Relevant bibliographies by topics / Industrialized / developed countries

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Industrialized / developed countries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

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Berge, Erling, and Margaret Mckean. "On the commons of developed industrialized countries." International Journal of the Commons 9, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.650.

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Vossberg, A. "The development of orthopaedic appliances and low cost aids in “least developed countries”." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 9, no. 2 (August 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648509164710.

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The constant reminder of ever-increasing costs and problems in regard to medical care in industrialized countries highlights the need for simplified, low cost, orthopaedic appliances for use in the non-industrialized areas of the world. Those who are engaged in the field of Orthopaedic Technology should withstand the temptation to propagate unreservedly the technologies of industrialized nations. Nowadays the so-called “non-appropriate technologies” have become the target of frequent criticism. The transfer of technology may offer visible progress in selected areas to a limited number of people but it conceals the danger of ignoring fundamental socio-economic conditions that affect the majority of people. During the United Nations Year of the Disabled, a group of international experts unanimously came to the conclusion that the current cooperation between industrialized and Third World countries requires revision leading to a new order. The consensus demanded a new emphasis on the development of technical orthopaedic services which would take into account the unique economic, social, cultural and environmental factors of each region. This paper examines the practices of technical orthopaedics in a “least developed country” and lays down principles and practical applications which could serve as a foundation for a more appropriate approach in this field.
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Zhang, Jie, Yu Tian Qin, and Zhi Yuan Zhang. "Differences on the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Developed Countries and Newly Industrialized Countries." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2415.

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Based on the statistics of the energy consumption and economic growth of the OECD countries and BRICs from the year 1986 to the year 2009, this paper applied Panel Data Econometrics Method to process and analyze those statistics and found that(1) in the long term, the energy consumption and economic growth of OECD countries and BRICs don’t maintain a long-standing equilibrium relationship.(2) in the short term, OECD countries have a one-direction causal relationship from their economic growth to energy consumption while the BRICs have just the opposite, a one-direction of causal relationship from energy consumption to economic growth. The research founding indicates that developed countries represented by OECD should strictly implement policies concerning energy saving and emission reduction and shoulder duties of providing fund and technological aid;the emerging industrialized countries represented by the BRICs should implement policies concerning energy saving and emission reduction phase by phase,step by step and also assume the reasonable task of saving energy and reducing carbon dioxid
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Polat, Gul. "PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING VS. INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.08.

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Precast concrete technology is recognized worldwide as offering significant advantages. Despite the advantages they offer, precast concrete building systems’ share in both Turkey and the U.S. is very low, especially when compared to many European countries. Since Turkey is a developing country that is technologically dependent on the developed world, low share of industrialized building systems is highly expected in that country. However, the U.S. is a developed and industrialized country, so it was very interesting to see that these systems are not extensively used in that country either. This study investigated the factors that prevent the extensive use of precast concrete systems in the U.S. and Turkey through an extensive questionnaire survey. The survey results revealed that the perceptions of the American vs. Turkish respondents on most of the factors that affect the use of precast concrete systems are significantly different from each other. While American respondents considered size and load restrictions on transportation, poor communication among parties, and lack of qualified contractors specialized in precast concrete systems as three most important barriers to the extensive use of precast concrete systems in the U.S. building construction market, Turkish respondents ranked lack of good communication among parties and lack of structural engineers and contractors specialized in precast concrete systems as the most important three factors that prevent the extensive use of these systems in Turkey. This study indicated that precast concrete users and manufacturers should recognize that the main reasons for low utilization of precast concrete systems predominantly depend on the prevailing conditions of the country in question. Santrauka Surenkamojo gelžbetonio technologija visame pasaulyje pripažistama del daugelio svarbiu pranašumu. Nepaisant ju, surenkamojo gelžbetonio statybos sistemu dalis Turkijoje ir JAV, palyginti su kitomis Europos šalimis, yra labai maža. Turkija yra besivystanti šalis, kurios technologiju pletote priklauso nuo išsivysčiusiu šaliu, tad maža surenkamosios statybos sistemos dalis yra pagrista. Tačiau JAV yra išsivysčiusi ir industrializuota šalis, bet šiu sistemu naudojimo mastas šalyje yra mažas. Remiantis išsamia apklausa straipsnyje atlikta maža surenkamuju betono sistemu naudojimo JAV ir Turkijoje apimti lemiančiu veiksniu analize. Apklausos rezultatai parode, kad JAV ir Turkijos respondentu nuomonL del daugelio veiksniu labai skyresi. JAV respondentai nurode, kad trys pagrindiniai veiksniai, ribojantys surenkamuju gelžbetonio sistemu naudojima JAV statybos rinkoje, yra: transportavimo apribojimai del dydžio ir svorio; silpnas ryšys tarp statybos proceso dalyviu; kvalifikuotu statybos rangovu, kuriu specializacija ‐ surenkamieji statybos elementai, trūkumas. Turkijos respondentai pagrindinLmis priežastimis laiko bendradarbiavimo tarp statybos proceso dalyviu stoka ir specializuotu statybos projektuotoju bei rangovu trūkuma. Atlikta studija parodL, kad surenkamojo gelžbetonio sistemu naudotojai ir gamintojai turetu pripažinti, jog menka surenkamuju gelžbetonio sistemu naudojimo apimtis pirmiausia priklauso nuo šalyje dominuojančiu statybos salygu.
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Koenig, Philip C. "On the Prospects for International Commercial Shipbuilding Competiveness in Developed Countries." Journal of Ship Production and Design 32, no. 02 (May 1, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2016.32.2.124.

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Since the 1950s, firms in mature manufacturing industries in the developed countries have come under severe pressure from competition based in up-and-coming newly industrialized countries. Particularly in heavy industries, the outlook for the established manufacturers became grim in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite a partial resurgence in some western heavy industries in the 1990s, a new generation of powerful competition emerged in the 2000s and this has placed the future of heavy industrial competitiveness in western and developed Asian countries in question. What is the situation in shipbuilding? Can competitiveness be maintained or resurrected in developed countries? In this article, this question is discussed through two perspectives: that of the industry life cycle and the level of attractiveness of the industry.
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Shevchuk, Viktor I., Oksana B. Yavorovenko, Natalia M. Belyaeva, and Iryna V. Kurylenko. "MEDICAL REHABILITATION SYSTEM AND ITS QUALITY CONTROL IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 9 (2020): 2040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009227.

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The aim: To review scientific literature dealing with evaluation of medical rehabilitation effectiveness and quality in the world. Materials and methods: Review and generalization of scientific literature on the criteria of evaluation of medical rehabilitation quality in advanced industrialized societies. Conclusions: Despite differences in the structure of medical rehabilitation in world societies, the end point is similar – assessment of quality of life of a sick person, measured by various criteria and standards. This experience is of great value for the development of national system of rehabilitation services.
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Somjen, George. "Teaching Physiology in Developing Countries: Report of a Meeting." Physiology 5, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.6.269.

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The meeting was a satellite of the XXX1 IUPS Congress. Participants from 33 countries developed recommendations relating to the teaching of physiology in the Third World. Some concerns of our Third World colleagues will sound familiar to readers from the industrialized countries!
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Clemente-Casares, Pilar, Carlota Ramos-Romero, Eugenio Ramirez-Gonzalez, and Antonio Mas. "Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9838041.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.
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Tu, Edward Jow-Ching, Yuruo Yan, and Jiaying Zhao. "Ultra-low fertility, gender equity and policy considerations." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2016-0016.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the issue and the reasons why fertility patterns in many industrialized and post-industrialized societies decline so rapidly, primarily in newly industrialized countries, particularly in East Asia, and especially after the countries have adopted the capitalist and market economy as the preferred approach to improve the lives of their population. Design/methodology/approach The authors discuss gender equality and the relationship between fertility and female labor force participation in industrialized and post-industrialized countries, in the context of role incompatibility, mainly for women and the level of the strength and rigidity of family- and gender-role norms/attitudes that affect the behaviors of men and women. Findings The existing family-related policies and programs which have reduced the role conflict and incompatibility experienced by working mothers are reviewed and discussed under national orientations toward the resolution of work–family conflict since they could affect the relevance, acceptance, significance and effectiveness of policies being developed and approved to carry on under institutional context within a nation. Originality/value Specific strategies and policies to reduce role incompatibility and childcare arrangements and their costs are discussed, especially for East Asian nations.
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Kaltenthaler, Karl C., and Christopher J. Anderson. "The Changing Political Economy of Inflation." Journal of Public Policy 20, no. 2 (August 2000): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00000787.

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A type of conventional wisdom has developed among many scholars that industrialized countries with independent central banks produce lower relative inflation rates than countries that do not have these institutions. We argue that the relative importance of central bank independence for fighting inflation changed fundamentally from the 1970s to the 1980s as a result of experiences in the advanced industrialized democracies, which led both Right and Left governments to move toward more neo-liberal macroeconomic policies. As governments made price stability more of a priority, the anti-inflationary effects of independent central banks would become much less pronounced. This hypothesis is tested and confirmed in the study in a multi-variate regression analysis using data from eighteen industrialized democracies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

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Fox, Paul William. "Construction industry development : analysis and synthesis of contributing factors." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36189/6/36189_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

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Demekas, Dimitrios G. Factor substitution in production in industrialized and less developed countries. [Washington, DC]: Development Research Department, World Bank, 1987.

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Shiells, Clinton R. Competition and complementarity between U.S. imports from developed and newly industrialized countries. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1987.

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Baldwin, Peter. Disease and democracy: The industrialized world faces AIDS. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2006.

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Female genital cutting in industrialized countries: Mutilation or cultural tradition? Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2014.

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Elizabeth, Wilson. Bohemians: The glamorous outcasts. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.

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Levack, Brian P. The West: Encounters & transformations. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004.

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Elizabeth, Wilson. Bohemians: The glamorous outcasts. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.

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Levack, Brian P. The West: Encounters & transformations. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004.

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Rida, Beshir Mohamed, ed. Meeting the challenge of parenting in the West: An Islamic perspective. Beltsville, Md: Amana Publications, 2000.

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The limits of capitalism: An approach to globalization without neoliberalism. London: Zed Books, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

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Schmiegelow, Henrik. "A Counterintuitive Efficiency Divide Between Common Law and Civil Law: Rules and Structures of Civil Procedure in Eight Developed or Newly Industrialized Countries." In Institutional Competition between Common Law and Civil Law, 119–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54660-0_5.

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Tittor, Anne. "Towards an Extractivist Bioeconomy? The Risk of Deepening Agrarian Extractivism When Promoting Bioeconomy in Argentina." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 309–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_15.

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AbstractBioeconomy is a concept that has been developed in the OECD and is prominently discussed in Europe and industrialized countries. Over the years, Argentina has begun appropriating and developing its own interpretation of the concept, which has a clear agro-industrial and bio-technological focus. In Argentina, bioeconomy is framed as further intensification of agro-industrial production—including GMOs and the immense use of pesticides—combined with strengthening industrial upgrading. The same people and institutions that have supported soybean expansion over the last decades also advocate bioeconomy. Nevertheless, Argentina’s agricultural policies have been contested for several years; this particularly applies to the expansion of soybean monocultures and the related use of pesticides. Referring to the debate on agrarian extractivism, this chapter argues that Argentina’s focus within the bioeconomy debate risks deepening the extractivist tendency within the dominant form of agriculture and continuing the exclusion of peasants, indigenous groups and environmental concerns.
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Moyo, Mukani, Van-Den Truong, Josip Simunovic, Jean Pankuku, George Ooko Abong, Francis Kweku Amagloh, Richard Fuchs, et al. "Orange-Fleshed Sweetpotato Puree: A Breakthrough Product for the Bakery Sector in Africa." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 145–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_5.

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AbstractReplacing some of the wheat flour in breads and pastries with OFSP (orange-fleshed sweetpotato) puree can increase the market demand for these nutritious varieties and would offer economic opportunities for smallholders, including women and youths. The technology to make sweetpotato puree has been well developed in industrialized countries since the 1960s. Techniques fine-tuned by RTB allow OFSP puree to be stored in plastic bags for 6 months, without refrigeration. Private companies in Malawi and Kenya are now manufacturing the puree and selling it to bakeries that substitute OFSP puree for up to 40% of the white wheat flour in bread and other baked goods. Consumers like the bread that is sold in supermarkets and bakeries. Food safety protocols ensure that the puree is part of safe, healthy products. The OFSP seed is available to smallholder farmers, who are linked with processors who buy the roots. Business models suggest that processing puree is profitable. The Scaling Readiness approach is helping to ensure that more farmers, processors, and consumers benefit from OFSP.
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Li, K. T. "The Importance of Ocean Development to Newly Industrialised Countries and Less Developed Countries." In Ocean Resources, 217–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2133-7_20.

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Thomas K, Cheng. "7 Economic Characteristics of Developing Countries." In Competition Law in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198862697.003.0008.

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This chapter highlights the economic characteristics of developing countries. The economy of a developing country may possess characteristics that distinguish it from an industrialized economy, and markets often function differently in developing countries. These characteristics include small, fragmented, and less competitive domestic markets; widespread poverty, which further exacerbates the small size of the domestic market; significant variations in firm productivity; barriers to entrepreneurship; missing institutions and prevalence of market failure; poorly developed financial markets; heavy state presence; prevalence of the informal sector; domination of large business groups; and widespread corruption and state capture. Approaches to competition law enforcement formulated in industrialized economies are based on the economic environment of these countries and do not reflect the circumstances of a developing country economy. The chapter then discusses each economic characteristic one by one, proposing necessary adjustments to competition law doctrines and enforcement approaches.
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Cornia, Giovanni Andrea. "IS-LM and AS-AD with Behavioural Equations for the Developing Countries." In The Macroeconomics of Developing Countries, 263–76. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856672.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses the IS-LM and AS-AD models developed for developing countries, as discussed for the developed countries in Chapter 3. However, while the basic components of such models are similar to those used for the industrialized countries, their analytical specification is markedly different, as they rely on the behavioural equations discussed in Chapter 13 that reflect the structural differences of developing countries. As a result, the effects of exogenous shocks and government macroeconomic policies often differ from those derived on the basis of the conventional IS-LM and AS-AD models obtained for the advanced economies.
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Cornia, Giovanni Andrea. "Long-term Supply-side Macro Models of Potential Growth." In The Macroeconomics of Developing Countries, 25–76. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856672.003.0002.

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This chapter presents empirical data on long-term trends in growth and income inequalitybefore discussing the nature, main features, and immediate and underlying determinants of long-term growth. It reviews the origins of income differences among world citizens by making reference to colonial history, pre-existing feudal institutions in low-income countries, and differences in growth rates between developed and developing countries. It subsequently presents the long-term growth models developed for the industrialized countries, including the Harrod–Domar model, the neoclassical exogenous growth models of Solow and Mankiw–Romer–Weil, the endogenous growth models of Romer and Aghion–Howitt, and the Unified Growth Theory. It provides also a brief comparison of the main features and dynamic properties of each model.
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Mohanty, Samarendra Kumar, and P. ArunPrasad. "Managing the Performance of Highly Mobile Skilled Individuals in Hi-Tech Firms." In Comparing High Technology Firms in Developed and Developing Countries, 167–84. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1646-2.ch013.

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The change in business terrain is accelerated by globalization, which has opened many avenues of growth. To survive in this environment, the organization requires alignment of its strategic goals and available human resources. The need is to manage the performance of the employee, who is the most important resource of the organization. The focus has now shifted to the highly skilled workforce in order to leverage technology. This chapter highlights the studies conducted on the factors affecting the people in the workplace. While some researchers have defined what it means to be a skilled employee, other researchers have provided their views on the inequity, identity, compensation, meaning of work and international policy and approach of various countries for workers. This study also came across various aspects of migration of skilled workers studied by number of researchers. The current research provides solutions in the form of requisites to improve performance of skilled employees, which will be especially useful to multinational corporations operating in the hi-tech sector. The validity of the factors can be judged from the research conducted across the continents that includes major industrialized countries in the world. It looked into the work practices followed in these countries. The chapter provides research propositions based on the literature reviewed.
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Dasgupta, Chandrashekhar. "Present at the Creation." In India in a Warming World, 142–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498734.003.0008.

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In this chapter, India’s lead negotiator for the framework convention recalls that the negotiations were marked by deep differences between developed and developing countries (though there were also significant divergences within these groups). Developing countries pressed for an equity-based agreement, maintaining that developed countries should accept their responsibility for precipitating climate change. They called on industrialized countries to accept time-bound emission reduction obligations and to transfer finance and technology to support voluntary mitigation actions by developing countries. The Convention recognized that voluntary obligations agreed upon by developing countries were conditional on receipt of financial resources to cover all incremental costs. However, developed countries accepted only an ambiguously worded emission stabilization commitment. This deficiency was rectified by the Kyoto Protocol 1997, which prescribed time-bound emission reduction targets for each developed country. The Paris Agreement 2015 halted this line of progress, marking a reversal to the ‘pledge and review’ approach rejected in 1991.
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Tregenna, Fiona, Kevin Nell, and Chris Callaghan. "Determinants of Industrial Development." In New Perspectives on Structural Change, 378–406. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850113.003.0017.

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Global evidence suggests that, for many countries, manufacturing typically has an inverted U-shaped relationship with development. But unlike the historical experience of most developed countries, for most developing countries the turning point of this relationship is occurring sooner in the development process, and at substantially lower levels of income. This is termed ‘premature deindustrialization’. The consequences of this may be particularly important if such countries can no longer rely on manufacturing-led development. Why are some countries more industrialized, or more deindustrialized, than other comparable countries? To explore these issues, this chapter uses panel-data econometric techniques to analyse the determinants of the share of manufacturing in GDP, across countries and across time. Domestic determinants include investment, government consumption, population size, human capital, democracy, and natural resource endowments. External determinants include trade openness, capital account liberalization, and exchange rate depreciation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

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Hallmark, T. L. "Detecting Country Risks to Oil Companies in Lesser-Developed and Newly Industrialized Countries." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19860-ms.

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Mavlutova, Inese, Kristaps Lesinskis, and Grigorijs Olevskis. "Contemporary Role of SMEs in Employment in Manufacturing and Service Industries." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.074.

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Analysis made in the article allows to conclude that the SME sector of high-tech manufacturing industries plays growing role in solving the problems of employment in developed countries. However, the major problem is that it is capable for only partial compensation of the loss of jobs in labour intensive sectors of the economy. Accumulation of knowledge of the population in industrialized countries together with high levels of computer literacy contributes to the revitalization of business services sellers that are mainly small sized businesses. In the era of fast growing technology industries, in particular related to IT sector, the role of SMEs in economy is increasing as they are main players in start -up communities and IT industries in general. Thus they can growingly contribute to the employment and labour market. The authors proceed from the assumption that service sector, and business services in particular, to a certain extent are capable of absorbing of workforce. This article argues that employment in the service sector in the developed economies is still largely focused on traditional sectors of activity. The purpose of the paper is to investigate latest trends of SMEs role in employment in the developed countries and the role of service sector in stabilizing labour market. Theoretical approaches, statistical data and policy analysis are used to research contemporary labour market trends. Knowledge - intensive services that are important from the point of view of economic dynamics, only start to concur positions in the developed countries.
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Shakenova, Ainur. "Comparative analysis of the innovation system of Kazakhstan." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.10.

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In the modern world, economic growth is closely linked to the development of innovation. Today, to become an economically developed country, it is necessary to invest in innovation and improve factors that have a direct impact on innovation activity. However, the significant problem in innovation is the gap among the industrialized countries, countries with economies in transition, and developing countries. This study focuses on a country with a transition economy – Kazakhstan, and its ability to make an innovation breakthrough. In search of the indicators influencing innovation activity in Kazakhstan, we drew on the methodology of the European Innovation Scoreboard. Through data harmonization, we found Kazakh indicators and compared them with European indicators. This empirical result allows us to draw conclusions on the importance of human resources in science, and of fast-growing enterprises with innovation activity. The growth in R&D expenditure also positively affected Kazakh innovation in line with world practice. In this way, the quality improvement of some key factors is positively affecting the growth of many innovative indicators in Kazakhstan. The contribution of this empirical result allowed us to compare Kazakhstan with European Union countries through the European system of innovation estimation.
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Yaman, Kemal. "A Critical Review of Private Pension System in Turkey Considering the German System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00872.

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Private pension system includes various measures met to continue existing living standards without any restrictions in old age, i.e. after the end of employment. High life expectancy, low birth rate, and institutional deficiencies in societies are major drivers for private pension. To understand seriousness of the topic mostly state pension claims are considered as being insufficient in old age. That’s why, necessity of private pension products results. In the first part, theoretical approaches to the explanation of savings behavior of people are described. In the second part of the study, the situation concerning precautions taken in Turkey is examined. In the following part, the retirement arrangements in Germany are depicted for comparison. The financial situation of elderly people in both countries is analyzed. Financial sector is the key beneficiary of developments in both countries. Governmental regulations concerning retirement system play crucial role to achieve high level of prosperity in the national economy of many developed countries. It is also seen in the study that industrialized nations are characterized by considerable private pension funds. Finally; some conclusions are drawn from the analyses performed in the study. .
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Sakmurzaeva, Nargiza. "The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparison of South Korea and Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02040.

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Education plays a big role in the economic development of the country. No country can achieve sustainable economic development without educated human capital. Education helps people to understand themselves and world. It improves the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education is a very important in raising productivity of people and promotes technological development. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role of education in the economic development by comparing South Korea and Kyrgyzstan which are represents developed and developing countries of the world. South Korea, for example, is a highly industrialized and developed country which educational system is in the list of the best 10 systems in the world. In opposite, Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country which economy is dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. As a result of the research it can be concluded that education is a compulsory and one of the major tools for development of one country. A developing country with a small economy such as Kyrgyzstan should take an example from South Korea and allocate much money from the national budget for the education. So, it is important for Kyrgyzstan to implement educational policy of developed countries within the framework of national policy.
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Ang, Andrew S. M., Christopher C. Berndt, Vladimir Luzin, Travis Crowe, and Howard Gabel. "Study of Mechanical Performance and Residual Stress in Kinetic Metallization WC-Co Coatings." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0062.

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Abstract The metal finishing process of electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) plating has been identified as a source of environmental pollution in most industrialized countries like Australia, Europe and USA. The key driver for the technology replacement is that the EHC plating process uses hexavalent chromium, which is a known carcinogen. Our previous research has identified that cold spray nanostructured tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) coatings can be a suitable alternative to provide a functional coating in wear applications. This work explores at another similar technology- Kinetic Metallization for deposition of WC-Co coatings. In this work, the objective is to characterize the residual stress profile of these WC-Co coatings that are deposited by the latest KM systems. These coating systems are used in critical applications such as landing gear pistons and axle journals, hydraulic rods, engine shaft journals, and numerous other external surfaces that operate under high cyclic loading conditions. As such, the residual stress developed during the KM coating process has a significant influence on the fatigue properties of the components. Thus, knowledge of stresses and their linkage with other properties and production parameters is essential for the quality control of these critical structures.
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Hultman, Erik, Marcus Linder, and Mats Leijon. "Robotized Stacking of the Uppsala University Wave Energy Converter Generator Stator." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23003.

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A technology for renewable energy conversion from ocean waves has been developed at Uppsala University. The concept is intended for large Wave Energy Converter farms and thus requires large series production lines. For this technology to be competitive on the global energy market, it is necessary to keep down the manufacturing costs. Assembly automation will therefore be important, especially if the production should be kept in industrialized countries. Stacking of the stator for the Wave Energy Converter generator is an essential task during the assembly process. The operation is repetitive and time-consuming, requires high precision and large reach and can thus be suitable for industrial robot automation. This paper presents a robot cell design for robotized automation of the stator stacking for an Uppsala University Wave Energy Converter generator. Prototype equipment has been developed and validated in an experimental stacking setup. From these experiments, it has been indicated that the proposed automation solution can substantially reduce the stacking cycle time while assuring sufficient assembly accuracy. The main advantages with the proposed assembly method are the high flexibility, the ability to lift and assemble multiple stator sheets at the same time, the ability to calibrate to the exact position of the stator sheet to be lifted and the high stacking accuracy result. The suggested robot cell is likely to be possible to adjust for stacking of other stator designs as well.
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Dresnack, Robert, Eugene Golub, Joshua Greenfeld, F. H. (Bud) Griffis, and Louis J. Pignataro. "Effectiveness of U.S. and International Pipeline Regulations With Regard to Land Use Planning." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1804.

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The transmission pipeline incident in Edison, New Jersey in March, 1994 raised public concerns about the safety of siting of transmission pipelines in proximity to populated areas. One of the responses to this incident was the issuance of a contract by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) to study this and other issues with regard to pipeline safety. The research performed by NJIT included a review of current USDOT regulations and policy with regard to siting of pipelines and related land use; a review of regulations of major industrialized countries related to same; an analysis of the USDOT’s incident database vis-à-vis proximity to neighboring land uses; and a review of local land use regulations related to proximity to transmission pipelines. The basic findings were as follows: 1. The U.S. Pipeline regulations are appropriate to minimizing risk while maintaining the viability of the pipeline industry. 2. All the regulations reviewed (i.e., US and international) approach the siting and regulation of pipelines in urban areas in a similar fashion. 3. Analysis of the USDOT incident database indicates that, in general, pipelines are sited in rural or underdeveloped areas, and damage resulting from an incident in highly developed areas is generally less then in rural areas due to the regulations restricting the allowable operating stresses in more densely populated areas.
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Langbein, Sven, Horst Meier, and Alexander Czechowicz. "Service Systems for Shape Memory Technology." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5223.

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Shape memory alloys (SMA) are well-known for their ability to transform into an imprinted shape by means of thermal activation (pseudoplasticity) or after a mechanical deformation (pseudoelasticity). The thermal effects can be used in a wide range of industrial applications like valves, unlocking devices or comfort applications in the field of automotive mechatronics. While there are many ideas concerning shape memory actuators, only few thoughts have been spent on service applications around these unique actuators. At present, product-related services are usually considered as an add-on to the actual product. But in future, industrialized countries are subject to a structural change toward service societies. For this reason, new concepts and methods which enable the companies to design the potential services in an optimal way are necessary already during the development of a product. This is a paradigm shift from the separated consideration of products and services to a new product understanding consisting of integrated products and services. In the case of shape memory technology, recycling processes present an interesting field for such integrated services. Starting with general ideas towards recycling concepts for and with shape memory components, this paper focuses on refresh-annealing as an example of an interesting recycling process. Finally, the paper is summed up by an outlook on future works on development methods for generic shape memory actuators and their service systems. The aim of this study is to show the possibilities and the importance of services in the field of shape memory technology. As a result, new applications and markets for SMA can be developed.
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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.

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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.
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Reports on the topic "Industrialized / developed countries"

1

Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.

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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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