Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industrie de granulat'

Les floculants à base de polyacrylamide (PAM) sont produits à partir du monomère toxique : l’acrylamide (AMD) et peuvent en contenir des quantités résiduelles (jusqu’à 0,1% en Europe). Après utilisation pour faciliter la séparation solide/liquide des eaux de procédés dans les industries de granulat, ces floculants sont stockés avec les boues de décantation dans des lagunes à partir desquelles une dissémination de l’AMD et du PAM vers les eaux de surface ou les eaux souterraines peut avoir lieu. Dans ces travaux de thèse, les interactions du PAM et de l’AMD avec des particules de boue et des phases argileuses (kaolinite et illite, utilisées pour étanchéifier les lagunes de décantation) ont été étudiées. Pour pouvoir quantifier correctement l’AMD, une méthode d’analyse basée sur la HPLC/MS/MS en injection directe a été développée. Cette méthode a été validée avec les normes Afnor NF T 90-210 et NF T 90-220 avec une limite de quantification égale à 1 µg/L. L’étude de l’interaction de l’AMD avec des particules de boue d’un site de granulat et deux argiles (kaolinite et illite) a mis en évidence une faible adsorption de l’AMD sur ces phases solides (<10%), indépendante du temps, de la concentration en AMD et du pH. Inversement, le PAM s’adsorbe fortement et irréversiblement sur la boue, la kaolinite et l’illite avec une cinétique rapide de 1er ordre. Les isothermes d’adsorption sont bien corrélées avec les modèles de Langmuir et de Freundlich. Les quantités d’adsorption du PAM sont indépendantes du pH des suspensions mais fortement impactées par la force ionique qui influence les interactions électrostatiques entre le PAM et les surfaces solides
Polyacrylamide (PAM) based floculants are produced from the highly toxic acrylamide (AMD) monomer and can contain residual amounts (up to 0.1% in Europe) of AMD. After they are used to facilitate liquid/solid separation of process water in aggregate quarries, PAM floculants are stored, with the sewage sludge, in decantation lagoons. Dissemination of AMD and PAM to groundwater and surface water from these lagoons can occur. In this work, we aimed to study the interactions of AMD and PAM with sludge particles and clays (kaolinite and illite used for decantation lagoon sealing) from aggregate quarry. To correctly quantify the AMD, analytical method based on HPLC/MS/MS with direct injection was developed. This method was validated according to the Afnor guidelines (NF T 90-210 and NF T 90-220) with a limit of quantification of 1 µg/L. Results of AMD adsorption experiments showed a low adsorption of AMD to sludge and clay (kaolinite and illite) particles, which is independent of time, AMD concentration and pH. Inversely, PAM was found to adsorb strongly and irreversibly to sludge, kaolinite and illite with a rapid kinetic of adsorption which consists of first order kinetic. Adsorption isotherms are well correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich models. PAM adsorption quantities are independent on the pH of suspensions, but are strongly impacted by the ionic strength which affects electrostatic interactions between PAM and solid surfaces

El presente estudio tiene por finalidad determinar la viabilidad de la instalación de una planta de producción de panela granula en la región de Lima a través del desarrollo de los principales aspectos comerciales, tecnológicos y financieros. Se desarrolló el estudio de mercado para definir el mercado meta al cual irá el producto, que está conformado por los habitantes de Lima Metropolitana de 18 a 60 años de edad del sector socioeconómico A con un estilo de vida sofisticado1. Utilizando esta segmentación y las encuestas realizadas para medir la intención e intensidad de compra del producto se determinó que la demanda del proyecto será de 177 toneladas de panela granulada para el último año del mismo
This project aims to determine the feasibility of installing a production plant of granulated panela in the region of Lima through the development of major commercial, technological and financial aspects. A market research was developed to define the target market of the product, which is conformed by the inhabitants of Lima from 18 to 60 years of socioeconomic sector A with a sophisticated lifestyle2. Using this segmentation and surveys to measure the intent and intensity of purchase, it was determined that the demand of the project is 177 tons of granulated panela for the last year of it.
Trabajo de investigación

Granular media continue to be among the most manipulated materials found in various industries. Particle interactions in granular flow has fundamental importance in analyzing the performance of a wide range of key engineering applications such as hoppers, tumblers, and mixers etc. In spite of such ubiquitous presence, till date, our understanding of the granular flow is very limited. This restricts our ability to design efficient and optimal granular processing equipment. Additionally, the existing design abilities are also constrained by the number of particles to be analyzed, where, a typical industrial application involves millions of particles. This motivated the current research where investigations on the above limitations are pursued from three different angles: experimental, theoretical, and simulation. More specifically, this work aims to study particle-wall interaction and developing a computationally efficient cellular automata simulation framework for industrial granular applications. Towards this end, the current research is divided into two part: (I) energy dissipation during particle-wall interaction (II) cellular automata modeling. In part I, detailed experiments are performed on various sphere-thin plate combinations to measure the coefficient of restitution (COR) which is a measure of energy dissipation and it is one of the most important input parameters in any granular simulation. Alternatively, the energy dissipation measure also used to evaluate the elastic impact performance of superelastic Nitinol 60 material. Explicit finite element simulations are performed to gain detail understanding of the contact process and underlying parameters such as contact forces, stress-strain fields, and energy dissipation modes. A parametric study reveals a critical value of plate thickness above which the effect of plate thickness on the energy dissipation can be eliminated in the equipment design. It is found that the existing analytical expressions has limited applicability in predicting the above experimental and numerical results. Therefore, a new theoretical model for the coefficient of restitution is proposed which combines the effect of plastic deformation and plate thickness (i.e. flexural vibrations). In part II, in order to advance the existing granular flow modeling capabilities for the industry (dry and slurry flows) a cellular automata (CA) modeling framework is developed which can supplement the physically rigorous but computationally demanding discrete element method (DEM). These include a three-dimensional model which takes into account particle friction and spin during collision processing, which provides the ability to handle flows beyond solely the kinetic regime, and a multiphase framework which combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with CA to model multi-million particle count applications such as particle-laden flows and slurry flows.

Au Québec, des milliers de tonnes de résidus de béton sont issus de la démolition des infrastructures et des milliers de tonnes de verre sont récupérés annuellement. Seulement près de la moitié de ces résidus sont réutilisés. La pression pour trouver des applications potentielles permettant une réutilisation optimale de ces résidus de démolition est grandissante. Dans un contexte de développement durable, la ville de Montréal a comme défi de réutiliser tous les matériaux de démolition qu’elle génère et tout le verre qu’elle récupère. Ce projet de recherche, financé par la ville de Montréal, s’inscrit donc dans une perspective de valorisation des matériaux recyclés et de développement de matériaux innovants et durables. L’objectif de cette étude de recherche est d’étudier et d’évaluer les divers potentiels d’application des granulats de béton recyclé et des granulats de verre recyclé dans les bétons compactés au rouleau. Le programme d’essais réalisé dans le cadre de cette étude comporte quatre phases. Dans un premier temps, des essais réalisés sur les matériaux recyclés ont permis de mieux les caractériser afin de formuler des mélanges de BCR optimaux. Par la suite, les propriétés à l’état frais et les propriétés mécaniques des BCR ont été réalisées en laboratoire. L’analyse de ces propriétés a permis de déterminer un taux de remplacement optimal. Ce taux de remplacement a été utilisé afin d’évaluer l’impact sur la durabilité des mélanges. Finalement, des analyses sommaires ont été réalisées afin de démontrer l’impact économique et environnemental d’un remplacement granulaire par des MR-2 dans les BCR. Les travaux de recherches ont montré qu’un remplacement granulaire par des matériaux recyclés affecte les propriétés à l’état frais, les propriétés mécaniques et la durabilité des BCR. Il a été montré qu’un taux de remplacement de ± 40 % dans le cas des granulats de béton recyclé et de ± 25 % dans le cas des granulats de verre recyclés permet d’obtenir un BCR présentant des propriétés satisfaisantes. Finalement, des analyses sommaires démontrent que l’utilisation de matériaux recyclés dans les BCR est profitable tant en matière économique et qu’en matière environnementale.

The supply and bulk handling of raw materials is of fundamental importance in many facets of the manufacturing community, the scope of which ranges from mining to pharmaceuticals and critical aspects of steel production. This thesis is based on the development of a 3D spherical ''Discrete Element Method" (DEM) modelling code to assist in the computer simulation of granular flow through a steelworks industrial environment. Presented in this work is a thorough evaluation and review of DEM techniques, highlighting the variety of discrete elements, contact special searches and contact interaction forces. Also addressed here is a validation of the current DEM Fortran code, using the effects of frictional forces on particulate flowing behaviour, in terms of "Angles of Repose". The introduction of these forces followed a "Linear Spring Dash-pot" (LSD) method and "Soft Sphere" approach where contact penetration is small in comparison with element diameter. Both surface and boundary deformations were neglected during contact interaction and boundary conditions were implemented using a "Solid Works" 3D design package. The results of the validation and frictional inputs in this modelling case were used as a calibration to set initial parameters of the discrete elements when simulating different material size distributions, and inter-particulate bonding scenarios due to the influence of moisture. To introduce attractive force due to moisture a "Toriodal Approximation'' was used in conjunction with the "Soft Sphere" method that showed novelty in contact interactions between elements of differing radii. The model was ultimately applied to practical material flow situations that exhibit system deterioration and inter-particulate degradation leading to atmospheric dust suspension. To express quantitive information kinetic energy transfer was recorded at boundary impact scenarios to isolate regions of severe momentum change and high intensity flow rates. The resulting energy trend examinations relating to extensive theoretical application of the current model correlated strongly with actual equipment damage and material flow patterns. The acquisition of data in this format delivers a 3D insight into the internal dynamics of material flow through a domain and could be essential in developmental optimisation.

Esta tesis doctoral versa sobre la eliminación simultánea de compuestos fenólicos con reactores de biomasa granular trabajando en continuo. El estudio está dividido en dos partes principales; el primer tema trata sobre la modelización de la nitritación, mientras que el otro está dedicado al trabajo experimental sobre la nitritación y eliminación simultánea de compuestos fenólicos. En el estudio de modelización, se desarrolló un modelo matemático de biopelícula para describir la nitritación en reactores de biomasa granular aerobia operando en continuo. El modelo incorpora una estrategia de control del ratio [DO]/[TAN], para mantener un valor deseado de la relación entre las concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto (DO) en el efluente del reactor y nitrógeno amoniacal total [TAN]. El modelo se validó con un gran número de datos experimentales previamente publicados en la bibliografía, así como con datos obtenidos de reactores granulares tratando agua de rechazo a escala laboratorio y piloto. El modelo se utilizó para estudiar el efecto de: a) las consignas de DO y TAN, b) la temperatura de operación, c) las características de la biopelícula (tamaño de partícula, densidad) y d) la concentración de amonio en el afluente, sobre la consecución de la nitritación completa. Los resultados indicaron que la nitritación completa se mantuvo estable y se potenció usando la estrategia de control de la proporción [DO]/[TAN] en la operación del reactor de biomasa granular aerobia. Además, el modelo predijo que gránulos aerobios mayores a 1.5 mm y concentraciones altas de amonio en el afluente potenciaba la obtención de nitritación completa estable, mientras que la densidad de biopelículas tenía poca influencia en este estudio. Además se demostró que era posible la nitritación total a bajas temperaturas con reactores de biomasa granular. Para el trabajo experimental, se utilizó un reactor tipo airlift. Para la puesta en marcha del reactor, se utilizó como inóculo biomasa de un reactor de biomasa granular aerobia que realizaba eliminación de nutrientes. Como alimento del reactor se utilizó un agua residual sintética con un alto contenido de amonio (950 ± 25 mg N L-1). El reactor se operó hasta la obtención de nitritación parcial. Una vez obtenida la nitritación parcial, el reactor se bioaumentó con un lodo activo que contenía biomasa degradadora de p-nitrofenol (PNP) para mejorar el crecimiento de microorganismos degradadores de fenol sobre los gránulos nitrificantes. Acto seguido, mientras el reactor trataba una carga elevada de amonio, se añadieron progresivamente al afluente o-cresol (hasta 100 mg L-1) o PNP (hasta 15 mg L-1), siendo éstos alimentados al reactor con el objetivo de estudiar la nitritación parcial simultánea a la eliminación de o-cresol o de PNP. En el estudio de la nitritación parcial simultánea a la eliminación de o-cresol, se mantuvo el proceso de nitritación parcial estable durante más de 100 días de operación. Además, se obtuvo una biodegradación completa de o-cresol durante todo el periodo experimental. También se realizaron choques de carga de o-cresol, durante los cuales el proceso de nitritación parcial se mantuvo estable y sin verse afectado por esos eventos. Las cargas volumétricas obtenidas de nitrógeno (NLRV) y de o-cresol (CLRV) fueron de 1.1 g N L-1 d-1 y 0.11 g o-cresol L-1 d-1, respectivamente. El análisis de hibridación in situ de fluorescencia (FISH) indicó que en los gránulos había presencia del género Acinetobacter, de bacterias amonio-oxidantes betaproteobacteriales y de Nitrobacter sp. Posteriormente, se continuó con la operación del reactor, y se llevó a cabo un experimento relacionado con el funcionamiento del reactor bajo tres escenarios de alternancia secuencial de contaminantes (SAP). En cada uno de los escenarios SAP se añadieron 15 mg L-1 de compuestos fenólicos secundarios (i.e. PNP, fenol y 2-clorofenol (2CP)) al afluente por un periodo de tiempo corto (entre 20 y 25 años). Los resultados ilustraron que se mantuvo la nitritación parcial y la biodegradación de o-cresol sin mostrar ningún signo de inhibición por la presencia de PNP o de fenol. Sin embargo, en presencia de 2CP en el afluente, se registró durante tres días un 90% de la nitritación parcial y un 25% de la degradación de o-cresol. Estos resultados sugieren que las bacterias amonio oxidantes (AOB) son mas sensibles a la inhibición por 2CP que las heterótrofas (degradadoras de o-cresol). En el estudio de la nitritación simultánea a la eliminación de PNP, se mantuvo la nitritación durante la mayor parte del periodo operacional, obteniéndose un efluente adecuado para la desnitrificación heterotrófica. Sin embargo, durante los primeros 175 días, la biodegradación de PNP fue inestable, observándose diversos episodios de acumulación de PNP. Esta acumulación se determinó que era debida a las condiciones limitantes de DO. El incremento de la concentración de DO en el reactor de 2 a 4 mg O2 L-1 permitió obtener eliminación completa y estable de PNP hasta el fin del periodo experimental. Las NLRV y la carga de PNP obtenidas fueron de 1.0 g N L-1 d-1 y 16 mg PNP L-1 d-1, respectivamente. Además, se evaluó el funcionamiento del reactor realizando dos estudios de hambruna, i) hambruna de PNP y ii) hambruna total (parada del reactor). Los resultados mostraron que 2 días después al fin del periodo de hambruna se obtuvo una recuperación total de la degradación de PNP, mientas que la recuperación total de la nitritación simultánea a la eliminación de PNP se consiguió solo 11 después de volver a poner en marcha el reactor. En conclusión, el uso de reactores de biomasa granular aerobia para realizar nitritación simultánea a la eliminación de compuestos fenólicos es factible. Ésta podría ser considerada la mejor técnica disponible para el tratamiento aguas residuales industriales complejas con contenido de amonio en alta carga y compuestos fenólicos. Se ha probado que la biomasa granular aerobia es resistente a sobrecargas puntuales, a presencia alterna de compuestos recalcitrantes y a periodos de hambruna; estas condiciones, debido a los cambios de planificación de la producción, pueden encontrarse frecuentemente en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales. En un futuro próximo, proponemos que la nitritación simultánea a la eliminación de compuestos fenólicos podría combinarse tanto con la desnitrificación heterotrófica o con el proceso anammox para una eliminación sostenible del nitrógeno.
The simultaneous nitritation and phenolic compounds removal using aerobic granular reactors in continuous mode were studied in this Ph.D. thesis. The study is divided into two main subjects; the first one is devoted to the modeling of nitritation while the other part is dedicated to the experimental work of simultaneous nitritation and phenolic compounds removal using granular reactors. In the modeling study, a mathematical biofilm model was developed to describe nitritation in aerobic granular reactors operating in continuous mode. The model incorporated a [DO]/[TAN] ratio control strategy to maintain the proportion between the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the reactor effluent to a desired value. The model was validated with a large set of experimental results previously reported in the literature, as well as, data gathered from laboratory scale and pilot plant granular reactors treating reject water. The model was used to study the effect of: a) DO and TAN setpoints, b) operating temperature, c) biofilm characteristics (granules size, density) and d) ammonium concentrations in the influent on the achievement of full nitritation. The results indicated that full nitritation was stably maintained and enhanced by applying the [DO]/[TAN] ratio control strategy in the operation of aerobic granular sludge reactor. Moreover, the model predicted that aerobic granules size larger than 1.5 mm and high ammonium concentrations in the influent enhanced the achievement of stable full nitritation, while poor influence of the biofilm density was found with the simulation study. Furthermore, at low temperature, full nitritation with granular reactors was demonstrated to be possible. In the experimental work, an airlift reactor was employed. In the reactor start-up, granular sludge from a reactor performing biological nutrient removal was used as inoculum. A synthetic wastewater containing high-strength ammonium concentrations (950 ± 25 mg N L- 1) was fed into the airlift reactor. The reactor was operated until partial nitritation was obtained. Once partial nitritation was achieved, the airlift reactor was bioaugmented with pnitrophenol (PNP)-degrading activated sludge to enhance the growth of phenolic-degraders over the nitrifying granules. Immediately, o-cresol (up to 100 mg L-1) or PNP (up to 15 mg L- 1) were progressively added to the high-strength ammonium influent and fed into the reactor with the objective of studying the simultaneous partial nitritation and o-cresol removal and the simultaneous nitritation and (PNP) removal. First, in the study of simultaneous partial nitritation and o-cresol removal, a stably partial nitritation process was maintained for more than 100 days of operation. Moreover, full biodegradation of o-cresol was achieved during the whole experimental period. Also, o-cresol shock load events were applied and the partial nitritation process was kept stable and unaffected during these events. The achievable nitrogen loading rate (NLRv) and o-cresol loading rate (CLRv) were ca. 1.1 g N L-1d-1 and 0.11 g o-cresol L-1d-1, respectively. Analysis of fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) indicated that Acinetobacter genus, betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Nitrobacter sp. were present into the granules. Later, the operation of the reactor was continued, and an experiment devoted to the performance of the reactor under three sequentially alternating pollutant (SAP) scenarios was executed. In each one of the SAP scenarios, 15 mg L-1 of the secondary phenolic compounds (i.e. p-nitrophenol (PNP), phenol and 2-chlorophenol (2CP)) were added in the regular influent for a short period of time (between 20 to 25 days). The results illustrated that partial nitritation and o-cresol biodegradation were maintained without exhibiting any sign of inhibition by the presence of PNP or phenol. However, when 2CP was present in the influent, 90 % of the partial nitritation and 25 % of the o-cresol degradation was inhibited within three days. This finding suggests that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is more sensitive to 2CP inhibition than heterotrophs (o-cresol-degraders). Second, in the study of simultaneous nitritation and PNP removal, nitritation was maintained during most of the operation period producing an effluent suitable for heterotrophic denitrification. However, in the first 175 days, PNP biodegradation was unstable and several accumulation episodes occurred. The oxygen limiting condition was found to be the main explanation of these events. The increase of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in the reactor from 2 to 4 mg O2 L-1 permitted to achieve complete and stable PNP removal till the end of the experimental period. The achieved NLRv and PNP loading rate (PNP-LRv) were ca. 1.0 g N L-1d-1 and 16 mg PNP L-1d-1, respectively. Besides, the performance of the reactor was further assessed by performing two starvation studies, i) PNP starvation and ii) total starvation period (reactor shutdown). Results show that full recovery of PNP degradation was achieved within 2 days after the PNP starvation period ended, while full recovery of simultaneous nitritation and PNP removal was accomplished in just 11 days after the restart of the reactor. In conclusion, the use of continuous aerobic granular reactors for the simultaneous nitritation and phenolic compounds removal is feasible. This could be regarded as a best available technique for the treatment of complex industrial wastewaters containing high-strength ammonium concentrations and phenolic compounds. Aerobic granules are proven to be resistant and resilient to the shock loads, to the alternating presence of recalcitrant compounds and to starvation periods; conditions frequently found in industrial wastewater treatment plants due to changes on the industrial production schedules. In the near future, we propose the simultaneous nitritation and phenolic compounds removal should be combined with either heterotrophic denitrification or Anammox for sustainable nitrogen removal.

L’objectif essentiel de ce travail consiste à préparer des grains, à la fois, uniformes et consistants destinés à l’adsorption dynamique sur lit fixe de certains polluants susceptibles de polluer les eaux. Pour préparer ces grains, nous avons utilisé le procédé de la granulation humide d’une bentonite algérienne initialement traitée et modifiée par pontage à l’aide d���un mélangeur granulateur à haut taux de cisaillement. Les conditions de préparation de ces complexes organo-inorgano-argileux granulés (COIAG) sont liées au rapport massique de mouillage (L/S), à la concentration en liant (silicone) et à la vitesse de rotation du mélangeur. L’application dans l’adsorption en système monocomposé simple et/ou en mélange binaire, en réacteur discontinu, montre bien l’efficacité de cette nouvelle génération de grains adsorbants (qmax>350 mg/g à pH=6) vis-à-vis des deux colorants utilisés (Jaune Basique 28 -JB28- et Vert Malachite -VM-). Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’adsorption en mode continu (en réacteur à lit fixe ascendant) montent globalement que la durée de vie du lit de l’adsorbeur dépend essentiellement de la vitesse superficielle du flux entrant, de la concentration initiale en polluant et de la hauteur du lit d’adsorbant
The aim of the study was to prepare resistant and spherical inorgano-organo pillared clays (GIOC) granules for wastewater treatment using a new and simple method named high-shear wet granulation. To optimize the preparation method, the effects of the main process parameters, such as binder concentration, liquid to solid ratio and impeller speed on granule properties (size distribution, friability and disintegration tests) were investigated. Their use in the single-component adsorption systems and / or binary mixtures in a batch reactor, shows the effectiveness of this new generation of grain adsorbents (qmax> 350 mg/g at pH = 6) towards two basic dyes (Basic Yellow BY28 Yellow and Green Malachite G. M. ). Furthermore, the results of dynamic adsorption in fixed bed showed that the efficiency of bed is function of superficial velocity, the initial concentration of pollutant and the height of the adsorbent bed

L'objectif de ce travail est d'anticiper l'accès à la ressource granulats au-delà des schémas actuels à long terme en France. Cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR " ANTAG ", a principalement pour but la création et l'exploitation d'un système d'aide à la décision pour le marché national des granulats permettant de simuler les effets à l'échelle de 30 ans de décisions liées à l'approvisionnement des granulats et au développement de la consommation et du transport. L'approche suivie s'appuie sur un modèle de type top-down, macro-économique et il est fondé sur le principe de modélisation System Dynamics. L'apport principal est le mécanisme qui décrit l'équilibre du marché entre les sources d'approvisionnement par distribution de la surcapacité sur les sources d'approvisionnement et qui permet de modéliser et de piloter la compétition entre les acteurs. Un scénario de base, construit à partir de données historiques, sert à concevoir sept scénarios provoqués par des " actions de rupture " qui sont analysés en termes d'évolution des variables clés économiques et environnementales. La puissance du modèle réside dans sa capacité à s'enrichir de nouvelles fonctionnalités permettant d'introduire de nouveaux mécanismes secondaires
This research aims at anticipating the access to construction aggregates in France in future years. The thesis, which is based on the ANTAG-project funded by the French national research agency, focuses on the construction and application of a decision support system for the national aggregates market allowing for the simulation of the consequences of decisions concerning the supply end as well was for consumption and transport over a 30 year period. The macroeconomic top-down model is calibrated using the principle of System Dynamics. One key issue in this work is the introduction of a mechanism detailing the market balance between the supply sources by a distribution of the overcapacity. This allows one to model and monitor the relative competitiveness of the actors. A base case scenario was performed using historical data and formed the starting point of seven scenarios, which are caused by "breaking actions" and analysed based on their economic and environmental output parameters. One enormous advantage of the model is the fact that it offers vast potential for new features and add-ons, which are essential for the introduction of secondary feedback mechanisms

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T22:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
A cor dos efluentes têxteis se dá devido aos corantes utilizados no processamento têxtil. O presente trabalho investigou através de estudos em laboratório, o tratamento de efluentes têxteis através da floculação em meio granular expandido, dos efluentes bruto, pré-ozonizado, e pré-ozonizado tratado biologicamente. Como material de estudo, foi utilizado o efluente da Indústria Têxtil Damyller, situada no município de Nova Veneza.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la calificación del equipo empleado en los procesos de secado del granulado de formas farmacéuticas sólidas, donde se dan operaciones de transferencia de calor y masa. La calificación consistió en la realización del protocolo de calificación de instalación operación y desempeño para la estufa de secado de lecho estático. En referencia a la calificación de instalación, se verificó la documentación de la instalación de los distintos componentes del equipo, así como del sistema eléctrico. Para la calificación de operación, se verificó el funcionamiento de los diferentes dispositivos, la documentación de los procedimientos de operación, mantenimiento, la verificación de alarmas, y el desarrollo de pruebas para la comprobación de su funcionamiento. Respecto a la calificación de desempeño, se diseñó una metodología para la evaluación de las variables de control del equipo, mediante la evaluación de la distribución de calor en la estufa con carga y la determinación del porcentaje de humedad del granulado. De acuerdo a la información obtenida, en el protocolo de calificación, se elaboró un reporte final de calificación del equipo, concluyendo que la estufa de secado de lecho estático está calificada.
Tesis

Les granulats vitreux de tuf volcanique a zeolites possedent des proprietes physiques et chimiques remarquables pour la creation de nouveaux amendements fertilisants. En exploitaant au mieux leurs proprietes (porosite, surface specifiques retention d'eau, capacite d'echange cationique), nous avons etudie l'interaction de l'orthophosphate acide (phosphate monopotassique) et de l'orthophosphate alcalin (phosphate d'iammonique) avec le tuf volcanique. Differentes figures d'interaction ont ete detectees : amorphes, cristallines et d'adsorption. Leur fraction est fonction des parametres physico-chimiques des traitements effectuees en autoclave. La gamme des composes obtenus presente un echelonnement des solubilites du phosphore, de l'ammonium et du potassium

Les résidus miniers représentent les sous-produits minéraux finement broyés issus des procédés de traitement et d’enrichissement des minerais. Durant l’exploitation d’une mine, ces rejets sont habituellement transportés sous formes de pulpes et entreposés en surface dans des aires d’accumulation appelées parcs à résidus. Ces derniers sont des ouvrages, le plus souvent, difficiles à gérer et coûteux à restaurer. Ils sont à l’origine d’une multitude d’impacts environnementaux qui dépendent principalement de leur potentiel polluant, de leur mode de gestion, de la stabilité physique des infrastructures de confinement et des conditions climatiques spécifiques au site d’entreposage. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs études ont été entreprises afin de développer de nouvelles techniques qui permettraient une gestion effective et durable de ces sous-produits minéraux. Des voies de valorisation dans le domaine du BTP ont ainsi été explorées. Les résultats ont montré la possibilité de réutilisation de certains rejets miniers comme matériaux cimentaires et additifs pour mortiers ou béton. Toutefois, la majorité des formulations proposées n’ont pas dépassé le stade du laboratoire. De plus, l’utilisation des rejets miniers comme matériaux de construction est encore sujet à des difficultés en matière d’acceptabilité sociale et à d’innombrables préoccupations, notamment leur stabilité physico-chimique et leur éco-compatibilité. En parallèle, l’utilisation artisanale et non contrôlée des rejets miniers à faibles teneurs en sulfures comme matériaux de construction est en pleine croissance dans quelques pays tel que le Maroc. En effet, à proximité de quelques sites miniers abandonnés, ces rejets sont considérés comme des sables naturels et sont utilisés pour la confection de mortier de finition et de surfaçage des murs d’habitations. Ce recyclage artisanal peut constituer des risques mécaniques et environnementaux liés surtout à la non-conformité mécanique de ces matériaux et à la présence de concentrations non négligeables de métaux résiduels dans les rejets miniers. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est donc d’évaluer l’impact de l’utilisation actuelle de deux rejets miniers marocains (Zeida et Mibladen), communément utilisés comme agrégats dans la région de la haute-Moulouya, sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des mortiers de finition et d’étudier, sur le long terme, le relargage des métaux lourds en scénario de lixiviation. Ce travail se donne aussi comme objectif spécifique, d’étudier la faisabilité technique d’utilisation des rejets miniers à faible teneur en sulfures comme substituant au sable conventionnel pour la confection de mortiers d’enduit et de maçonnerie
Mine tailings represent the finely ground industrial by products generated throw beneficiation of ore minerals. During mine exploitation, these tailings are generally transported in slurry form to large storage facilities, called tailings ponds or impoundments. These facilities are, in most cases, difficult to manage and expensive to rehabilitate. They are responsible for the generation of important environmental impacts and significant ecological disruptions, depending on their pollution potential, management technique, physical stability and the climate conditions. In this context, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new techniques for a sustainable management of mine tailings. The feasibility of reusing some tailings in the construction sector as cementing materials and additives for mortars or concretes were successfully achieved. However, the majority of the conducted studies are still at laboratory stages. Moreover the reuse of tailings as construction material is yet subject of numerous difficulties in term of social acceptance. Various parameters are also of concern, especially the physical and chemical stability of tailings as well as their eco-compatibility. In parallel, the uncontrolled reuse of low sulfide tailings as construction material is increasing in some developing countries (e.g. Morocco). In fact, nearby some abandoned mine sites, these tailings are considered as natural sands and are used for the manufacture of surface finishing mortars. This traditional recycling may constitute mechanical and environmental risks, principally related to tailings mechanical unconformity and to their non-negligible residual metal concentrations. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the actual impact of two Moroccan mine tailings (named Zeida and Mibladen), commonly used as aggregates in the Upper-Moulouya region, on the mechanical properties of mortars and on their long term environmental behavior. This work has also as specific aim, to study the technical feasibility of using low sulfide tailings as sand substitute for the manufacture of rendering and masonry mortars. To attain this aim, a thorough characterization of the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties as well as the geochemical behavior of mine tailings was carried out. Mechanical properties of tailings-based mortars were then measured and compared to reference samples (sand-based mortars) using different tests such as setting time, entrained air volume and compressive strength. In parallel, mortars durability and hydration products were evaluated by mean of durability tests (wetting drying cycles, sulfate attack and acid rain simulation) and analytical methods (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis). Finally, mortar samples were submitted to various leaching tests to evaluate the pollution potential of these matrices

Après un examen technologique des procédés de démolition et de concassage des débris, compte rendu de divers essais réalisés sur béton fabriqué à partir de béton recyclé: possibilités et critères de préparation. Dans la 2eme partie, réflexion à partir de l'information disponibles sur les possibilités d'utilisation de divers déchets (laitiers de hauts fourneaux, schistes houillers, phosphogypse, cendres volantes, débris de démolition) comme granulats courants, granulats légers, liants hydrauliques, pour blocs en béton, pour la production de plâtre.

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The oral administration of drugs for systemic effects is the most common way used in medical treatment. Among these, drugs as tablets are the most used. The granulation is a process that seeks to improve the transportation of powder in the compacting machine by the agglomeration of particles. The fluidized bed drying added to "spray dryer" technique is commonly used to form granules that reaches the required characteristics of a uniform grain, with strict control of final humidity of the granules and relatively short process when compared to other techniques for drugs production. Metformin is a drug displayed as hydrochloride and orally administered as coated tablets. It is indicated for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. In order to improve productivity in an industrial fluidized bed used in the granulation and drying of Metformin, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of operation conditions used in the process, as particulate material and in the production process. For that purpose, it was performed the study of fluiddynamic granulation and drying of Metformin in fluidized bed in order to investigate the minimum fluidization velocity for the process of this drug. The influence of temperature and speed of drying air in processing time of the formula, and the average particle size were also evaluated. The experiments were elaborated based on the Evolutionary Operation Theory, proposed by Box (1957). It performed the shaping at drying stage. With these experiments was possible to reduce to zero the reworks of batches caused by the formation of preferential channels, which could occur deposition polymer solution on the particulate material. It was also possible to reduce the average processing time in 8 minutes, adding greater productivity and savings for the company where the work was developed. The results achieved, besides the gain in productivity, guide to where efforts should be directed to continue improving productivity, providing a practical methodology for applying the technique that can be applied in the production of other drugs that use the granulation process in fluidized bed.
A administração de fármacos para efeitos sistêmicos por via oral é a forma mais comum dentre os medicamentos. Dentre estes, os medicamentos na forma de comprimidos são os mais empregados. A granulação é um processo que visa melhorar o transporte do pó na máquina compressora por meio da aglomeração de partículas. A secagem em leito fluidizado acoplado à técnica de spray dryer é a técnica comumente empregada para a formação de grânulos que atendam as características necessárias de granulometria uniforme, com controle rigoroso da umidade final do granulado e tempo relativamente curto de processo quando comparado a outras técnicas para produção de medicamentos. A metformina é um fármaco, apresentado na forma de cloridrato, e administrado como comprimidos revestidos por via oral. É indicado no tratamento de diabetes, mais especificamente diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Com o objetivo de aprimorar a produtividade em um leito fluidizado industrial utilizado na granulação e secagem de metformina, faz-se necessário avaliar os efeitos das condições operacionais utilizadas no processo referentes a qualidade material particulado e o processo de produção propriamente dito. Para tanto, realizou-se o estudo fluidodinâmico da granulação e secagem de metformina em leito fluidizado investigando assim a velocidade mínima de fluidização para o processamento deste fármaco. A influência da temperatura e da velocidade do ar de secagem no tempo de processamento da fórmula e no tamanho médio da partícula também foram avaliados. Os experimentos foram elaborados a partir da teoria da Operação Evolutiva, proposta por Box (1957). A modelagem da etapa de secagem também foi realizada. Por meio dos experimentos realizados conseguiu-se reduzir a zero os reprocessos de bateladas por formação de canais preferenciais, onde poderia ocorrer deposição de solução polimérica sobre o material particulado. Foi possível também reduzir o tempo médio de processamento em 8 minutos, agregando maior produtividade e economia para a empresa na qual este trabalho foi desenvolvido. Os resultados obtidos mostram que houve ganhos em relação a produtividade, e norteiam para onde os esforços devem ser direcionados para continuidade do melhoramento de produtividade, fornecendo uma metodologia prática para aplicação da técnica que poderá ser aplicada na produção de outros fármacos que utilizam o processo de granulação por via úmida em leito fluidizado.

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A remoção de cromo hexavalente de soluções de surfactante aniônico (LAS) por carvão ativado granulado (CAG) comercial foi estudada. Na caracterização do CAG foram empregados métodos padronizados ASTM (diâmetro médio de Sauter, dDMS e pH) e método BET (S, área superficial específica). Os grupos de superfície e PCZ do adsorvente foram determinados, pelo método de Boehm e titulação potenciométrica, respectivamente. Os resultados da caracterização do adsorvente: dDMS=2,4 mm; pH=9,0; S=677,4 m² g-1; grupos básicos (70%) comparados com os grupos ácidos e o PCZ no intervalo de (4,8-8,6). Os ensaios de adsorção do surfactante LAS foram realizados em mesa agitadora (140 rpm/24 h./27 oC); 2,0 g CAG/50 mL de solução, as concentrações do LAS foram determinadas, pelo método padrão do azul de metileno. Os resultados obtidos da remoção percentual em função da concentração inicial e da remoção percentual em função da variação do tempo em todas as concentrações de LAS estudadas foram superiores a 99 %. Os ensaios de adsorção do metal Cr(VI) (5 – 20 mg/L) foram realizados em banho termostático (140 rpm/27 oC); 2,0 g CAG/50 mL de solução; 1 e 24 horas de processo e sem e com adição de surfactante (70; 140; 210; 280; 350; 533 e 700 mg/L). As concentrações iniciais e residuais de metal foram determinadas pelo método colorimétrico da 1,5 difenilcarbazida. A adsorção do metal, sem a adição de LAS não foi satisfatória, a remoção foi em torno de 15%. O percentual de remoção do metal com adição surfactante atingiu valores, em torno de 70% para a menor concentração do metal (5 mg/L) e entre (58 – 65%) paras as demais concentrações.
The hexavalent chromium removal from solutions of anionic surfactant (LAS) by granular activated carbon (GAC) commercial was studied. At CAG characterization was used ASTM standard method (Sauter mean diameter, dDMS e pH) and method BET (S, specific surface area). Adsorbent surface group and PCZ were determined by the method of Boehm and potentiometric titration, respectively. The adsorbent characterization results: dDMS=2.4 mm, pH=9.0,S=677.4 m²/g; basic groups (70%) compared with the acidic groups and PCZ in the range (4.8 – 8.6). Tests of adsorption of the surfactant LAS were carried out in shaker (140 rpm/24 h./27ºC), 2.0 g CAG/50 mL, the LAS concentration were determined by methylene blue standard method. The removal results versus initial concentration and removal versus time of all LAS concentrations were more than 99%. The adsorption of Cr(VI) (5 – 20 mg/L) were carried out in thermostatic bath (140 rpm/27ºC); 2,0 g CAG/50 mL; 1 and 24 hours of processing; without and with addition of surfactant (70, 140, 210, 280, 350, 533 and 700 mg/L). The initial e residual concentrations of metal were determined by 1,5-diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The metal removal without the addition of LAS was not satisfactory values were obtained, around 15%. The metal removal with surfactant reached values, around 70% to the lowest metal concentration (5 mg/L) and between (58-65%) for the other concentrations.

Les poussières (<3 mm) générées chaque année par les industries minières et métallurgiques ont un impact économique et écologique conséquent. Le recyclage de ces matériaux par l’agglomération à froid et sans liant est la meilleure option, mais ces procédés manquent de prédictibilité. La présente étude vise à améliorer cette prédictibilité grâce à une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes.Une caractérisation étendue des propriétés chimiques, physiques et morphologiques a été réalisée sur les matériaux fins généré durant la production d’alliages de ferromanganèse. Une prédiction qualitative a pu être développée selon des considérations théoriques et empiriques. Des tests de compaction uniaxiale ont été réalisés sur des échantillons de bentonite, kaolinite, minerai enrichi et hausmannite pour tester les hypothèses formulées. Ils ont confirmé l’importance de la présence de matériaux en feuillet et/ou qui se déforment de façon plastique. L’ajout d’humidité et l’accroissement de la pression ont une limite maximale d’efficacité, dépendante du matériau. Des tests de modélisation DEM préliminaires ont été réalisés pour estimer l’impact des variation du module d’Young et de la force et la taille des liens sur la force des agglomérés et leur comportement à la cassure
The mining and metallurgical industries produce significant amount of fine materials (<3mm) each year, which bears a high economic and ecological impact. Recycling these materials through cold, binder-free agglomeration is the best course of action, but still lacks predictability. The present study aims increases this predictability through a deeper comprehension of the phenomena. An extensive characterization of the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of the fine materials generated along the ferromanganese alloy production process was performed. A qualitative prediction of the agglomeration potential of the material was developed based on theoretical and empirical comparisons. Agglomeration experiments using uniaxial compaction were performed on bentonite, kaolinite, enriched ore and hausmannite samples to test the hypothesis formulated. They confirmed the importance of the presence of materials with a layered structure (such as clays) and/or that deform plastically. The moisture addition and the pressure increase have an upper limit of efficiency, depending on the material. Preliminary DEM modelling were performed to assess the impact of the variation of young’s modulus, bond strength and bond size on the simulation of the agglomerate strength and breakage style

L’injection de charbon pulvérisé aux tuyères des hauts fourneaux tend à se généraliser. Des particules imbrulées de charbon migrent alors et se déposent au sein du lit granulaire du haut fourneau. Dans cette perspective, le but de cette étude est de comprendre les mécanismes de transport et de rétention de particules dans un lit granulaire. Une maquette du lit de coke du haut fourneau a été réalisée en similitude, le haut fourneau étant assimilé à un filtre granulaire. Des grains de coke sont utilisés pour fabriquer le lit de la maquette ; des microsphères de verre sont injectées pour représenter le charbon pulvérisé. L’injection des microsphères entraine d'une part une augmentation des pertes de charge dans le lit, et d'autre part une accumulation des particules dans le lit granulaire. Trois comportements différents sont observés. Les particules peuvent être déposées sur le sommet des grains de coke, transportées par le gaz, ou bien accumulées dans le bas du lit. Deux régimes d'accumulation ont été mis en évidence en fonction de la vitesse du gaz: une forte accumulation intervient aux faibles vitesses du gaz, et inversement une faible accumulation aux vitesses élevées. Les pertes de charge dans le lit sont directement reliées aux accumulations de particules. Ces phénomènes sont analogues à ceux observés dans les lits fluidisés. Nous avons étudié l'influence sur l'accumulation des particules dans le lit granulaire de la granulométrie des grains constituant le lit, de la granulométrie des particules injectées, de leur masse volumique et de leur débit. Une représentation théorique du transport et de l'accumulation des particules dans le lit a été élaborée en vue d'une extrapolation des résultats expérimentaux au cas réel du haut fourneau. Cette représentation est basée sur les équations de conservation de la masse et de la quantité de mouvement dans l'écoulement diphasique gaz-particules

In well cementing, the cement slurry is exposed to the conditions far different than those of ordinary Portland cement (PC) used in construction. After placement, hardened cement paste should preserve integrity and provide zonal isolation through the life of the well. American Petroleum Institute (API) Class G cement is the most common cement type used in various well conditions. Class G cement has a high degree of sulfate resistance which makes it more stable than PC when subjected to the compulsive well conditions. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) blended cement has a long history of use in the construction industry, but is not extensively used in well cementing applications. This study presents an experimental program to investigate the applicability of CEM I and GGBFS blended cement pastes in the well cementing industry. Class G cement and blends of CEM I and GGBFS with the proportions (80:20), (60:40), (40:60) and (20:80) are prepared with same water/cement ratio (0.44) as restricted for Class G cement in API Specification 10A to be tested. The cement pastes are cured for ages of 1 day, 7 days and 28 days at 80

Carbone Savoie est une société française spécialisée dans les solutions cathodiques en carbone et graphite pour l’électrolyse de l’aluminium primaire. La fabrication de ces produits requiert un savoir-faire important en raison de la complexité de procédé. Le malaxage, première étape du procédé, permet le mélange intime des particules carbonées et d’un liant. Les grains carbonés de tailles variées comme le coke calciné, anthracite calciné, et le graphite constituent un empilement multimodal d’une dizaine de microns à quelques centimètres. Le liant actuel est liquide à haute température, se caractérise par un haut rendement en carbone, est cokéfiable mais toxique. La législation européenne sur les produits chimiques (REACH) l’a identifié comme « substance extrêmement préoccupante », le risque associé étant une interdiction de son utilisation. Dans ce contexte, Carbone Savoie a lancé un projet de recherche visant à substituer cette matière première dangereuse. Le premier objectif a été de déterminer des compositions possibles pour ce nouveau liant ainsi que leur comportement rhéologique. Une première composition a montré un comportement newtonien à pH basique. Un additif à point de gélification, dont le comportement a fait l’objet d’une étude, a été utilisé pour une deuxième composition. La meilleure méthode de mélange fut ensuite sélectionnée puis son efficacité avec le nouveau liant validée. Une troisième composition, qui est une suspension, a montré un comportement rhéofluidifiant. Cette dernière s’est avérée être la meilleure candidate pour substituer le brai. Le deuxième objectif du travail a été la détermination des conditions de malaxage avec le nouveau liant. L’étude du mélange granulaire carboné est basée sur une méthode de suivi d’intensité de malaxage. Grâce à la courbe d’intensité enregistrée en fonction du ratio massique liquide/solide, les différents états de l’eau dans le mélange en fonction de la saturation en liant du système ont été définis : régime pendulaire, funiculaire, capillaire et goutte. Le régime capillaire est particulièrement intéressant car il s’agit du régime d’extrusion des cathodes. L’influence sur le procédé (cinétique de mouillage, étendue du régime capillaire) de la viscosité du liant a été étudiée : une viscosité élevée permet une plus grande tolérance du procédé vis-à-vis des variations de l’empilement granulaire des matières sèches d’une formulation à l’autre ou encore la difficulté de produire des poudres de granulométrie fixe. Enfin, une corrélation entre les résultats obtenus et l’échelle industrielle a été trouvée. Les propriétés finales d’une cathode peuvent être reliées à la qualité de la pâte en sortie de malaxeur grâce à la détermination de la cohésion via une cellule de cisaillement annulaire
Carbone Savoie is a French company specialized in the production of carbon and graphite cathodic solutions for the primary aluminum industry. The production of cathodes requires an important know-how because of its complex manufacturing process. The first step of the process consists in mixing the carbonaceous raw materials with a binder. The raw materials (calcined coke and anthracite or graphite) have different size and represent a multimodal carbon aggregate (from tens of microns to a few centimeters). The current binder is liquid at high temperature, has a high carbon yield and is coking but poisonous. The European regulations on chemical products (REACH) identified the pitch binder as “substance of very high concern”. Therefore, that product could become prohibited. Within this context, Carbone Savoie initiated a research project in order to substitute that hazardous material. First of all, the project aims at determining possible compositions for the new binder and to describe their rheological behavior. A first formulation had a Newtonian behavior for high pH values. An additive with a gel point which behavior has been studied was used for a second formulation. The best mixing process was then chosen and its efficiency was tested with this new binder. A third formulation which was a suspension showed a shear-thinning behavior. It appeared to be the best candidate to substitute pitch as a binder for the production of cathode blocks. The second goal of the project was the determination of the mixing conditions with this new binder. The study of the mixing of the carbon aggregate with the binder is based on a tracking of the mixing intensity. Thanks to the plot of the intensity-liquid/solid ratio curve, different states were defined for the system according to the binder content (pendular state, funicular state, capillary state and solid/liquid dispersion state). The capillary state is of a major concern because the paste is extruded in that state. The impact on the process (wetting kinetics, width of the capillary state) of the rheological behavior of the binder has been studied: a high viscosity allows a better tolerance to the variability in the size of the carbon aggregate from a formulation to another and also to the trouble of producing powders with very small particles sizes. Finally, a correlation between these results and the industrial scale has been found. Final properties of cathodes blocks can be linked with the paste quality just after the mixing step thanks to the determination of the paste cohesion with a ring shear tester

La présente étude vise à valoriser des résidus agroindustriels comme matériaux pour l’habitat et la construction. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de recherche s’articulent autour de deux axes majeurs : le développement d’un liant alternatif et l’élaboration de matériaux composites à partir de ce liant alternatif et des matériaux végétaux. Deux liants composés utilisant des cendres de bagasse, nommés cendres de bagasse-chaux et ciment-cendres de bagasse ont été étudiés. A partir de ces liants composés, deux types de matériaux composites incluant des matériaux végétaux ont été élaborés : un composite incorporant des granulats de bagasse et de coco et un autre renforcé par des pulpes d’eucalyptus. Les propriétés physiques, chimiques, mécaniques et hydriques de ces matériaux ont été déterminées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la calcination des cendres de bagasse à 600°C et la sélection des particules de taille inférieure à un diamètre seuil compris entre 45 et 63µm augmentent sa réactivité. Le liant composé cendres de bagasse-chaux est susceptible de développer une résistance à la compression de l’ordre de 39MPa à 28 jours, une valeur supérieure à celle des liants composés matériaux pouzzolaniques-chaux étudiés dans la littérature. Grace à sa faible alcalinité, ce liant composé préserve mieux les matériaux végétaux vis à vis de leur minéralisation et leur fragilisation comparativement au liant à base de ciment. L’incorporation de pulpes cellulosiques dans le liant composé cendres de bagasse-chaux permet d’obtenir des matériaux composites ayant des propriétés à la flexion comparables à celles d’un composite ciment-pulpes cellulosiques
The present study aims to add value to agroindustrial residues as housing and building materials. In this context, the research works revolve around two main lines: the development of an alternative binder using agroindustrial residues and the production of composite materials from this alternative binder and plant resources. Two composed binder using bagasse ash, named bagasse ash lime and cement-bagasse ash, were optimised and produced. Using these composed binder, two kinds of composite materials including plant resources were produced: one composite developed with vegetable aggregates and another one reinforced with eucalyptus pulps. The physical, chemical, mechanical and hydric properties of these materials were investigated. The results show that the bagasse ash recalcination at 600 °C and the selection of the particles under a diameter limit (between 45 and 63 µm) improve its reactivity. Blended with slaked lime, the composed binder obtained with these parameters is likely to develop a compressive strength higher than 39 MPa at 28 days; this value is higher than the compressive strength of pouzzolanic material and lime based binder studied in the literature. In addition, due to the lower alkalinity of the interstitial solution of this composed binder, related to the lime consumption by the pouzzolanic material, it better protects vegetable materials from mineralization than the binders based on Portland cement. The incorporation of the cellulosic pulps in the composed binder lime-bagasse ash produces composite materials with a similar flexural behaviour as a composite made with cement and cellulosic pulp

Due to a combination of selection criteria, sludges from upflow anaerobic digesters treating industrial waste waters consist primarily of well-settling, dense agglomerates called granules. Quantification of the component mixed microbial populations of these granules has been severely restricted by the inability of researchers to disrupt them without concomitantly destroying numerous cells. In situ quantification using light and electron microscopy is complicated by the high cell numbers and bacterial diversity; the small cell size; and the destructive nature of electron microscopy preparative techniques preventing the viewing of more than a small percentage of the population at a time. For these reasons, in this investigation, standardization of qualitative electron microscopic techniques was performed prior to their application to granules. Isolation and electron and light microscopic techniques were applied to granules from a fullscale clarigester treating effluent from a maize-processing factory. In addition, a method using montaged transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) taken along a granule radius, and image analysis, was developed for bacterial quantification within granules. This method, together with antibody probe quantification, was applied to granules from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester treating a brewery effluent. The clarigester granules contained a metabolically and morphologically diverse population of which many members were not isolated or identified. By contrast, the UASB digester granules consisted primarily of morphotypes resembling Methanothrix, Methanobacterium and Desulfobulbus, in order of predominance. However, only about one-third of the population reacted with antibody probes specific to strains of bacterial species expected to occur within these granules. According to the antibody probe library used, the Methanobacterium-like cells observed in TEMs were probably Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus. From this study it is apparent that different anaerobic digester designs, operational parameters, and the chemical composition of the waste water purified, are factors which influence the formation and maintenance of granules differing with respect to their microbial populations. Until the difficulties associated with quantification are overcome, the processes governing granule formation and/or population selection will remain obscure.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.

M. Tech. Engineering: Chemical
Researches the usability and efficiency of the synthesized PPy/Al2O3 nanocomposite as adsorbent in Cr(VI) remediation from contaminated wastewaters.The specific objectives of the study are:to synthesise and characterize the PPy/Al2O3 nanocomposite ; to characterize the prepared nanocomposite using several sophisticated instruments such as, SEM, BET, XRD, et cetera ; to carryout batch adsorption equilibrium and kinetics studies for evaluating the performance of the nanosorbent and to gain insight into the underlying adsorption mechanisms.; to apply adsorption equilibrium and kinetic models.; to assess the breakthrough performance of the PPy/Al2O3 nanocomposite for Cr(VI) adsorption by varying operating parameters, in fixed bed column mode and to apply existing mathematical models to predict the performance of fixed bed adsorption systems and to obtain column design parameters.

A variety of organic pollutants reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), often associated with high salinity levels, making their treatment challenging. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is thought to protect the microbial communities from stress due to the high content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). There is an increasing need to turn WWTP more efficient, with a range of opportunities for resource recovery to integrate them into the circular economy concept. The work described in this thesis aimed to explore AGS biomass as a source of EPS and to understand the variations of EPS production facing different stressors, namely 2-fluorophenol (2-FP) and salinity. Particular attention was given to the microbial communities, diversity and function, of the investigated systems. The recovery of EPS from AGS represents an opportunity for valorization of surplus biomass. AGS from a full-scale WWTP treating urban wastewater was regularly collected for 4 months to assess variability in EPS composition and in granular morphology. Variations in the EPS composition occurred with time, with proteins and humic acids as the main EPS components and polysaccharides and DNA as minor constituents. An extra purification step led to the recovery of a purer EPS form with a rather homogeneous composition however the yield of each EPS component decreased, especially for polysaccharides. Yield and product homogeneity are key features for downstream application of the recovered EPS. The effect of intermittent short-term loadings of 2-FP and low to moderate salinity wastewater on the performance and EPS production of an AGS system was studied. Ammonium removal was highly inhibited by stressors, recovering when 2-FP feeding ceased. Phosphate removal, initially disturbed by exposure to stress conditions, recovered when stressors were still present. EPS composition and concentration in the granules decreased from 133.3 to 33.7 mg/g VSS of AGS during the first phases of stress but its production recovered to 176.1 mg/g VSS of AGS even in the stressor’s presence. The nutrient removal recovery after exposure to stressors and the increased EPS production response support the robustness of AGS systems to deal with intermittent stressful conditions. EPS recovered from AGS were used as an immobilizing agent for Rhodococcus sp. FP1, a 2-FP degrading strain. The produced EPS granules exhibited 2-FP degrading ability of 100%, retaining its original activity up to 2 months storage. Moreover, the EPS granules were used to bioaugment an AGS reactor intermittently fed with low to moderate saline wastewater amended with 2-FP. After bioaugmentation, complete 2-FP removal occurred and phosphate and ammonium removal (previously impaired by 2-FP load) improved from 14 to 46% and from 25 to 42%, respectively. After bioaugmentation, strain FP1 was detected up to 3 days in the reactor effluent by qPCR and eleven bacterial isolates able to degrade 2-FP were retrieved from the AGS. Maintenance of cell viability through storage and improvement of bioreactor.
Uma grande variedade de poluentes orgânicos chega às estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETARs), muitas vezes associados a altos níveis de salinidade, tornando o seu tratamento um desafio. Na tecnologia de grânulos aeróbios (AGS), as comunidades microbianas tendem a estar protegidas do stress ambiental pela presença de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS). Há uma necessidade crescente de tornar as ETARs mais eficientes, integrando-as no conceito de economia circular recorrendo à recuperação de recursos. O trabalho descrito nesta tese pretende explorar a biomassa AGS como fonte de EPS e compreender as variações da sua produção face a diferentes fatores de stress, nomeadamente, de 2-fluorofenol (2-FP) e salinidade. Além disso, foram investigadas as comunidades microbianas dos sistemas AGS, tendo em conta a diversidade e função das mesmas. A recuperação do EPS representa uma oportunidade de valorização do excedente de biomassa. O AGS de uma ETAR urbana foi coletado regularmente ao longo de 4 meses para avaliar a variabilidade da composição do EPS e da morfologia granular. Ao longo do tempo ocorreram variações na composição do EPS, sendo as proteínas e ácidos húmicos os principais componentes e polissacarídeos e DNA constituintes secundários do EPS. Uma etapa extra de purificação conduziu à recuperação de uma forma de EPS mais pura com uma composição mais homogénea, contudo, o rendimento de cada componente diminuiu, especialmente dos polissacarídeos. O rendimento e a homogeneidade do produto são essenciais para a futura aplicação do EPS recuperado. Foi estudado o efeito da presença intermitente e de curta duração de 2-FP e de baixa a moderada salinidade no desempenho e na produção de EPS num sistema AGS. A remoção de ião amónio foi inibida pelos fatores de stress, recuperando quando a alimentação com 2- FP cessou. A remoção do ião fosfato, inicialmente perturbada, recuperou quando os fatores de stress ainda estavam presentes na alimentação. A composição e a concentração de EPS nos grânulos diminuiu de 133,3 para 33,7 mg/g VSS de AGS durante as primeiras fases de stress mas, a sua produção recuperou para 176,1 mg/g VSS de AGS, mesmo na presença dos fatores de stress. A recuperação da remoção de nutrientes após a exposição a fatores de stress e o aumento da produção de EPS comprovam a robustez dos sistemas AGS para lidar com condições de stress intermitentes. EPS recuperado de AGS foi usado como um agente imobilizador para Rhodococcus sp. FP1, uma estirpe degradadora de 2-FP. Os grânulos de EPS produzidos foram capazes de degradar 2-FP a 100%, mantendo sua atividade original até 2 meses de armazenamento. Além disso, os grânulos de EPS foram usados para o bioaumento de um reator AGS alimentado de forma intermitente com 2-FP e salinidade baixa a moderada. Após o bioaumento, ocorreu a remoção completa de 2-FP e, a remoção dos iões fosfato e amónio (previamente afetada pela presença de 2-FP) aumentou de 14 para 46% e de 25 para 42%, respetivamente. A estirpe FP1 foi detetada por qPCR até 3 dias após o bioaumento no efluente do reator e, 11 isolados bacterianos degradadores de 2-FP foram recuperados do AGS. A manutenção da viabilidade celular durante o armazenamento e a melhoria do desempenho do reator sem alterar os seus parâmetros operacionais são as principais vantagens desta estratégia alternativa de bioaumento. As variações nos padrões taxonómicos e funcionais dos microbiomas dos dois reatores AGS, sob diferentes regimes de alimentação, foram avaliadas e associadas ao desempenho do reator e à produção de EPS. Estiveram presentes em cada reator comunidades dinâmicas e adaptáveis, com uma sucessão de diferentes espécies, garantindo a resiliência dos principais processos de remoção e produção de EPS. No fim do período de operação, o reator não bioaumentado e exposto a fatores de stress por períodos mais curtos mostrou uma comunidade com maior riqueza, com um claro domínio de membros da classe Flavobacteriia e um microbioma core que representa ca. 13,8% de todas as sequências, enquanto que o reator bioaumentado exposto a fatores de stress por períodos mais longos, mostrou uma distribuição mais uniforme das classes bacterianas. No reator bioaumentado, o género Rhodococcus persistiu nos grânulos ao longo das fases de alimentação com 2-FP. A inferência funcional in silico sugere que diferentes mecanismos de adaptação ao ambiente externo foram ativados em cada reator. A redundância funcional e a diversidade microbiana, juntamente com uma sucessão de espécies, são provavelmente responsáveis pela recuperação dos processos de remoção de nutrientes e produção de EPS, especialmente quando as condições de alimentação mudam em ambos os reatores.

M. Tech., (Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology Vaal University of Technology|
The methods used to remove potassium sulphate (K2S04) and other impurities contained within Karbochem finishing plant effluent were investigated. Reverse osmosis was explored for this application. The study was conducted in two steps. The first step focuses mainly on the effluent treatment using BW30 flatsheet as well as BW30-2540 spiral-wound reverse osmosis membranes for the rejection of potassium and sulphate ions. The membranes were supplied by Filmtec. The second step reveals the possible use of potassium sulphate obtained from the brine stream in the fertiliser and fertigation industry by a literature search. Reverse osmosis study was conducted on a laboratory scale unit using flat sheet membranes and also on a pilot plant scale using spiral wound membrane modules. The tests were conducted at a feed pressure of 20 bar(g) with the membrane rejections being 98% and 99.1% on flat sheet membrane, and 96.9% and 99.4% on spiral wound membrane for potassium and sulphates respectively. The results show that both membranes have completely desalinated. Significant reduction in the concentrations of all problematic quality parameters, especially of potassium and the sulphate ions was noted. Granular activated carbon (GAC) bed treatment was recommended for pretreatment of the effluent prior to exposure of the membrane to avoid organic fouling of the membrane. GAC treatment was tested to illustrate its effectiveness to adsorb the COD's.
NRF

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters composed of (R)-3-hydroxy-fatty acids. A variety of gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria and some archaea are able to produce these biopolymers as energy and carbon storage materials. In times of unbalanced growth, when carbon is available in excess but other nutrients are limited, PHA inclusions are formed. These granules are water-insoluble, stored intracellularly and can be maintained outside the cell as beads. The key enzyme for the formation of PHA inclusions is the PHA synthase PhaC, which catalyses the polymerization of (R)- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to PHA with the concomitant release of CoA. The PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha (currently Cupriavidus necator), which is covalently bound to the PHA granule surface, tolerates fusions to its N terminus without loss of activity. In this study it was investigated if it would also tolerate translational fusions to its C terminus. A specially designed linker was employed, aiming at maintaining the hydrophobic surroundings of the R. eutropha synthase C terminus to allow proper folding and activity. Two reporter proteins were tested as fusion partners, the maltose binding protein MalE and the green fluorescent protein GFP. As GFP is a hydrophobic protein itself, no additional linker between the PHA synthase and the reporter protein was necessary to produce PHA granules displaying the functional fusion protein on the surface. Principally, the PHA synthase PhaC tolerates translational fusions to its C terminus but the nature of the fusion partner influences the functionality. Recently, PHA granules have often been acknowledged as bio-beads. A one-step production allows the formation of functionalised beads without the need for further cross-linking to impart desired surface properties. PHA beads displaying a gold- or silica-binding peptide at the N terminus of PhaC were constructed and tested for their applicability. Additionally, these beads were able to bind IgG due to the ZZ domain of the IgG binding protein A, which was employed as a linker sequence. These functionalised beads can be used as molecular tools in bioimaging and biomedicine, combining organic core with inorganic-binding shell structures. In a different biomimetic approach, the display of ten lysine residues at the granule surface was achieved using the phasin protein PhaP as the anchoring matrix. Extensive work was performed in an attempt to also employ the synthase protein, but was unsuccessful. These positively charged bio-beads can be used for dispersion or crosslinking experiments as well as silica binding.

Generation of wastes in the form of liquid, solid or gas is inevitable in any industry.Industrial Solid Waste is the waste that is generated from an industrial or manufacturing process and includes the waste generated from non-manufacturing activities as well.Most of these wastes fall under the category of Ashes, Slagsor Sludges. For the present work, three types of secondary lead slag, two types of granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) or iron slag and four types of steel slags were procured and studied.An elaborate study on various characteristics of the slags has been performed. Based on the results, all the possible applications for the individual slags are considered. The performance of the secondary lead slag as an embankment material was analyzed. The slope stability for various conditionswas analyzed using Geo5 and experimentally determined strength parameters. It was found that the material can be used safely for embankment constructions.The CBR values were very good in the range for both GBS and steel slag,thus repeated load triaxial test are done to determine the resilient modulus. k1-k3model was adopted and the regression coefficients were determined. Based on the results the pavement design is done using KENPAVE software. An exercise has been performed to determine the quantity of the conventional material that could be saved, considering the type and size of the pavement. For the aggregate sized steel slag, the tests were done to find the suitability of the material for various applications like, as railway ballast, concrete aggregate, gabion and rip rap stones. And the tests result shows the material to be suitable for these applications and is expected to perform well. Study on morphological parameters reveals that the size and gradation of any material plays an important role in its mechanical behavior, however in the case of slags, this could be tailor made by using appropriate crushers, as per the requirements.