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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrialisation – Nigeria'
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1
Adeleye, Ngozi, Evans Osabuohien, and Simplice Asongu. "Agro-industrialisation and financial intermediation in Nigeria." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-02-2019-0078.
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PurposeThe study aims to analyse the role of finance in the agro-industrialisation nexus in Nigeria using annual data on manufacturing value added, agricultural value added and volume of finance availed to the agricultural sector from 1981 to 2015.Design/methodology/approachTo establish the presence of a long-run relationship, the error correction model and bounds cointegration techniques are employed. Likewise, the model is augmented to test whether the associated relationship between industrial output and agricultural output depends on access to finance by farmers with the inclusion of an interaction term.FindingsSome salient contributions to the literature are as follows: agriculture and finance are strong and positive predictors of industrialisation in the long run; in the short run, past realisations of industrial output and finance have significant asymmetric effects on industrial output; the explanatory power of agriculture decreases with the growth of the financial system; and the long-run results validate the role of finance in the agro-industrialisation nexus.Originality/valueGiven these findings, achieving growth in the agricultural sector that will induce desired industrialisation should be prioritised by the government through agencies such as the central bank, financial intermediaries and other stakeholders with a view to making agricultural financing a major concern for sustainable domestic consumption and industrial growth.
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Paul , S. O., and Ofuebe Chikelue. "The inclusive and sustainable industrial development policy: which way for Nigeria?" Scientific Papers of the Legislation Institute of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, no. 4 (July 31, 2020): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32886/instzak.2020.04.16.
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The United Nations, as usual, demonstrated a commitment by the formulation of «Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development» (ISID) to alleviate poverty through job creation in response to the realisation of SDG–9. With a descriptive research design and the documentary analysis method, it is found through this research that in spite of the policy, Nigerian industrial development efforts are not impressive. It is realised that both developed nations and the Nigerian government lack sincerity in the implementation of the policy.
The purpose of the article is to canvass for a demonstration of a strong commitment by the UN and the Nigerian government, strengthening of science and technological institutions of learning for result-oriented Research & Development; and enactment of a law that will criminalise importation of goods that can be produced locally.
The scientific novelty. In this paper, the foundation for the study, the research problem, nature of Nigerian industrialisation, the commitment of Nigerian government and stimulation of the policy in the actualisation of industrialisation in Nigeria are discussed with the adoption and application of «Endogenous growth theory».
Conclusions. Conclusively, it is paramount to clearly state that the introduction of ISID is targeted at encouraging full participation, empowerment, and control over resources allocation in response to the SDGs which brought about the development of global policy and productivity enhancement for social advancement. Notwithstanding, therefore, it is found through this research that though there are various industrial development policies, and medium-term economic plans at both local and international levels, the portrait of Nigerian industrialisation is not impressive.
Thus, many countries in the world are diversifying their sources of income. Nigeria is therefore expected to re-invigorate its manufacturing sector like other developed economies of the world by engaging sustained improvements and proactive activities as the sine-qua-non for dismantling the vicious circle of poverty and the realisation of a self-reliant and dynamic economy. So, developed human resources through rigorous R&D are tantamount to industrial services that will be central to the efforts of Nigeria to develop her socio-economic status.
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Alayande, Folarin. "Determinants of Growth in Cement Production in Nigeria." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 57 (July 10, 2019): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.57.1079.1089.
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Rapid industrialisation through sector-led industrial policies, prohibitive tariffs and aggressive subsidies has become commonplace in many African countries. In Africa’s largest economy, Nigeria, one of the flagship industries cited as a success story of successful industrialisation is the cement industry. However, the Nigerian cement industry manifests certain industry peculiarities such as oligopoly and bulky mass, that is not easily replicable across sectors. The aim of this paper is to isolate the key market characteristics and industry incentives granted to the cement sector so as to identify the most important determinants of the recorded phenomenal growth. Based on previous studies, four industry variables: concentration ratio, capital intensity, installed capacity and demand-supply gap were identified. In addition, four other macroeconomic variables that impacted production costs: financing costs, tax rate, real exchange rate and effective rate of protection; were also tested in the model. Data was obtained for the cement industry from 1980 to 2015 for the cointegration model. The results indicate that tariff protection was the most significant determinant of the growth in cement production. Subsidies, in form of tax holidays and cheaper financing, were only minimally important. The findings of this study underscore the huge cost of supporting the growth of industrialisation in African countries through various instruments.
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Folarin, Oludele Emmanuel. "Financial reforms and industrialisation: evidence from Nigeria." Journal of Social and Economic Development 21, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 166–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40847-019-00075-z.
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Agajelu, Abuoma C., and Oluchukwu N. Orizu. "Monoculturalism in Nigeria: A study of a giant economy that lacks leadership, 1957-2019." OGIRISI: a New Journal of African Studies 15, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v15i1.5s.
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Sustainable industrialisation has practically evaded Nigeria, the efforts towards that direction notwithstanding. There are obvious policies and programmes designed to encourage industrial-based economy in the country. Of course, if achieved, industrialisation would ensure diversification and the country could save itself from the stranglehold of economic monoculturism. Nonetheless, “oil money” appears to be a cog in the wheel of progress in that direction (in essence, the direction of economic diversification). Basically, a country would not be able to achieve industrialisation and economic diversification when the state craft is repeatedly piloted by leaders with monocultural mentality. A lot of literature may exist on the failures and inadequacies of Nigerian leaders as the cause of the country’s economic backwardness. Nonetheless, it appears that the searchlight has not been adequately beamed on the monocultural attitude and mentality of those who constitute the leaders over the years. As would be shown in this paper, the monocultural attitude of the leaders has a ripple effect on the economic milieu of the country. Considering this gap, this paper employs the eclectic method of analysis to examine the leadership factors which have been militating against economic policy implementation in a rather promising economy. The paper explicates the nature of Nigerian economy, showing its potentials and investigating on the factors impeding the identified potentials
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Oyewole, O. E., and T. Atinmo. "Nutrition transition and chronic diseases in Nigeria." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (August 5, 2015): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115002402.
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Nutrition transition goes with industrialisation that fosters human development which is usually desirable, especially in developing nations. However, the health consequences of this development include high rates of preventable non-communicable diseases which are usually undermined in the quest for industrialisation. The goal of the present paper is to provide evidence-based information that will promote healthy lifestyle including healthy consumption pattern among urban dwellers. Relevant local and international literature was accessed and reviewed to harvest evidence-based information through the use of validated review guide in addition to observation from the field experience. Industrialisation promotes creation of more job opportunities and this facilitates proliferation of fast-food eateries in the cities. However, it was also observed that many of the available workplaces in urban areas are not health-promoting because employees have poor access to preventive health information and sensitisation to healthy lifestyle has been poorly considered. Ironically, weight gain among urban workers which may be linked with increased intake of high-energy foods and low participation in physical activities as a result of accessibility to many energy saving devices have been highlighted as some of the pull-pull factors that attract many people to the cities. Using the concept of health promoting workplace, the workforce in urban areas can be trained as agent of change in health-promoting lifestyle. Consumption of healthy indigenous foods through aggressive promotion of its health potentials should be seriously advocated through the use of existing structure of urban fast-food vendors who constitute a strong stakeholder in nutrition transition.
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Harry, Deinibiteim M., and Samuel B. Kalagbor. "Value Addition: A Tool for Accelerated Industrialisation in Nigeria." African Research Review 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v13i1.12.
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Lin, Boqiang, Oluwasola E. Omoju, and Jennifer U. Okonkwo. "Impact of industrialisation on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (December 2015): 1228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.164.
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Effiom, Lionel, Okonette Ekanem, and Charles Effiong. "The Political Economy of Industrialisation in Nigeria: Is Ethnicity a Constraint?" Research in World Economy 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n1p293.
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Is Nigeria’s multi-ethnic and multicultural configuration responsible for her low level of industrialisation? Is ethnic pluralism really a significant constraint to Nigeria’s industrial development? What role has Nigeria’s political economy played in foisting industrial underdevelopment on Nigeria? What lessons can be learnt from other industrialised but multi-ethnic countries, as Nigeria strives to industrialise? These were the questions that claimed our attention in this paper. The paper discountenances and refutes the hypothesis that ethnicity is responsible for Nigeria’s lack of industrialization, but rather places the burden for Nigeria’s under-industrialization at the doorsteps of vested interests, neo-colonial dependence, and the distorted, dependency worldview of the ruling class responsible for industrial policy formulation.
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Ikpe, Eka, and Jacopo Torriti. "A means to an industrialisation end? Demand Side Management in Nigeria." Energy Policy 115 (April 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.011.
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Raji, Bashiru Adisa, Muse Olayiwola Solanke, and Taiwo Kareem Alli. "Pedestrians’ Sidewalk Development and Level of Safety in Ikeja Area, Lagos Nigeria." Transport and Communications 9, no. 1 (2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2021.1.3.
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Safe and accessible pedestrian sidewalk is significant to sustainable infrastructural development and industrialisation of core of cities in world over. Studies have shown that safety of pedestrian on walkways aid their ability to shop more than sitting in the comfort of their vehicles. The study modelled the influence of lateral separation (LS) (sidewalk separation); volume of motor vehicles (VM); speed of motor vehicle (SM) and vehicular access to adjoining properties (VA) on pedestrians’ level of safety (PLS) along the streets of core area of Ikeja. Fifty-six (56) road segments were observed, measured and field information obtained analysed. Though, LS, VM, SM and VA contributed about 58.1% to (PLS) in Ikeja, the results further revealed that PLS increased with LS distant vehicles (βsd=0.60, tsd=5.14), but decreased with higher VM (βvv=0.20, tvv=1.73) and SM (βsp=0.07, tsp=0.76). It was recommended that a standardised distance of LS from moving traffic and its wideness; the required SM of vehicles and increased investment on pedestrian facilities in urban centre will improve pedestrian safety and as well promote sustainable industrialisation since pedestrian form major traffic of the industries.
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Solarin, Sakiru Adebola. "The Role of Urbanisation in the Economic Development Process: Evidence from Nigeria." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 11, no. 3 (August 2017): 223–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017703512.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between urbanisation and economic growth, while controlling for the agricultural sector, industrial development and government expenditure in Nigeria. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is applied to examine the long-run relationship between the variables over the period 1961–2012. In the process of estimating the long-run coefficients, the ARDL method is augmented with a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator and a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimator. The direction of causality between the variables is examined through the vector error correction method (VECM) Granger causality test. The results establish the existence of a long-run relationship in the variables. The results of the long-run regressions indicate the presence of long-run causality from urbanisation, agriculture and industrialisation to economic growth. Due to the deficiencies associated with the single-equation methods (including the ARDL model), we also use the structural vector error correction model (SVECM) to analyse the relationship between the variables. The impulse response and variance decomposition analyses derived from the SVECM method suggest that urbanisation, agriculture and industrialisation are important determinants of economic growth. The implications of the results are discussed. JEL Classification: Q43, O55, O18
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Mafiana, C. F., O. A. Jayeola, and E. O. Iduseri. "Impact of environmental degradation on biodiversity conservation in Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 20, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v20i1.6.
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Biodiversity is critical for sustainability but it is being increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, such as abitats’ degradation through deforestation, unsustainable shifting cultivation and draining of wetlands; as well as industrialisation and overexploitation of flora and fauna which includes unsustainable fishing, excessive consumption of fuel wood and overharvesting of medicinal plants. Human modification of the ecosystems does not only lead to biodiversity loss but can also cause a continuous shift in earth’s ecological equilibrium, resulting in degradation and environmental stress. Notably, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG 15) is aimed at averting this impending crisis. This article examines the impact of environmental degradation and conservation on biodiversity in Nigeria and espouses suggestions towards the attainment of sustainable development goals.
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Eromise, Mutairu Shaka, Nasiru Mukhtar Gatawa, and Muftau Olaiya Olarinde. "Industrial Development and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria." Review of innovation and competitiveness 8, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/ric.2022.81/2.
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Purpose. Industrial development is crucial in converting all resources to humanity’s use and benefits. Economists observe that the development and utilisation of the industrial sector are essential in a country’s economic growth. Disaggregating the industrial sector into various components, this paper empirically analyses the performance of the industrial sector on economic growth in Nigeria over the 1970-2015 period. Hence, to evaluate the relationship between industrial development and economic growth in Nigeria. Design/Methodology. The paper adopted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) as the technique of data analysis. Findings and implications. The results further revealed that the coefficients of all industrial subsectors, such as manufacturing, solid minerals and crude petroleum and gas, have positive and statistically significant influences on economic growth in both the short and long run. Among the industrial subsectors, the crude petroleum and gas sector appears to be the highest driver of Nigerian economic growth compared to other industrial subsectors, showing that the Nigerian economy is still far from diversified. Limitations. Limitation emanates from the problem of missing data from the source of data on the variable labour. However, effort has been made to overcome this challenge by applying a two-year moving average gap for periods of missing data. This method conforms to the rational expectation hypothesis (Muth, 1961). Originality. The development of the industrial sector of any economy can be measured by the contribution of various components (Isiksal & Chimezie, 2016). It is expected that as an economy becomes transformed, the share of industrialisation should be increasing (UNECA, 2011). The examination of industrial sector performance involves its sectoral components.
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Auty, R. M. "Internal constraints on prudent oil windfall deployment for resource-based industrialisation: Nigeria and Cameroon." Geoforum 19, no. 2 (January 1988): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7185(88)80025-3.
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Ogezi, Odatse-Peters, Rabo Dakare, and Herry Eggon. "IMPACT OF PETROLEUM ELECTRICITY AND HYDROELECTRIC AND CONSUMPTION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, Environmental Studies & Technology 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijarssest.v7.i1.02.
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The study examined the impact of hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption on economic growth in Nigeria. The research design adopted for the study was ex-post-facto. The data used for the study were drawn from secondary sources. The sources of data were from World Bank statistical database and CBN Statistical Bulletin (2020) for a period of between 1990 and 2019. Based on the research objectives and unit root test of the study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) and the Error Correction Model (ECM) were used to determine the relationship between hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption variables and economic growth indicators in Nigeria and the impact of hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption on economic growth in Nigeria. The Error Correction Model (ECM) of the study and after examining the long-run impact of the independent variables in the model of the impact of hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption on economic growth in Nigeria. The result shows that the ECM parameters were negative (-) and significant which are given -0.546. This means that 55 percent disequilibrium in the previous period is being corrected to restore equilibrium in the current period in the respective models. The ARDL long-run results on the impact of hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption on economic growth in Nigeria revealed that hydroelectric and Petroleum Electricity Consumption have positive and significant impact on real gross domestic product in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommended that the government should increase the hydroelectric and petroleum electricity consumption in Nigeria by reducing the unit price of the petroleum electricity consumption in Nigeria in other to increase the household and industrial usage for increase economic activities through the household and industrialisation in Nigeria through the firms and young industries in Nigeria which in turn increase the sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
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Alfred, Ebi Lawrence. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SEVEN POINT AGENDA OF PRESIDENT UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA’S ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 7462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i012.03.
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This study explores President Umaru Musa Yar'adua's Seven-Point Agenda policy, which sought to propel Nigeria to the twenty-first position in the world's economic development by 2020. The question that this article sought to address was if the issue of policy discontinuity and collapse in Nigeria afflicted the Seven-Point Agenda. The Marxist theory served as the theoretical foundation for this research. The study adopted qualitative method of research enquiry with data collected from secondary source such as text books, journals, and other internet sources while content analysis was used to analyse the data collected. It discovered that while the Agenda had a good influence on a few areas of the economy, the impact was insufficient to solve the difficulties of poverty, unemployment, security, and industrialisation caused by the administration of Umaru Musa Yar'adua's brief tenure. The research also discovered that the problems impeding the successful execution of the Seven Point Agenda's objectives include, but are not limited to, corruption, bad governance, and inconsistency in policy design and implementation. This study stated that with competent leadership and real dedication to the goals, the aim may be met because Nigeria is endowed with ample natural and human resources. The paper recommended taking decisive efforts to maximise the advantages, opportunities, and strengths of policies in Nigeria while also decreasing the obstacles they face via effective governance.
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Nwilo, P. C., and O. T. Badejo. "OIL SPILL PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGER DELTA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-567.
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ABSTRACT The coastal area of the Niger Delta is the home to oil explorations and exploitations in Nigeria. Oil spill incidents are common along the Nigeria. The main sources of oil spill on the Niger Delta are: vandalisation of the oil pipelines by the local inhabitants; ageing of the pipelines; oil blow outs from the flow stations; cleaning of oil tankers on the high sea and disposal of used oil into the drains by the road side mechanics. By far the most serious source of oil spill is through the vandalisation of pipelines either as a result of civil disaffection with the political process or as a criminal activity. To reduce the rate of oil incidents along the Nigerian Coast particularly as a result of vandalisation, the Federal Government through an act of the National Assembly created the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC). Part of the responsibilities of the commission is to develop a master plan for the development of the Niger Delta, provide infrastructure and create an enabling environment for industrialisation and employment. There are also several other laws dealing with issues related to oil pollution in the environment. Also, standards for the development of the environmental sensitivity index maps for the coast of Nigeria have been developed by the Environmental Systems Research institute (ESRI). These standards are to be used by all the oil companies to prepare ESI maps for their areas of operations in Nigeria. Furthermore, apart from the mechanical and chemical oil spill cleaning methods that have been used in managing oil spill problems, oil spill models have on several occasions being used to manage oil spills on the Nigerian Coast. A number of Federal and state agencies deal with the problems of oil spill in Nigeria. The agencies include: the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Federal Ministry of Environment, the State Ministries of Environment and the National Maritime Authority. There is also the “Clean Nigeria Associates” which is an umbrella through which the Oil companies tackle major oil spills. There is a need to create serious awareness among the populace on the implications of oil spill incidents on the environment. Governments must assist the rural communities in claiming their rights on oil spills and ensure that digital ESI maps are readily available for managing oil spill maps. Government should have strict rules for local oil tankers that would ply our coastal and inland waters as a result of the new cabotage law that is just being passed into law in the country.
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Ichendu, Chima. "Traditional Architecture of Ikwerre Land. A Case Study of Emohua: Cradle to Post Modernism." Innovation in Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (October 2022): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/ist.2022.10.07.
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The speedy exit of traditional values and culture is evident in all facets of human life and practice; architectural practice included. Due to the impacts of globalisation and industrialisation, certain negative effects have surfaced in every aspect of life. In Nigeria today, most people’s desire for “modern” cement homes built as opposed to the now archaic buildings of old, may render them stoic and uncompromising. As a result, many may prefer to go without a roof over their heads than make do with old-fashioned buildings of mud and clay. The report is more of picturesque ethnographical studies of the architecture of Rumuche Emohua. Through the study, basic characteristics are presented. Rumuche Emohua a town in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria consists of indigenes who venture, largely, into occupations such as farming, fishing, and hunting as a result of the availability of land and such natural resources. In this report, the ethnological research approach was adopted so that the people’s architectural character is documented and presented in this report. In this report, the family lineage of a young man who is mature for family responsibility development is allowed a home in the style of I-home architecture. From this, the growth of his family causes the house to evolve into the family setting home structure called the courtyard dwelling. Both the single and courtyard homes have certain fizzled features that remain in spite of the change such as the family well, the kitchen, and the toilet/bathroom. Although, the kitchen is increased to carry activities posed by the expanded family size, the family well remains a fixed central place. Due to the impacts of industrialisation, the traditional construction method to has been eradicated, although some traces of the courtyard and single home settings are still existent. Part of the factors that impacted to this, is the sparse availability of land due to a rise in population. Also presented are basic construction methods and materials. All of these are recorded for future use, due to the continuous extinction of the traditional features in today’s society, particularly in the Rumuche Emohua community.
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Ikpe, Eka. "The Enduring Relevance of the Developmental State Paradigm Across Space and Time: Lessons for Africa on Structural Transformation and Agriculture in Oil-Rich Contexts." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 5 (August 3, 2017): 764–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617722375.
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Emerging economies have recently faced commodity price declines that reinforce the instability of natural resources as a basis for socio-economic transformation. This has re-energised arguments for industrialisation as necessary for such transitions. Drawing upon classical development economics theory, this paper offers a deployment of an enhanced developmental state paradigm (DSP) that highlights the roles of agriculture and mineral resources in the pursuit of industrial progress. This application of the DSP has its basis in narratives on Asian developmental states, with a focus on mineral resource endowment. Employed with reference to Africa’s key emerging economy and net petroleum exporter, Nigeria, the DSP shows how the state, influenced by significant milieus, has enabled linkages between oil and agriculture that can drive industrial transformation. The paper finds that linkages between oil and agriculture are well established; however, economic, social and political influences on the state have engendered agriculture’s limited onward contribution to structural change.
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Alayande, Folarin, and Dr Wumi Olayiwola. "Trade Policy Incentives, Market Structure and Productivity." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 57 (July 10, 2019): 1106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.57.1106.1122.
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Trade policy incentives are drivers of within-sector productivity growth and rapid industrial transformation in many developing countries. In many African countries, the use of tariffs, trade prohibitions and a package of fiscal policy incentives are therefore components of industrialisation and backward integration programmes to accelerate the performance of priority sectors. However, the effectiveness of these policy instruments within specific industries, and the transmission mechanism of policy incentives to productivity has not been adequately explored in the literature. By focusing on oligopolistic market structure of the cement industry in Nigeria, this paper analysed the relative impact of trade policy incentives and market structure on the within-sector productivity. Using the autoregressive distributed lag model with structural breaks, the study finds that producer concentration ratio is the most significant driver of productivity. While the trade policy incentive indexed by effective rate of protection (ERP), and financing subsidies also impact productivity improvements, the magnitudes are significantly lower. The overwhelming significance of market structure nuance earlier research studies and provide new insights into the nexus between trade incentives and productivity in an oligopolistic industry.
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Babayo Sule and Usman Sambo. "Poverty in Gombe State: Causes, Manifestations and Strategies of Alleviation." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 2, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v2i3.321.
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Poverty is a phenomenon that is affecting our society negatively as its scorch keeps on biting harder despite the rate in which revenue is rising in Nigeria. Gombe State is one of the states that is categorized among the poorest in Nigeria for a decade. Poverty is affecting the socioeconomic and political wellbeing of Gombe State in many perspectives. This paper examined the issues and perspectives of poverty in Gombe State particularly the causes, manifestations and strategies of alleviation. The work used primary and secondary sources of data collection where some respondents were selected through a simple random sampling for questionnaire administration and other key stakeholders were identified for an in-depth interview. The secondary source involves documents such as books, reports, journals and internet sources. The data obtained were presented and analysed using statistical tools such as tables and charts where applicable. The paper concludes that; poverty is caused mainly due to poor government’s macro and micro economic policies and that poverty level in Gombe State has reached an unbearable index of 74.6 % according to the research and also the National Bureau of Statistics report which ranked the State the third most poor State in the country in 2015. The paper recommends that, for poverty to be alleviated in Gombe State, there should be a comprehensive and integrated approach via well designed policies such as Conditional Cash Transfer, development of agricultural sector, small scale industrialisation and youth empowerment schemes. It is also recommended that some models like Malaysian social investment and empowerment should be considered.
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Onyiriuba, Leonard, E. U. Okoro Okoro, and Godwin Imo Ibe. "Strategic government policies on agricultural financing in African emerging markets." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2020-0013.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify and review strategic government policies on agricultural financing in Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. Four factors dictated the choice of these countries. In the first place, the study is set in African emerging markets – and the four countries are the widely acknowledged emerging markets in Africa (Onyiriuba, 2015). Secondly, the spread of the countries, to a large extent, mirrors Africa in general – Egypt and Morocco are in North Africa; Nigeria is a West African country; and, of course, South Africa. Thirdly, other countries in Africa tend to look up to the four countries, apparently as the largest economies in their respective regions. Needless to say, Nigeria alternates with South Africa as the largest economy in Africa. In this capacity, the two countries influence – indeed, mirror – continental Africa's emerging economic progress. Fourthly, lessons from agricultural policy and financing experiences of the four countries will certainly be useful to the other African countries. The specific objective of this paper is to determine how the government seeks to address the financing issues attendant on the risk-laden nature of agriculture through policy interventions. With this end in view, the paper analyses the strategic goals, objectives and beneficiaries of the agriculture financing policies of the government, as well as the constraints on access to finance by the farmers and the policy response.Design/methodology/approachThe study involves a review of empirical literature and government policies on agricultural financing in Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. The high risks in agriculture (Onyiriuba, 2015; Mordi, 1988), risk aversion behaviour of banks towards agricultural financing (Onyiriuba, 2015, 1990), and the reluctance of insurers to take on agricultural risks (World Bank, 2018; Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2016; Onyiriuba, 1990; Mordi, 1988) underpin this methodology. There are two other considerations: the needs to find out how government seeks to address the financing issues in agriculture through policy intervention, and to avoid unwieldy research, one that combines government and institutional policy perspectives on agriculture financing. Thus the study is not approached from the perspective of banks and other lending institutions; neither does it combine government and institutional policy perspectives. It rather focuses on government policy in order to properly situate implications of the findings.FindingsThe authorities seek to get rid of bottlenecks, ease participation and redress constraints on access to finance in agriculture through policy interventions as a means of sustainable economic growth. The findings are characteristic of emerging markets, rooted in the transitional challenge of opening economies, economic reforms and the March of progress. However, with agriculture and natural resources – rather than industrialisation – as the main stay of their economies, the African emerging markets face an uphill task in their development efforts. This is evident in the divergent and gloomy pictures in which the literature paints their agricultural economies.Practical implicationsGovernment should gear financing policies to boost output as a means of ensuring food security. It should address risk aversion tendencies among the lenders and feeble credit guarantee, subsidies and budgetary allocations to agriculture. This will ensure effective commitment of the lenders to agriculture and underpin agricultural insurance. However, it demands strengthening links in the chain of access to, and monitoring of, credit for agricultural production. A realistic policy response should target the rural economy – with youth, women and smallholder farmers as ultimate beneficiaries. These actions should be intensified as measures to boost farming and the rural economy.Originality/valueCurrent literature fails to situate the empirical findings in emerging markets context, reflecting economies in transition. Besides, in its current state, the literature does not explicitly clarify that agriculture, like most other sectors in such economies, is bound to experience the observed financing constraints. Neither does it clearly reflect how and why the findings should be seen as fleeting realities of the March of progress in transitional economies. This study will help to fill the gap.
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Ibitoye, Oyebanji J., Aderounmu A. Ogunoye, and Ewert P. J. Kleynhans. "Impact of industrialisation on economic growth in Nigeria." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v15i1.796.
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Orientation: The industrial sector contributes to the growth of other sectors of the economy. Despite the number of industries in various sectors of the economy, inclusive economic growth is still not met in Nigeria.Research purpose: This article examines the impact of industrialisation on the growth of Nigeria’s economy.Motivation for the study: There exists a divergence in the results of the existing empirical investigations conducted on Nigeria in comparison with other developing economies.Research approach/design and method: The Johansen co-integration and Granger causality tests are utilised to determine the long-term relationship and causality among variables.Main findings: Industrial output has a significant direct effect and an aggregate effect of 86% on the real gross domestic product (GDP). A unidirectional causal impact of industrial output on real GDP was also established.Practical/managerial implications: Fund managers, international traders, policymakers and designers of business strategies and policies should take note of the dynamics of Nigerian industrialisation. This study recommends that government should encourage more foreign direct investment through the adoption of industrialisation policies such as tax holidays, provision of land for industrial uses to foreign investors and also ensuring that the lending interest rate for the real sector is lowered during low production to stimulate growth in the sector. The government should also increase electricity supply, ensure green industrialisation, encourage renewable energy consumption and control the exchange rate that may stimulate industrialisation and increase growth of the economy.Contribution/value-add: This article contributes to existing economic development literature by filling the gap related to the dynamic effect of industrialisation on the Nigerian economy.
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Ohiomah, Ifije, Clinton Aigbavboa, and Jan-Harm Pretorius. "BENEFITS OF REMANUFACTURING THE ECONOMY AS A TRANSITION INTO A GREEN ECONOMY." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 5, no. 1 (July 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2018.12.
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Remanufacturing is the restoration of end of life products to almost new. It is a form of sustainability. The research set out to identify the benefits of remanufacturing to the Nigerian economy which could aid with the transition to green economy. A questionnaire survey was used to establish the benefits of remanufacturing to the Nigerian economy. Data analysis involving mean item score revealed development of an Industrial base, industrialisation to rural areas, boosting of export trade, conservation of natural resources are seen as important benefits of remanufacturing to the Nigerian economy. Factor analysis made known four clusters titled in the order of importance as benefits of remanufacturing environmentally, benefits of remanufacturing to trade, benefits of remanufacturing socially, benefits of remanufacturing to entrepreneurs as this clusters signify the benefits of remanufacturing to the Nigerian economy. Further discussed is the implication of the findings, firstly is the development of an industrial base, which will benefit Nigeria, as Nigeria is an under-industrialised nation. Furthermore, the entrenchment of the development of an industrial base would lead to a boosting of export trade in the form of exporting capital equipment to other countries as well as an inflow of foreign exchange. Lastly revealed is the industrialisation to the rural areas, which will stop the social scourge of rural and urban migration.
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Ezeanokwasa, Jude O. "LEGAL REGULATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN NIGERIA." UNIZIK JOURNAL OF BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/unizikjb/8102.10.0190.
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Industrialization holds the prospects of a better economy for Nigeria. It provides employment and goods to the teaming population of the country and so combats poverty. These prospects are greatly threatened if air pollution associated with industrialization is not checked. Air pollution is the emission into the atmosphere of particulate matter and gases which have deleterious effects on human health, the ecosystem and the environment on which humankind depends. Air pollution causes among other things nasal, eye and airway irritation, and even lung and heart problems. Studies show that air pollution is currently responsible for more deaths in Africa than malnutrition or dirty water. A way out of the air pollution occasioned by industrialisation is to pursue industrialisation along the paths of air quality and pollution control regulations; or else industrialisation would be counterproductive. Thus, this paper appraises the legal regime for the control of air pollution in Nigeria. This covers the international legal instruments ratified by Nigeria as well as the municipal legislations and regulations on the subject. The finding is that though Nigeria has legislations and regulations on air pollution control, they are out of date and not in tune with developments in international environmental law. It recommends a review of these legislations and regulations. The methodology of the paper is doctrinal.
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Nzeribe, Geraldine E., Chinecherem M. Uzonwanne, and Uju R. Ezenekwe. "OVER THREE DECADES OF TRADE LIBERALISATION IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION." UNIZIK JOURNAL OF BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/unizikjb/8102.10.0111.
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The quest for a self-reliant and industrialised economy made Nigeria adopt several policies, over the years, towards opening up the economy to the industrialised world. The 1986 structural adjustment programme and other successive reforms were aimed at liberalising the economy. This study, using the ARDL bounds testing approach and interaction of trade liberalization dummy with trade openness, investigates if trade liberalization led to industrialization or de-industrialisation during the period under review and finds that trade liberalisation actually led to de-industrialisation but the interaction of trade liberalization and trade openness has positive effect on industrialization. The study recommends that liberalization of the economy should be handled with caution and should be accompanied by dynamic and flexible trade policies that will boost exports, especially industrial exports
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Elikwu, Michael Ikechukwu, Uzoma Samuel Ede, and Anthony C. Igbokwe. "AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT FINANCING: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN NIGERIA." UNIZIK JOURNAL OF BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/unizikjb/8102.10.0110.
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Agricultural production/activities in Nigeria over the past years have largely remained primitive, resulting in very low productivity due to inadequate application of modern technology. There have also been daunting challenges of access to long-term capital needed to employ modern farming equipment, inadequate inputs and storage facilities, weak agricultural extension and out-dated sectoral infrastructure, all resulting to years of low agricultural productivity. Hence, this study investigates the impact of agricultural equipment financing on increased productivity in the Agricultural sector in Nigeria. The study employs the archival and documentary research design which involves secondary data collection. 16 years data on total annual financial expenditure on agricultural equipment and data for agricultural output and export earnings from 2000 to 2015 (16 years) form the population of the study. Data on cumulative annual expenditure on agricultural equipment financing (AEF), an aggregate of technological advancement in mechanized farming (TMF) and agricultural productivity (AP), were employed. The findings reveal that agricultural equipment financing has a significant impact on technological advancement of mechanized farming and that there is a significant relationship between technological advancement of mechanized farming and production output. The study therefore recommends that efforts should be made by agricultural intervention agencies and financial institutions to increase credit financing for agricultural equipment, which is a sustainable measure towards revolutionizing and industrialisation of the economy through technological advancement in the sector.
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Amakom, Uzochukwu. "Post Independence Nigeria and Industrialisation Strategies: Four and Half Erratic Decades." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1266633.
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"CULTURE, TRADITION, INDUSTRIALISATION AND DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN NIGERIA: THE INFLUENCE OF MODERNISATION THEORY." Journal of Xidian University 15, no. 5 (May 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/jxu15.5/041.
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Onyenanu, Ifeanyichukwu, and Philip Atanmo. "INDUSTRIALISATION – PANACEA TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL AND GAS PRODUCING STATES OF NIGERIA." Academia Letters, August 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20935/al2685.
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Akinola, Adegbola. "Collaboration of Industry with Academia: The Engine of Industrialisation and Development." Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.57046/cpvm9605.
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This paper examined and illuminated with examples the ways and means of creating the environment for science and technology research to flourish. It underpins the creation of virile industrial production base as the trigger for research to plume; and consequently, prescribes the key to a sustainable research funding and mutually benefiting collaboration and symbiotic partnership between the industry and academia. It is shown, using comparative analysis, that a sine qua non for the creation of sustainable industrial base is urgent completion of Ajaokuta, NIOMCO, ALUMCO and making other metals, iron, steel and machine tools companies functional; as this generates spinoff industries, promotes beneficiation of local raw materials, expands manufacturing companies in magnitude and number; thereby create wealth to fund government budget and hence, research. It is further established that having correct policies, institutional and governmental, which include pertinent tax regime with rebate rights; and getting every company of specified grade to have a Research Unit locally in the country, provides needed framework for research and collaboration. It is also noted the effect in reducing cost and saving forex for infrastructures (e.g. rail lines, power, dams, etc.); as such, freeing money to fund intensive research, education, health and municipal services. Hence, unleash the benefits accruable to Industry, Academia, citizens; and the consequence on human development index (HDI) and the country at large. It is concluded, that the issue with Nigeria is not dearth of proficient researchers to do quality cutting-edge research, but lack of environment, wherewithal: industrial production base, policy, legal framework, weak political will and discipline to drive any policy. Ways to obviate these barriers to engender research and collaboration with industry beyond the usual concept of local content are elucidated in the paper.
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Igbokwe-Ibeto, Chinyeaka J. "Examining the role of public administration in promoting sustainable entrepreneurship development in Nigeria 1999–2018." Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v7i1.262.
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Background: Nigeria has been described as among the leading economies in Africa, yet it has experienced cycles of economic boom and recession. Commercial capitalism has left the industrial sectors relatively underdeveloped. As is the practice elsewhere, sustainable entrepreneurship development is the foundation of industrial development. However, in Nigeria, this imperative need is faced with numerous challenges.Aim: Within the framework of development theory, this article examines the role of public administration in promoting sustainable entrepreneurship development in Nigeria, as well as challenges confronting public administrator’s role in this regard.Setting: This study was carried out using the qualitative desktop method in deriving data for answering the question. About 45 literature sources were consulted and analysed in order to explore the interface between public administration and sustainable entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.Methods: This article adopts a qualitative approach and is descriptive in nature, with the researcher setting out to illustrate the association that exists between the dependent and independent variables.Results: This article argues that the undeveloped state of the industrial sectors in Nigeria can be attributed to poor entrepreneurship development that could have served as the basis for rapid industrialisation in the country and the attendant effect of making the country one of the developed countries of the world. The poor state of entrepreneurship development in the country is traceable to factors such as irrelevant policy options and directions, poor funding of entrepreneurship development programmes, an ineffective education system, lack of reliable power supply, and the rentier nature of the economy.Conclusion: It concludes that public administration in Nigeria should ensure policy consistency in terms of continuity and stability, the development of an indigenous sustainable development paradigm, the prevention and punishment of corruption, improved funding of entrepreneurship development programmes and the provision of reliable electricity.
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Osemeahon, S. A., J. O. Okechukwu, and B. J. Dimas. "Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ceramic Water Filter Improved by Dried Duckweed Plant (Lemna minor) in Wastewater Treatment." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, April 15, 2021, 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2021/v14i330209.
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The lack of clean water sources due to pollution and industrialisation is a major problem in many countries including Nigeria. To overcome this challenge, various methods have been adopted including phytoremediation treatment. This study evaluates dried duckweed an aquatic plant and its removal efficiency in comparison with other locally available treatment materials. This was achieved by formulating ceramic water filters (C.W.F) categorized into four different types- clay and kaolin(P1), clay, kaolin and sawdust(P2), clay, kaolin and charcoal(P3) and clay, kaolin and duckweed(P4). These filters were subjected to contaminated water and the following physicochemical parameters Colour, pH, Conductivity(Ec), Fluoride(F-), Magnesium(Mg2+), Nitrites(NO2-), Sulphates (SO42-), Ammonia (NH3) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Nitrogen were determined before and after filtration. In all the ceramic water filters, the filter improved by duckweed showed the best removal efficiency of Colour – 100%, Conductivity(Ec) -72.60%, Fluoride(F)- 99.82%, Magnesium(Mg2+)- 51.68% Nitrites(NO2-)-92.34, Sulphates (SO42-)- 46.09%, Ammonia (NH3)-98.75%, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)- 85.43% and Total Nitrogen (TN) -83.79% indicating that duckweed is capable of adsorbing inorganic and organic pollutants from water.
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Momoh, Job, Joseph Chelemu Kangwa, Chika Udeaja, Jin Ruoyu, and Rafiu Dimeji Seidu. "The development of SUCCEED: urban sustainability assessment tool for developing countries with focus on Nigeria." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, October 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-04-2021-0049.
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Purpose Developing countries are currently on the verge of adopting principles used in achieving a sustainable urban future. As the urban population increases due to factors like urban–rural migration, increase in birth rate, migration, industrialisation, commercialisation, amongst others, there is a drastic need to adopt sustainability principles within urban spaces. To understand how sustainability can be achieved, there is a need to recognise how developed countries have designed assessment tools that work within their context which can inform how developing countries can work on their assessment tool. Urban neighbourhood sustainability assessment tools are used to reflect on the overall goal of the project and the most important indicators needed to be implemented within the project. Sustainability indicators are used to measure the levels and progress at which sustainability has been implemented within a project based on the data collected and these results can be used to make informed decisions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the development of urban sustainability assessment tool. Design/methodology/approach This research investigates the techniques utilised in developing an urban sustainability assessment tool Sustainable Composite Cities Environmental Evaluation and Design (SUCCEED-ND) tool within the Nigerian context. The data instrument used includes a questionnaire survey that sampled 50 correspondents, and the results were used to develop an urban assessment tool tailored for the Nigerian countries. Findings The findings used social, environmental, economic and planning sustainability dimensions in the design of the assessment tool which composes of 21 core sustainability indicators and 105 indicators to develop SUCCEED-ND tool. Originality/value This work developed the first urban sustainability assessment tool for the Nigerian urban environment. The result is meant to evaluate and implement sustainability within existing and proposed neighbourhood development.
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Edegbene, Augustine Ovie, and Frank Chukwuzuoke Akamagwuna. "Insights from the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria on the impacts of urban pollution on the functional organisation of Afrotropical macroinvertebrates." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26659-0.
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AbstractAnthropogenic activities, including urbanisation and industrialisation threaten stream ecological integrity, ecosystem community structure and ecosystem functioning of rivers and streams worldwide. However, developing sustainable monitoring strategies for ecological health remains a critical challenge in Africa. We examined the effects of urban disturbance on macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups in selected streams in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. We sampled 11 sites between 2008 and 2012 and grouped into three site groups (Site groups 1 > 2 > 3). The groups represent an increasing gradient of urban pollution. Our result showed that urban-induced disturbances affected physicochemical variables in the study area (PERMANOVA; p < 0.05), with nutrients NO2-N, PO4-P, and electrical conductivity being significantly higher in impacted Site group 3 (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Predators and gatherers were the most dominant Functional Feeding Group recorded in the study area, while shredders were the least abundant macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups. The multivariate RLQ analysis revealed that shredders, predators, and scrapers were tolerant of urban pollution, whereas gatherers were sensitive to increasing urban pollution. Overall, macroinvertebrates Functional Feeding Groups responded differentially to urban pollution in the Niger Delta Region. Identifying pollution indicator Functional Feeding Groups is seen as an important step towards developing a reliable, low-cost tool for riverine monitoring of urban pollution effects in Africa.
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Olalekan, Raimi Morufu, Omidiji Adedoyin O, Ebuete Abinotami Williams, Makanjuola Bosede Christianah, and Oshatunberu Modupe. "The roles of all tiers of government and development partners in environmental conservation of natural resource: a case study in Nigeria." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2019.04.00142.
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Environmental damage usually comes back to development in one way or another and causes a development challenge. As the global demand for natural resources increases, human welfare and its implications relating to environmental degradation and exposure to environmental risks have caused many to lose their means of livelihood, triggering high level of poverty which remains a serious concern. However, globalization has played a central role in determining the future of the world. The role of globalization has proven to be essential to a nation’s ability to yield the maximum potential from its available resources. The maximization of those resources generally leads to the improved economic development of the nation; wellbeing of man and the sustenance of his livelihood are closely associated with the natural resources base. Consequently, there is a global concern for natural resources protection and conservation so that man can continue to sustain his livelihood. Part of the overall development activities of man is industrial growth. As desirable as industries are, their growth is associated with deleterious consequences. This paper examined the threatened natural resources by mans various activities and call on all tiers of Government and Development partners on the need for natural resources conservation in Nigeria. This revealed that industrialisation and its concomitant urbanisation has brought to mans environment such negative factors like loss of biodiversity, enhanced greenhouse warming, desertification, drought, water and air pollution and accumulation of toxic wastes. It is believed that well conserved natural resources will bring economic, social, visual, and aesthetic benefits that guarantee sound and qualitative health of inhabitants. It concludes that conservation of African biodiversity has come to the fore due to its numerous cultural, scientific and economic values. Also, environmental protection regulations should be intensified to protect the environment from excesses exploitations and for sustainable development. This can be achieved principally through recognition, understanding, appreciating and/or integration of endogenous technologies with exogenous technologies whose synergies are capable of enhancing conservation of natural resource base.
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Isiani, Mathias Chukwudi, Ngozika Anthonia Obi-Ani, Chikelue Chris Akabuike, Stanley Jachike Onyemechalu, Sochima P. Okafor, and Sopuluchukwu Amarachukwu Dimelu. "Creativity, spirituality and society: a study in preservation of Ikenga and Ọfọ sculptures in contemporary Igbo society." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, October 18, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-12-2020-0178.
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Purpose The overall aim of this research is to interpret Ikenga and Ofo creativity as it is revered in Igbo societies. Igbo creativity, especially interpreted through material culture, suffers the threat of extinction resulting from the forces of modernity. Forces of modernisation, which appear in the personae of Christianity, education, urbanisation and industrialisation, denigrated indigenous creativity, brandishing them as devious, fetish and primitive. Ironically, in most cases, the drivers of such narratives keep these “fetish” items in their museums and will give a lot to preserve them. Design/methodology/approach This study centred mostly on several communities in the Nsukka area of Igboland, Nigeria. It relied on both primary and secondary sources of historical enquiry. This qualitative research discussed the nuances of the subject matter as it relates to Igbo cosmos. These approaches involved visiting the study area and conducting personal interviews. Findings Archaeologists do often rely on material culture to study, periodise and date past human societies. In this study, it is found that material culture, an expression of indigenous creativity, best interprets how society survived or related with their environment. This paper examined two Igbo sculpted artefacts – Ikenga and Ofo – while unearthing the intricacies in Igbo cosmology as regards creativity, spirituality and society. Originality/value The shapes, motifs, patterns and designs depict an imaginary history, the intellectualism of the past and even the present. This serves as an objective alternative to the twisted colonial narrative on Igbo material culture and consequently contribute to ongoing efforts to preserve, protect and promote cultural heritage resources in this part of the world.