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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrialization – Europe ; Western – History'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Lucassen, Leo. "Migration and World History: Reaching a New Frontier." International Review of Social History 52, no. 1 (March 9, 2007): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002793.

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Migration history has made some major leaps forward in the last fifteen years or so. An important contribution was Leslie Page Moch's Moving Europeans, published in 1992, in which she weaves the latest insights in migration history into the general social and economic history of western Europe. Using Charles Tilly's typology of migration patterns and his ideas on the process of proletarianization since the sixteenth century, Moch skilfully integrates the experience of human mobility in the history of urbanization, labour relations, (proto)industrialization, demography, family history, and gender relations. Her state-of-the-art overview has been very influential, not least because it fundamentally criticizes the modernization paradigm of Wilbur Zelinsky and others, who assumed that only in the nineteenth century, as a result of industrialization and urbanization, migration became a significant phenomenon. Instead, she convincingly argues that migration was a structural aspect of human life. Since then many new studies have proved her point and refined her model.

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A'Hearn, Brian, Jörg Baten, and Dorothee Crayen. "Quantifying Quantitative Literacy: Age Heaping and the History of Human Capital." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 3 (September 2009): 783–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001120.

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Age data frequently display excess frequencies at attractive numbers, such as multiples of five. We use this “age heaping” to measure cognitive ability in quantitative reasoning, or “numeracy.” We construct a database of age heaping estimates with exceptional geographic and temporal coverage, and demonstrate a robust correlation of literacy and numeracy, where both can be observed. Extending the temporal and geographic range of our knowledge of human capital, we show that Western Europe had already diverged from the east and reached high numeracy levels by 1600, long before the rise of mass schooling or the onset of industrialization.

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3

Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. "Industrialization in India before 1947: Conventional Approaches and Alternative Perspectives." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 623–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007757.

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Models of industrialization and social change, whether Marxist or functionalist, have been derived largely from the historical experience of Western Europe and, especially, of Britain. Social theories came to be constructed upon a specific reading of a particular, and in some respects, unique, historical development. These theories or models, now deepseated in our historiographical consciousness, increasingly offer yardsticks against which industrial development elsewhere in the world is measured. On closer examination, universal postulates thus derived have appeared to generate a large number of special cases. Vast expanses of the globe are seemingly littered with cases of arrested development or examples of frustrated bourgeois revolutions.

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4

Köksal, Selma. "Apocalypse at Painting to Cinema: The end of Western Civilization and Hegemony." CINEJ Cinema Journal 7, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2018.187.

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As we know, the European-American Western civilization and authority has started to form with the Greek civilization, and strengthened itself through the advent of monotheistic religions. After the Renaissance era and industrial revolutions, the transition from feudalism to industrialization and then to capitalism, made Europe a center of the world. Yet, today, the center has been shifted to the line of Europe-America. In the art of painting, the concept of apocalypse is as old as the first paintings that depict the narrations about human existence. Yet, we can see this concept in an intensified way in the film arts. Finding its inspiration from the social world we live in, film art has been deeply affected by the social class struggles, income inequality, cold war period followed by two major wars, and environmental disasters. By analyzing examples from the history of art and directors from film arts (such as Tarkovsky, Iñárritu, Lars von Trier, and Nuri Bilge Ceylan) who use metaphorical sceneries in dystopian /utopian contents, this article will focus on decoding the signification of the concept of apocalypse throughout the history of humanity.

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Rabuzzi, Daniel A. "Women as Merchants in Eighteenth-Century Northern Germany: The Case of Stralsund, 1750–1830." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012267.

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The purpose of this paper is to bring to our attention the important role of women in wholesale international commerce in eighteenth century northern Germany, using examples from Stralsund as a case study. (Stralsund, a port-city formerly in the Hanse, was at that time the capital of Swedish Pomerania and had a population, including garrison, of some 14,000 around 1800; it was an economic center of regional importance, specializing in the production of malt and the export of grain to Sweden and Western Europe). After sketching a social and economic profile of Stralsund's female merchants ca. 1750–1830, I will discuss the crucial issue of control, i.e., to what extent and how these women were able to operate independently within a political and legal system that favored men. In my conclusion, I suggest that women left, or were forced out of, the wholesale trade around 1850 as a result of political changes and a shift in the meaning of the concept of Bürger, rather than as a result of industrialization or market expansion. Throughout, I consider whether my observations about female merchants in Stralsund have any wider validity by comparing them with research on the commerce of other ports in Northern Europe and in North America.

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Murayama, Satoshi, and Hiroko Nakamura. "“Industrious Revolution” Revisited: A Variety of Diligence Derived from a Long-Term Local History of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a Former County in Japan." Histories 1, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories1030014.

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Jan de Vries revised Akira Hayami’s original theory of the “Industrious Revolution” to make the idea more applicable to early modern commercialization in Europe, showcasing the development of the rural proletariat and especially the consumer revolution and women’s emancipation on the way toward an “Industrial Revolution.” However, Japanese villages followed a different path from the Western trajectory of the “Industrious Revolution,” which is recognized as the first step to industrialization. This article will explore how a different form of “industriousness” developed in Japan, covering medieval, early modern, and modern times. It will first describe why the communal village system was established in Japan and how this unique institution, the self-reliance system of a village, affected commercialization and industrialization and was sustained until modern times. Then, the local history of Kuta Village in Kyô-Otagi, a former county located close to Kyoto, is considered over the long term, from medieval through modern times. Kuta was not directly affected by the siting of new industrial production bases and the changes brought to villages located nearer to Kyoto. A variety of diligent interactions with living spaces is introduced to demonstrate that the industriousness of local women was characterized by conscience-driven perseverance.

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7

Lengwiler, Martin. "Cultural Meanings of Social Security in Postwar Europe." Social Science History 39, no. 1 (2015): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.43.

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The emergence of postwar welfare states in Europe is usually understood as a social and political phenomenon, as a social policy to prevent against forms of mass poverty and to grant general social rights and entitlements to populations during a period of rising prosperity. Beyond these sociopolitical aspects, the foundation of systems of social security after 1945 also had important cultural and epistemic implications. The promise of the state to provide a generalized form of security represented an important cultural factor in securing the social and political stability of postwar societies in Europe. This article examines some exemplary aspects of the meaning of social security by tracing their historical roots and their effects on postwar welfare states in Western Europe. In order to chart the various, interconnected cultural meanings of social security, it juxtaposes two institutional contexts in which social security and prevention were discussed: an international organization of social security experts and a Swiss life insurance company with an innovative health promotion service. The article shows how security was seen ultimately as an utopian response to the multiplication of risks and damages through the processes of industrialization and modernization and thus reveals how security served as both a technical concept for managing integrated systems of insurance and an instrument of control and calculation to help administer the economic and social policies of modern societies. By focusing on the example of life insurance, it demonstrates how security acted as an umbrella term for a generalized model of prevention that targeted the specific risks of a modern, middle-class consumer society.

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Francks, Penelope. "Inconspicuous Consumption: Sake, Beer, and the Birth of the Consumer in Japan." Journal of Asian Studies 68, no. 1 (January 27, 2009): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911809000035.

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The growth of consumption and the emergence of the consumer have become major fields of study in the history of Europe and North America but have been largely neglected by historians of Japan, especially economic ones. This paper argues that, in Japan as elsewhere, the “birth of the consumer” predated the onset of industrialization—hence was not simply a function of the opening of the country to Western modernity—and that the growth of consumption, of “indigenous” as well as “foreign” goods, went on to represent an integral part of the process of economic development. This argument is illustrated by a case study of growth and change in the “ordinary consumption” of food and drink, and in particular of sake, a “traditional” product that emerged as a major consumer good, and of beer, the “foreign” product that was to become, alongside sake, one of the necessities of modern Japanese life.

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SCHWAB, CHRISTIANE. "The transforming city in nineteenth-century literary journalism: Ramón de Mesonero Romanos’ ‘Madrid scenes’ and Charles Dickens’ ‘Street sketches’." Urban History 46, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000391.

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ABSTRACT:Nineteenth-century urbanization and industrialization in western Europe have clearly contributed to the formation of societal knowledge and self-reflexive cultural iconographies. Especially from the 1820s onwards, one major context for discussing the social and cultural diversity of the city and concomitant socio-political tensions was the emerging market of journals and magazines. Based upon the writings of two exemplary authors, this article investigates with which techniques and metaphors nineteenth-century journalistic sketches depicted urban sociability and conditions. Furthermore, it reflects on how not only the ever more differentiating urban environments but also the proximity of different networks and institutions of knowledge encouraged the refinement of social observation and thought. Exploring a neglected genre of social knowledge production, the article proposes new perspectives for urban history and aims at stimulating a critical review of contemporary research practices in all branches of the social sciences.

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10

Gabiam, Nell. "Humanitarianism, Development, and Security in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Syrian Refugee Crisis." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000131.

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The term humanitarianism finds its roots in 19th-century Europe and is generally defined as the “impartial, neutral, and independent provision of relief to victims of conflict and natural disasters.” Behind this definition lies a dynamic history. According to political scientists Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, this history can be divided into three phases. From the 19th century to World War II, humanitarianism was a reaction to the perceived breakdown of society and the emergence of moral ills caused by rapid industrialization within Europe. The era between World War II and the 1990s saw the emergence of many of today's nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations. These organizations sought to address the suffering caused by World War I and World War II, but also turned their gaze toward the non-Western world, which was in the process of decolonization. The third phase began in the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, and witnessed an expansion of humanitarianism. One characteristic of this expansion is the increasing prominence of states, regional organizations, and the United Nations in the field of humanitarian action. Their increased prominence has been paralleled by a growing linkage between humanitarian concerns and the issue of state, regional, and global security. Is it possible that, in the 21st century, humanitarianism is entering a new (fourth) phase? And, if so, what role have events in the Middle East played in ushering it in? I seek to answer these questions by focusing on regional consultations that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in preparation for the first ever World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), scheduled to take place in Istanbul in May 2016.

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11

Mashevskyi, O. "UKRAINE IN EUROPEAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES. REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT: Vidnianskyi, S. (Ed.). (2020). Ukraine in the History of Europe of the 19th – Early 21st Century: Historical Essays. A Monograph. Kyiv: Instite of History of Ukraine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.15.

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The chronological boundaries of the collective monograph cover a long historical period, which extends to the era of European Modernism and continues to the modern (current) history of European Postmodernism. The key thesis of the team of authors of the monograph is the idea of systemic belonging of Ukraine to European civilization as its component, which interacts with other parts of the system. The first chapter of the peer-reviewed collective monograph "European receptions of Ukraine in the XIX century" shows the reflection of the Ukrainian problem in the German-language literature of the first half of the XIX century, taking into account new archival document, the development of Ukraine’s relations with other Slavic peoples is traced, and the peculiarities of Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are considered as a separate case study. An interesting paragraph of the collective monograph devoted to cultural, educational and scientific cooperation of Dnieper Ukraine with European countries. This information illustrates well how the Industrial Revolution radically changed the face of the planet, brought new scientific experience that gave room for the development of the capitalist system, and with them, the Industrial Revolution brought social problems, environmental disasters that still cannot be solved. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) formulated the "iron law of wages", according to which workers can receive only a living wage. The second chapter of the collective monograph "The Ukrainian Question and Ukraine in the European History of the Twentieth Century" presents an integrated narrative of Ukrainian national history in the light of the European history of the two world wars and their consequences. The First World War, or the Great War, undoubtedly became a turning point in European history and, accordingly, in the national histories of European countries. The historical experience of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people for the right to European development is covered in the paragraph of the collective monograph "Ukrainian Diplomatic Service 1917-1924". The vicissitudes of Stalin's industrialization and collectivization and their impact on the Ukrainian SSR's relations with European states in the 1920s and 1930s are highlighted in terms of continuity of ties with Europe. A separate regional example of the situation is covered on the example of the history of Transcarpathia on the eve of World War II. The third chapter of the collective monograph "Independent Ukraine in the European integration space" highlights the features of Ukraine's current positioning in Europe. After the collapse of the USSR, ideological obstacles to the development of globalization were overcome. The American political scientist F.Fukuyama in his work "The End of History" concluded the final victory of liberal ideology. This section of the peer-reviewed collective monograph also highlights the position of the international community on the Crimean referendum in 2014, analyzes the policy of Western European countries on the Ukrainian-Russian armed conflict on the example of the policy of Germany, France and Austria. The research result is a separate model of reality, which is reproduced with the help of a certain perception and awareness of the historian. In this sense, the author's team of the monograph has achieved the goal of creating a meaningful narrative that highlights the place of Ukraine at different stages of modern and postmodern European history. From the point of view of the general perception of the narrative offered to the reader, the authors of the collective monograph managed to harmonize individual stylistic features in a conceptually unified text, the meanings of which will be interesting to both professional historians and students and the general readership.

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12

GURMU, ESHETU, and RUTH MACE. "FERTILITY DECLINE DRIVEN BY POVERTY: THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 3 (May 2008): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200700260x.

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SummaryDemographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1·9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15–49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are ‘retreating from marriage’ due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive.

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13

Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. "Proto-industrialization in Europe." Continuity and Change 8, no. 2 (August 1993): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000002058.

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Cet article passe en revue l'état actuel du débat concernant les théories de ‘ protoindustrialisation’. Celles-ci essayent d'expliquer l'évolution économique durant les premières années de l'Europe moderne. La recherche récente a révélé que les conséquences économiques, sociales et démographiques de la proto-industrialisation different énormément suivant les sociétes. Les principaux facteurs techniques et sociaux qui sont à l'origine de cette diversité sont ici examinés et une analyse de ces facteurs en termes d'influence sur les coûts est proposée.L'auteur affirme que les facteurs les plus importants sont les institutions qui régissent la société: le système des tenures, les communautés, les corporations, les compagnies de commerce et également l'Etat. Ces résultats peuvent éclaircir nos analyses du développement des économies modernes en faisant la lumière sur les jeux d'influence des diverses institutions sur le changement economique et démographique.

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14

Katznelson, Ira, Hartmut Kaelble, and Bruce Little. "Industrialization and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19, no. 2 (1988): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204675.

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15

Stafford, David, and Bob Moore. "Resistance in Western Europe." Journal of Military History 65, no. 2 (April 2001): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677220.

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16

Conway, M. "Resistance in Western Europe." English Historical Review 117, no. 470 (February 1, 2002): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.470.227.

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17

Theibault, John. "Town, Countryside, and Proto-Industrialization in Early Modern Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29, no. 2 (October 1998): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219598551706.

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18

Tipton, Frank B., and Clive Archer. "Organizing Western Europe." Economic History Review 44, no. 4 (November 1991): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597835.

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19

Garrett, Eilidh. "Western Europe: Geographical Perspectives." Population Studies 45, no. 1 (March 1991): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145176.

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20

Hausman, William J., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Southern Economic Journal 52, no. 1 (July 1985): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058934.

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21

Capie, Forrest, and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economica 53, no. 210 (May 1986): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2553954.

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22

Maynard, Geoffrey W., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economic Journal 96, no. 381 (March 1986): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233445.

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23

Macek, Ellen A., Robert Shoemaker, and Mary Vincent. "Gender and History in Western Europe." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 2 (1999): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544719.

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24

Moggridge, D. E., and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Economic History Review 38, no. 1 (February 1985): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596677.

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Baltensperger, Ernst, and Charles P. Kindleberger. "A Financial History of Western Europe." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 17, no. 4 (November 1985): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1992452.

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26

Mastboom, Joyce M. "Protoindustrialization and Agriculture in the Eastern Netherlands." Social Science History 20, no. 2 (1996): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021611.

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It has long been known that manufacturing in the countryside for interregional and international markets was an important forerunner of industrialization during the formative period of capitalism. Every standard account of industrialization in Europe discusses the development of the domestic system of production, particularly its early predominance in textile manufacturing.

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27

Shiue, Carol H., and Wolfgang Keller. "Markets in China and Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution." American Economic Review 97, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 1189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.4.1189.

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Why did Western Europe industrialize first? An influential view holds that its exceptionally well-functioning markets supported with a certain set of institutions provided the incentives to make investments needed to industrialize. This paper examines this hypothesis by comparing the actual performance of markets in terms of market integration in Western Europe and China, two regions that were relatively advanced in the preindustrial period, but would start to industrialize about 150 years apart. We find that the performance of markets in China and Western Europe overall was comparable in the late eighteenth century. Market performance in England was higher than in the Yangzi Delta, and markets in England also performed better than those in continental Western Europe. This suggests strong market performance may be necessary, but it is not sufficient for industrialization. Rather than being a key condition for subsequent growth, improvements in market performance and growth occurred simultaneously. (JEL N13, N15, O47)

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28

Rady, Martyn. "History and Eastern Europe." Contemporary European History 1, no. 2 (July 1992): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004434.

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The Institute for Human Sciences (Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen) was founded in Vienna in 1982 by a group of scholars from Eastern Europe and the West. The purpose of the Institute was to overcome the cultural and intellectual division of Europe by promoting conferences, seminars and research programmes. The latest report of the Institute stresses that the disappearance of the Iron Curtain has made the work of the Institute all the more important. As the authors of the report explain, ‘…the civil society which is reemerging in Eastern Europe will hardly be viable without living connections to the West and, equally, the Western world will be much poorer without the historical experiences of the East. The Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen views itself as a place where the experiences and perspectives of Eastern Europeans can be (re-) introduced into the Western discussion as a means of rousing, changing and broadening Western culture. Europe should be seen as a challenge: as a manifold, but also contradictory, intellectual and cultural unity.’

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29

Eskelson, Tyrel C. "States, Institutions, and Literacy Rates in Early-Modern Western Europe." Journal of Education and Learning 10, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v10n2p109.

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The purpose of the paper is to develop the theory that structural or procedural changes in institutions precede changes in education in a society. It examines the development of pre-modern institutions in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries and the influences this had on growth in literacy rates within these states. Literacy rates in Western European countries during the Middle Ages were below twenty percent of the population. For most countries, literacy rates did not experience significant increases until the Enlightenment and industrialization. Two early exceptions to this broad trend were the Netherlands and England, which had achieved literacy rates above fifty percent of their populations by the mid-seventeenth century. The explanations for these divergent trends are the structural changes in formal institutions that embodied capital markets, protected private property, and overall established the initial steps in developing modern political institutions. This created incentives to invest more in schools per capita as well as incentives for a middle class to invest more in literacy and numeracy skills for a market-exchange economy that was becoming more specialized in division of labor.

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Peden, G. C., David W. Ellwood, Alan S. Milward, Frances M. B. Lynch, Federico Romero, Ruggero Ranieri, and Vibeke Sorensen. "Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction." Economic History Review 47, no. 3 (August 1994): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597613.

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31

Sewell, M. J. "Kennedy, De Gaulle and Western Europe." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.269.

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32

Connolly, James E. "The extreme Right in Western Europe." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 17, no. 4 (August 2010): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2010.497307.

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33

Corrigan, Philip R. D., and Mary Jo Maynes. "Schooling in Western Europe: A Social History." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071232.

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Strumingher, Laura S., and Mary Jo Maynes. "Schooling in Western Europe: A Social History." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 3 (1987): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204617.

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Gawthrop, Richard L., and Mary Jo Maynes. "Schooling in Western Europe: A Social History." History of Education Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1986): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368249.

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Clark, Linda L., and Mary Jo Maynes. "Schooling in Western Europe: A Social History." American Historical Review 91, no. 2 (April 1986): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858171.

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Crawford, Patricia (Patricia M. ). "Gender and History in Western Europe (review)." Journal of World History 11, no. 1 (2000): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2000.0005.

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38

Harrigan, Patrick J. "Schooling in Western Europe: A social history." Economics of Education Review 5, no. 4 (January 1986): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(86)90059-2.

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Siegelbaum, Lewis, and Ronald Grigor Suny. "Making the Command Economy: Western Historians on Soviet Industrialization." International Labor and Working-Class History 43 (1993): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900011832.

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Spater, Jeremy, and Isak Tranvik. "The Protestant Ethic Reexamined: Calvinism and Industrialization." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 13-14 (September 18, 2019): 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830721.

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Can cultural differences affect economic change? Max Weber famously argued that ascetic Protestants’ religious commitments—specifically their work ethic—inspired them to develop capitalist economic systems conducive to rapid economic change. Yet today, scholars continue to debate the empirical validity of Weber’s claims, which address a vibrant literature in political economy on the relationship between culture and economic change. We revisit the link between religion and economic change in Reformed Europe. To do so, we leverage a quasi-experiment in Western Switzerland, where certain regions had Reformed Protestant beliefs imposed on them by local authorities during the Swiss Reformation, while other regions remained Catholic. Using 19th-century Swiss census data, we perform a fuzzy spatial regression discontinuity design to test Weber’s hypothesis and find that the Swiss Protestants in the Canton of Vaud industrialized faster than their Catholic neighbors in Fribourg.

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Gulzar, Ayesha. "Impact of Industrial Revolution on Management Thought." Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v2i1.85.

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This theoretical paper traces the discourse of Western Civilization from the agrarian period to industrialization, focussing on impact of industrial revolution on the process of management thought. This paper argues that, how management thought has been influenced the era of modernism when industrial revolution spread across the Europe and the United States as during modernity materialistic ethics were developed.

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Abrams, L. "Monasticism in North-Western Europe, 800-1200." English Historical Review 117, no. 471 (April 1, 2002): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.471.444.

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Lynch, Julia, and Jonathan Hopkin. "Post-Crisis Political Change in Western Europe." Current History 117, no. 802 (November 1, 2018): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2018.117.802.315.

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Kettani, Houssain. "History and Prospect of Muslims in Western Europe." Journal of Religion and Health 56, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 1740–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0253-4.

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Weber, Eugen. "A Social History of Western Europe 1880–1980." History: Reviews of New Books 19, no. 4 (April 1991): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949370.

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Bernholz, Peter. "A financial history of western europe: A review." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 121, no. 4 (December 1985): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02705878.

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Zulehner, Paul Michael. "Western Europe: secularisation light." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2020-2-129-132.

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This article presents a biographical approach to the history of the changes in the theoretical appraisal of the secularisation concept, grounding on personal relations of the author with its two major theoreticians: Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The theory of secularisation is gradually presented as unsuitable for interpreting the ideological/religious dimension of the liberal cultures of Western Europe. It states, that what is currently interpreted as secularisation is in fact the dissolution of imposed fateful ideological monopolies. The result is the development of not mono-colored/secular, but ideologically multicoloured/pluralistic societies. The group of the atheised and of consistently believing and practicing Christians are typologically on the fringes of the society, while the largest groups are the skeptics, the insecure, but also the privately-religious. The question is raised about coping strategies of contemporary people, living in the inconsistent world of constant collusion of the secular and the religious realities.

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KLAUTKE, EGBERT. "ANTI-AMERICANISM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE." Historical Journal 54, no. 4 (November 7, 2011): 1125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000276.

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ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the twentieth century, European observers and commentators have frequently employed the term ‘Americanization’ to make sense of the astonishing rise of the USA to the status of a world power. More specifically, they used this term to describe the social changes brought about by industrialization and urbanization. In this context, European intellectuals have often used ‘America’ as shorthand for ‘modernity’; across the Atlantic, they believed, it was possible to learn and see the future of their own societies. Criticism of ‘the Americanization of Europe’ – or the world – easily led to outright anti-Americanism, i.e. a radical and reductionist ideology which held the USA responsible for the economic, political, or cultural ills of modern societies. The war in Iraq in 2003 and the alienation between the USA and France and Germany that followed provided a new impetus for studying the history of European perceptions of America. A large number of studies have since been published that deal with the history of the ‘Americanization of Europe’ and anti-Americanism, and several monographs, which are based on original research and promise new insights, will be the focus of this historiographical review.

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Cimbala, Steven J., and Richard C. Eichenberg. "Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe." Journal of Military History 54, no. 2 (April 1990): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986059.

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Chadwick, Owen. "Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848–1914, Hugh McLeod." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 2001): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/116.465.254.

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