre un esempio di bioeconomia circolare e simbiosi industriale. Più in dettaglio, il progetto parte dalla valutazione quali-quantitativa delle biomasse agricole residue fino alla valorizzazione di un sottoinsieme di interesse per il nostro territorio in folati, sfruttando i lieviti come cell factory microbiche. Il folato (Vitamina B9) è una vitamina B idrosolubile con ruoli importanti nella sintesi, riparazione e metilazione degli acidi nucleici, prodotta solo dalle piante verdi e da alcuni microrganismi: per questi motivi rappresenta una componente nutritiva essenziale per l'uomo. La vitamina B9 disponibile in commercio è sintetizzata chimicamente come acido folico, non ottimale in termini di bioattività per l'uomo; la produzione di folati naturali mediante fermentazione microbica sta quindi diventando un'alternativa sostenibile e desiderabile per l'integrazione umana. Nel corso del progetto è stata acquisita ed applicata la metodologia ENEA per l'analisi dei flussi di risorse e per la creazione di possibili sinergie tra le varie aziende presenti nella regione Lombardia. Grazie a questo lavoro è stato possibile identificare le principali biomasse di scarto prodotte nell'area nel settore agroalimentare e le vinacce non fermentate sono state quindi selezionate per ulteriori studi in laboratorio, e confrontate con biomasse residue precedentemente utilizzate, derivanti dal processo di produzione dello zucchero. Il lievito non convenzionale Scheffersomyces stipitis è stato sfruttato come ospite naturale per la produzione di vitamina B9, per la prima volta in questo lavoro. La crescita è stata ottimizzata e la produzione di folati è stata valutata prima in beuta e successivamente in bioreattore in terreni formulati che imitano gli idrolizzati di lignocellulosa. La produzione massima di folati è stata di 3,7 ± 0,07 mg/L, che ad oggi è la più alta riportata se si considerano i microrganismi di tipo selvatico. Inoltre, è stata valutata la produzione di folati in beuta a partire da tre diverse biomasse residue: melassa di barbabietola da zucchero (SBM), polpa di barbabietola da zucchero (SBP) e vinacce non fermentate (UGM). S. stipitis è stato in grado di metabolizzare queste biomasse, raggiungendo titoli di folati rispettivamente di 188,2 ± 24,86 μg/L, 130,6 ± 1,34 μg/L e 101,9 ± 6,62 μg/L. Parallelamente, il lievito Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suscettibile di manipolazione genetica, è stato ingegnerizzato nel percorso anabolico della produzione di folati per acquisire nuove conoscenze sui possibili bersagli per sbloccare i precursori che ne limitano la produzione. Otto geni diversi sono stati manipolati per la prima volta nello stesso background genetico e sfruttando diverse strategie ingegneristiche. Questo è stato fondamentale per testare il miglior ceppo nel bioreattore e per portare la produzione e la produttività di folati rispettivamente a 620,0 ± 12,30 μg/L e 41,33 μgfol/Lh, tra i più alti in letteratura. Nel complesso, questi risultati forniscono una solida evidenza di possibili processi di upcycling a base microbica di biomasse lignocellulosiche.
Lignocellulose is the major structural component of woody and non-woody plants, representing a major potential source of renewable organic matter. Lignocellulose is primarily composed by two carbohydrate polymers, cellulose and hemicellulose and by lignin (an aromatic polymer). These complex polymers on the one hand often constitute a residual biomass of agro-food production chain, but at the same time they contain different sugar monomers and phenolic precursors, harbouring an enormous biotechnological value, since they can potentially be converted into different value-added products. In a scenario where the world population is increasing together with the generation of waste and pollution at the expenses of planet resources and human wellbeing, this project aims at proposing an example of circular bioeconomy and industrial symbiosis. More in detail, the project starts from the quali-quantitative evaluation of residual agricultural biomasses to the valorization of a subset of interest for our territory into folates, exploiting yeasts as microbial cell factory. Folate (Vitamin B9) is a water-soluble B vitamin with important roles in nucleic acid synthesis, repair and methylation, produced only by green plants and some microorganisms: for these reasons it represents an essential nutritional component for humans. Vitamin B9 commercially available is chemically synthetized as folic acid, suboptimal in terms of bioactivity for humans; the production of natural folates by microbial fermentation is therefore becoming a sustainable and desirable alternative for human supplementation. During the project the ENEA methodology for the analysis of resource flows and for the creation of possible synergies between the various companies present in the Lombardy region was acquired and applied. Thanks to this work it was possible to identify the main waste biomasses produced in the area in the agro-food sector and unfermented grape marcs was then selected for further studies in laboratory, and compared with previously utilised residual biomasses, deriving from sugar process of production. The non-conventional yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis was exploited as natural but never investigated host for the production of vitamin B9. The growth was optimized and folate production was assessed first in shake flasks and then in bioreactor in formulated media mimicking lignocellulose hydrolysates. The maximum folate production was 3.7 ± 0.07 mg/L, which to date is the highest reported when considering wild type microorganisms. Moreover, folate production was evaluated in shake flasks starting from three different residual biomasses: sugar beet molasses (SBM), sugar beet pulp (SBP) and unfermented grape marcs (UGM). S. stipitis was able to metabolize these biomasses, reaching folate titers of 188.2 ± 24.86 μg/L, 130.6 ± 1.34 μg/L and 101.9 ± 6.62 μg/L respectively. In parallel, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, amenable for genetic manipulation, was engineered into the anabolic pathway of folate production to acquire novel knowledge on possible targets for unlocking bottlenecks of production. Eight different genes were manipulated for the first time in the same genetic background and exploiting different engineering strategies. This was pivotal for testing the best strain in bioreactor and in bringing folate production and productivity up to 620.0 ± 12.30 μg/L and 41.33 μgfol/Lh respectively, among the highest in the literature. Overall, these results provide solid evidence of possible up-cycling microbial-based processes of lignocellulosic biomasses that characterize specific territory. The value in terms of circularity of the resources, minimization of management costs of wastes and generation of values in the logic of industrial symbiosis was demonstrated, matching the initial scope of the PhD project.

La riduzione delle emissioni climalteranti è considerata un obiettivo strategico, sia a livello europeo che globale. Una maggiore diffusione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili (FER) è considerata essenziale per una transizione verso un sistema energetico più sostenibile. Questa transizione verso un’energia a basse emissioni di carbonio richiede lo sviluppo e l'uso di tecnologie innovative, in particolare nei settori di utilizzo finale (edifici, industria e trasporti), e nuovi approcci economici, di gestione e di mercato. Lo studio presentato in questa tesi esplora le opportunità sostenibili offerte dall'approccio di simbiosi industriale e urbano-industriale basati sull'energia. La simbiosi industriale energetica (SIE) propone la condivisione di risorse, strutture e infrastrutture legate all'energia come un modello efficace per promuovere misure di risparmio energetico e l'adozione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili a livello industriale. Inoltre, è possibile perseguire una strategia energetica a basse emissioni di carbonio creando sinergie energetiche tra i distretti industriali e le aree urbane adiacenti. Stabilire la simbiosi energetica urbana-industriale (SUIE) consente di ottimizzare la produzione e il consumo di energia e di sfruttare il know-how locale e le risorse umane. Il nuovo sistema integrato necessita infatti di un cambio di prospettiva, considerando un'azione multi-stakeholder: aziende di servizi energetici, comunità locali, settore industriale, consumatori, policy maker, ricercatori devono impegnarsi attivamente nei processi di pianificazione partecipativa per guidare la trasformazione del sistema energetico e del processo di ricerca e innovazione, e rispondere adeguatamente alle esigenze del territorio. Nella tesi viene presentata un'analisi approfondita dei molteplici driver e barriere tecnici, economici, organizzativi, normativi, ambientali e sociali dell'approccio di simbiosi energetica, con l'obiettivo di modellare le configurazioni ottimali delle sinergie energetiche tra le imprese che comprendano l’uso di FER. Viene inoltre sviluppata una metodologia per supportare energy manager, singole imprese, gruppi di imprese all'interno di parchi industriali e decisori per valutare le sinergie e i progetti energetici che coinvolgono FER, tenendo conto degli impatti economici, ambientali e sociali dei progetti. Inoltre, viene sviluppato un framework orientato alla sostenibilità con l'obiettivo di modellare le sinergie energetiche urbano-industriali comprendenti le FER da un punto di vista multi-stakeholder per supportare il processo decisionale sulla sostenibilità economica, ambientale e sociale delle sinergie energetiche. L’applicazione degli strumenti decisionali sviluppati a specifici casi studio consente di sottolineare come le strategie collettive (SIE o SUIE) consentano una migliore gestione della fornitura di energia da fonti rinnovabili.
Reducing emissions responsible for the climate change is recognized as a strategic goal at European and global level. A higher deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) is considered as essential for a transition towards a more sustainable energy system. This low-carbon energy transition requires both the development and use of innovative technologies, particularly at end-use sectors (buildings, industry and transport), and new management approaches as well as new market design and business models. This study explores the sustainability driven opportunities offered by the energy based Industrial and Urban-Industrial Symbiosis approach. The Industrial Energy Symbiosis (IES) considers the sharing of energy-related resources, facilities and infrastructures as an effective model to promote energy conservation measures and the renewable energy sources uptake at the industrial level. In addition, an improved low-carbon strategy can be achieved creating energy synergies between industrial districts and the adjacent urban areas. Establishing Urban-Industrial Energy Symbiosis (UIES) allows optimizing the energy production and consumption and exploiting the local knowhow and human resources. These new integrated system needs a change of perspective, considering a multi-stakeholder action: energy service companies, local communities, industry sector, consumers, policy makers, researchers must get actively involved in participatory planning processes to guide the transformation of the energy system and the research and innovation process, and respond adequately to the needs of the territory. Thus, an in-depth analysis of the manifold technical, economic, organizational, regulatory, environmental and social drivers and barriers of the energy symbiosis approach are presented, with the aim of modelling the optimal energy synergies configurations among firms including RES. A methodology is developed to support energy managers, single firms, groups of firms within industrial parks, and decision-makers to evaluate energy synergies and projects involving RES, taking into account the economic, environmental and social impacts of the projects. Lastly, a sustainability-driven framework is developed, with the aim of modeling Urban–Industrial Energy Symbiosis networks integrating RES from a multi-stakeholder point of view and supporting decision-making on the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of the energy synergies. The application of the developed decision-making tools to specific case studies emphasizes how collective strategies (IES or UIES) allow better management of the energy supplied by renewable sources.

This study examines the concept of Industrial Symbiosis (IS). It aims to provide insights into the evolutionary processes and development of IS. Drawing on international case studies of IS programs and the work of scholars in the field, this study identifies and analyses major factors influencing the development of an IS. The study also examined a number of cognitive factors that influence successful IS development.

This report focuses on governance mechanisms for industrial symbiosis (IS). The study takes an organizational approach on material and energy exchanges between different organizations (or different parts in the same organization) leading to increased regional resource efficiency. This project explores different strategies for governance mechanisms and analyzes how these affect trust. Significant factors for initiating and keeping a collaboration successful are also analyzed. Representatives from 24 Swedish cases of symbiotic arrangements are interviewed and ten themes affecting IS collaborations are identified. The themes are governance structure, shared vision, previous collaboration, local conditions, initiating a collaboration, activities to build trust, conflicts, transaction-based or goal-oriented approach, indicators and distribution of costs and benefits. Among the governance structures used are hierarchy (collaboration between different parts of the same organization), joint venture, strategic alliance and different types of agreements. Common is a 10-15 years agreement, sometimes combined with a strategic discussion about the development of the collaboration. Three factors particularly affecting collaborations are identified: strategic meetings, indicators related to the collaboration and fair profit distribution. The factor strategic meetings is about combining long term agreements with innovation. Long term agreements might be necessary when a project requires investments. Meanwhile, this can suppress innovation by supporting outdated solutions. The paradox of needing both long term agreements and continued innovation may be solved by the practice of having strategic meetings and contract surveillance. Another significant factor for successful collaborations is the use of jointly evaluated indicators. To jointly evaluate a project according to predetermined indicators gives all parties the opportunity to know when a collaboration is successful. The third significant factor is fair profit distribution. Unfair profit distribution may delay or stop a project. It may also decrease trust in an ongoing project. A fair profit distribution is a key factor for enabling long term relationships.
Den här rapporten studerar samarbetsformer för industriell symbios (IS). Fokus för den här studien är material- och energiutbyten mellan organisationer eller mellan olika delar i samma organisation som leder till regional resurseffektivisering. Val och implementering av samarbetsform analyseras i relation till förtroende mellan organisationer och lyckade samarbeten. Viktiga faktorer för att lyckas starta och bibehålla ett symbiossamarbete analyseras också. Representanter från 24 svenska fall av symbiotiska samarbeten intervjuas och deras svar analyseras utifrån tio teman: samarbetsform, gemensam vision, tidigare samarbete, lokala förutsättningar, att starta ett samarbete, aktiviteter för att bygga förtroende, konflikter, transaktionsbaserat eller målinriktat förhållningssätt, indikatorer och vinstfördelning. Bland de samarbetsformer som används återfinns hierarki (samarbete mellan olika delar i samma organisation), joint venture, strategisk allians och olika typer av avtal. Vanligt är avtal på 10-15 år, ibland kombinerat med en strategisk diskussion om samarbetets utveckling. Tre faktorer identifieras som extra viktiga vid symbiotiska samarbeten: strategiska möten, indikatorer relaterade till samarbetet och rättvis vinstfördelning. Strategiska möten handlar om att kombinera långsiktiga avtal med innovation. Långsiktiga avtal behövs ofta i symbiossamarbeten för att kunna göra investeringar. Samtidigt kan detta låsa fast utdaterade lösningar och försvåra innovation och utveckling. Att ha avtalsbevakning och en strategisk diskussion kring utveckling av samarbetet har identifierats som ett sätt att lösa detta på. En annan betydande faktor för lyckade samarbeten är gemensamma indikatorer relaterade till samarbetet. Att gemensamt utvärdera samarbetet enligt uppsatta indikatorer ger alla parter möjlighet att veta när ett samarbete lyckats. Den tredje identifierade faktorn är rättvis vinstfördelning. Orättvis vinstfördelning kan stoppa eller försena ett samarbete. Det kan också urholka parternas förtroende till varandra. En rättvis vinstfördelning kan däremot skapa förtroende och är en nyckelfaktor till ett långsiktigt samarbete.

This thesis describes a unique industrial symbiosis employing algae at the core of a novel industrial system that integrates fossil-power generation, carbon capture, biofuel production, aquaculture, and wastewater treatment. A new modelling framework capable of designing and evaluating material and energy exchanges within an industrial ecosystem is introduced. Results, focusing on CO2 flows, demonstrate the potential for CO2 emissions reduction through carbon reuse and recycling. Significantly, this thesis shows the positive potential of this new complex industrial symbiosis and of the modelling framework by demonstrating a high degree of flexibility in terms of integrated material and energy flow analysis. Details of this algae-centred eco-industrial park and a demonstration of its workings through preliminary techno-economic calculations are presented. Results show that a proposed eco-park that generates 660 MW power plant and several material co-product streams (biofuel, chemicals), reduces net CO2 emissions significantly by 62% (equivalent to 1,9 million t/yr) as compared to a 660 MW stand-alone power plant. This reduction is achieved through the recycling and utilisation of captured CO2 in the algae feed. Using a 100% renewable option, zero CO2 emissions may be targeted, but noting that this option is limited because it comes without materials co-production. Also, the overall unit production cost of algae-centred eco-industrial park proposed significantly lowered by 60% compared to the overall unit production cost needed from combining all stand-alone plants together. Feedstock and equipment overall budgets have more impacts compared to other sensitivity analysis carried. The effectiveness of evaluating energy technology transitions towards future low-emission energy and chemical systems is discussed.

Industriers samverkan med varandra och andra sektorer i samhället genom industriell symbios spelar en viktig roll för omställningen till cirkulära kretslopp och en hållbar framtid. Genom att företag, industrier och kommuner verkar tillsammans genom bland annat resurs- och kunskapsutbyten fås en ökad energioch resurseffektivitet med ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala vinster. De områden med industriell symbios som finns idag har ofta uppkommit genom spontant utvecklade projekt, på grund av exempelvis lönsamheten i att tillvarata restflöden eller krav på slutna flöden. Att symbiosnätverk inte uppkommer vid fler områden kan bero på bristfällig kommunikation och företags fokus på den egna kärnverksamheten, att de inte ser till det större systemet de är en del av och vilka nyttor som kan fås genom samverkan. Ett första steg i att aktivt utveckla industriell symbios är att kartlägga potentiella synergier inom ett område. Kartläggningssteget är ett av de inom litteraturen mest undersökta stegen av utvecklingsprocessen för industriell symbios. Det innehåller en mängd framtagna dataverktyg som syftar till att matcha verksamheters in- och utflöden. Identifierade dataverktyg missar dock ofta aspekten att involvera och engagera medarbetare samt ytterligare mervärden som utöver möjliga resursutbyten är viktiga för att industriell symbios ska uppkomma och fortsätta verka. Det saknas även ett arbetssätt för hur en kartläggning kan struktureras, där detta examensarbete är ett värdefullt bidrag inom ämnet. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur en kartläggning av befintliga och potentiella värdehöjande synergier kan struktureras. Synergier är exempelvis utbyten av material- och resursflöden, gemensam infrastruktur och kunskapsnätverk. Synergier syftar till att vara värdehöjande i form av att ge ekonomiska fördelar, minskad miljöpåverkan eller stärkta sociala band mellan olika aktörer. En fallstudie genomfördes för att kartlägga synergier vid Händelö Eco Industrial Park i Norrköping. Datainsamlingen för kartläggningen genomfördes externt av rapportförfattarna genom genomgång av dokument, telefonsamtal och möten med medarbetare vid Händelö. En workshop med representanter från sju aktörer genomfördes som intern kartläggning, som ämnar till att samla aktörer och låta dem gemensamt identifiera synergimöjligheter mellan varandra. Genom fallstudien identifierades ett 50-tal olika synergier och ett flertal mervärden vid Händelöområdet. Som en avslutande del i kartläggningen bedömdes identifierade synergiers implementeringspotential. Examensarbetet presenterar ett arbetssätt för hur en kartläggning av befintliga och potentiella värdehöjande synergier inom ett område kan struktureras. Arbetssättet består av fyra steg; identifiering av startgrupp av aktörer, kartläggning av synergier, inkludering av ytterligare aktörer och bedömning av implementeringspotentialen. Diskussion förs gällande hur arbetssättet kan anpassas utifrån kartläggarens och områdets förutsättningar samt vikten av olika mervärden. Genom att formulera ett arbetssätt som utöver identifierade värdehöjande synergier även resulterar i mervärden som stärker den institutionella kapaciteten för industriell symbios, ökar möjligheterna för industriell symbios och mer hållbar hushållning av resurser inom fler områden. I slutsatserna rekommenderas att en kartläggning av synergier bör genomföras både externt och internt. En intern kartläggning, när aktörer samlas och interagerar med varandra, kan utöver synergimöjligheter även resultera i viktiga mervärden som främjar implementering av synergier. Exempel på mervärden är engagemang och ökad kommunikation, vilket stärker den institutionella kapaciteten för industriell symbios och möjliggör långsiktiga industriella samarbeten. För att ta arbetet vidare är kontinuerliga möten iv och att koordinera aktörer viktigt, för att ta tillvara på identifierade synergier och de anställdas engagemang, därmed fortsätta utveckla den industriella symbiosen vid Händelö.
Industries cooperating with each other and other sectors of society through industrial symbiosis which plays an important role for a sustainable development and the conversion to circular economy. Industries, municipalities and organizations collaborating through, among other things, sharing resources and knowledge leads to energy and resource efficiency with economic, environmental and social benefits. Areas with existing industrial symbiosis have often emerged through spontaneously developed projects, due to regulations or the profitability of utilizing residual flows. Why industrial symbiosis network doesn’t emerge in more areas may be due to lack of communication and coordination as well as companies focusing on their core business and not seeking the benefits that collaborations can provide. A first step in developing industrial symbiosis is to find synergetic opportunities within an area. This step contains a variety of data tools for process input–output stream-based matching. These types of data tools, however, often misses the aspect of involving and engaging employees which is important for the process of industrial symbiosis to emerge and proceed. There is also no clear workflow for how identifying synergy opportunities can be done, where this thesis is a valuable contribution within the subject. This master thesis examines how a mapping of existing and potential value-adding synergies can be structured. Synergies include, for example, exchanges of material and resource flows, shared infrastructure and knowledge networks. Synergies aim to added value of economic benefits, reduced environmental impact or strengthened social links between different actors. A case study was conducted to find synergetic opportunities at Händelö Eco Industrial Park in Norrköping. The data collection was carried out externally by the authors through a review of documents and meetings with employees at Händelö. A workshop with representatives from seven actors was held as internal mapping, which aimed to help them to identify mutual synergy opportunities between each other together. The case study identifies about 50 different synergies and several added values in the Händelö area. As a final part of the mapping, the potential for the identified synergies’ feasibility were assessed. This master thesis presents a workflow for a mapping of existing and potential value-adding synergies within an area. The process consists of four steps; identification of actors, mapping of synergies, incorporation of further actors and feasibility assessment. Discussion is conducted on how the workflow can be adapted based on the surveyor and the area of the symbiosis, as well as the importance of various added values. Formulating a workflow that, in addition to identifying value-added synergies increases the opportunities for industrial symbiosis and more sustainable management of resources in further areas. The conclusions include a recommendation that a mapping of synergies should be done both externally and internally. An internal survey, where actors gather and interact with each other, can result in important added values which facilitates the feasibility of identified synergies. Examples of added value are engagement and increased communication, which strengthens the institutional capacity for industrial symbiosis and enables long-term industrial collaborations. In order to continue the development of the Händelö area, recurrent meetings and coordination of actors are important, taking advantage of identified synergies and employee engagement, thus continuing to develop the industrial symbiosis.

As the world's population increases, so does the use of resources and thus also the amount of waste. This is an unsustainable resource use trend, with low resource efficiency and high throughput, but can be counteracted with a circular economy. In recent years, an increasing number of initiatives have been taken to strengthen sustainability work. On a global level, the UN developed Agenda 2030, and in 2020 the Swedish government presented a strategy for the transition to a circular economy in Sweden. One way to contribute to increased sustainability and a transition to a circular economy is through industrial and urban symbiosis (IUS). IUS is about increasing resource utilization through greater collaboration between organizations. One organization's residuals and waste can be another's resource. In addition to physical flows, IUS can involve the exchange of information and knowledge between different actors, or the sharing of services or equipment. Urban symbiosis means that the needs, flows and relationships of the city or urban areas are combined with those of industries. Waste contractors, universities, government agencies and production companies can all contribute to this collaboration. For IUS to develop in a planned way, a coordinating or facilitating actor is needed who can work both comprehensively and impartially. This role could be carried out by a municipality and according to the Swedish Instrument of Government, municipalities have a responsibility to try to act towards sustainability. In addition, many municipalities have directly or indirectly linked their strategies and overall goals to the sub-goals of Agenda 2030. Thus, there are many potential benefits for municipalities in achieving their sustainability objectives by implementing IUS in their operations. Since the 2000s, more and more research has been carried out on IUS, and an increasing number of municipalities have begun implementing it. However, most research focuses on private actors, and does not address the unique opportunities and limitations that a municipal organization may have, considering they are a politically controlled organization. There is a lack of an overall mapping, compilation, and tools for what specifically Swedish municipalities can have and use, in the form of drivers, barriers, approaches and consequences, when working with IUS. The purpose of this study has thus been to map how municipalities, within their existing organization, can include and enable the development of industrial and urban symbiosis, and create a tool to facilitate that development. To answer the research questions and fulfil the purpose, a qualitative case study was conducted through a literature review and a semi-structured interview study of five municipalities that have already initiated the development of IUS in their organizations. The five municipalities have been Sotenäs, Malmö, Helsingborg, Lidköping and Gotland and the selected respondents were municipal employees and elected politicians from four areas of the municipal organization. 19 individual interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses were then categorized as a driver, barrier, process, or consequence of working with IUS. The categorization of the collected empirical data was compiled into five tables which showed that 30 drivers, 32 barriers, 56 approaches, 32 positive consequences and 6 negative consequences had been mentioned during the interviews. The most prominent drivers were that the municipal organization is development-driven, there is strong political support early on, there is a large network of contacts and cooperation within the region, as well as the presence of champions. Several prominent obstacles were highlighted and the most obvious of these were the need for and the time required to create political anchoring, the organizational culture, and the lack of knowledge that comes with the fact that IUS is a complex subject that can be difficult to explain. The interview study also resulted in many approaches, which differed between the municipalities. However, there were some specific ones that all municipalities emphasized as important for the development of IUS. Some examples of these were collaborating with scientific academics, working more cross-sectorally, and taking inspiration from other municipalities. When it comes to consequences, most municipalities that have come quite far with the work have experienced at least one negative consequence, but the positive consequences are significantly more. Based on these tables, a tool was developed: Matrisen (‘The Matrix’), which is divided into three parts; 1. Identify the municipality's current situation based on factors, 2. Examine which processes can be used to influence the current situation, and 3. Make an action plan. The Matrix is designed as a focus group interview with inspiration from a workshop, which is intended to be part of a larger workshop that representatives from a municipality will participate in to begin its work to enable IUS in its municipality. The Matrix is also intended to be an iterative process that will be used continuously over the years. When the content of the tool was compared to scientific literature, several connections for most factors and processes were found. Unfortunately, the tool could not be tested and thus there are several risks and opportunities for improvement, but it is still considered to be of great value as it is unique in that it is the first tool focused on simplifying work with IUS for specifically Swedish municipalities. Another thing that makes the Matrix unique is that it both gives an overall view and is generalizing, while it at the same time provides the opportunity to be individual. It also focuses on developing the fundamental aspects needed for a municipality to be able to initiate work with IUS. There are many reasons why municipalities should work to implement IUS. Municipalities can, for example, contribute with a neutral meeting place because they do not have to act profitably or are exposed to rivalry in the same way as companies. In addition, the municipalities are responsible for some of society’s large systems with important flows and have a public responsibility by having to handle certain constitutional tasks. This means that the municipalities will be part of an IUS even if they do not actively choose to get involved. For these reasons, they can benefit others by also acting on several of the relevant roles needed in an IUS. For their own benefit, municipalities should work with IUS to help them achieve their business and sustainability goals quicker. Working with IUS, for a municipal organization, also brings benefits for other actors within the municipality and can affect the municipality's reputation in a positive way. Swedish municipalities should therefore work to introduce IUS in their organization, based on their own circumstances and capacity.
I takt med att jordens befolkning ökar, ökar också resursanvändningen och därmed även avfallsmängderna. Detta är en ohållbar resursanvändningstrend eftersom det innebär låg resurseffektivitet och hög genomströmningshastighet, vilket är något som cirkulär ekonomi motverkar. Under de senaste åren har ett ökande antal initiativ tagits för att stärka hållbarhetsarbetet; på global nivå har FN skapat Agenda 2030 och 2020 presenterade den svenska regeringen en strategi för omställningen till cirkulär ekonomi i Sverige. Ett sätt att bidra till ökad hållbarhet och cirkulär ekonomi är genom industriell och urban symbios (IUS). IUS handlar om att försöka öka resursutnyttjandet genom större samverkan mellan organisationer. En organisations restprodukt och avfall kan bli en annans resurs och utöver fysiska flöden kan det även handla om att öka utbytet av information och kunskap mellan olika aktörer eller att flera delar tjänster eller utrustning med varandra. Urban symbios innebär att stadens eller urbana områdens behov, flöden och relationer kombineras med de hos industrier. Så väl avfallsentreprenörer, universitet, myndigheter och producerande företag kan medverka till denna samverkan. För att IUS ska kunna utvecklas på ett planerat sätt behövs någon form av koordinerande eller faciliterande aktör som kan arbeta på ett övergripande och opartiskt sätt. Den koordinerande aktören skulle förslagsvis kunna vara en kommun och enligt Regeringsformen har kommuner ett ansvar i att försöka agera för hållbarhet. Flertalet kommuner har direkt eller indirekt kopplat sina strategier och övergripande mål till delmålen i Agenda 2030. Därmed finns det många potentiella vinster för en kommun och dess hållbarhetsarbete med att initiera IUS i sin verksamhet. Det har under 2000-talet börjat genomföras alltmer forskning inom ämnet IUS och allt fler kommuner har börjat arbeta med det. Den mesta forskningen fokuserar dock på allmänna aktörer, och tar inte in de unika möjligheter och begränsningar som en kommunorganisation kan ha, i och med att de är en politiskt styrd organisation. Det saknas en övergripande kartläggning, sammanställning och verktyg för vad specifikt svenska kommuner kan ha för drivkrafter, hinder, tillvägagångssätt och följder av att arbeta med IUS. Syftet med denna studie har därmed varit att kartlägga hur kommuner, inom sin befintliga organisation, kan inkludera och möjliggöra utvecklingen av industriell och urban symbios, samt skapa ett verktyg för att underlätta den utvecklingen. För att svara på frågeställningarna och uppfylla syftet genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie genom en litteraturgranskning samt en semistrukturerad intervjustudie av fem kommuner som redan har initierat utvecklingen av IUS i sina organisationer. De fem kommunerna har varit Sotenäs, Malmö, Helsingborg, Lidköping och Gotland och de utvalda respondenterna var tjänstepersoner och förtroendevalda politiker från fyra områden av kommunorganisationen. 19 individuella intervjuer spelades in och transkriberades där svaren sedan kategoriserades som en drivkraft, hinder, process eller följd av arbete med IUS. Kategoriseringen av den insamlade empirin samanställdes i fem tabeller som visade att 30 drivkrafter, 32 hinder, 56 tillvägagångssätt, 32 positiva följder samt 6 negativa följder hade nämnts under intervjuerna. De mest framträdande drivkrafterna var att kommunorganisationen är utvecklingsdriven, att det finns en stark politisk stöttning tidigt, att det finns ett stort kontaktnät samt samarbete inom regionen och även förekomsten av eldsjälar. Det uppmärksammades flertalet framträdande hinder och de tydligaste av dessa var behovet av och tidsåtgången som krävs för att skapa politisk förankring, organisationskulturen samt kunskapsbristen som kommer med att IUS är ett komplext ämne som kan vara svårt att förklara. Intervjustudien resulterade även i ett stort antal tillvägagångssätt som skiljde sig kommunerna mellan, men det fanns vissa specifika som samtliga framhävde som viktiga för utvecklingen av IUS. Några exempel på dessa var att samarbeta med vetenskaplig akademi, arbeta mer tvärsektoriellt, samt ta inspiration från andraVkommuner. När det kommer till följder har de flesta kommuner som kommit en bit med arbetet upplevt någon enstaka negativ följd, men de positiva följderna är betydligt fler. Utifrån dessa tabeller togs ett verktyg fram: Matrisen, som är uppdelad i tre delar; 1. Identifiera kommunens nuläge utifrån faktorer, 2. Undersöka vilka processer som kan användas för att påverka nuläget, samt 3. Göra en handlingsplan. Matrisen är utformad som en fokusgruppsintervju med inspiration av workshop som är tänkt att vara en del av en större workshop som representanter från en kommun ska delta i för att påbörja sitt arbete med att möjliggöra IUS i sin kommun. Matrisen är också avsedd att var en iterativ process som ska användas kontinuerligt genom åren. När verktygets innehåll jämfördes mot vetenskaplig litteratur återfanns flertalet kopplingar för de flesta faktorer och processer. Verktyget kunde dessvärre inte testas och därmed finns det ett antal risker och förbättringsmöjligheter, men den anses ändå vara av stort värde då den är unik i form av att det är det första verktyget som är inriktat på att förenkla arbetet med IUS specifikt för svenska kommuner. Något annat som gör Matrisen unik är att den är både översiktlig och generaliserande, samtidigt som den ger möjlighet att vara individuell. Den fokuserar också på att ta fram de fundamentala aspekterna som behövs för att en kommun ska kunna initiera arbete med IUS. Det finns många anledningar på varför kommuner bör arbeta med att möjliggöra IUS. Kommuner kan exempelvis bidra med en neutral mötesplats eftersom de inte ska agera vinstdrivande eller är konkurrensutsatta på samma sätt som företag. Dessutom har kommunerna ansvar för stora samhällsystem med viktiga flöden samt har ett samhällsansvar genom att de ska sköta vissa lagstadgade uppgifter. Det leder till att kommunerna kommer vara en del av en IUS även om de inte aktivt väljer att engagera sig. Av dessa anledningar kan de göra nytta för andra genom att också agera flera av de relevanta rollerna som behövs i en IUS. För sin egen skull bör kommuner arbeta med IUS för att det kan hjälpa dem att snabbare nå sina uppsatta strategier och mål för exempelvis näringsliv och hållbarhet. Arbete med IUS för en kommunorganisation medför även vinster för övriga verksamheter i kommunen samt kan påverka kommunens rykte på ett positivt sätt. Svenska kommuner bör därför arbeta för att införa IUS i sin organisation, utifrån sina egna förutsättningar och kapacitet.
Cirkulär Ekonomi Genom Industriell Samverkan 2.0

A collaborative approach to industry-environment issues is acknowledged as a key aspect of sustainable development. Sincerely, resource sharing among firms offers the potential to increase stability of operations, especially in supply-constrained areas, by ensuring that access to important inputs such as water, energy and raw materials are guaranteed. Industrial Symbiosis (IS), a sub-field of Industrial Ecology, is primarily concerned with the cyclical flow of resources through networks of industrial units as a means of cooperatively approaching environmentally sustainable industrial activity. In line with this principle, a critical assessment of the change in environmental performance brought about by industrial symbiosis (IS) was conducted in nineteen selected eco-industrial park case studies identified in all regions of the world with the exception of the African continent. Case study selection criteria were based on models of eco-industrial parks proposed by Chertow (2000). A description of the type of material exchanges that go on in each case study was carried out which revealed evidence of implemented synergies in respective case studies. A comparative assessment of cross-case patterns which is a semi-quantitative matrix used to quantify the degree of environmental performance showed that there was a clear evidence of improved environmental performance among respective case studies investigated where water, energy and material flows served as indicators. Results obtained from the study showed a common pattern of industrial presence in respective case studies reflecting the occurrence of heavy process industries such as oil refineries, cement industries, petrochemical industries, and steel industries. The principle of “anchor tenant” proposed by some experts in the field of industrial ecology was strongly supported by the obtained results. Symbiotic cooperation among participating firms in respective case studies were mainly on areas like cogeneration, re-use of materials, recycling and wastewater treatment and re-use.

The field of industrial ecology aims to transform industry into cyclical systems so that the “waste of one process can be used as resource for another process” (Frosch and Galloupoulos, 1989). Within this field, Industrial Symbiosis (IS) has emerged as a set of exchange structures to advance to a more eco-efficient industrial system, by establishing inter-organisational networks of waste material and energy exchanges. Even though the area has attracted much academic attention and has been reported to lead to economic and environmental benefits (Chertow and Lombardi, 2005), initially, most of the contributions focused on the engineering and technical feasibility of the exchanges, whereas social elements remained mostly unaddressed. Although relevant literature has partly addressed this gap and recognized the role played by social aspects, there is still little understanding of how social mechanisms work; how they affect the emergence and operation of IS networks and, most importantly, there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks for the analysis of the soft elements of IS. This research has been designed to contribute to these areas, by exploring the social aspects surrounding IS networks and providing a framework for their analysis. The framework provided covers the material, social and discursive dimensions of IS networks and focus on the dynamic analysis of the interaction between them. The research design relies on the cross-comparison of a number of IS networks: Kalundborg (Denmark), Sagunto (Spain) and NISP (UK). Social Network Analysis and Discourse Analysis have been used as main methodological approaches. Findings of the research cover two key areas: 1) the formulation of a comprehensive analytical framework that addresses the social dimension of IS initiatives in a systematic and integrative way and 2) empirical learning on the main social processes affecting the operation of IS networks.

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) refers to the collaboration of traditionally separate industries that benefit each other through the physical exchange of materials, water, energy and/or by-products. Firms engaging in IS approach aim to mutualize resourcesor equipment(i.e. mutualization synergies), or to substitute resources with the output of another company (i.e. substitution synergies). Despite the obviouseconomic, environmental and socialbenefits provided by IS, this procedure remains fledgling, especially in France.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges induced by such a procedure, we conducted a qualitative study involving the interviews of seven actors who brought a global perspective towards IS implementation in French SMEsand who provideinformation and organizational framework so that to create successful IS networks. Studying IS involving SMEsin Francehighlights several challenges that embrace the specificities of the scope of our study: firms suffer from a lack of structure, a lack of resources (i.e. human, time, material), and a short-term vision, and are evolving within anextremely bureaucratic and highly procedural country. Implementing a successful IS in France with SMEs requires at first to overcome the entry barriers when approaching SMEs, which is often the role of facilitators working in associations. The other main stakeholders involved in the synergies, firms but also public and private actors,must establish a common networkin order to carry properly the synergiesand to make themsustainable. As France is characterized by place-oriented IS systems, networks that lead to synergies are built at a local scale which is relevant for mutualization synergies, but which can appear as an obstacle to detect substitution synergies as it maynot involve enough firms.

Face aux enjeux écologiques actuels, l'écologie industrielle est présentée comme l'un des champs de réflexion et d'action les plus ambitieux. L'idée sous-jacente est de faire évoluer le système industriel sous la forme de symbioses comme le fait la nature, par la mise en place de débouchés pour les flux de déchets, d'eau ou d'énergie d'une entreprise vers d'autres firmes. Toutefois, au sein du corpus de l'écologie industrielle, bien peu d'études empiriques évoquent les raisons qui peuvent motiver les entreprises à s'engager dans de telles pratiques, les avantages économiques, environnementaux et sociaux concrets dégagés, et les contraintes associées aux échanges. L'objectif principal de la thèse est d'analyser cette perspective interne de l'écologie industrielle à partir d'une étude du cas de l'agglomération dunkerquoise. Il s'agit de comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles les entreprises ont mis en place des synergies de substitution, d'évaluer les bénéfices obtenus ainsi que les contraintes associées à l'échange. Nous avons mené des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dix-sept grandes entreprises appartenant à divers secteurs d'activités tels que la sidérurgie, l'énergie, la cimenterie, la chimie etc. Notre thèse montre que les entreprises s'engagent dans des démarches d'écologie industrielle en raison des pressions externes (notamment de la réglementation) et internes (coûts, problématiques internes) et que l'engagement n'est effectif que si des avantages économiques et environnementaux se dessinent. En outre, la réussite de la collaboration repose sur une bonne articulation des dispositifs formels et informels que les partenaires vont mettre en place
In front of current ecological stakes the industrial ecology is presented as one of the most ambitious fields of reflection and action. The underlying idea is to develop the industrial system under the shape of symbioses as the fact the nature, by the implementation of outlets for the flows of waste, water or energy of a company towards other films. However, within the corpus of the industrial ecology, indeed few empirical studies evoke the reasons which can motivate companies to make a commitment in such practices, the economic, environmental and social concrete clear advantages, and the constraints were associated with the exchanges. The main objective of the thesis is to analyze this internal prospect of the industrial ecology from a study of the case of the urban area of Dunkirk. It is a question of understanding the reasons for which companies set upt substitution synergies, to estimate profits obtained as well as constraints associated with the exchange. We led semi-directive conversations with seventeen large companies belonging to diverse business sectors such as the steel industry, the energy, the cement work, the chemestry, etc... Our thesis shows that companies make a commitment in steps of industrial ecology because of the external pressures (in particular of the regulations) and intern (costs, internal problems) and that the commitment is actual only if economic and environmental advantages take shape. Besides, the success of the collaboration rests on a good joint of the formal and informal devices which the partners are going to set up

In recent years the popularity of biofuels has been transformed from a sustainable option fortransportation to a questionable and criticized method. Many reports have therefore beenproduced to view biofuel production from a life cycle perspective; though results may bemisleading. In a number of the reports, biofuel production is viewed in a linear manner, i.e.crops and energy in and biofuel out. However there is a large quantity of material and energyflows associated with biofuel production and these must be accounted for.Industrial symbiosis concepts have therefore been applied in this thesis to the biofuel industryto identify possibilities to improve the material and energy flows. This has been done bymapping the exchanges and thereafter identifying possible synergies between biofuel firmsand with external industries. Examples from regional biofuel synergies and exchanges withindustrial partners have been highlighted. Many of the concepts have led to the identificationof methods for increased integration and improvements, including the use of a renewableenergy provider and the cooperation with external industries. Biofuels have therefore beenfound to profit from wastes, and instead of competition, benefit from one another, contrary tobelief. This leads to an expanded market of raw materials for biofuel production.Benefits do not only occur for the biofuel industry; from the application of biofuels, industrialsymbiosis may gain further benefits. Several new concepts have been produced in this thesisto account for the unique material handling possibilities that biofuel production firmsencompass. These include using biofuels as upcyclers of materials and the use of renewableenergy as a way to improve environmental performance. Furthermore, a classification methodhas been produced to add more detail about individual exchanges for the industrial symbiosisliterature in addition to viewing industrial symbiosis from an expanded system view toinclude exchanges beyond geographic proximity typical to the field.

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) is an innovative environmental practice which assists companies from all business sectors to commercially trade resources (material, energy. water and waste), building networks that are environmentally integrated and efficient. IS is a very promising and practical approach. however the existing practice presents a number of challenges, a manual procedure heavily reliant on practitioner's knowledge and interpretation of information which not only results in high costs but also limits the scope of opportunity identification and lacks responsiveness to the dynamicity that exists within the IS domain. In response to these challenges, this research introduces a semantic approach for building IS networks and identifying potential synergies between industries which are keen on exploring possible symbiotic opportunities with the aim of reducing consumption of natural resources, environmental strain and waste stream to landfills. Using ontology modeling the research proposes the semantic formalism of tacit and explicit knowledge within the IS domain including information about resources, processing technologies and their characteristics as well as practitioners' knowledge and expertise. The use of semantic web services is also proposed for annotating industries' profiles. The semantic modeling and annotation allows for automated machine processing of IS domain knowledge. Furthermore the research introduces an algorithm which exploits semantic and quantitative models to allow automated and enhanced identification of potential synergies. The algorithm incorporates graph modeling for semantic distance measurement of resource types and vector space modeling for comparison of IS enabling metrics. The algorithm is further extended to incorporate dynamics handling that heavily influence various stages of synergy identification process. The approach moreover supports composition of complex IS chains based on semantic relevance behween partners by recursive repetition of the process. The algorithm computes a matching degree or similarity measure between industries to depict the ratio of potentiality of forming an environmentally and economically sustainable synergy, cultivating the companies' planning and decision making for establishing a symbiotic link. The thesis provides an experimental study as part of the eSymbiosis platform, implemented using the proposed semantic approach verifying the practicality and benefits of it.

Waste is an acute environmental, economic, and social issue in a time of multiple, interconnected resource crises and challenges. One possible strategy capable of simultaneously addressing multiple of these challenges is industrial symbiosis. Industrial symbiosis networks engage traditionally separate industries and other organisations in a collective exchange of waste and by-products. Such exchanges potentially result in multiple economic, environmental and social benefits. Critically, waste is thus re-conceptualised as a resource in industrial symbiosis networks. However, despite policy documents and academic literature recognising that industrial symbiosis both complements and supports current policy aims of, inter alia, sustainable development, green economies, and circular economies, its level of implementation across the European Union (EU) remains low. With the aim of supporting more widespread implementation of industrial symbiosis networks, the overarching research question underpinning this thesis is: how can the law enable initiation and sustainment of industrial symbiosis? This thesis focuses in particular on assessing how mechanisms of regulations, policies, and property rights can drive or prevent industrial symbiosis initiation and sustainment. Methodologically, a multi-case study approach was used to evidence and validate analysis, supported by interviews, comparative, and doctrinal approaches. The four case studies investigated are located in Kalundborg (Denmark), Linköping and Norrköping (Sweden), Peterborough (UK), and Rotterdam (Netherlands). The first part of this thesis develops and presents an Industrial Symbiosis Development Framework (ISDF) to structure the exploration and comparison of the four case studies across different socio-legal contexts. One of the key ISDF components includes property rights, so the theoretical implications for different property rights in waste are considered. For this contribution of the thesis, Common-Pool Resource (CPR) theory is used to investigate the identification of the most appropriate property regime for enabling industrial symbiosis initiation and sustainment. The second part of the thesis explores property rights, regulations, and policies in practice - first at EU level, and then at local case study levels. It is argued that it is a mix of indirect regulations and policies with complementary bottom-up and top-down approaches which create favourable contexts for enabling industrial symbiosis initiation and sustainment. It is further argued that this regulatory and policy mix needs to be underpinned by the reconceptualisation of waste as a resource. There is also no absolute support for one particular property rights regime. The thesis closes by observing that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to enable industrial symbiosis initiation and sustainment.

The resource reuse and recycling practice of industrial symbiosis (IS) has been shown to create significant economic and .environmental benefits for both the businesses involved in a synergy and the wider communities in which they reside. In the United Kingdom IS has been largely facilitated by the National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) on a demand-led 'work with the willing' basis. It is proposed, however, that the systematic and directed identification of opportunities for IS would allow NISP to facilitate the delivery of greater economic and environmental benefits than those achieved to date. I The goal of this project was to develop a framework for the proactive identification of opportunities/tor IS. Drawing on ecological theory the framework and supporting tools were built on the concept of a symbiosis 'conducive environment' (i.e. areas of mature industrial activity that - through the forces and effects of system succession - are prime for eco-industrial development). The framework's theoretical platform informed the development of a spatial analysis tool which drew on the conservation biology concept and practice of Habitat Suitability Indices and Habitat Suitability Mapping. The tool characterised (through muni-criterie-evetuetion) a baseline of high symbiosis potential and identified comparable geographic areas of IS suitability that are prime for context sensitive eco-industrial development. Industrial diversity was identified as being an important criterion within the identification and facilitation of IS opportunities. This finding led to an analysis of the role diversity plays in the development of industrial ecosystems and an analysis of the role geospatial industrial diversity plays in the facilitation of regional resource efficiency. By mapping the geospatial industrial diversity of England, it was found that regions with high potential for local IS could be identified. The framework and supporting tools provide NISP with a model for the delivery of proactive intelligence-based regional resource efficiency. © Paul David

In collaboration with Afry, the focus of this thesis is to facilitate the transition from an Industrial park into an Eco-park using industrial symbiosis strategy, in the industrial harbor of Malmö. To transition into a collaboration where physical exchanges of energy, waste, materials and other by-products between different facilities takes place. Some of the keys to an industrial symbiosis are proximity, government planning and self-organization. The aim of the thesis is to create a digital platform that can facilitate the connectivity between facilities and organizations and to inspire a social transition. Therefore, this thesis uses transition design as an approach, touching upon topics such as organizational collaboration, industrial symbiosis strategy and knowledge sharing. Whilst using Research through design for designing a technology that can inspire collective transition into a more sustainable future. Design methodology from Service design and Interaction design, such as user researching, customer journey mapping and prototyping, is used when designing for a somewhat unexplored area in Sweden.

Today, sustainability of industrial regions and industrial networks is a challenge for business developers, policy makers, regional planners, local and governmental authorities and academic researchers. Because growing cities and industrial regions worldwide are intertwined with social, environmental, and economic advantages/disadvantages and challenges, in recent decades the ambition of industrial development and economic growth without environmental destruction has become a worldwide topic. To address this issue, a number of theories and pathways such as Industrial Ecology (IE) and its subfield Industrial Symbiosis (IS) toward sustainability of industrial regions and networks are being researched, examined and implemented. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore how local connectedness amongst locally distributed firms in industrial areas can be facilitated using industrial symbiosis theory and tools. To address the overall aim, the facilitation of IS development in this thesis includes three focus areas: 1) using IS theory and tools for categorization, characterization, and definitions of different lines of IS development; 2) matching the supply and demand potential of regional CO2 resources through industrial collaboration; and 3) using geographic information systems (GIS). Based on the research findings it is concluded that one approach for facilitating IS development is to apply IS theory and tools in an industrial region to find out whether any forms of IS already exist and what definitions of IS fit the area. Furthermore, it is also concluded that another approach for facilitating IS development could be matching the supply and demand potential of resources within industrial collaborations. However, availability and provision of relevant data and information plays an important role. In addition, it is seen that handling and developing existing regional data and information into a GIS-based format could contribute to facilitation of IS development. In general, it is seen that facilitating mechanism and facilitating organization are available, and should be coordinated.

The research field of industrial ecology studies energy and material flows within and between different systems in our society while the concept of industrial ecology strives toward mimicking similar flows in natural eco-systems. Industrial ecology can be a means of achieving decoupling between economic growth and environmental impact within the industry sector. A sub-field of industrial ecology is industrial symbiosis which focuses on material, energy and water exchanges between traditionally separate actors in order to achieve economic and environmental benefits. Energy provider E.ON is a part of the industrial symbiosis network on Händelö outside of Norrköping. E.ON also has operations in the Northern Harbour industrial area in Malmö, and sees an opportunity for the development of industrial symbiosis in that area which has unexploited land. The aim of this thesis is to explore how a private actor can influence the industrial development of an area to facilitate the formation of industrial symbiosis connections. This is done by studying the emergence and development of industrial symbiosis in Händelö and how different actors have influenced that development, as well as the conditions for such development in the Northern Harbour. Industrial symbiosis in Händelö has evolved spontaneously because of profitability in each connection. This study shows that the establishment of Agroetanol’s ethanol pilot plant next to Händelöverket was an enabling event in the development of the industrial symbiosis network. The diversity of fuels used in Händelöverket, and the number of energy products that it provides suggest that it served as a so called anchor tenant in this development, attracting Agroetanol with its availability of steam produced from renewable fuels. This was one important aspect for the establishment of Agroetanol. Political instruments such as a tax exemption on Agroetanol’s plant and CO2 and energy taxes on fossil fuels have also contributed to this development. Conditions for industrial symbiosis in the Northern Harbour in Malmö are quite different from those in Norrköping. An important difference is that industrial symbiosis has been recognized as a tool for sustainability and might be considered when planning the unexploited land. There are however many interest in this land, especially by the port company CMP and the City of Malmö’s Real Estate Office who have invested large sums in expanding the port business. They prefer goods intensive businesses that utilize the infrastructure provided by the port and railway in the area. Malmö has also set some ambitious environmental targets to be fulfilled 2030. They create a need to transition from the partly natural gas powered energy system today to one based on renewable fuels. There are also opportunities in a gasification plant which is planned by E.ON, and an EU-funded project seeking to make use of the biofuels potentials of port sites by using industrial symbiosis. The conclusions of the study are that there are ways for a private actor to influence industrial symbiosis development. Some that have been identified in this work are: As an anchor tenant with multiple large input and output streams, by attracting businesses to the area. As an enabler of a biorefinery network with multiple end-products and by-products. As a part of a coordinating entity that aims to facilitate industrial symbiosis.

I detta arbete undersöks möjligheterna att använda mikroalger som råvara för produktion avbiogas, både genom en litteraturstudie och genom en förstudie för hur en pilotanläggning förhållbar odling av mikroalger för biogasproduktion skulle kunna initieras. Utgångspunkten ärhållbarhet, vilket innebär att odlingen av mikroalgerna baseras på befintliga, outnyttjadesamhällsflöden. Avloppsvatten och koldioxidutsläpp är exempel på flöden som kan orsakanegativ miljöpåverkan i form av klimatförändringar, övergödning och försurning. Om dessaresurser istället får utgöra närings- och kolkällor vid odling av mikroalger för produktion avbiogas utnyttjas dessa resurser istället till att generera hållbart producerad energi. Närbiogasen ersätter fossila bränslen ökar miljövinsten ytterligare. Det är dock grundläggande attproduktionen är ekonomiskt hållbar, och litteraturstudien visar att detta inte är fallet vidmikroalgbaserad produktion av endast biogas. Därför krävs tillämpning av ettbioraffineringskoncept, där inte bara biogas produceras av mikroalgerna utan även andraprodukter som till exempel vätgas, enzymer, värme och elektricitet. I förstudien beskrivs hurett projekt kan planeras för att utreda om ett sådant system kan bli hållbart. Det delas upp ifyra delprojekt: 1) systemdesign och hållbarhetsanalys; 2) en projektplan för delprojekt 3 och4; 3) laboratorietester; och 4) tester i pilotskala. Endast det första delprojektet, där systemetsom beskrivs i litteraturstudien definieras och hållbarhetsanalyseras, diskuteras i detalj iförstudien. Genomförandet av delprojekten ingår inte i detta arbete.
This paper examines the possibility of using microalgae as raw material for the production ofbiogas. This was achieved through studies of relevant literature as well as through a basicproject plan regarding the initiation of a pilot plant. The theory of sustainable microalgaecultivation is based on the utilization of existing resource flows that are currently unutilized insociety, such as waste water and flue gas emissions. These resources can cause environmentalissues such as climate change, eutrophication and acidification. However, they can alsoprovide the nutrients necessary for effective microalgal growth, and the microalgae can inturn be utilized as a sustainable energy source for production of biogas. Replacing fossil fuelswith microalgal biogas may lead to environmental benefits. A review of literature, however,shows that when biogas alone is produced from the microalgae the process is noteconomically sustainable. Hence, a biorefinery concept is suggested where products such ashydrogen, enzymes, heat and power make the system sustainable. A basic project plandiscribes one possible scenario for the initiation of sustainable cultivation of microalgae andthe subsequent biorefining process for the production of biogas. The project is divided intofour phases: 1) system design and sustainability analysis; 2) a feasibility study for phase 3 and4; 3) laboratory tests; and 4) pilot scale tests. Only the initial phase of the project, whichdefines the system design described in the literature study and provides a sustainabilityanalysis over the defined system, is discussed in detail. None of the project phases will beimplemented as part of this study.

Jordens resurser används flitigt av människan och bidrar bland annat till samhällsutvecklingar. Men användandet bidrar också till utsläpp av växthusgaser, global uppvärmning och vattenanvändning. För att minska det ekologiska fotavtrycket och resursanvändningen har städer och aktörer börjat utveckla industriell symbios som är ett samarbete där en restprodukt från ett företag blir en resurs till ett annat företag. Den här samhällsutveckling påvisar en samhällsövergång för att utveckla och sammanföra ekonomin, miljön och samhället. Studien undersöker om transition management som styrningsstrategi kan appliceras i etableringen av industriell symbios i Malmö hamnområde. För att svara på frågan behövdes en delfrågeställning som löd: Hur har processen av projektet, delad energi är dubbel energi, gått till i Malmö stad hamnområde? Delad energi är dubbel energi är ett projekt som utvecklat industriell symbios i Malmö stad. Projektet påbörjades 2015 och avslutades under 2019 där 12 aktörer varit delaktiga. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med personer delaktiga i projektet på ett eller annat sätt. I analysen sammanställdes information från informanterna och på delad energi är dubbel energis hemsida, utifrån transition management-modellen. Vi delade upp analysen i fyra komponenter från modellen som är ​transition-arena​, transition-agenda,​​transition-actiono​ch​transition-adaption​.Idethärarbetetbehandlarvi transition-​processensomövergångentillcirkulärekonomigenomindustriellsymbios. Transition management-modellens syfte är att genom en ​transition gå från ett jämviktsläge till ett annat.
The earth's resources contribute, among other things, to societal developments. But it also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and water use. To reduce the ecological footprint and resource use, cities and actors have begun to develop industrial symbiosis, which is a collaboration where a residual product from one company becomes a resource for another company. This societal development demonstrates a societal transition to develop and bring together economy, the environment and society. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether transition management as a management strategy could have been applicable in the establishment process of industrial symbiosis in the Malmö port area. The main question was whether it would have been possible for the City of Malmö to use the transition management model during the establishment process of industrial symbiosis in the port area. To answer that question, a sub-question was needed: How did the process of the project, ​delad energi är dubbel energi, tok place in the port area of ​​Malmö? ​Delad energi är dubbel energi is the project that has developed industrial symbiosis in the city of Malmö, where we have, among other things, taken part in the project process. The project began in 2015 and ended in 2019 where 12 actors were involved at the beginning. To answer our questions, four interviews were conducted with people who have all been involved in the project in one way or another. The analysis compiled the information we received from the informants and what we found on shared energy is a dual energy website, based on the transition management model. We divided the analysis into four components from the model, which are transition arena, transition agenda, transition action and transition adaptation. In this work, we treat the transition process as the transition to a circular economy through industrial symbiosis. The purpose of the transition management model is to use the specified transition to go from one equilibrium position to another.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Industrial symbiosis is an industrial concept that points to the exchange of resources between companies. Among several cases around the world as Kalundborg, TEDA and Styria none of these had a program on a national level encouraged by the government. In the United Kingdom the concept was funding from 2005 to 2014. The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) born in 2000 by International Synergies Ltd and has excellent results in economic, environmental and social space. The British institutional context has become highly competitive and ever more dependent on others in a continue changing, so this work aims to understand if institutional dynamics in the UK support or impede the development of industrial symbiosis? Based on this research question the study followed the general objective of understanding the development of industrial symbiosis in the UK overtime influenced by institutional context. The study was conducted as a case study of industrial symbiosis in the UK using a series of open-end interviews with the actors involved. Through a content analysis were individuated key categories and concepts related to them which resulted in the construction of a conceptual framework for UK industrial symbiosis. The UK institutional context encouraged the creation of NISP which produces with satisfactory results the development of industrial symbiosis participating in the development of institutional capacities between organizations involved, although they were not completely fomented. Industrial symbiosis in the UK is struggling to move forward because the government is not financing the NISP and a short-term view of the companies made this batch process and probably for a review of development mechanisms. This study has appointed to a strengthening of cooperation between government and company accompanied by cultural change of the waste management as source of opportunity for companies, so an educational process that promotes this is fundamental to the future of industrial symbiosis in the UK. Finally, this study has appointed to the continuation of funding by government and the dissemination and sharing of results and practices at the national level for the institutionalization of industrial symbiosis.
A simbiose industrial à um conceito industrial que aponta à troca de recursos entre empresas. Entre vÃrios casos ao redor do mundo como Kalundborg, TEDA e Styria nenhum desses teve um programa em nÃvel nacional fomentado pelo governo. No Reino Unido a simbiose industrial foi financiada pelo governo desde 2005 atà 2014. Em 2000 nasceu o Programa Nacional de Simbiose Industrial (NISP) pela International Synergies Ltd. Desde 2000, o NISP teve excelentes resultados na Ãrea econÃmica, ambiental e social. O ambiente institucional britÃnico à altamente competitivo e sempre mais dependente de outros em continua mudanÃas, portanto esse trabalho visa responder de que forma as dinÃmicas institucionais no Reino Unido suportam ou impedem o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial? Com base nessa pergunta de pesquisa o estudo seguiu o objetivo geral de entender o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido ao longo dos anos influenciado pelo contexto institucional. O estudo foi desenvolvido como estudo de caso da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido utilizando uma serie de entrevistas semiabertas com os atores envolvidos. Mediante uma analise de conteÃdo foram individuadas as categorias chaves e os conceitos ligados a elas que resultaram na construÃÃo de um framework conceptual de simbiose industrial do Reino Unido. O contexto institucional incentivou a criaÃÃo do NISP que promoveu com resultados satisfatÃrios o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial participando do desenvolvimento das capacidades institucionais entre as organizaÃÃes envolvidas, embora com algumas dificuldades na atraÃÃo de novas firmas no processo. A simbiose industrial no Reino Unido està tendo dificuldade de avanÃar, pois o governo nÃo esta mais financiando o NISP e uma visÃo em curto prazo das empresas tornou esse processo descontinuo e provavelmente destinado a uma revisÃo dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento. Esse estudo aponta para um fortalecimento da colaboraÃÃo entre o governo e empresa acompanhada de uma mudanÃa cultural do gerenciamento do resÃduo como fonte de oportunidade para as empresas, portanto um processo educacional que promovesse isso à fundamental para o futuro da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido. Por fim, esse estudo aponta para a continuaÃÃo do financiamento por parte do governo e a divulgaÃÃo e compartilhamento dos resultados e praticas em nÃvel nacional para que a simbiose industrial possa se institucionalizar.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att utreda vilken potential det finns för en samverkan mellan Tekniska Verken och växthus. Målet är att genom industriell symbios skapa en resurseffektiv systemlösning där Tekniska Verkens produktionsanläggningars miljöprestanda förbättras samtidigt som växthusets klimatpåverkan minskas. Tekniska Verken har överskottsvärme i sina produktionsanläggningar. Under 2007 hade Gärstad- och Kraftvärmeverket 54 GWh överskottsvärme. Största delen av överskottsvärmen fanns på sommaren, då värmebehovet i fjärrvärmesystemet var som lägst. Effekten som kyldes bort under sommaren uppgick till 25 MW. Om ett par år kommer Svensk Biogas anläggning i Linköping ha överskottsvärme på 26 GWh per år. Effekten kommer då vara 4 MW på vintern och 2 MW på sommaren. Koldioxidmängden från biogasanläggningen uppgår till 16 000 ton per år vilket ger ett flöde på 1,8 ton i timmen. Biogasanläggningen i Linköping producerar 45 000 ton biogödsel per år. Grönsaker som tomat, gurka, örter och sallat odlas i växthus och trivs bäst vid temperaturer på 15-26 ˚C. Under dagen bör temperaturen vara något högre än nattetid. För att öka tillväxten hos plantorna kan koldioxid tillföras. Vid stark ljusinstrålning och varmt klimat kan koldioxidhalten höjas från 375 ppm till 1 200 ppm. Värmeenergibehovet för en tomatodling ligger mellan 350 till 550 kWh per kvadratmeter och år. Maxeffekten för uppvärmningssystemet varierar mellan 200 och 300 W per kvadratmeter beroende på växthusets placering och isoleringsmaterial. Koldioxidtillförseln är 7-20 gram per kvadratmeter växthus. Överskottsvärmen från Tekniska Verkens produktionsanläggningar räcker till att försörja ett traditionellt växthus på 2 hektar. Växthuset har lägst värmebehov på sommaren vilket gör att endast en liten del av värmen från Gärstad- och Kraftvärmeverket kan tas tillvara. Mängden överskottsvärme från biogasanläggningen är som störst under vintern och något lägre under sommaren, vilket gör den väl lämpad för en matchning med växthus. Mängden koldioxid räcker för att tillgodose en växthusareal på 9 hektar. Eventuellt kan det bli möjligt att använda biogödsel som växtnäring i växthus. Dock bör vidare studier utföras innan detta kan fastställas. Tekniska Verken utreder hur ett samarbete med företaget Plantagon skulle kunna se ut. Plantagon har tillsammans med Sweco tagit fram ett innovativt odlingskoncept där växter odlas på höjden i ett sfärformat växthus. För att verifiera Swecos uppgifter om energi- och effektbehov samt få en uppfattning om vilka parametrar som påverkar växthusklimatet har beräkningar utförts. De faktorer som tagits hänsyn till i beräkningarna är värmeledning, konvektion, solstrålning, ventilation, avfuktning och vattenanvändning. För att se hur effektbehovet varierar över året har beräkningarna upprepats för varje månad. Överskottsvärmen från Tekniska Verken räcker gott och väl för att täcka Plantagons växthus värmebehov. För att uppskatta hur mycket Tekniska Verkens resurser skulle kunna reducera en växthusodlings klimatpåverkan har sex olika scenarier ställts upp. Med hjälp av en befintlig livscykelanalys för svensk tomatodling har koldioxidekvivalenterna per kilogram producerade tomater för de olika scenarierna beräknats och jämförts. Två av scenarierna är kopplade till Tekniska Verken. Det ena scenariot är en traditionell växthusodling och den andra är Plantagons växthus. En traditionell växthusodling som förses med Tekniska Verkens resurser samt producerar närproducerade grönsaker visade sig få en väsentligt mycket lägre klimatpåverkan än en genomsnittlig växthusodling. Produktion av 78 kilogram tomater i det växthuset motsvarar samma klimatpåverkan som 1 kilogram tomater från en genomsnittlig svensk växthusodling.  Plantagons växthus kan på samma sätt producera 7 kilogram tomater för samma klimatpåverkan som 1 kilogram tomater från en genomsnittlig växthusodling. Genom att använda överskottsvärme, koldioxid och biogödsel från Tekniska Verken till att driva växthus kan en systemlösning med låg miljöpåverkan skapas. Resurser som tidigare inte utnyttjats kan få ett användningsområde, vilket ökar miljöprestandan för produktionsanläggningarna. Grönsakerna som produceras får en låg miljöpåverkan vilket gör att de exempelvis kan klimatcertifieras samt säljas som närproducerade i Linköpingstrakten. Genom att undvika långa och kostsamma transporter samt kunna sälja grönsaker till ett högre pris ökar förtjänsten för odlingsföretaget.
The purpose of this master thesis is to assess the potential from a joint venture between Tekniska Verken and greenhouses. The goal is to, through industrial symbiosis, create a resource-efficient solution in which Tekniska Verken’s facilities can improve their environmental performance while the greenhouse’s climate impact is reduced. Tekniska Verken has excess heat in their facilities. In 2007 Gärstad- and Kraftvärmeverket had 54 GWh excess heat. The largest quantity of excess heat occur during the summer when the demand for heat in the district heating system is the lowest. The excess heat during the summer reached a high level as 25MW. In a few years, Swedish Biogas’s plant in Linköping will have an excess heat of about 26 GWh per year. The effect will then be 4 MW during the winter and 2 MW during the summer. The amount of carbon dioxide released from the biogas plant is 16 000 tons a year resulting in a flow of 1.8 tons per hour. The biogas plant in Linköping produces 45 000 tons of bio-fertilizer a year. Vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, herbs and lettuces are grown in greenhouses thrives best at temperatures of 15-26 ˚ C. During the day, the temperature should be slightly higher than during the night. In order to enhance growth of the plants, carbon dioxide can be added. In strong light and warm climates, carbon dioxide concentration can be increased from 375 ppm to 1200 ppm. The energy demand for tomato cultivation is somewhere between 350-550 kWh per square meter and year. The power requirement varies between 200 and 300 W per square meter depending on plant location and the house insulation. The carbon dioxide supply is 7-20 grams per square meter greenhouse. The excess heat from Tekniska Verken’s facilities is enough to support a traditional greenhouse with the size of two hectares. The greenhouse has its lowest heat demand in the summer, which has the effect that only a small portion of excess heat from Gärstad- and Kraftvärmeverket can be used. The amount of excess heat from the biogas plant is highest in the winter and slightly lower in the summer, making it well suited for a match with the greenhouse. The amount of carbon dioxide is enough to meet the demand of a greenhouse with an area of 9 hectares. It could potentially be possible to use bio-manure as fertilizer in the greenhouse. However, further studies should be conducted before this can be assured. Tekniska Verken is investigating how a joint venture with the company Plantagon could be set up. Plantagon together with Sweco has developed an innovative cultivation concept in which plants are grown in levels in a sphere-shaped greenhouse. To verify the data on energy and power needs given by Sweco, and to get an idea of the parameters that affect greenhouse climate, calculations have been performed. The factors taken into account in the calculations are the heat conduction, convection, solar radiation, ventilation, dehumidification and the use of water. To see how the power requirements vary throughout the year, the calculations have been repeated for every month. The excess heat from Tekniska Verken is more than enough to cover the greenhouse’s heat demand. In order to estimate how much Tekniska Verken could reduce a greenhouse cultivation’s climate impact, six different scenarios is set. Using an existing life cycle analysis of Swedish tomato cultivation the carbon dioxide emission per kilogram of tomatoes for the different scenarios were calculated and compared. Two of the scenarios are linked to Tekniska Verken. One scenario is traditional greenhouse cultivation and the other is Plantagon greenhouse. A traditional greenhouse cultivation which is provided with resources from Tekniska Verken and is locally producing vegetables has a smaller carbon footprint than average greenhouse cultivation. The production of 78 kg of tomatoes in that greenhouse corresponds to the same carbon footprint as 1 kilogram tomatoes from average greenhouse cultivation. Plantagon greenhouse can similarly produce 7 kilograms of tomatoes in the same climate impact as 1 kilogram of tomatoes from average greenhouse cultivation. By using excess heat, carbon dioxide and bio-manure from Tekniska Verken to power the greenhouse, a system solution with low environmental impact is created. Previously not used resources will have a sector of application, which increases the environmental performance of the production facilities. The produced vegetables will get a lower environmental impact and could, for example be climate certified and sold as locally produced in the Linköping area. By avoiding long and expensive transports and to be able to sell vegetables at a higher price increases the profits for cultivation company.

Manufacturing takes place in NSW on sites that are dispersed throughout the state. They may be isolated, remote from one another and hence from likely users of their waste. This scenario is not conducive to industrial symbiosis which is conventionally understood to be a network of organisations in close geographic proximity that share resources, cascade energy and use each other’s waste. Regulations governing the disposal of waste are stringent and associated costs are significant, largely due to the highest landfill levies anywhere in Australia. The state government’s strategy is to increase levies to a level that ‘induces’ generators of waste to find alternatives to landfill. Responding to these challenges will necessitate a fundamental change in the approach to dealing with waste. The way in which manufactures might accomplish the change sustainably and systematically is the underlying issue addressed in this thesis. The concept of physical bilateral symbiosis, specifically an arrangement between a generator of waste and its user, has been developed to suit geographic conditions in NSW. However, an attempt to establish trials of its autogenous form was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, results of the attempt indicated that broader issues should be investigated: managers’ perceptions of waste disposal, their willingness and their capacity to meet the challenges imposed by government; collectively, what I have called a generator’s internal infrastructure. These issues, in turn, led to an investigation of how third parties, that is, the external infrastructure, might be able to facilitate bilateral symbiosis. The principal findings are that while some generators may develop uses for their waste others will simply not be able to do so. There is, in practice, no external infrastructure capable of facilitating systematic, bilateral symbiosis on behalf of a generator. Furthermore, government action, particularly in relation to policy on funding, is neither appropriate nor adequate for sustainable development in relation to waste. The overall conclusion is that much could be done by the private sector to increase the use of waste, if government policy were to support the effort. However, that support is expected to be very difficult to achieve, even in the form of appropriate legislation in NSW, let alone coordinated among the various jurisdictions in Australia. In regard to what actually happens in practice, the current scenario in general is unlikely to change significantly within the foreseeable future.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-73).
Humanity is currently on an unsustainable path of growth and development. One tool to address sustainability in industrial activities is Industrial Symbiosis, which is the study of cooperation across industry boundaries to increase sustainability. Past efforts to generate these relationships have struggled. Central to these failures is the difficulty of identifying and motivating stakeholders. This thesis proposes a new approach to analysis that directly addresses these failures. The approach analyzes an entire domestic industry for attractive opportunities to cooperate. By making the profit of stakeholders the primary criteria for investigation, this approach identifies opportunities where existing incentives to cooperate are greatest. This research demonstrates the new approach in a case study of brick manufacturing in the United States. Through the use of life cycle assessment, geographic information systems, and decision analysis, this thesis identifies the brick manufacturing facilities that are most likely to gain substantial economic benefit from the use of processed glass cullet as a fluxing agent. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates that these economic benefits are connected to environmental benefit. The results of this case study indicate that the approach is not only feasible, but if it is transferable to other industries, it taps into a substantial competitive advantage for data rich manufacturing sectors like those in the United States. These economic benefits will also lead to increased environmental sustainability.
by Matthew M. Hodge.
S.M.

Industrial operations have been attributed to causing social and environmental problems such as: acid rain; greenhouse gas emissions, air, water and soil pollution; plus health problems to neighbourhood communities. With the 3P (people, planet, profit) approach for sustainability as the background, there have been movements to establish the concept of eco-industrial development in existing or new industrial areas from the planning stage onwards. Industrial ecology (IE) is the operation of an industrial ecosystem which is based on the principles of operation of a natural ecosystem. Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the principal applications of IE, is defined as inter-firm collaboration, where a network of industries collaborates in exchange of products, by-products, information, resources and wastes to reduce their collective environmental footprint to achieve mutual benefits.Industrial symbiosis is a collaborative process of industries geographically located in an industrial park, which facilitates and enables an exchange of products, by-products and wastes to reduce the collective adverse impacts of the emission during the operation of these industries. However, IS faces a number of barriers. Importantly, it has been identified that there is a critical impediment to implementing future IS practices in the area. This is because of the number of barriers such as technical, regulatory, commercial as well as informational. In addition, there is an absence of a proven and well established evaluation methodology to identify the benefits of such practice. The true implications of IS might therefore remain underestimated, thereby failing to convince industry, government and the community to realize the opportunities IS can bring in attaining goals of sustainability in their operations.The aim of this PhD research was to develop and trial a method for capturing the life cycle environmental, social and economic implications of industrial symbiosis in heavy industrial areas. This research was based on multi-disciplinary approach of examining environmental, social and financial aspects to develop an integrated method. In the Kwinana industrial Area (KIA), the primary research area in Western Australia, the opportunities were significant for such industrial symbiosis to happen because of the co-location of diverse industries. The research hypothesis that informs this thesis is that the assessment of implications of present IS might bring further opportunities for enhancing symbiosis between industries. Though the primary emphasis of the research was in the Kwinana Industrial Area, this approach could be applied to other heavy industrial areas. This site could be significant both nationally and internationally in providing a platform for business responses to regional sustainable development challenges, by documenting best practice and improving approaches for implementing industrial symbiosis.This research addressed the objectives by using the developed Six Capitals Model (SCM) for identifying environmental, social and economic benefits. The values under these dimensions were analysed with regard to natural, ecosystem, human, social, financial and manufactured capitals for a project of wastewater reclamation for industrial use. Under the environmental dimension, the model revealed that resource conservation and resource security were achieved as a result of the operation of this project. These results are in line with the argument that industrial symbiosis secures and conserves resources due to the possibility of reclaiming the resources that were once discarded. Water contamination has been reduced as a result of the operation of this project. This indicator shows that there is an improvement in maintaining the ecosystem capital.In terms of human capital, sharing information between industries and opportunities of sharing infrastructure and technology has been improved. Regarding community capital, sharing of information between industries and communities, has increased as a result of this project. Collaboration of government bodies, level of understanding about IS projects due to increasing communication between various stakeholders, and increase of employment opportunities are notable, as value has been generated for community capital since the project started. In terms of financial capital of the project, the majority of the participants did not gain any financial savings in terms of direct costs but rather accrued short term costs. This was due to the infrastructure cost involved as part of installation of pipes and pumps. It was also due to the high cost of the reclaimed water than the scheme water. In addition, the analysis showed that most of the participants of the project did not gain any savings in the indirect costs such as hidden and legal costs, such as permit costs, compliance costs, future fines and penalties. However, as part of manufactured capital, there were savings due to improved business opportunities as well as infrastructure, for business and community collectively.The results of this thesis show that broader benefits of symbiosis can be achieved, not only from operation of the project, but also from the influence of processes of symbiosis. Among them are connection, communication and collaboration between the project partners. There has been a substantial increase in the networking of industries and formation of multi groups for addressing various issues faced by industry and community in the Kwinana. There has also been a further increase in the transparency of information dissemination and communication through industries council’s website. In addition, there has been an improvement in the rate of participation of community members and groups in the Communities and Industries Forum (CIF) which resulted in the formation of further stakeholder groups by industries council as a platform for addressing the issues of industries and communities.IS practices strengthen the EIP concept and increase the chances of sustainable industrial development regionally due to collaboration of community of businesses and local and regional community. IS also increases the reputation and license to operate in the community. There are many advantages for using the Model developed in the thesis to assess the benefits of IS. First, the values of ecosystem values maintained are able to be accounted for in addition to natural capital values. The Six Capital Model can also account human capital values in addition to community capital. The Model also accounted the manufactured capital in addition to financial capital and it gives an opportunity to identify the value generated towards community and companies.Finally, the Model enables a calculation of the internal costs and external costs and benefits so that industries are able to understand the real cost of the projects. One of the main advantages of this method is that with, right indicators, the intangible values of the IS process can also be assessed and reported.

Industrial operations have been attributed to causing social and environmental problems such as: acid rain; greenhouse gas emissions, air, water and soil pollution; plus health problems to neighbourhood communities. With the 3P (people, planet, profit) approach for sustainability as the background, there have been movements to establish the concept of eco-industrial development in existing or new industrial areas from the planning stage onwards. Industrial ecology (IE) is the operation of an industrial ecosystem which is based on the principles of operation of a natural ecosystem. Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the principal applications of IE, is defined as inter-firm collaboration, where a network of industries collaborates in exchange of products, by-products, information, resources and wastes to reduce their collective environmental footprint to achieve mutual benefits.
Industrial symbiosis is a collaborative process of industries geographically located in an industrial park, which facilitates and enables an exchange of products, by-products and wastes to reduce the collective adverse impacts of the emission during the operation of these industries. However, IS faces a number of barriers. Importantly, it has been identified that there is a critical impediment to implementing future IS practices in the area. This is because of the number of barriers such as technical, regulatory, commercial as well as informational. In addition, there is an absence of a proven and well established evaluation methodology to identify the benefits of such practice. The true implications of IS might therefore remain underestimated, thereby failing to convince industry, government and the community to realize the opportunities IS can bring in attaining goals of sustainability in their operations.
The aim of this PhD research was to develop and trial a method for capturing the life cycle environmental, social and economic implications of industrial symbiosis in heavy industrial areas. This research was based on multi-disciplinary approach of examining environmental, social and financial aspects to develop an integrated method. In the Kwinana industrial Area (KIA), the primary research area in Western Australia, the opportunities were significant for such industrial symbiosis to happen because of the co-location of diverse industries. The research hypothesis that informs this thesis is that the assessment of implications of present IS might bring further opportunities for enhancing symbiosis between industries. Though the primary emphasis of the research was in the Kwinana Industrial Area, this approach could be applied to other heavy industrial areas. This site could be significant both nationally and internationally in providing a platform for business responses to regional sustainable development challenges, by documenting best practice and improving approaches for implementing industrial symbiosis.
This research addressed the objectives by using the developed Six Capitals Model (SCM) for identifying environmental, social and economic benefits. The values under these dimensions were analysed with regard to natural, ecosystem, human, social, financial and manufactured capitals for a project of wastewater reclamation for industrial use. Under the environmental dimension, the model revealed that resource conservation and resource security were achieved as a result of the operation of this project. These results are in line with the argument that industrial symbiosis secures and conserves resources due to the possibility of reclaiming the resources that were once discarded. Water contamination has been reduced as a result of the operation of this project. This indicator shows that there is an improvement in maintaining the ecosystem capital.
In terms of human capital, sharing information between industries and opportunities of sharing infrastructure and technology has been improved. Regarding community capital, sharing of information between industries and communities, has increased as a result of this project. Collaboration of government bodies, level of understanding about IS projects due to increasing communication between various stakeholders, and increase of employment opportunities are notable, as value has been generated for community capital since the project started. In terms of financial capital of the project, the majority of the participants did not gain any financial savings in terms of direct costs but rather accrued short term costs. This was due to the infrastructure cost involved as part of installation of pipes and pumps. It was also due to the high cost of the reclaimed water than the scheme water. In addition, the analysis showed that most of the participants of the project did not gain any savings in the indirect costs such as hidden and legal costs, such as permit costs, compliance costs, future fines and penalties. However, as part of manufactured capital, there were savings due to improved business opportunities as well as infrastructure, for business and community collectively.
The results of this thesis show that broader benefits of symbiosis can be achieved, not only from operation of the project, but also from the influence of processes of symbiosis. Among them are connection, communication and collaboration between the project partners. There has been a substantial increase in the networking of industries and formation of multi groups for addressing various issues faced by industry and community in the Kwinana. There has also been a further increase in the transparency of information dissemination and communication through industries council’s website. In addition, there has been an improvement in the rate of participation of community members and groups in the Communities and Industries Forum (CIF) which resulted in the formation of further stakeholder groups by industries council as a platform for addressing the issues of industries and communities.
IS practices strengthen the EIP concept and increase the chances of sustainable industrial development regionally due to collaboration of community of businesses and local and regional community. IS also increases the reputation and license to operate in the community. There are many advantages for using the Model developed in the thesis to assess the benefits of IS. First, the values of ecosystem values maintained are able to be accounted for in addition to natural capital values. The Six Capital Model can also account human capital values in addition to community capital. The Model also accounted the manufactured capital in addition to financial capital and it gives an opportunity to identify the value generated towards community and companies.
Finally, the Model enables a calculation of the internal costs and external costs and benefits so that industries are able to understand the real cost of the projects. One of the main advantages of this method is that with, right indicators, the intangible values of the IS process can also be assessed and reported.

Industrial symbiosis involves cooperation by exchanges of resources between companies, and furthermore develops regional competitiveness and increase new business opportunities. To consider the definition of industrial symbiosis within a company, and allow innovations in circular economy and resource usage, creates opportunities for a company to grow businesses by reaching economic development and increased efficiency. The research questions investigate how a business model develops cooperation between a recycling company, an energy company and a real estate manager, in manner of connections between relevant businesses in industrial symbiosis. A case study with the three companies Ragn- Sells, E.ON and Väderholmen AB is accomplished, with divisions of six responsibility roles to maintain cooperation in development of industrial symbiosis between the three companies in Broporten, Upplands-Bro. Broporten is a projected area in Upplands-Bro and this report is made as a step to implement industrial symbiosis in the area. The result shows that cooperation between three main partners; recycling company, energy company and real estate company, leads to an effective implementation of industrial symbiosis since the individual core businesses have useful supplement. The industrial symbiosis in Broporten can be developed and maintained by the three cooperating companies Ragn-Sells, E.ON and Väderholmen AB by using a canvas business model supporting the cooperation. Different scenarios show how responsibility roles can be divided between the three key partners and depends on decision of chosen scenario. The most successful scenario is when Väderholmen AB is Park coordinator, because Park coordinator is close to Väderholmen AB’s core business. Network coordinator is suitable for both Ragn-Sells and E.ON since they already are involved in geopolitical framework. It results in following division; Ragn-Sells as Recycling company, Knowledge company and Network coordinator E.ON as Infrastructure company, Process industry company and Network coordinator Väderholmen AB as Park coordinator The role as network coordinator should only correspond to one Key Partner. Potential businesses for implementation of industrial symbiosis in Broporten are a cluster with greenhouse, slaughterhouse, dairy, bakery and brewery, beneficently located close to a combined heat and power plant (CHP plant). The total maximum margin of yearly output of district heating from the CHP plant to the five priority industries demand are 3.6%, and 11% for electricity. The total maximum margin of yearly output of organic fertilizer from the biogas plant to the five priority industries demand are 0.4%. The total maximum margin of yearly input of biological waste from the five priority industries to the biogas plant is 4.1%. It leads to questions regarding the relevance of E.ON’s biogas in Broporten. Potential dimensions suitable for Broporten are 5000 m2 for greenhouse, 5000 m2 for slaughterhouse, 40,000 m2 for dairy, 15,000 m2 for bakery and 10,000 m2 for brewery.
Begreppet industriell symbios innefattar flöden av resurser i form av energi och material mellan industrier, skapat genom fungerande samarbeten. Att applicera cirkulära resursflöden och cirkulär ekonomi inom en organisation ger möjlighet till regional konkurrenskraft med potential för effektivitet och ekonomisk tillväxt, tillsammans med hållbarhet inom sociala och ekologiska faktorer. Frågeställningen undersöker hur en affärsmodell kan utvecklas för att understödja ett samarbete mellan ett återvinningsföretag, ett energiföretag och en fastighetsägare rörande utvecklingen av industriell symbios. En fallstudie är gjord specifikt för de tre företagen Ragn-Sells, E.ON och Väderholmen AB. Sex olika ansvarsroller är specificerade och uppdelade mellan de tre samarbetspartners för att vidare skapa en effektiv implementering av industriell symbios i Broporten, Upplands-Bro. Broporten är en projekterad area i Upplands-Bro och denna rapport är avsedd att vägleda implementering av industriell symbios på området. Olika scenario beskriver hur ansvarsfördelningen kan utformas mellan de tre huvudparterna. Den mest effektiva uppdelningen uppkommer från scenario 1, eftersom parkkoordinator är snarlik Väderholmen ABs kärnverksamhet. Nätverkskoordinator är en passande roll för både Ragn-Sells och E.ON, eftersom de redan är involverade inom geopolitiska områden. Följande uppdelning är rekommenderad: Ragn-Sells som Återvinningsföretag, Kunskapsföretag och Nätverkskoordinator E.ON som Infrastrukturföretag, processindustriföretag och Nätverkskoordinator Väderholmen AB som Parkkoordinator Nätverkskoordinator ska endast tillfalla en av huvudparterna. Resultatet visar att ett samarbete mellan tre generella huvudparter; ett återvinningsföretag, ett energiföretag och en fastighetsägare, leder till en effektiv implementering av industriell symbios eftersom deras kärnverksamheter kompletterar varandra effektivt rörande industriell symbios. Industriell symbios i Broporten kan skapas genom ett samarbete mellan Ragn-Sells, E.ON och Väderholmen AB baserat på en gemensam affärsmodell Canvas. Industrier med potential att införas i Broporten är växthus, slakthus, mejeri, bageri och bryggeri, vilka med fördel placeras i närheten av ett kraftvärmeverk. Ju fler relevanta energi- och materialflöden mellan industrier, desto bättre anpassning för industriell symbios. Maximal mängd biologiskt avfall från de fem prioriterade industrierna och vidare använt i biogasanläggningen produktion är 4.1 %. De använder 0.4 % av producerat biogödsel från biogasanläggningen, 3.6 % av producerat fjärrvärme och 11 % av producerad elektricitet från kraftvärmeverket. Detta leder till frågetecken rörande huruvida E.ONs biogasanläggning är en relevant investering i Broporten. Beräkningar av massflöden mellan de prioriterade industrierna i Broporten påvisar en dimensionering av industrierna till 5000 m2 för växthus, 5000 m2 för slakthus, 40,000 m2 för mejeri, 15,000 m2 för bageri och 10,000 m2 för bryggeri.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O estudo tem como objetivo geral: entender como as atividades desenvolvidas pela FIEMG construÃram e mobilizaram as capacidades para o desenvolvimento da Simbiose Industrial. Simbiose Industrial - SI ocorre atravÃs das trocas fÃsicas de materiais, de energia, de Ãgua, e/ou subprodutos entre indÃstrias (geograficamente prÃximas) em uma abordagem coletiva para a vantagem competitiva, melhorando assim o desempenho ambiental das empresas, bem como diminuindo seus custos totais (CHERTOW, 2000; CHERTOW, 2007). Dentre diversos casos de SI no mundo, destacam-se o caso do Parque industrial de Kalundborg na Dinamarca e o National Industrial Symbiosis Programme â NISP na Inglaterra. No Brasil, A FederaÃÃo das IndÃstrias do Estado de Minas Gerais â FIEMG coordena o Programa Mineiro de Simbiose Industrial â PMSI, versÃo adaptada no programa de simbiose britÃnico. Foram entrevistadas representantes de sete empresas de diferentes setores e regiÃes do estado alÃm de quatro atores: a FederaÃÃo das IndÃstrias do Estado de Minas Gerais, o ÃrgÃo ambiental, um sindicato setorial e uma associaÃÃo de catadores. A anÃlise dos dados procura identificar os elementos presente no framework de Spekkink (2014): Contextos, Capacidades Institucionais, Atores, InteraÃÃes e Redes de Simbioses na realidade mineira. Os resultados apresentam como a FIEMG utiliza suas capacidades institucionais na promoÃÃo do PMSI; como os atores sÃo envolvidos na simbiose atravÃs de suas crenÃas, desejos e oportunidades; como ocorrem as interaÃÃes entre esses atores e os resultados em forma de rede de simbioses. Como conclusÃes, esta pesquisa constata a importÃncia do promotor da SI e sua articulaÃÃo com os atores, principalmente os sindicatos setoriais; a fraca influÃncia dos contextos de governanÃa, econÃmico e fÃsico na promoÃÃo do PMSI; a fraca participaÃÃo de atores como o ÃrgÃo ambiental no processo de simbiose e as barreiras que surgem nas trocas entre as empresas.
The main objective of this study is to understand how the activities developed by FIEMG â the Federation of Industries of the State of Minas Gerais, have built and mobilized the capacities for the development of Industrial Symbiosis. Industrial symbiosis - IS occurs through physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products among (geographically close)industries in a collective approach to increase competitive advantage, thus improving the environmental performance of companies as well as reducing their total costs (Chertow, 2000; Chertow, 2007). Among several cases of IS in the world, we highlight the case of Kalundborg Industrial Park in Denmark and the National Industrial Symbiosis Programme - NISP in England. In Brazil, FIEMG coordinates the Mining Industrial Symbiosis Programme - PMSI, which is based on the British symbiosis program. Representatives of seven companies from different sectors and regions of the state were interviewed, as well as four actors: the Federation of Industries of the State of Minas Gerais, the environmental agency, an employerâs association and a cooperative of waste pickers. Data analysis aims at identifying the elements present in Spekkink framework (2014) Contexts, Institutional Capacities, Actors, Interactions and Network of Symbiotic Exchanges in mining reality. The results show how FIEMG uses its institutional capacity to promote the PMSI; how the actors are involved in symbiosis through their beliefs, desires and opportunities; the way the interactions occur between these actors and the results as a symbiosis network. This study evidences the importance of the IS promoter and its connection with the actors, especially the employerâs associations; the little influence of governance, economic and physical contexts in promoting PMSI; the low participation of some actors, as the environmental agency, in the symbiosis process and the barriers that come from the exchanges between companies.

Global use of natural resources has accelerated during the past decade and emissions and waste have increased as a consequence. The construction sector is a major contributor to global carbon emissions and is responsible for as much as one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. The negative impact that industries across the world are having on the environment is getting recognized as a serious problem and the environmental awareness is growing. A significant amount of this impact could be reduced with increased resource efficiency. Our economic system needs to undergo an unprecedented transformation, to stop environmental degradation but also to assure sustainable access to natural resources in the future. To tackle this issue, institutions are pressuring to move away from our current linear economy with its “take-make-dispose” characteristics and move towards a circular economy that is waste-free by design. The concept of Industrial Symbiosis is seen as a means to do that. In these industrial networks that resemble biological symbioses, waste or by-products of one company become a resource for another. By engaging traditionally separate industries in a collective approach involving physical exchange of materials, energy and by-products, it is possible to divert waste from landfill and reduce the negative impact on the environment. From a company perspective, Industrial Symbiosis can reduce the need for raw materials as well as waste disposal costs while allowing companies to create new revenue from residue and by products. The aim of this report was to investigate the perspectives that stakeholders have on a potential participation in an Industrial Symbiosis network and the complex interplay of drivers, facilitators and barriers to the implementation, as well as how the responsibilities among the stakeholders could be divided in order to implement this concept in the most effective way. This was done by interviewing key stakeholders within the construction industry to get an overall perspective on their views. The results indicated a generally positive outlook on the concept of Industrial Symbiosis among the stakeholders. Key drivers and barriers were identified as economic – companies are only willing to invest if it is profitable, regulatory – regulations are an important enabling factor as they create the right incentives for companies to participate, organizational – A transformation of the business model is necessary in order to implement circular economy and technological – Technological developments and innovations will aid the implementation as it can increase efficiency and transparency among the network participants. A tentative model has been generated where the responsibility distribution among the stakeholders have been mapped in order to give a greater understanding of the dynamics of a potential network.
Den globala användningen av naturresurser har ökat under det senaste decenniet och utsläpp och avfall har vuxit som en följd. Byggsektorn är en stor bidragande faktor till globala koldioxidutsläpp och ansvarar för så mycket som en tredjedel av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser. Den negativa påverkan som industrier över hela världen har på miljön erkänns som ett allvarligt problem samtidigt som miljömedvetenheten växer. En betydande mängd av denna påverkan kan minskas med ökad resurseffektivitet. Vårt ekonomiska system måste genomgå en enastående omvandling, för att stoppa miljöförstöring men också för att säkerställa hållbar tillgång till naturresurser i framtiden. För att ta itu med denna fråga pressar institutionerna att flytta sig bort från vår nuvarande linjära ekonomi och gå mot en cirkulär ekonomi som är avfallsfri genom design. Begreppet Industriell Symbios ses som ett sätt att göra det. I dessa industriella nätverk som liknar biologiska symboler blir avfall eller biprodukter från ett företag en resurs för ett annat. Genom att engagera traditionellt separata industrier i en kollektiv strategi som involverar fysiskt utbyte av material, energi och biprodukter, är det möjligt att avleda avfall från deponering och minska den negativa miljöpåverkan. Ur ett företagsperspektiv kan Industriell Symbios minska behovet av råmaterial samt avfallskostnader samtidigt som företag kan skapa nya intäkter från rester och av produkter. Syftet var att undersöka de synpunkter som intressenter har på ett potentiellt deltagande i ett Industriellt Symbios-nätverk och det komplexa samspelet mellan aktörer för genomförandet, samt hur ansvaret mellan aktörerna ska delas upp för att implementera detta koncept på det mest effektiva sättet. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua viktiga aktörer inom byggbranschen för att få ett övergripande perspektiv på deras åsikter. Resultaten indikerade en generellt positiv syn på konceptet industriell symbios bland intressenterna. Viktiga drivkrafter och hinder identifierades som ekonomiska - företag är bara villiga att investera om det är lönsamt, regelverk - förordningar är en viktig möjliggörande faktor eftersom de skapar rätt incitament för företag att delta, organisatoriska - En omvandling av affärsmodellen är nödvändig i för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi och teknik - Teknologisk utveckling och innovationer hjälper implementeringen eftersom det kan öka effektiviteten och öppenheten bland nätverksdeltagarna. En modell har genererats där ansvarsfördelningen bland intressenterna har kartlagts för att ge en större förståelse för dynamiken i ett potentiellt nätverk.

The UK National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) is the first industrial symbiosis (IS) network in the world to have been established at national level. Many studies have recently investigated the UK NISP, but much work remains to be done in understanding the context that enabled the development and management of a large scale IS network. This research aims to explore and understand: (1) the place of the UK NISP within the UK government’s ‘green’ market strategy; and, (2) the management and organisational design employed by the UK NISP in developing and managing a nation-wide IS network. Based on a qualitative inquiry, a case study approach was adopted to conduct this research. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from twenty-eight policy officers, government advisors, as well as representatives of the UK NISP and its partner organisations. The research findings showed that the government’s decision-making mechanism, in each of the UK countries, was significantly different. Whilst it was found that the UK government is focused on embedding ecological modernisation components in the policy process, there is also a need for extended and consistent decentralisation across the UK and a structural framework that enables non-state stakeholders to effectively influence the policy process. The outcomes of this research indicate a relationship between EM theory and the IS concept. By adopting the ecological modernisation agenda, the UK government can play a significant role in promoting the use of the IS concept by: (1) devising policies that are directly aimed at supporting the development of IS networks; and, (2) aligning the funding for technological innovation with the needs of potential IS projects. Nevertheless, the study found that the future of the UK NISP is entirely dependent on UK government funding and, therefore, it is recommended that the UK NISP should identify ways to raise income from the private sector as well for the UK NISP’s long term survival. The findings also highlighted the effectiveness of the organisational design employed by the UK NISP (including leadership at national level, regional delivery strategy and regional partnership strategy) for a large scale IS network and the suitability of the UK NISP’s organisational design to the dynamic nature of the IS network development. The regional partnership strategy was found to promote sectoral focus in IS networks, which did not adhere to the ‘innovation’ and ‘diversity’ principles of IS. This would result in limited innovation and raise the potential for an IS network to become unstable, for example, if a member decides to leave the network, the lack of diversity in the IS network would make it difficult to replace that member. So it is important that the UK NISP staff and contractors are provided with extensive training to ensure a better understanding of the IS concept principles. In a society facing economic and environmental challenges, this study specifically contributes to the understanding of the context that enabled the development of a large scale IS network that would help integrate environmental protection and economic growth.

O aspecto ambiental está cada vez mais presente no cotidiano das empresas, as quais necessitam reduzir custos e diminuir seus impactos ambientais sempre, concomitantemente a isso tem a necessidade de diminuir a disposição de resíduos na natureza e a extração desenfreada de recursos naturais finitos. Um conceito importante encontrado na literatura é a Simbiose Industrial (SI), a qual busca reutilizar resíduos para obter um sistema fechado com a diminuição de impactos ambientais. A SI ocorre entre empresas e estas são preferíveis que estejam dentro de um parque para maior eficiência, portanto pode-se considerar que a proximidade geográfica influencia no sucesso dela e que o arranjo físico do parque deve ser planejado para atingir melhores resultados. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento composto por seis passos, baseados principalmente no modelo Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) de Muther (1973) para planejar o layout de empresas que participam da SI dentro de um sistema com limites definidos, de forma a encontrar o melhor arranjo físico que favoreça as trocas simbióticas e os relacionamentos criados. O procedimento proposto direciona desde a coleta de dados, passando pelo matching, análise e fluxo, até o estabelecimento das inter-relações das empresas dentro do espaço. Para demonstrar a aplicação do procedimento e os possíveis resultados, realizou-se uma aplicação deste através da coleta de dados de empresas que irão participar de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram utilizados e o procedimento resultou em um arranjo físico das empresas, com foco naquelas que realizam trocas simbióticas. O resultado foi analisado teoricamente, principalmente em relação a SI, que necessita ser o centro do layout final, sendo considerado satisfatório por atender o objetivo proposto, além disso foram colocadas algumas ideias para melhorar a questão da proximidade geográfica ao máximo. Os trabalhos futuros necessitam considerar o fluxo de produtos, em caso da presença de uma cadeia logística no parque e a necessidade de implementação do resultado para maiores análises.
The environmental aspect is increasingly present in daily companies routine, these companies always need to reduce costs and decrease their environmental impacts, concomitantly to that there is the need to reduce the residue disposal in the nature and the unbridled extraction of finite natural resources. An important concept found in literature is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which seeks to reuse residues to obtain a closed system with the environment impacts diminution. The IS occurs between companies and they are preferable to be inside a park for more efficiency, so it can be considered that geographical proximity influences in its success and that the park layout must be well planned to reach better results. This research proposes a procedure composed by six steps mainly based on Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) model from Muther (1973) to plan the layout of companies which participate in IS inside a system with defined limits, to find the best layout that favors the symbiotic exchanges and the created relationships. The proposed procedure directs since the data collection, passing by the matching, the flow analysis, until the establishment of the companies interrelationships inside the space. To demonstrate the procedure application and the possible results, this research held an application of the procedure through the data collection in the companies that are going to participate at an ecological park within the state of São Paulo. The data was used and the procedure resulted in the layout of the companies, focusing on that ones which perform symbiotic exchanges. The result was theoretically analyzed, mainly in relation to the IS, which needs to be the center of the final layout, it was considered satisfactory because attended the proposed objective, furthermore some ideas were given to improve the question of the geographic proximity to the maximum. The future researches need to consider the products flow, in case of the presence of a logistic chain in the park and the necessity of the implementation of the results to better analysis.

Recentemente l’attenzione globale si è focalizzata verso uno sviluppo sostenibile promuovendo un modello di economia circolare. In questo contesto si colloca il presente progetto di dottorato il cui scopo è stato quello di eseguire una caratterizzazione ingegneristica relativa ad una nuova applicazione della scoria da forno elettrico ad arco, come filler in matrici polimeriche, con particolare focus sulla gomma vulcanizzata. Parallelamente è stato eseguito uno studio di questi due settori, nell’ottica di implementare una simbiosi industriale. Il motivo per cui sono stati scelti questi settori è che da una parte l’Italia è il principale produttore europeo di acciaio da forno elettrico, e più del 50% delle grandi imprese italiane di trova in Lombardia dove per questo motivo viene prodotta una ingente quantità di scoria. Nonostante la scoria venga già riutilizzata come aggregato artificiale, è stato stimato che purtroppo ancora buona parte venga smaltito in discarica perciò è necessario studiare nuove applicazioni. Nel presente studio ci si è focalizzati su matrici elastomeriche data la distribuzione geografica delle imprese operanti nel settore delle guarnizioni particolarmente denso in Lombardia. Il tema della valorizzazione dei rifiuti è un tema sensibile non solo al settore siderurgico ma anche ai produttori di articoli in gomma in quanto essa non è facilmente riprocessabile. La produzione di articoli in gomma porta con sé una considerevole percentuale di scarto intrinseca nel processo. A tale proposito, gli scarti industriali da articoli tecnici e anche il polverino di pneumatico fuori uso sono stati riciclati tramite un processo semplice di calandratura a freddo senza l’aggiunta di additivi. L’influenza della scoria come filler è stata valutata anche in questi ultimi. Il lavoro svolto è strutturato in una prima parte di revisione della letteratura e una seconda parte relativa all’attività sperimentale svolta, suddivisa nelle diverse matrici polimeriche caratterizzate: I) Confronto del comportamento meccanico di una resina epossidica additivata con scoria e con sabbia di fiume nelle cosiddette malte epossidiche. II) Caratterizzazione di una NBR standard additivata con una crescente percentuale di scoria. III) Caratterizzazione di sfrido industriale NBR, e influenza della scoria in diverse granulometrie. IV) Analisi della scoria come filler sostituivo e parzialmente sostitutivo del carbon black in matrice NBR. V) Caratterizzazione di polverino PFU riciclato e additivato con scoria EAF. VI) Analisi di una simbiosi industriale potenziale tra il settore dell’acciaio e quello della gomma con relative valutazioni di tipo economico. I risultati ottenuti circa l’applicazione della scoria come filler in matrici polimeriche sono incoraggianti in quanto da una parte la problematica principale del riutilizzo della scoria, ovvero la lisciviazione dei metalli pesanti, può essere superata in questa applicazione, e dall’altra è possibile formulare gomme, riciclate e non, con diverse quantità e dimensioni della scoria come filler in funzione dell’applicazione finale.
Recently, the global attention has focused on sustainable development by promoting a circular economy model. The present PhD project in this context aims to carry out an engineering characterization related to a new application of electric arc furnace slag, as a filler in polymeric matrices, with particular focus on vulcanized rubber. At the same time, a study of these two sectors was carried out, with a view to implementing an industrial symbiosis. The reason why these sectors were chosen is that on the one hand Italy is the main European producer of electric furnace steel, and more than 50% of large Italian companies are located in Lombardy where for this reason a huge quantity of slag is produced. Although the slag is already reused as artificial aggregate, it has been estimated that unfortunately large part is still disposed of in landfills, so it is necessary to study new applications. In this study we focused on elastomeric matrices given the geographical distribution of the companies operating in the particularly dense gasket sector in Lombardy. The issue of waste enhancement is a sensitive issue not only to the steel sector but also to producers of rubber articles as it is not easily reprocessable. The production of rubber articles implies a considerable percentage of intrinsic waste in the process. In this regard, industrial waste from technical articles and also the end-of-life tire powder were recycled through a simple cold calendering process without additives. The influence of slag as a filler was also evaluated in the latter. The work carried out is structured in a first part of literature review and a second part relating to the experimental activity carried out, divided into the different polymeric matrices characterized: I) Comparison of the mechanical behavior of an epoxy resin added with slag and river sand in the so-called epoxy mortars. II) Characterization of a standard NBR added with an increasing percentage of slag. III) Characterization of NBR industrial waste, and influence of the slag in different grain sizes. IV) Analysis of the slag as a substitute and partially substitute filler for carbon black in the NBR matrix. V) Characterization of recycled ELT powder and additives with EAF slag. VI) Analysis of a potential industrial symbiosis between the steel and rubber sectors with the related economic assessment. The results obtained regarding the application of slag as filler in polymeric matrices are encouraging as on the one hand the main problem of the reuse of slag, that is the leaching of heavy metals, can be overcome in this application, and on the other hand it is possible to formulate rubbers, recycled or not, with different quantities and sizes of slag as filler depending on the final application.

Os Parques Eco-Industriais (EIP - Eco-Industrial Park) surgiram como um novo modelo de organização espacial para arranjos industriais. Uma característica importante para um EIP é a adoção do conceito de simbiose industrial (SI), em que as empresas reutilizam resíduos em busca de um sistema fechado, diminuindo impacto ambiental. Há propostas para avaliar o fluxo de resíduos e a simbiose de um EIP por meio de indicadores detalhados em um determinado momento. Porém, trata-se de uma visão estática do parque na qual seria possível que os agentes implementassem mudanças para construir uma situação de sistema fechado ideal. Pesquisas recentes demonstram que essa abordagem enfrenta algumas limitações, uma vez que o processo de simbiose depende das decisões rotineiras e individuais de cada ator, empresários, técnicos e agenciadores, as quais podem alterar a dinâmica do fluxo de material no decorrer do tempo. A fim de contribuir, propõe-se um indicador de simbiose industrial diferente, elaborado segundo a abordagem do parque como um sistema dinâmico. Trata-se de uma ferramenta capaz de monitorar o nível de simbiose de um parque ao longo do tempo. Diferencia-se por permitir que a organização agenciadora possa implementar políticas de incentivo à simbiose industrial, influenciando nas decisões rotineiras dos diversos agentes do parque, em prol da simbiose. Empregaram-se estudos de caso, revisão sistemática da literatura e análise teórico-conceitual. Os primeiros resultados foram dois estudos de casos em parques que se autodenominavam EIPs, identificando oportunidades para a promoção da simbiose. O segundo resultado foi a proposta teórico-conceitual do Indicador de Simbiose Industrial (ISI) que pode ser utilizado como instrumento para o ambiente industrial dinâmico. Por fim, apresenta-se a análise das propriedades do indicador a partir de dados obtidos em um dos casos. Os resultados indicaram que o ISI pode identificar níveis de simbiose distintos para um mesmo parque, conforme sua evolução em direção a uma simbiose perfeita. A avaliação da coerência do ISI permitiu demonstrar sua capacidade em captar a ausência e a presença do processo de simbiose, atendendo as expectativas iniciais da construção do indicador. A avaliação do comportamento do ISI por meio da variação dos seus elementos permitiu analisar o indicador sob diferentes possibilidades, correspondendo positivamente às expectativas da pesquisa. Indica-se também várias questões que precisam ser verificadas para a validação do indicador e os próximos passos para torná-lo uma ferramenta útil para o gerenciamento de parques industriais interessados em aprimorar o seu nível de simbiose industrial.
The Eco-Industrial Parks (EIP - Eco-Industrial Park) emerged as a new model of spatial organization for industrial arrangements. An important feature for an EIP is the adoption of the concept of industrial symbiosis (IS), in which companies reuse waste to reach a closed system, reducing environmental impact. There are proposals to assess the waste stream and the symbiosis of an EIP through detailed indicators at a determined time. However, it is a static view of the park in which would be possible to the managers implement changes to construct a state of ideal closed system. Recent researches show that this approach faces some limitations, once the process symbiosis depends on the routine and individual decisions of the actors, managers, technicians and agents, which can alter the dynamics of the material flow through time. In order to contribute, it is proposed an different indicator of industrial symbiosis, prepared according to the approach of the park as a dynamic system. This is a tool that can monitor the level of symbiosis of a park during a determined time. This is different because allow the agent organization to implement policies to encourage industrial symbiosis influencing the routines decisions of the parks agents in favor of symbiosis. It was made case studies, systematic review of the literature and theoretical and conceptual analysis. The first results were two case studies in parks that called themselves EIPs, identifying opportunities to promote symbiosis. The second result was the proposed theoretical-conceptual Indicator Industrial Symbiosis (ISI) which can be used as a tool for the dynamic industrial environment. Finally, it shows the analysis of the indicator properties considering data obtained in one of the cases. The results indicated that the ISI can identify different levels of symbiosis for the same park as its evolution toward a perfect symbiosis. The assessment of the consistency of the ISI has demonstrated its ability to capture the absence and presence of the symbiosis process, confirming the expectations of the initial construction of the indicator. The performance evaluation of the ISI through the variation of its elements, allowed us to analyze the indicator under different possibilities, corresponding positively to the expectations of the research. Also, it indicates that several issues need to be checked to validate the indicator and the next steps to make it a useful tool for managing industrial parks interested in improving their level of industrial symbiosis.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-[119]).
Industrial ecology offers models for hybridizing technology and natural processes, human desires and the capacities of ecosystems in an effort to reconcile the expanding conflicts among them. Industrial symbiosis applies this thinking to the scale of the city and its supporting industrial operations. Case studies of industrial symbiosis, which is the changing of linear, open-loop production to closed-loop systems through the reuse and exchange of waste materials, energy, and knowledge, showcase advantages in waste and energy use reduction within the United States. What are the major limits holding back the widespread development of industrial symbiosis in this country and how can they be overcome? Secondly, what tools can foster its large-scale implementation once the constraints are overcome? Methodologically, the successful study of the future capacity of industrial symbiosis within the American context must address the future consequences of resources that are no longer cheap nor abundant, as well as the current state of their production, distribution, and consumption.
(cont.) The major constraints facing industrial symbiosis in America are: current extremely high subsidies in transport and resource costs, low symbiosis visibility, non-existent data collection standards, undeveloped communication networks, and no unified regulatory mechanisms. Future limits and cost changes in transport and resources will become the ultimate push to make exchange habits a widespread practice in the United States, enabling the above issues to be effectively addressed. The timing of these limits is uncertain. Yet, planners must be in the right place at the right time with the proper tools to facilitate a transition to the widespread implementation of industrial symbiosis. This thesis provides a framework for how planners can foster the successful large-scale implementation of industrial symbiosis in the U.S. through a variety of interventions. It suggests four distinct tools: increased visibility of industrial symbiosis through marketing outlets; a new web-based "social-networking" tool for industries to share information and expand communication; a multiple-tiered regulation structure to facilitate standards development; and lastly physical planning that intelligently responds to future trends in energy, resources, mobility, and spatial patterns of industrial development.
by Timothy M. Terway.
M.C.P.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente – Perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais
Industrial symbiosis is an application of industrial ecology that consists of a collaborative approach between different industries and firms aimed at improving their environmental and economic performance involving the exchange of waste/byproducts as substitutes for raw materials. This collaboration is conditioned by the geographic proximity between industries and may face some information, economic, regulatory or motivational barriers. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to find and evaluate new potential exchanges in light of industrial symbiosis and to apply it to Sines oil refinery case study. The methodology was divided into four phases. The first phase is where, through the analysis of similar case studies, the potential new exchanges are uncovered.The second was made based on a literature review on the main barriers to industrial symbiosis development. This phase was developed to swiftly filter potential synergies that would face barriers to its development. The other two phases were only applied to the potential synergies that successfully passed the “filter”. Those phases consisted of an environmental evaluation through a LCA and a financial analysis. The application of the methodology showed two new potential synergetic possibilities for the Sines oil refinery. The results of the evaluation of those potential synergies were very promising both environmentally and financially. This research thus demonstrates the potential and benefits associated with the development of industrial symbiosis networks if the barriers to this development can be successfully surpassed.

Bioethanol is becoming increasingly attractive for the reasons of energy security, diversity, and sustainability. As a result, the use of bioethanol for transportation purposes has been encouraged extensively. However, designing an effective bioethanol supply chain that is both sustainable and robust is still questionable. Therefore, this research focuses on designing a bioethanol supply chain that is: 1) sustainable in improving economic, environmental, social, and energy efficiency aspects; and 2) robust to uncertainties such as bioethanol price, bioethanol demand and biomass yield. In this research, we first propose a decision framework to design an optimal bioenergy-based industrial symbiosis (BBIS) under certain constraints. In BBIS, traditionally separate plants collocate in order to efficiently utilize resources, reduce wastes and increase profits for the entire BBIS and each player in the BBIS. The decision framework combines linear programming models and large scale mixed integer linear programming model to determine: 1) best possible combination of plants to form the BBIS, and 2) the optimal multi-product network of various materials in the BBIS, such that the bioethanol production cost is reduced. Secondly, a sustainable hybrid generation bioethanol supply chain (HGBSC), which consists of 1st generation and 2nd generation bioethanol production, is designed to improve economic benefits under environmental and social restrictions. In this study, an optimal HGBSC is designed where the new 2nd generation bioethanol supply chain is integrated with the existing 1st generation bioethanol supply chain under uncertainties such as bioethanol price, bioethanol demand and biomass yield. A stochastic mixed integer linear programming (SMILP) model is developed to design the optimal configuration of HGBSC under different sustainability standards. Finally, a sustainable industrial symbiosis based hybrid generation bioethanol supply chain (ISHGBSC) is designed that incorporates various industrial symbiosis (IS) configurations into HGBSC to improve economic, environmental, social, and energy efficiency aspects of sustainability under bioethanol price, bioethanol demand and biomass yield uncertainties. A SMILP model is proposed to design the optimal ISHGBSC and Sampling Average Approximation algorithm is used as the solution technology. Case studies of North Dakota are used as an application. The results provide managerial insights about the benefits of BBIS configurations within HGBSC.

CEGLIA, Domenico. An analysis of institutional dynamic for industrial symbiosis in the United Kingdom. 2015. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração e Controladoria, Fortaleza-CE, 2015.
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Industrial symbiosis is an industrial concept that points to the exchange of resources between companies. Among several cases around the world as Kalundborg, TEDA and Styria none of these had a program on a national level encouraged by the government. In the United Kingdom the concept was funding from 2005 to 2014. The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) born in 2000 by International Synergies Ltd and has excellent results in economic, environmental and social space. The British institutional context has become highly competitive and ever more dependent on others in a continue changing, so this work aims to understand if institutional dynamics in the UK support or impede the development of industrial symbiosis? Based on this research question the study followed the general objective of understanding the development of industrial symbiosis in the UK overtime influenced by institutional context. The study was conducted as a case study of industrial symbiosis in the UK using a series of open-end interviews with the actors involved. Through a content analysis were individuated key categories and concepts related to them which resulted in the construction of a conceptual framework for UK industrial symbiosis. The UK institutional context encouraged the creation of NISP which produces with satisfactory results the development of industrial symbiosis participating in the development of institutional capacities between organizations involved, although they were not completely fomented. Industrial symbiosis in the UK is struggling to move forward because the government is not financing the NISP and a short-term view of the companies made this batch process and probably for a review of development mechanisms. This study has appointed to a strengthening of cooperation between government and company accompanied by cultural change of the waste management as source of opportunity for companies, so an educational process that promotes this is fundamental to the future of industrial symbiosis in the UK. Finally, this study has appointed to the continuation of funding by government and the dissemination and sharing of results and practices at the national level for the institutionalization of industrial symbiosis.
A simbiose industrial é um conceito industrial que aponta à troca de recursos entre empresas. Entre vários casos ao redor do mundo como Kalundborg, TEDA e Styria nenhum desses teve um programa em nível nacional fomentado pelo governo. No Reino Unido a simbiose industrial foi financiada pelo governo desde 2005 até 2014. Em 2000 nasceu o Programa Nacional de Simbiose Industrial (NISP) pela International Synergies Ltd. Desde 2000, o NISP teve excelentes resultados na área econômica, ambiental e social. O ambiente institucional britânico é altamente competitivo e sempre mais dependente de outros em continua mudanças, portanto esse trabalho visa responder de que forma as dinâmicas institucionais no Reino Unido suportam ou impedem o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial? Com base nessa pergunta de pesquisa o estudo seguiu o objetivo geral de entender o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido ao longo dos anos influenciado pelo contexto institucional. O estudo foi desenvolvido como estudo de caso da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido utilizando uma serie de entrevistas semiabertas com os atores envolvidos. Mediante uma analise de conteúdo foram individuadas as categorias chaves e os conceitos ligados a elas que resultaram na construção de um framework conceptual de simbiose industrial do Reino Unido. O contexto institucional incentivou a criação do NISP que promoveu com resultados satisfatórios o desenvolvimento da simbiose industrial participando do desenvolvimento das capacidades institucionais entre as organizações envolvidas, embora com algumas dificuldades na atração de novas firmas no processo. A simbiose industrial no Reino Unido está tendo dificuldade de avançar, pois o governo não esta mais financiando o NISP e uma visão em curto prazo das empresas tornou esse processo descontinuo e provavelmente destinado a uma revisão dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento. Esse estudo aponta para um fortalecimento da colaboração entre o governo e empresa acompanhada de uma mudança cultural do gerenciamento do resíduo como fonte de oportunidade para as empresas, portanto um processo educacional que promovesse isso é fundamental para o futuro da simbiose industrial no Reino Unido. Por fim, esse estudo aponta para a continuação do financiamento por parte do governo e a divulgação e compartilhamento dos resultados e praticas em nível nacional para que a simbiose industrial possa se institucionalizar.

This master thesis investigates the potential use of biogas from organic residues in the area of the cities of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia. The two cities have currently a contamination problem and biogas emerges as opportunity for both waste management and energy generation. There are approximately 274 500 tonnes/year of residue that can be used to produce biogas. This amount of residue can generate approximately 33,500,000 m3 of biogas. The advantages and disadvantages of five different digester types (the smaller tubular digester, the fixed dome digester, the floating drum digester and the bigger German AEV digester and a Swedish digester) were investigated to see if they could be an option for use in Bolivia. The German AEV digester is better when compared to the Swedish unit from Flotech in case a larger biogas digester would be implemented. Among the smaller digesters, the tubular digester already has access to the necessary resources and knowledge, and they can be operated at a cheap price. The fixed dome digester and the floating drum digester are  not used in Bolivia at present, and there is no knowledge in the country about how to implement them.  There are technical, social and economic issues related to an eventual installation of a big digester in Bolivia including transportation logistics and costs, how to motivate the population to sort out the different residues, and also the state subvention of natural gas production that lowers the price of biogas required to make it competitive. To see if it is economically viable to build a functional biogas generator for this area, economic data were compared. The analysis shows that the fixed dome and floating drum digester are much better economic investment than the tube digester. The bigger digesters are economically viable without financial aid if there is a market for the by- product fertiliser in Bolivia. The data for this analyse also shows that the conditions that exist today in Bolivia make it economically viable to invest in a bigger digester but only the fixed dome and the floating drum digester are economically viable without a market from the fertiliser
MFS

Interest in how industrial production could be adapted to promote sustainable development has increased in recent decades worldwide. Industrial symbiosis (where one company’s unwanted materials become the input for another company) is one approach to reducing the environmental impact of production, which itself has attracted widespread policy interest. The UK’s National Industrial Symbiosis Programme has become known internationally as an example of a successful industrial symbiosis initiative, attracting both academic interest and policy imitation. However, the suitability of industrial symbiosis development initiatives to be transferred between geographic contexts is a largely neglected issue in industrial symbiosis literature. Practice replication can be viewed as a knowledge transfer process. In order to address that issue, this study adopts a theoretical framework drawn from the knowledge transfer literature, which suggests that language skills, technical assistance and expertise are among the factors influencing the success of international attempts at practice replication. The knowledge transfer literature, however, has focussed on commercial activity, i.e., firms’ primary activities, not environmental initiatives such as industrial symbiosis. Theoretical framework on knowledge transfer is therefore adopted to study the topic. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of factors affecting the process of replicating one country’s industrial symbiosis development practice to another. A European Commission funded project replicating the UK’s industrial symbiosis network facilitation approach to the Tianjin Binhai New Area of China has been selected to conduct an in-depth case study. This case study can be viewed as a transnational knowledge transfer practice. In addition, this research used a knowledge transfer perspective to inform an in-depth analysis of the organisation of National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. Also, it conducted the analysis of policy context affecting industrial symbiosis activities in the UK and China to provide a background of industrial symbiosis development in the two countries. Qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews and participant observation have been used to collect data. This research contributes to knowledge transfer theory through proposing a knowledge-based model illustrating the process of knowledge development within an organisation and the process of transnational knowledge transfer from the knowledge source to another. Also, factors affecting the process of transnational knowledge transfer have been summarised. In addition, the research provides a deeper understanding of a industrial symbiosis network facilitation approach which has been widely cited as an industrial symbiosis development exemplar. Theoretical contributions could guide future transnational collaborations on replicating good practices for industrial sustainable development.

Government and industry increasingly face challenges resulting from resource scarcity and climate change. By reducing carbon emissions whilst promoting resource efficiency and business development, industrial symbiosis has been recognised as a strategy to manage these challenges. Industrial symbiosis can be interpreted as the innovative use of waste from one company as a resource for another company, i.e. waste-to-resource innovation. These resource innovations involve the development of relations between waste producers and users, and often governmental organisations and other actors. A review of industrial symbiosis and relevant network and innovation literature concluded that empirical understanding of the implementation of industrial symbiosis, and consequently how it can be promoted by public and private organisations, needed considerable improvement. Hence, a qualitative empirical exploration was conducted to answer the question: How and why did industrial symbiosis develop over time? The exploration was carried out in the Humber region (UK) and, with several bio-based developments emerging in the area, focused on biowaste-to-resource innovation. Case studies with companies revealed: the social process through which resource partnerships developed; important contextual conditions (resource security, economic benefits, and governance); and varying network diversification and strengthening strategies. Analysing these innovations in their longer-term dynamic contexts revealed different business-responses to context-changes through their varying innovation and government-engagement strategies. Some companies were constrained by poor harmonisation of economic and various governmental drivers. In particular, since 2012, regional governance capacity for biowaste-to-resource innovation decreased while such innovations gained momentum at national government level. These findings have added to understanding of variation in factors and processes associated with implementing industrial symbiosis through company activities, strategies, and collaborations; and the relations between context dynamics, evolution of industrial symbiosis networks, and on-going business development. The level of detail revealed in this inductive empirical research contributed to identifying numerous further research directions. Moreover, practical recommendations were provided to companies and governmental organisations supporting the promotion of industrial symbiosis and contributing to the on-going transition to a more resource efficient and circular economy.

L'écologie industrielle comprend un ensemble de pratiques visant à réduire les rejets industriels polluants et se présente aujourd'hui comme une voie possible à la transition du système industriel vers un mode de fonctionnement plus durable, inspiré par des écosystèmes naturels. Sa mise en oeuvre peut aussi être à l'origine de dynamiques d'innovation favorables au développement et à la diversification des territoires, en particulier industriels. L'écologie industrielle est en effet généralement étudiée sous l'angle de son organisation industrielle (organisation des flux d'intrants et de produits, cadre institutionnel et organisation de la coopération entre entreprises) et des impacts environnementaux qu'elle entraîne (économie des matériaux, recyclage, etc.). Nous étudions dans cette thèse son potentiel en termes de développement économique territorial. Pour cela nous construisons un cadre théorique et conceptuel permettant de mettre en avant le rôle de l'écologie industrielle comme un moteur de développement et de diversification des territoires. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle d'analyse s'articulant autour du concept de milieu éco-innovateur. Ce concept, construit en croisant la littérature sur l'écologie industrielle et les théories de l'économie territoriale et de l'innovation, permet d'expliquer les mécanismes par lesquels l'écologie industrielle peut favoriser les dynamiques d'éco-innovation et d'attractivité. Il constitue le socle sur lequel reposent nos hypothèses. Ce modèle d'analyse est appliqué au cas du complexe industrialo-portuaire de Dunkerque, un territoire à forte spécialisation industrielle à la recherche de nouvelles voies de diversification des activités économiques. Nous cherchons à comprendre les atouts de l'écolodie industrielle pour la construction d'un milieu "éco-innovateur", au sein duquel les effets d'agglomération favorisent la génération et l'attractivité d'activités nouvelles contribuant ainsi à une diversification de l'économie territoriale. Pour cela, nous adoptons une méthodologie mixte basée sur l'analyse descriptive de deux bases de données d'entreprises et sur un ensemble d'entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 30 entreprises et institutions. L'étude empirique permet de constater que l'écologie industrielle contribue au développement des caractéristiques d'un milieu éco-innnovateur à Dunkerque. Pour autant, les dynamiques d'apprentissage collectif et d'éco-innovations restent modestes. De plus, une nouvelle dynamique de création d'entreprises s'est développée à Dunkerque depuis 2014. Ces entreprises sont reliées aux entreprises constitutives de la symbiose, soit par le secteur d'activitén soit par des synergies éco-industrielles. Cette dynamique ne concerne toutefois que quelques unités, mais tend à conforter notre schéma d'analyse. La dynamique de diversification fondée sur une variété reliée ici mise en évidence se heurte toutefois à de nombreuses difficultés. Celles-ci sont liées aux aspects opérationnels et organisationnels des synergies mais elles sont aussi spécifiques au territoire (fragilité économique et dépendance de sentier). La contribution de l'écologie industrielle à la diversification des territoires industriels dépend selon nous de la résolution de ces difficultés. Le développement d'activités de service et d'une gouvernance territoriale adaptée peut contribuer à la réduction de ces limites. Nous étudions les caractéristiques du secteur des services et de la gouvernance de la symbiose industrielle de Dunkerque. Nous aboutissons à un ensemble de recommandations qui peuvent être utiles tant aux politiques publiques qu'aux entreprises et institutions, afin de renforcer le milieu éco-innovateur et de favoriser les dynamiques d'innovation qu'il promet
Industrial ecology includes a set of practices aimed at reducing polluting industrial discharges and stands today as a possible way for the transition of industrial system towards a more sustainable operating mode, inspired by natural ecosystems. Its implementation can also be at the origin of innovation dynamics favorable to the development and diversification of territories, especially industrial ones. Industrial ecology is generally studied from the view of its industrial organization (organization of input and output flows, institutional framework and organization of cooperation between companies) and the environmental impacts it entails (economy of materials, recycling, etc.). In this thesis, we study its potential in terms of territorial economic development. For this purpose, we build a theoretical and conceptual framework to highlight the role of industrial ecology as a driver for development and diversification of territories. We propose a new analytical model based on the concept of eco-innovative milieu. This concept, built by crossing the literature on industrial ecology and theories of territorial economy and innovation, explains the mechanisms by which industrial ecology can promote territorial attractiveness and eco-innovation dynamics. It is the foundation on which our hypotheses are based. This model of analysis is applied to the industrialo-port complex of Dunkirk, a territory with strong industrial specialization in search of new ways of diversification of economic activities. We seek to understand the advantages of industrial ecology for the construction of an "eco-innovative" milieu, in which the effects of agglomeration favor the generation and the attractiveness of new activities thus contributing to a diversification of territorial economy. We adopt a mixed methodology based on the descriptive analysis of two databases of companies and a set of semi-structured interviews with 30 companies and institutions. The empirical study shows that industrial ecology contributes to the development of the characteristics of an eco-innovative milieu in Dunkirk. however, the dynamics of collective learning and eco-innovation specific to eco-innovative milieus remain modest. In addition, a nex dynamic of business creation has developed in Dunkirk since 2014. These new companies are linked to companies in the industrial symbiosis, either by the sector of activity, or by eco-industrial synergies. However, this dynamic only concerns a few units, but tends to validate our analysis. The diversification dynamic based on a related variety highlighted here faces, however, many difficulties. These are related to the operational and organizational aspects of the synergies nut they are also specific to the territory (economic fragility and path dependence). The contribution of industrial ecology to the diversification of industrial territories depends, in our opinion, on the resolution of these difficulties. The development of service activities and adapted territorial governance can contribute to the reduction of these limits. We study the characteristics of the service sector and the governance of the industrial symbiosis in Dunkirk. We end up with a set of recommendations that can be useful for public policies as well as for companies and institutions, in order to strengthen the eco-innovative milieu and foster the innovation dynamics that it promises

Industrial symbiosis is crucial to the formation of the eco-industrial parks. Several performance indicators have been proposed for measuring and monitoring the industrial symbiosis. The current focus of researches is on the proposal of these indicators, while it is still necessary to validate them, so they can become more robust and reliable. However, there is no specific validation methodology for this type of indicator. The central objective of this research was to develop a methodology specific for the analysis of industrial symbiosis indicators. The work resulted in a framework for the validation of industrial symbiosis indicators with the differential of combining the conceptual validation, based on the technical and theoretical information on the indicator, and the empirical validation, based on the analysis of the indicated behavior. The framework is composed of a set of activities and artifacts that support all validation steps, which includes a set of specific validation criteria for industrial symbiosis indicators, and a simulation model developed through the agent-based modeling technique, which is able to simulate all the industrial symbiosis indicators available in the literature, allowing the comparison between them. The specific validation criteria were verified through the judgment of experts in the validation of an indicator, the Industrial Symbiosis Indicator; and the simulation model was proposed and used for the comparison between all the indicators, being possible to identify their characteristics in different scenarios. By combining the two strategies, a validation instrument with significant progress in relation to the state of the art is reached; it can support researches in the proposal of new indicators.
A simbiose industrial é fundamental para a formação dos parques eco-industriais. Vários indicadores de desempenho têm sido propostos para sua medição e acompanhamento. O foco atual das pesquisas está na proposição desses indicadores e para que se tornem mais robustos e confiáveis faz-se necessário validá-los. Entretanto, não existe metodologia de validação específica para o caso desse tipo de indicador. O objetivo central dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver uma metodologia específica para analisar os indicadores de simbiose industrial. O trabalho resultou em um framework para a validação de indicadores de simbiose industrial cujo diferencial é a combinação da validação conceitual, baseada nas informações técnicas e teóricas sobre o indicador, com a validação empírica, baseada na análise do comportamento do indicador. O framework é composto por um conjunto de atividades e artefatos que apoiam as etapas de validação. Destacam-se um conjunto de critérios de validação específicos para indicadores de simbiose industrial e um modelo de simulação desenvolvido através da técnica de modelagem baseada em agentes, que é capaz de simular todos os indicadores de simbiose industrial disponíveis na literatura, permitindo a comparação entre eles. Os critérios de validação específicos foram verificados por meio do julgamento de especialistas na validação de um indicador, o Indicador de Simbiose Industrial; e o modelo de simulação foi proposto e utilizado para a realização de uma comparação entre todos os indicadores, sendo possível identificar as características deles em diferentes cenários. Combinando as duas estratégias tem-se, portanto, um instrumento para validação com significativo avanço frente ao estado da arte e que poderá apoiar pesquisas na proposição de novos indicadores.

L’industrie sidérurgique est l’un des secteurs les plus énergivores contribuant à la consommation mondiale d’énergie et de ressources ainsi qu’aux émissions de dioxyde de carbone. Des efforts ont été réalisés pour augmenter l’efficacité des procédés en interne mais le potentiel d’amélioration est de plus en plus limité. Ce travail de recherche porte donc sur la symbiose industrielle comme solution pour faire face aux enjeux environnementaux sur un territoire industriel et pour laquelle les usines sidérurgiques ont un rôle majeur à jouer. Une nouvelle méthodologie et un nouvel outil évaluant dans le temps les impacts économiques et environnementaux de scénarios de symbiose industrielle sur ces sites ont été développés. Basés sur la dynamique des systèmes, ils visent à favoriser l’emploi des symbioses industrielles dans ce contexte industriel en proposant une approche systématique pour évaluer leurs performances.La méthode développée est décrite après l’étude de ses fondements théoriques. Elle est ensuite appliquée à une usine sidérurgique intégrée typique. Un modèle dynamique est ainsi construit et validé sur une période de simulation de deux ans afin de simuler tout scénario de symbiose industrielle impliquant des flux d'énergie et de matières relatifs aux activités sidérurgiques. Un cas concret d'application de symbiose industrielle dans des conditions opérationnelles réelles est enfin proposé et simulé. Il montre la valeur ajoutée de ce travail de recherche qui vient en support des processus de prise de décisions en matière de symbiose industrielle dans le contexte de l’industrie sidérurgique
Iron and steel industry is known as one of the most energy-intensive sectors which contribute to worldwide energy and resource consumptions as well as carbon dioxide emissions. Many efforts have been made to increase the efficiency of internal processes but the potential of improvement tends to be more and more limited. This research work is thus focused on industrial symbiosis as a mean to face these environmental stakes on a common industrial territory and for which iron and steel plants have a major role to play. A new methodology and a new tool aiming at evaluating over time economic and environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis scenarios on this kind of industrial sites have been therefore developed. Based on the system dynamics concepts, they further yearn to enhance the deployment of industrial symbioses in the context of iron and steel industry by providing a systematic approach for assessing their performances.The developed method is described after investigating its theoretical foundations. It is then applied to a typically integrated iron and steel plant. A dynamic model is thus built and validated over a two year simulation period enabling to run industrial symbiosis scenarios involving energy and material flows implied throughout iron and steel production activities. An application case of a concrete industrial symbiosis in real operational conditions is finally proposed and simulated. It allows showing the significant added value of this research work in the support of decisions-making processes towards industrial symbiosis in the framework of iron and steel industry

The main purpose of this master thesis is to identify guidelines for a sustainable production that can provide useful information concerning the establishment of a biodiesel production. These guidelines concern the surrounding production environment, such as infrastructures and industries.

The thesis is based on theoretical grounds surrounding industrial symbiosis, biodiesel production and how sustainable development should be designed. A study of an already established producer in a similar business area has been used to provide a picture of similar projects. The thesis has with the supervisor's consent focused on the production conditions that are affected by location.

The production conditions selected are heating, raw material market, residual and sustainable profile. These are then evaluated through an Excel-based sensitivity analysis. The economic assessment showed that these conditions had limited impact on profitability. By combining these, however, it creates a profile of sustainability that will affect profitability in the long run.

Återvinningsföretag och deras utbyten med sina kunder spelar en viktig roll för möjliggörandet av återcirkulering av restmaterial, något som bidrar till en mer effektiv och hållbar resurshantering i samhället. Denna studie har därför undersökt hur återvinningsföretag kan utveckla sin miljökommunikation genom att studera hur kunder värderar miljönytta, vilka miljöåtgärder och -effekter de främst prioriterar samt vilken typ av information de skulle kunna ha användning av. Detta för att stärka marknaden för produkter och tjänster kopplade till återvinning av restmaterial och på så sätt bidra till en mer hållbar resursanvändning och slutna kretslopp.  Studien baseras på teorier och kunskap utvecklade inom de vetenskapliga områdena industriell ekologi och industriell symbios, grön marknadsföring samt gröna inköp. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes en intervjustudie med kunder till ett återvinningsföretag, kompletterad med dokument- och litteraturstudier. Kunder till återvinningsföretaget Econova intervjuades rörande hur de värderar miljönytta och miljökommunikation samt hur de själva prioriterar miljöfrågor. Även säljare på Econova tillfrågades om hur de ser på behovet av utökad miljökommunikation.  Studien visade på att minskade växthusgasutsläpp var den miljönytta som prioriterades och efterfrågades främst på alla nivåer i värdekedjan, vilket gör det till en bra aspekt för återvinningsföretag att lyfta i sin miljökommunikation. Studien visade även att företagens restmaterialhantering idag inte är ett av deras mest prioriterade områden för miljöåtgärder, och det är inte heller något som deras kunder frågar om i någon större utsträckning. Därför är det heller inte det område där det finns störst betalningsvilja för åtgärder med bättre miljönytta. Det är dock möjligt för Econova och andra återvinningsföretag att vara i framkant av hållbarhetstrenden genom att tydligare lyfta fördelarna kopplade till deras cirkulära tjänster. En utökad grön marknadsföring kan bidra till att de ökar medvetenheten hos sina kunder och hos allmänheten, vilket i slutändan kan stärka marknaden för gröna affärer kopplade till återvinning av restmaterial och främja industriella samarbeten.
the enabling of recirculation of waste materials, which can lead to a more efficient and sustainable use of resources. This study explores the possibilities for recycling companies to develop their environmental communication by studying how customers value the environmental benefits generated from the re-use of waste materials. This may contribute to strengthening the market for products and services related to the recycling of waste materials and in that way create a more sustainable use of resources and close material cycles.  The study is based on the scientific knowledge developed within the fields of industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, green marketing and green purchasing. To answer the research questions, an interview study was undertaken alongside with document and literature studies. Interviews were held with customers of the recycling company Econova, concerning how they value environmental benefits and communication and how they prioritize environmental issues. Further interviews were held with sales personnel at Econova, concerning their views of the need for further environmental communication.  The findings suggest that decreased emissions of greenhouse gases is the environmental benefit most valued at all levels of the supply chain. This indicates that it is a benefit worth highlighting in the marketing materials of recycling companies. The findings also show that the handling of waste is not a highly prioritized area for green investments, at least not within the interviewed companies. Neither is it an aspect that is prioritized by their customers. However, it is possible for companies like Econova to be proactive by clearly highlighting the benefits of their circular services. Improved environmental communications can contribute to greater awareness among their customers and in society. This awareness could, in the long run, lead to a stronger market for green products associated with the re-circulation of waste materials, which in turn could promote industrial collaborations.

Numerous attempts have been made to create or facilitate Industrial Symbiosis networks and self-organized networks have been uncovered. Existing networks have been studied to identify its success or failure and its context. This thesis tries to suggest and assess an adapted approach to establish successful industrial symbiosis, with a case study on the northern Stockholm region. An extensive literature review, meetings with experts and stakeholder interaction by questionnaires, interviews and a workshop were used. Potential obstructions were identified, possibilities of self-organizations and planning explored and solutions suggested. Combined with the feedback from 25 questionnaires and a workshop with local stakeholders an approach to establishing industrial symbiosis in northern Stockholm was suggested and assessed. A neutral coordinator or waste companies were concluded to have a good chance of establishing an industrial symbiosis network in the region. Using existing networks, creating awareness and providing knowledge and examples are important factors for establishing an industrial symbiosis network.