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1
Berge, Erling, and Margaret Mckean. "On the commons of developed industrialized countries." International Journal of the Commons 9, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.650.
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Vossberg, A. "The development of orthopaedic appliances and low cost aids in “least developed countries”." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 9, no. 2 (August 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648509164710.
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The constant reminder of ever-increasing costs and problems in regard to medical care in industrialized countries highlights the need for simplified, low cost, orthopaedic appliances for use in the non-industrialized areas of the world. Those who are engaged in the field of Orthopaedic Technology should withstand the temptation to propagate unreservedly the technologies of industrialized nations. Nowadays the so-called “non-appropriate technologies” have become the target of frequent criticism. The transfer of technology may offer visible progress in selected areas to a limited number of people but it conceals the danger of ignoring fundamental socio-economic conditions that affect the majority of people. During the United Nations Year of the Disabled, a group of international experts unanimously came to the conclusion that the current cooperation between industrialized and Third World countries requires revision leading to a new order. The consensus demanded a new emphasis on the development of technical orthopaedic services which would take into account the unique economic, social, cultural and environmental factors of each region. This paper examines the practices of technical orthopaedics in a “least developed country” and lays down principles and practical applications which could serve as a foundation for a more appropriate approach in this field.
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Zhang, Jie, Yu Tian Qin, and Zhi Yuan Zhang. "Differences on the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Developed Countries and Newly Industrialized Countries." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2415.
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Based on the statistics of the energy consumption and economic growth of the OECD countries and BRICs from the year 1986 to the year 2009, this paper applied Panel Data Econometrics Method to process and analyze those statistics and found that(1) in the long term, the energy consumption and economic growth of OECD countries and BRICs don’t maintain a long-standing equilibrium relationship.(2) in the short term, OECD countries have a one-direction causal relationship from their economic growth to energy consumption while the BRICs have just the opposite, a one-direction of causal relationship from energy consumption to economic growth. The research founding indicates that developed countries represented by OECD should strictly implement policies concerning energy saving and emission reduction and shoulder duties of providing fund and technological aid;the emerging industrialized countries represented by the BRICs should implement policies concerning energy saving and emission reduction phase by phase,step by step and also assume the reasonable task of saving energy and reducing carbon dioxid
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Polat, Gul. "PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING VS. INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.08.
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Precast concrete technology is recognized worldwide as offering significant advantages. Despite the advantages they offer, precast concrete building systems’ share in both Turkey and the U.S. is very low, especially when compared to many European countries. Since Turkey is a developing country that is technologically dependent on the developed world, low share of industrialized building systems is highly expected in that country. However, the U.S. is a developed and industrialized country, so it was very interesting to see that these systems are not extensively used in that country either. This study investigated the factors that prevent the extensive use of precast concrete systems in the U.S. and Turkey through an extensive questionnaire survey. The survey results revealed that the perceptions of the American vs. Turkish respondents on most of the factors that affect the use of precast concrete systems are significantly different from each other. While American respondents considered size and load restrictions on transportation, poor communication among parties, and lack of qualified contractors specialized in precast concrete systems as three most important barriers to the extensive use of precast concrete systems in the U.S. building construction market, Turkish respondents ranked lack of good communication among parties and lack of structural engineers and contractors specialized in precast concrete systems as the most important three factors that prevent the extensive use of these systems in Turkey. This study indicated that precast concrete users and manufacturers should recognize that the main reasons for low utilization of precast concrete systems predominantly depend on the prevailing conditions of the country in question. Santrauka Surenkamojo gelžbetonio technologija visame pasaulyje pripažistama del daugelio svarbiu pranašumu. Nepaisant ju, surenkamojo gelžbetonio statybos sistemu dalis Turkijoje ir JAV, palyginti su kitomis Europos šalimis, yra labai maža. Turkija yra besivystanti šalis, kurios technologiju pletote priklauso nuo išsivysčiusiu šaliu, tad maža surenkamosios statybos sistemos dalis yra pagrista. Tačiau JAV yra išsivysčiusi ir industrializuota šalis, bet šiu sistemu naudojimo mastas šalyje yra mažas. Remiantis išsamia apklausa straipsnyje atlikta maža surenkamuju betono sistemu naudojimo JAV ir Turkijoje apimti lemiančiu veiksniu analize. Apklausos rezultatai parode, kad JAV ir Turkijos respondentu nuomonL del daugelio veiksniu labai skyresi. JAV respondentai nurode, kad trys pagrindiniai veiksniai, ribojantys surenkamuju gelžbetonio sistemu naudojima JAV statybos rinkoje, yra: transportavimo apribojimai del dydžio ir svorio; silpnas ryšys tarp statybos proceso dalyviu; kvalifikuotu statybos rangovu, kuriu specializacija ‐ surenkamieji statybos elementai, trūkumas. Turkijos respondentai pagrindinLmis priežastimis laiko bendradarbiavimo tarp statybos proceso dalyviu stoka ir specializuotu statybos projektuotoju bei rangovu trūkuma. Atlikta studija parodL, kad surenkamojo gelžbetonio sistemu naudotojai ir gamintojai turetu pripažinti, jog menka surenkamuju gelžbetonio sistemu naudojimo apimtis pirmiausia priklauso nuo šalyje dominuojančiu statybos salygu.
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Koenig, Philip C. "On the Prospects for International Commercial Shipbuilding Competiveness in Developed Countries." Journal of Ship Production and Design 32, no. 02 (May 1, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2016.32.2.124.
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Since the 1950s, firms in mature manufacturing industries in the developed countries have come under severe pressure from competition based in up-and-coming newly industrialized countries. Particularly in heavy industries, the outlook for the established manufacturers became grim in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite a partial resurgence in some western heavy industries in the 1990s, a new generation of powerful competition emerged in the 2000s and this has placed the future of heavy industrial competitiveness in western and developed Asian countries in question. What is the situation in shipbuilding? Can competitiveness be maintained or resurrected in developed countries? In this article, this question is discussed through two perspectives: that of the industry life cycle and the level of attractiveness of the industry.
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Shevchuk, Viktor I., Oksana B. Yavorovenko, Natalia M. Belyaeva, and Iryna V. Kurylenko. "MEDICAL REHABILITATION SYSTEM AND ITS QUALITY CONTROL IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 9 (2020): 2040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009227.
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The aim: To review scientific literature dealing with evaluation of medical rehabilitation effectiveness and quality in the world. Materials and methods: Review and generalization of scientific literature on the criteria of evaluation of medical rehabilitation quality in advanced industrialized societies. Conclusions: Despite differences in the structure of medical rehabilitation in world societies, the end point is similar – assessment of quality of life of a sick person, measured by various criteria and standards. This experience is of great value for the development of national system of rehabilitation services.
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Somjen, George. "Teaching Physiology in Developing Countries: Report of a Meeting." Physiology 5, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.6.269.
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The meeting was a satellite of the XXX1 IUPS Congress. Participants from 33 countries developed recommendations relating to the teaching of physiology in the Third World. Some concerns of our Third World colleagues will sound familiar to readers from the industrialized countries!
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Clemente-Casares, Pilar, Carlota Ramos-Romero, Eugenio Ramirez-Gonzalez, and Antonio Mas. "Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9838041.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.
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Tu, Edward Jow-Ching, Yuruo Yan, and Jiaying Zhao. "Ultra-low fertility, gender equity and policy considerations." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2016-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the issue and the reasons why fertility patterns in many industrialized and post-industrialized societies decline so rapidly, primarily in newly industrialized countries, particularly in East Asia, and especially after the countries have adopted the capitalist and market economy as the preferred approach to improve the lives of their population. Design/methodology/approach The authors discuss gender equality and the relationship between fertility and female labor force participation in industrialized and post-industrialized countries, in the context of role incompatibility, mainly for women and the level of the strength and rigidity of family- and gender-role norms/attitudes that affect the behaviors of men and women. Findings The existing family-related policies and programs which have reduced the role conflict and incompatibility experienced by working mothers are reviewed and discussed under national orientations toward the resolution of work–family conflict since they could affect the relevance, acceptance, significance and effectiveness of policies being developed and approved to carry on under institutional context within a nation. Originality/value Specific strategies and policies to reduce role incompatibility and childcare arrangements and their costs are discussed, especially for East Asian nations.
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Kaltenthaler, Karl C., and Christopher J. Anderson. "The Changing Political Economy of Inflation." Journal of Public Policy 20, no. 2 (August 2000): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00000787.
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A type of conventional wisdom has developed among many scholars that industrialized countries with independent central banks produce lower relative inflation rates than countries that do not have these institutions. We argue that the relative importance of central bank independence for fighting inflation changed fundamentally from the 1970s to the 1980s as a result of experiences in the advanced industrialized democracies, which led both Right and Left governments to move toward more neo-liberal macroeconomic policies. As governments made price stability more of a priority, the anti-inflationary effects of independent central banks would become much less pronounced. This hypothesis is tested and confirmed in the study in a multi-variate regression analysis using data from eighteen industrialized democracies.
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Ba, Heather-Leigh Kathryn, and Tyler Coleman. "Deindustrialization and the Demand for Protection." Business and Politics 23, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2020.17.
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AbstractCurrent explanations of demand for anti-dumping protections focus on the role of the business cycle, and fluctuations in real exchange rates. However, empirical evidence supporting these explanations is based primarily on the experience of industrialized countries. Here, we examine anti-dumping petitions in a broader sample of thirty-four industrialized and middle income countries from 1978–2015. We also propose a new determinant of demand for anti-dumping petitions—changes in the pattern of industrial production between developed and developing economies over this period have contributed to deindustrialization in advanced economies and premature industrialization some developing countries. These changes threaten established industries and motivate them to demand protection.
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Zeinab Mousavi, Seyede, Saeed Rasekhi, Mina Golestani, and Ali Imani. "STUDYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR IN SELECTED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.21554.
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Objectives: Competitiveness is the ability of countries in increasing market share, profits, value added, and staying at the scene of fair and international competition for a long period of time. This is realized through market authority and establishing activities based on comparative and competitive advantages. On the other hand, the research-based pharmaceutical industry makes a major contribution to the prosperity of the world economy. It is a robust sector that has been one of the pillars of industrialized economies and is increasingly recognized as an important sector in the developing world as well. Furthermore, global sales of pharmaceutical products represent the international spread of medical technology that comes as the result of highly intensive R and D efforts in the exporting countries (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, 2012). The present study aimed to analyze and investigate the international competitiveness of pharmaceutical sector in selected developed countries using traditional and new indices of competitiveness.Methods: In this study, revealed comparative advantage index and also static and dynamic intra-industry trade (IIT) indices were used in the period 2000–2012.Results: The results indicated the growing competitiveness in most of the selected countries. Furthermore, the findings suggested that countries with higher levels of international trading of pharmaceutical goods have a higher potential of competitiveness based on IIT and comparative advantage indices.Conclusions: For increase in international competitiveness in pharmaceutical industry, selected developed countries pay attention to both comparative and competitive advantages.
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Fhima, Fredj, and Walid Trabelsi. "The Knowledge Economy as a Development Potential for Industrialized Countries and a Perspective for Developing Countries." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 9, no. 4 (October 2019): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2019100102.
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Based on a panel of 51 countries (22 developed and 29 developing) for a period from 2002 to 2012, this study develops a number of indicators and indexes to compare these two groups of countries according to their knowledge economy content. Results show that in OECD countries, knowledge plays a central role in economic performance and growth. These countries have managed to convert knowledge to ability; they are called knowledge-based economies. Developing countries, although they use knowledge, only few of them are regarded as knowledge-based. The success of a strategy of building the knowledge economy requires investments in knowledge which translates into expenditures on research and development and a strong education system.
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Sharma, Chandan. "Do Firms Learn more from Exporting to the Developed Markets? Empirical Evidence of Indian Firms." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 1 (March 2017): 20170005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0005.
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The hypothesis of learning-by-exporting hinges largely based on the argument that the exporters are exposed to knowledge and technology to foreign markets and they learn and become more productive and innovative. However, firms from developing countries not only export to industrialized economies but also to less developed countries. The natural questions arises that what if a firm from developing countries directs its exports to a country at a similar or lower level of technological developed. Would there still be productivity gains to be made? We attempt to test the effects of destination of exports on firms’ productivity and innovation for a sample of the Indian manufacturing firms. Our findings indicate that a positive learning effect is flowing from developed countries to productivity and innovation of the Indian firms. However, in the case of exporting to developing countries including China, we find weak or negative effects. Furthermore, our results also suggest that in-house R&D and foreign technology enhances the absorption capacity of firms, which in turn help firms in learning and gaining through exporting to technologically advanced countries.
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Al-Hussaini, Abdulrahman, Toufic Semaan, and Imad El Hag. "Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Developing Country: Is It Different from Developed Countries?" Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/526037.
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Background and Objective. Despite the extensive reporting of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) from industrialized developed countries, reports from developing countries are rare. The aim of our study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and endoscopic features of EoE and response to therapy in children and adults from a developing country, Saudi Arabia.Methods. We identified patients diagnosed with EoE in our center from 2004 to 2011. EoE was defined as esophageal mucosal infiltration with a peak eosinophil count ≥15 eosinophils/high-powered field.Results. Forty-five patients were diagnosed with EoE (37 children and 8 adults; 36 males; median age 10.5 years, range from 1–37 years). Feeding difficulty, vomiting/regurgitation, and failure to thrive predominated in young children, whereas dysphagia and food impactions predominated in older children and adults. Allergy testing revealed food sensitization in 12 of 15 patients (80%); 3 responded to elemental formula, while 8 failed to respond to dietary manipulation after the allergy testing. Thirty-nine patients achieved remission by swallowed inhaled fluticasone. The majority of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms upon the discontinuation of fluticasone.Conclusion. Our data indicate that EoE is increasingly recognized in Saudi Arabia and show many similarities to data from North America and Europe.
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Shetty and Schmidhuber. "Introductory Lecture The Epidemiology and Determinants of Obesity in Developed and Developing Countries." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 76, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.76.4.157.
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Obesity is recognized as a serious problem in the industrialized and developed countries of the world. However, little attention is paid to the fact that obesity is becoming an increasing problem in developing countries too, with some countries showing increasing rates of obesity in the midst of the persisting occurrence of childhood malnutrition and stunting. As developing countries embrace the dominant western economic ways of development, industrialization and urbanization they contribute to improvements in living standards, with consequent dramatic changes in diets and lifestyles leading to weight gain and obesity which in turn poses a growing threat to the health. Overweight and obesity is associated with an increased likelihood of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyper-lipidaemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is also associated with increased rates of breast, colo-rectal and uterine cancer. Obesity is thus an important factor in the increasing morbidity and mortality due to chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and thereby contributes to premature mortality in the population. Thus, while the problem of undernutrition persists in much of the developing world, overweight and obesity and its related co-morbidities are posing an increasingly important public health problem both in the developed and developing world.
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Pilsczek, Florian H. "Case histories of infectious disease management in developing countries: Phnom Penh and Kabul." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 42, no. 5 (October 2009): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822009000500001.
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Healthcare in developing countries is affected by severe poverty, political instability and diseases that may be of lesser importance in industrialized countries. The aim of this paper was to present two cases and histories of physicians working in hospitals in developing countries and to discuss the opportunities for clinical investigation and collaboration. Cases of patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, with histoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, crusted scabies, cerebral lesions and human immunodeficiency virus and of patients in Kabul, Afghanistan, with liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and facial ulcer are discussed. Greater developmental support is required from industrialized nations, and mutually beneficial cooperation is possible since similar clinical problems exist on both sides (e.g. opportunistic cardiovascular infections). Examples for possible support of hospital medicine include physician interchange visits with defined objectives (e.g. infection control or echocardiography training) and collaboration with clinical investigations and projects developed locally (e.g. epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases or nosocomial bloodborne infections).
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Warner, Koko, and Michael Weisberg. "A funding mosaic for loss and damage." Science 379, no. 6629 (January 20, 2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg5740.
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In the context of climate policy, “loss and damage” refers to unavoided climate change impacts, including those from extreme weather events and slow-onset events such as sea-level rise, increasing temperatures, and loss of biodiversity. Some argue that focusing on loss and damage distracts industrialized countries from attempts to avoid losses and damages in the first place through decarbonization and adaptation. Others argue that insufficient mitigation by industrialized countries has unleashed an unfair burden on developing countries, so developed countries alone must address loss and damage financially. The impasse was broken at the 27th Conference of the Parties (COP27)—the international climate negotiations—in November 2022, through a decision on new funding arrangements for loss and damage, including a new fund. Reflecting on the funding needs, Maldives’ Environment Minister Aminath Shauna argued at COP27 that the world requires a “mosaic of solutions.” As a transitional committee begins to assemble recommendations to operationalize this mosaic of funding arrangements, several critical questions require insights from the scientific community.
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Werner, Juergen H. "Solar—A New Open Access Journal for Solar Technologies." Solar 1, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solar1010002.
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Climate change and the consequential environmental catastrophes are real, not only in less developed countries of the so-called “Global South” but also in so-called industrialized and “well-developed” areas of the world! Just within the last few months and years, we have seen high-temperature records in the United States, fire disasters in Canada, Australia, Greece, Italy, and Spain [...]
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Sellayah, Dyan, Felino R. Cagampang, and Roger D. Cox. "On the Evolutionary Origins of Obesity: A New Hypothesis." Endocrinology 155, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 1573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-2103.
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Obesity is an escalating threat of pandemic proportions, currently affecting billions of people worldwide and exerting a devastating socioeconomic influence in industrialized countries. Despite intensive efforts to curtail obesity, results have proved disappointing. Although it is well recognized that obesity is a result of gene-environment interactions and that predisposition to obesity lies predominantly in our evolutionary past, there is much debate as to the precise nature of how our evolutionary past contributed to obesity. The “thrifty genotype” hypothesis suggests that obesity in industrialized countries is a throwback to our ancestors having undergone positive selection for genes that favored energy storage as a consequence of the cyclical episodes of famine and surplus after the advent of farming 10 000 years ago. Conversely, the “drifty genotype” hypothesis contends that the prevalence of thrifty genes is not a result of positive selection for energy-storage genes but attributable to genetic drift resulting from the removal of predative selection pressures. Both theories, however, assume that selection pressures the ancestors of modern humans living in western societies faced were the same. Moreover, neither theory adequately explains the impact of globalization and changing population demographics on the genetic basis for obesity in developed countries, despite clear evidence for ethnic variation in obesity susceptibility and related metabolic disorders. In this article, we propose that the modern obesity pandemic in industrialized countries is a result of the differential exposure of the ancestors of modern humans to environmental factors that began when modern humans left Africa around 70 000 years ago and migrated through the globe, reaching the Americas around 20 000 years ago. This article serves to elucidate how an understanding of ethnic differences in genetic susceptibility to obesity and the metabolic syndrome, in the context of historic human population redistribution, could be used in the treatment of obesity in industrialized countries.
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Omelchenko, Irina, Oleg Dozortzev, Marina Danilina, Alexander Vas’kov, Ekaterina Safonova, and Alexander Safonov. "Environmental management and the organization of labor rationing in industrialized countries at the corporate level." E3S Web of Conferences 217 (2020): 11016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021711016.
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Approaches to solving environmental problems should be developed taking into account the concept of the “triangle of sustainable development”. The sides of this triangle are not only “ecology” and “economics” and their interactions, but also “social factors”, taking into account direct and reverse relationships. The implementation of active environmental management by companies and an integrated approach to environmental protection require the involvement of personnel at all levels of work to address these issues, motivation of personnel, and the creation of conditions for advanced training in a new area. Under these conditions, the issue of labor rationing is also of particular relevance. Based on content analysis, the authors investigate various systems of developed countries.
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Kunacheva, Chinagarn, Shigeo Fujii, Shuhei Tanaka, S. T. M. L. D. Seneviratne, Nguyen Pham Hong Lien, Munehiro Nozoe, Koji Kimura, Binaya Raj Shivakoti, and Hidenori Harada. "Worldwide surveys of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water environment in recent years." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.518.
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Recently, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been noted as causes of some of the important environmental problems in recent years due to their occurrences and properties. The most commonly used PFCs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which have been used in many kinds of products. They have been found in surface water and tap water in both developed and developing countries around the world including in North America, Europe and Asia. In most countries, rivers are the source of tap water, which is one of the important pathways in which PFCs reach humans. It is essential to evaluate PFOS and PFOA contamination in the river basin. The purpose of this field study was to determine the presence of PFOS and PFOA in rivers around the world. The surveys were conducted in 15 countries during 2004 to 2010. In total, 539 samples were collected from the rivers in 41 cities. A solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis of these chemicals. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all 41 cities not only in industrialized areas but also in non-industrialized areas, representing that these compounds undergo long-range transportation in the environment. The average concentration of PFOS in each city ranged from not detected to 70.1 ng/L. The average concentration of PFOA in each city was in the range 0.2–1,630.2 ng/L. The industrialized areas show higher contamination in both PFOS and PFOA concentrations than non-industrialized areas. Industrial activities are some of the major sources of PFCs contamination in rivers.
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D'ADDATO, AGATA V. "SECULAR TRENDS IN TWINNING RATES." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 1 (May 4, 2006): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001337.
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Based on national data from civil birth registration systems, this paper provides an overview of trends in the twinning birth rates in fifteen developed countries. Patterns and differentials in such rates across populations are described, and trends over time are given. The evolution of the twinning rate in industrialized countries over the last century follows broadly the same pattern. One exception is the period around World War I, with a peak in the twinning rate being observed during the war, or just after it, although this was not registered in all countries. Since the mid-1970s twinning rates have increased in many developed countries in response to a growing use of fertility-stimulating treatments such as in vitro fertilization.
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Chanlat, Jean-François. "Francophone Organizational Analysis (1950-1990): An Overview." Organization Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069401500103.
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Interest in organizations first appeared between World War I and World War II, with the American studies led by Mayo. Since then, interest has grown and spread to most industrialized countries. In the sixties, in Anglo-Saxon countries and especially in the United States where research was first conducted, organiza tional analysis developed into an independent field of investigation. Economic growth, the proliferation and expansion of organizations and a marked tendency 'to rationalize the world' have compelled an increasing number of West ern researchers to question the social dynamics of organized groups. This interest has been reinforced over the past few years by the failure of collectivist solutions, the growing popularity of private enterprise as well as by the type of management thinking that presently predominates in Western countries, but more generally by the prevalence of thinking about the world in organizational terms. Given this general tendency, which is observable in most industrialized countries, this paper aims to demonstrate how Francophone analysis has evolved and remains distinct to this day from Anglophone — and more particularly from the American main stream — analysis.
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Santona, Simona, Nicia Diaz, Pier Luigi Fiori, Moises Francisco, Mohsin Sidat, Piero Cappuccinelli, and Paola Rappelli. "Genotypic and phenotypic features of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated in industrialized and developing countries." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 03 (March 14, 2013): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3054.
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Introduction: Typical EPEC are considered a leading cause of diarrhoea in developing countries, while atypical EPEC have been isolated more frequently in developed areas. The actual geographic distribution of the two EPEC subgroups is controversial, since data can be highly influenced by laboratory resources. This study aimed to compare the distribution of typical and atypical EPEC among children in developed and developing countries, and to characterize the bacterial isolates, using a unique methodological approach. Methodology: A total of 1,049 E. coli were isolated from faeces of children with acute diarrhoea in Mozambique, Angola and Italy, and processed by PCR to assess the presence of a large panel of virulence genes. All isolates classified as EPEC were further characterized by evaluating adherence and capability to induce actin rearrangement on Hep-2 cells. Results: Overall we isolated 59 EPEC, likewise distributed in the three countries, representing the 5.04%, 4.44% and 6.97% of all Mozambican, Angolan and Italian isolates, respectively. Nevertheless, the geographic distribution of the two EPEC subgroups was not homogeneous: in Italy we isolated 28 aEPEC but no tEPEC, while in Angola and Mozambique the percentage of the two subgroups was comparable. Twelve atypical EPEC were FAS positive and able to induce localized-like adherence on Hep-2 cells, but no correlation with the geographic origin of isolates was observed. Conclusion: Atypical EPEC are present in sub-Saharan areas in a percentage similar to that of typical strains, and are not mainly restricted to industrialized countries, as it was previously supposed.
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Zuehlke, Detlef. "Industry 4.0: More than a Technological Revolution." Revista CEA 5, no. 10 (July 30, 2019): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1438.
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Since its first appearance in April 2011, the term Industry 4.0 has become synonymous with the production of the future. Nearly all industrialized countries around the globe have set up research programs and industry support projects, and they encourage SMEs and government agencies to actively shape those developments and keep their industries competitive. Today, the Industry 4.0 has already arrived in factories, at least in the highly developed regions of the world. However, so far, most Industry 4.0 activities can be observed in the field of smart control systems. New technologies appear increasingly faster and find their application in production environments. TSN/SDN Ethernet will offer a complete compatible internet communication standard with real-time capabilities. Nevertheless, appropriate protocols for its application and interoperability are still a work in progress; they are called Asset Administration Shells and define a complete set of communication and service standards to easily connect any device from any supplier worldwide to a factory network. In conclusion, industrialized countries are not only suppliers of technologies to the rest of the world, they should also accept their responsibility to help less industrialized regions to find and implement their future business models in an interconnected world.
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Dawkins, Janine, and Janice Daniel. "Technology Transfer to the Caribbean Case Study of Kingston, Jamaica." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1637, no. 1 (January 1998): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1637-05.
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Technology transfer to developing countries has traditionally involved the transfer of tools and methodologies developed in industrialized nations for use in poorer developing countries. Good technology transfer, however, includes knowledge of the relationships between the fundamental principles involved in the design of the technology, rather than implementation of an existing finished product. For successful transfer of technology to developing countries to occur, it is important to recognize the differences between developing countries and industrialized nations because differences in social and economic conditions between the two types of countries may warrant alternative approaches both to analysis and to implementation of solutions. The transfer of transportation technology can be inappropriate where driver behavior is a significant factor, such as in the analysis of intersections controlled by stop signs. Observations of drivers at stop-controlled intersections in Kingston, Jamaica, show that drivers seem to be more interactive than those in the United States. For example, drivers on the major approach of a two-way stop-controlled intersection have been observed to yield their right-of-way to vehicles on the minor or stop-controlled approach. The objectives of this research are to assess the suitability of methodologies developed for use in the United States for evaluating stop-controlled intersections in Kingston and to propose an alternative methodology that may be more appropriate for Kingston and locales in other developing countries with similar driver and roadway characteristics.
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Wang, John, Bin Zhou, and Jeffrey Hsu. "Assessment and Contrast of the Effects of Information and Communication Technology." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicthd.2010010102.
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This article compares the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on labor productivity growth and human quality of life in industrialized countries. A mathematical evaluation method based on the concept of Pareto-optimal organization is proposed for this study. This method is easy to apply and uses a linear programming model. The weights for various measurements are determined by objective method and are standard. The method is illustrated with real data from 23 developed countries worldwide.
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Fonkoua, Jean Emmanuel. "The Money Neutrality Proposition: Is Boosting Money Supply A Solution To US Economic Problems?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i2.7644.
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This paper unfastens the new classical structural model and broadens the reduced form output equation to investigate the money neutrality proposition in the United States. The hypothesis that any predictable monetary policy has no influence on output is extended by the inclusion of foreign exchange rationing to the supply side of the economy as cointegrated with money supply. The final prediction error determines the proper lag length that is used by the dynamic analysis to examine the causality relationship between imports, foreign price, foreign income, and output. The vector autoregressive is used to determine the exogeneity property of foreign exchange and output; it also helps extract the anticipated and unanticipated components of foreign exchange and money series. Empirical evidence provides considerable support for short run cyclical movements in the output of highly industrialized countries in affecting the real output in the United States. Indeed, any policy response in raising output should take into account the well-being of other developed countries. Predicted or not, an increase in the level of growth of other advanced countries does not leads to offsetting expectation and results in raising the economic growth. Empirical test presents no evidence that boosting the money supply leads to an increase in the level of growth. The result also refutes the view that the United States can quickly recover through a monetary policy aimed at depreciating the dollar and stands against the idea that devaluation tends to expand domestic output in industrialized countries. Incompatible with the economic logic is the lack of support of the apparent reality of output determination in industrialized countries open economy models.
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Downie, David, and Jennifer Bernstein. "Case Studies in the Environment: an Analysis of Author, Editor, and Case Characteristics." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001511.
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Who and what academic journals publish reflects and affects the broader social context in which they are embedded. Case Studies in the Environment (CSE) is a new peer-reviewed journal developed by UC Press due to the growing interest in environmental studies and the increasing use of case studies in teaching at all levels. This paper examines the gender and geographic distribution of authors and editors during CSE’s first year of publication, the geographic distribution of the case studies, and attitudes of authors regarding the journal’s purpose, format, and use in teaching. While studies of many journals reveal a predominance of male authors, women authors slightly outnumber men in CSE. Large majorities of the authors and editors are based at United States institutions and >90% are located in industrialized countries. Approximately half of the published articles present case studies from the US and nearly 75% are from industrialized countries. Authors reported being generally pleased with the purpose, format, and publishing logistics of the new journal.
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Kim, Jong-il. "Total Factor Productivity Growth in East Asia: Implications for the Future." Asian Economic Papers 1, no. 2 (May 2002): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15353510260187391.
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The total factor productivity (TFP) growth controversy and the recent economic crisis raise many questions about the future growth of East Asia. Our analysis of historical experiences shows that low TFP growth in the East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) is a natural pattern of growth at the initial phase of industrialization. Empirical evidence shows that East Asian NIEs in recent decades have been proceeding toward an efficiency-based growth as developed countries did some time ago. The history of Latin America, however, indicates that the reform of old-fashioned institutions is needed if East Asia is to follow the path of the developed countries.
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Ohayon, Pierre, and Khosrow Ghavami. "Main Evaluation Dimensions and Indicators for Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies - NOCMAT R&D Projects." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.523.
Full textAbstract:
Science and technology have contributed since the Second World War to the economic development without considering adequately different social classes. The intensive Research and Development (R&D) activities in the rapidly growing areas of Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) such as new high resistance cements, steel, petrochemical derived materials, among others have not given the opportunity to less developed nations to cut the vicious circle which maintained them technologically dependent on industrialized countries. Also, the results of many successfully realized R&D projects concerned with Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT) in developing countries including Brazil have not been used in large scale in practice. This is due to the lack of evaluation criteria from planning to project implementation by governmental agencies, private organizations and educational institutions concerned with the newly developed sustainable materials and technologies. The problems of evaluating R&D innovation outputs and impacts for civil construction are complex and need scientific and systematic studies in order to avoid the social and environmental mistakes occurred in industrialized countries. This paper presents four relevant dimensions and its pertinent indicators for NOCMAT projects evaluation concerned with materials, structural elements and technologies of bamboo, soil and composites reinforced with vegetable fibers. Specifically, 1) Political, Strategic and Normative; 2) Organizational; 3) Allocation and Management of Resources; and 4) Technical, Scientific and Economic evaluation dimensions are considered and discussed.
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Wong, Poh-Kam. "Toward an Ecosystem for Innovation in a Newly Industrialized Economy." Industry and Higher Education 20, no. 4 (August 2006): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006778175793.
Full textAbstract:
In the late 1990s the Singapore government embarked on a set of far-reaching strategies intended to develop the city-state into one of the major life science R&D and industrial clusters in Asia. Besides efforts to attract leading overseas life science companies to establish operations in Singapore, the government has developed new life science public research institutions to attract overseas research talents. Outside the government, the local university sector is also emerging as an important player. Adapting the ‘Triple Helix’ framework to the life sciences in a newly industrialized economy, this paper reviews the policies and programmes implemented by the Singapore government and the National University of Singapore and discusses the implications for universities in other late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race.
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Neogy, Taposh Kumar, and Md Shakawat Hossain. "Auditors’ Perception towards Time Schedule Pressure and Reduced Audit Quality Practices: A Study from Bangladeshi Context." Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/4ajournal.v3i1.19.
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Research on Reduced Audit Quality Practices (RAQP) has consistently shown the serious negative consequences of this practice in the auditing profession. However, research in RAQP is relatively few in emerging or newly industrialized countries, and much of the relevant literature is derived from developed countries. Therefore, this study examines the effect of time budget pressure on RAQP in the context of a developing country, Bangladesh. Based on a mailed questionnaire survey to the auditors, the results suggest that RAQP does occur in Bangladesh audit firms, particularly in non-big four firms.
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BLACKHURST, RICHARD. "The future of the WTO: some comments on the Sutherland Report." World Trade Review 4, no. 3 (November 2005): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500251x.
Full textAbstract:
Three times since its founding in 1948, the GATT/WTO has turned to outside experts for help in finding solutions to pressing issues confronting the multilateral trading system. In 1957 the Contracting Parties decided to create a panel of three (later four) internationally recognized experts in international trade and finance to consider trends in world trade, andin particular the failure of the trade of the less developed countries to develop as rapidly as that of industrialized countries, excessive short-term fluctuations in prices of primary products, and widespread resort to agricultural protection.
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Tsai, Shiao-Lin, and Chunchi Wu. "Financial Development and Economic Growth of Developed versus Asian Developing Countries: A Pooling Time-Series and Cross-Country Analysis." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 02, no. 01 (March 1999): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091599000047.
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This paper examines the relationship between financial market development and economic growth. By pooling the data of both developed and developing countries, we test the relation between the real GDP growth rate and financial development variables suggested by the aggregate capital endogenous growth model. We find that the capital absorption and saving rates have a significant positive relation with economic growth whereas the interest rate has a negative relation. Since the behavior of these explanatory variables reflects financial development, our results suggest that financial intermediation plays a significant role in economic growth. Furthermore, we find that there was a shift in the economic performance of Asian developing economies in the 1980s. Financial reforms in this region have resulted in a transitory adverse impact on the capital absorption rate. It also appears that economic growth has slowed down recently for most of these newly industrialized economies. Our result suggests that the lack of efficient financial markets may have hindered the economic performance of these economies.
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Dennehy, Penelope H. "Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21, no. 1 (January 2008): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00029-07.
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SUMMARY Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine licensed in the United States, RotaShield, was withdrawn from the market after 14 months because of its association with intussusception. Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006: the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Both vaccines have demonstrated very good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials in western industrialized countries and in Latin America. Careful surveillance has not revealed any increased risk of intussusception in the vaccinated groups with either vaccine. The new rotavirus vaccines are now introduced for routine use in a number of industrialized and developing countries. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.
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Gillespie, Kate, Kishore Krishna, and Susan Jarvis. "Protecting Global Brands: Toward a Global Norm." Journal of International Marketing 10, no. 2 (June 2002): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.10.2.99.19539.
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In 1995, the World Trade Organization bound member countries to new standards of foreign trademark protection. Developed countries were given a year to bring their national trademark regimes into compliance. Other countries were allowed from 5 to 11 years. In the past 7 years, governments have taken many steps to reach compliance. Nonetheless, many countries fall short of the envisaged global norm. To better understand the challenges of the past several years, the authors focus on the state of national trademark regimes on the eve of the establishment of the World Trade Organization. The authors particularly address how contagion influence, resource constraints, and xenophobia affected treaty participation, domestic trademark law, application processing, and the relative treatment of foreign and domestic applications. The authors analyze data for 62 countries, which suggest that distinct patterns of foreign trademark protection existed for developed countries, newly industrialized countries, less developed countries, and transitional economies. The authors explain the managerial implications of these findings and argue that there is evidence that countries are moving toward global norms in trademark protection. However, an international treaty is the beginning, not the end, of this process.
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Ong, Paul M., Cheng Lucie, and Leslie Evans. "Migration of Highly Educated Asians and Global Dynamics." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 543–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100307.
Full textAbstract:
The migration of Asians trained in technical fields is the most important component of the total global migration of scientific, technical and professional workers from developing to developed countries (primarily Australia, Canada and the United States). Though this phenomenon shares common characteristics with the larger international migration of all labor, it is unique in that migration from Asia to the industrialized countries favors the highly educated, and the debate over brain drain remains complex and inconclusive. The far-reaching effects of the movement of Asian high level manpower (HLM) are discussed in light of: 1) the global articulation of higher education; 2) the link to unequal development on a global scale; and 3) the contribution to economic development of the reverse flow of HLM to less developed countries.
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Lamm, Richard D. "Infinite Needs–Finite Resources: The Future of Healthcare." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 1 (1994): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010000476x.
Full textAbstract:
The single greatest challenge facing managers in the developed countries of the world is to raise the productivity of knowledge and service workers. This challenge, which will dominate the management agenda for the next several decades, will ultimately determine the competitive performance of companies. Even more important, it will determine the very fabric of society and the quality of life of every industrialized nation. … Unless this challenge is met, the developed world will face increasing social tensions, increasing polarization, increasing radicalization, possibly even class war.
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SHYAMSUNDAR, PRIYA. "Benefit–cost analysis as a mechanism for evaluating conservation policies in developing countries." Environment and Development Economics 2, no. 2 (May 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x97270166.
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Can benefit-cost analysis (BCA) be used in the developing world in the same way in which it is used in developed market economies? The paper by Arrow et al. makes a good case for employing BCA to evaluate environmental, health, and safety regulations in the United States. It offers a number of principles to guide the use of benefit-cost analyses, some of which can be applied to developing countries. Conservation policies in the tropics can help illustrate the relevance of BCA for evaluating regulations in less industrialized countries. I use a set of studies on the Mantadia National Park to show in practical terms how and when BCA can serve as an effective evaluative tool.
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Manna, Krishnendu. "History of Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview." Journal of Phytopharmacology 1, no. 1 (August 25, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2012.1101.
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The term "cardiovascular disease" is often used interchangeably with “heart disease” because both terms refer to diseases of the heart or arteries. Whatever name is used — cardiovascular disease or heart disease – it is clear that diseases of the heart and blood vessels are serious problems. Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 worldwide killer of men and women, as mention previously under “Cardiovascular Disease Statistics”1 Cardiovascular disease is an established chronic disease for the population of developed and developing countries. Chronic diseases are illnesses that are the number one cause of death in industrialized countries.2
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Hermesse, Jean. "Cost-Effective Health Technology at Home as an Avenue for Reducing National Health Expenditures." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1, no. 2 (April 1985): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300000064.
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As in many industrialized countries, the national health insurance system of Belgium is concerned about endemic financial losses. In response, the government has probably resorted to the final revenue-producing remedy, an increase in social security contributions, and several reductions in reimbursement rates have been instituted. This classic remedy cannot be repeated again, because some professionals either will not survive or will react with a consumption increase. Other ways must be found rapidly to provide enough savings. This is the essential issue that concerns the policy maker in Belgium, and probably in most developed countries as well.
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Sun, Qiu Yu, and Liu Yu. "Research on Low-Carbon Eco-City Construction in China from the Perspective of Ecological Ethics." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.684.
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Low-carbon city development has become the inevitable choice for Chinese urban sustainable development. From the perspective of ecological ethics, by learning from the experience of developed countries, low-carbon urban construction, this paper proposes to slow down the speed of city expansion, to avoid the errors occurred in the process of the western industrialized urban development, and to change from external expansion to internal development so as to achieve harmony between city and nature.
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Kovalchuk, Olha, and Nataliia Strelbitska. "MODEL ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD COUNTRIES." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.071.
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The article discusses the possibilities of use of classical instruments of analytical methods and data mining methods for global sustainability modelling. To divide countries into groups according to the indicators that are traditionally allocated for sustainability studying, it is carried out the cluster analysis by k-medium method, which resulted in 2 clusters. The first cluster includes economically developed industrialized countries. A high level of social performance and a low level of inequality of outcomes characterize them. At the same time, these countries have high rank of corruption and low Gini Index. There are low social standards, but significantly lower rank of corruption and footprint than in developed countries in the countries of the second cluster. However, the index of inequality of outcomes is three times higher than in the countries included in the first cluster. The tree graph classification of the countries of the world has been constructed on the basis of indicators of sustainable development. The computer models, which are presented in this paper, aim to solve the main problems of sustainable development. They can also be applicable in many other fields, including international relations, economics, and management systems.
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Zheng, Ge. "Reconsidering Economic Development and Free Trade -Taking China’s Rare Earth Industry as an Example." International Journal of Law, Ethics, and Technology 2021, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55574/xgzj2182.
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Free Trade is shaped by a system of rules made by WTO and other international organizations initially dominated by the United States and other developed countries. The seemingly fair rules are based on the status quo and designed to consolidate it, in which the “trade barriers” for the developing countries to export their raw materials and cheap labor should be removed and the high added-value manufactured goods should be free to enter the domestic markets of every country. After China joined the WTO, it emerged as a game-changer by following the rules. How China escaped the “resource curse” experienced by many developing countries and became an industrialized developing country capable of competing with the developed countries on fair terms? This paper uses China’s rare earth industry and related industrial policy and law as an example to formulate a narrative in which relationship between law and development can be reconsbidered from the perspective of the developing world.
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Maiwada, Umar Danjuma, and Ahmad Aliyu Jamoh. "Using Science, Technology, and Innovation (Sti); in Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Countries (Dcs)." Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v1i1.142.
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University-industry relations need to be strengthened; several institutions have technology transfer offices that assist in the formation of spin-off companies. On inventions and technologies, different commercialization routes, the functions of technology transfer offices, and diverse organizational structures will be examined. By showing current innovation and technology, this paper contributes to attaining sustainable development for developed nations by academic and agricultural industry report, development, and commercialization operations. This research aims to analyses and completely examine the scientific and technical literacy approaches for sustainable development in industrialized nations. The evident necessity of sustainable development on supporting scientific and technical advancement in the world's "developed," "developing," and "under-developed" countries is obvious. In this research, we look at how most countries maintain scientific and technical progress. The study also looked at the ideas that underpin the implementation of scientific and technical literacy, with a focus on sustainable development. As a result, proposals on how the Federal government or other agencies may promote sustainable interms of science, technology, including innovation were made.
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Ollila, Eeva, and Elina Hemminki. "Does Licensing of Drugs in Industrialized Countries Guarantee Drug Quality and Safety for Third World Countries? The Case of Norplant Licensing in Finland." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 2 (April 1997): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/d4tx-hq5j-b095-7wey.
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Norplant® implantable contraceptives were developed mainly for use in Third World countries, but first were approved for marketing in Finland in 1983 and in Sweden in 1985. Since then Norplant has been approved in more than 40 countries, most of them in the Third World. The authors analyzed the clinical documentation submitted to the Finnish and Swedish drug control authorities, and the assessments made of the data. The Finnish review process lasted for three years, and the number of data increased substantially during that time. The authors have not been allowed to publish the clinical data submitted in Finland, but a reconstruction from the Swedish data showed that the clinical data were of poor quality and were mainly focused on assessing efficacy. Side effects, acceptability, and requirements of the health care system for proper use of Norplant were poorly studied. This example of Norplant licensing in Finland shows that licensing of drugs in industrialized countries is insufficient for guaranteeing their safety in Third World countries.
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Joshi, T. K. "Work Security Impacts in Developing Countries: India." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tpnq-u5vw-85xr-uuc4.
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Given the rapid pace of globalization, newly industrialized countries cannot adequately protect workers from emerging hazards. Only 5–10% of workers in developing countries have access to occupational health services. Work-related health problems are exacerbated by a scarcity of resources, socio-economic dislocation, and poor general health status. The author considers the case of India and looks at its background in occupational safety and health (OSH) regulation, national health policy, and recent experience. He notes the decline in trade unions and rise of hazardous industries, and presents a case study of the situation in the state of Delhi. He concludes that the progress of OSH has stalled since economic reform. The high rate of injury and illness is a bad omen for productivity. Lowering the guard on safety and health will ultimately harm the businesses that currently seek to profit from it. The well-being of workers may deteriorate further if poor enforcement and wide-spread ignorance of OSH persist. Labor standards must be reevaluated and responsible legislation must be developed. Training and nutrition subsidies should be offered to increase productivity and improve worker health.
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Azzimonti, Marina, Eva de Francisco, and Vincenzo Quadrini. "Financial Globalization, Inequality, and the Rising Public Debt." American Economic Review 104, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 2267–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.8.2267.
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During the last three decades government debt has increased in most developed countries. During the same period we have also observed a significant liberalization of international financial markets. We propose a multicountry model with incomplete markets and show that governments may choose higher levels of debt when financial markets become internationally integrated. We also show that public debt increases with the volatility of uninsurable income (idiosyncratic risk). To the extent that the increase in income inequality observed in some industrialized countries has been associated with higher idiosyncratic risk, the paper suggests another potential mechanism for the rise in public debt. (JEL D31, E62, F65, H63)