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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrie de granulat'
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1
Steiner, Pia. "Kunststoffrecycling auf Zypern." UmweltMagazin 49, no. 07-08 (2019): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0173-363x-2019-07-08-16.
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Aus Polyethen aus Haushalt und Industrie wird erstmals auf Zypern ein hochwertiges Granulat frei von Lufteinschlüssen zur Wiederverwertung hergestellt. Dies ist auf dem Inselstaat ein großer Schritt in Richtung Kreislaufwirtschaft.
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Hotskiy, Ya G., and A. R. Stepaniuk. "CREATION OF GRANULAR COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH MULTILAYER STRUCTURE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2020.05.
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Granular products are widely used in many industries for the production of catalysts in oil refining and organic synthesis, drugs, food products, fertilizer production, etc. The main advantages of granular products are ease of operation and storage. Depending on the morphological structure, the granules obtained as a result of the technological process are divided into one-component, single-layer, composite-coated granule, multilayer granule, frame granule, and combinations thereof. In this paper, we consider, as an example, the technological basis of granulation of aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate with impurities of humates, calcium carbonate and other substances with the formation of multilayer composite granules in a fluidized bed granulator. The processes of dehydration and mass crystallization during granulation, namely the influence of the drying rate and impurities on the kinetics of the evaporation process of the dispersed heterogeneous solution on solid particles have been studied. In the process of mass crystallization, when the saturation concentration is reached by removing the solvent, the processes of nucleation and crystal growth occur with the formation of a crystalline framework of ammonium sulfate crystals between, which impurities of organic matter and other components are evenly distributed in the volume of the formed micro layer. It was confirmed that the obtained granules of the composite granular fertilizer have a composite multilayer structure with a uniform distribution of suspended particles in the volume of the granule. Bibl. 14, Fig. 4.
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Peršak, Tadej, Branka Viltužnik, Jernej Hernavs, and Simon Klančnik. "Vision-Based Sorting Systems for Transparent Plastic Granulate." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124269.
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Granulate material sorting is a mature and well-developed topic, due to its presence in various fields, such as the recycling, mining, and food industries. However, sorting can be improved, and artificial intelligence has been used for this purpose. This paper presents the development of an efficient sorting system for transparent polycarbonate plastic granulate, based on machine vision and air separation technology. The developed belt-type system is composed of a transparent conveyor with an integrated vision camera to detect defects in passing granulates. The vision system incorporates an industrial camera and backlight illumination. Individual particle localization and classification with the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm were performed to determine the positions and conditions of each particle. Particles with defects are further separated pneumatically as they fall from the conveyor belt. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted whereby the combined performances of our sorting machine and classification method were evaluated. The results show that the developed system exhibits promising separation capabilities, despite numerous challenges accompanying the transparent granulate material.
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Tkachenko, M., N. Borys, and Ye Kovalenko. "The effectiveness of granular chalk use for growing winter wheat on grey forest soil." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(157) (May 25, 2020): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-181-191.
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The research aims to establish the eff ectiveness of granular chalk use produced by «Slavuta-Calcium» Ltd. under growing Poliska–90 winter wheat variety, changing the physicochemical properties of grey forest soil and the wheat productivity. It also aims to establish optimal dosis of «Slavuta-Calcium» granular chalk as the meliorant and mineral fertilizer for grey forest soil in the system of winter wheat fertilization. In the temporary fi eld studies, various doses of nutrients N60–90–120P30–45–60K60–90–120 combined with «Slavuta–Calcium» granular chalk in a dose of Ca230–460–690 kg/ha of the active substance were studied against the background of secondary plowing of rotation products – soybean biomass that averaged 2.34 t/ha. Granular chalk is a modern complex highly eff ective meliorant with the content of Ca – 37.7 and Mg – 0.2 %, the mass fraction of carbonates (CaCO3 + MgCO3) makes at least 95 %. It is characterized by a high level of solubility when interacting with moisture in soil. It has a form of white granules, the mass fraction of 4.0–6.0 mm in size granules makes not less than 90 % and the one of 1.0 mm in size makes less than 5 %. Reactivity – 97 %. The granular chalk is advisable to apply on acidic soils, as a highly concentrated calcium-magnesium fertilizer, with the former as the dominant fertilizer, to optimize the physicochemical properties of the soil, as well as the plant nutrition system, in particular, increasing the availability of an element for assimilation by plants and as long-term ameliorants. The eff ectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers, in particular acidic nitrogen on highly and medium acidic soils, after chemical reclamation is increased by 30–50 %, and slightly acidic by 15–20 %. The increase in productivity of crops from the combined eff ects of nutrients and chalk granulated is usually higher than when separately applied. The eff ectiveness of the integrated action of these elements is manifested in the growth of plant productivity and the quality of the resulting products, as well as the optimization of physical chemical properties and soil buff ering in the long term. In order to optimize the physicochemical properties of the arable layer of gray forest soil and the productive nutrition of agricultural crops, winter wheat, in particular, biogenic elements should be used in doses N60-90-120P30-45- 60K60-90-120 with granulated chalk «Slavuta-Calcium» in doses of Ca230-460-690 kg/ha of active substance. Granulated chalk obtained as a result of industrial grinding of solid sedimentary carbonate rocks of natural origin, subsequently under the infl uence of the granulation process of the starting material contains Ca and Mg carbonates of at least 95 %, dense granules which facilitates convenient mechanized application, as well as chalk suitable for accurate metered application on the quest map. Key words: granular chalk, gray forest soil, chemical reclamation, crop productivity.
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Siuda, Robert, Jerzy Kwiatek, Szymon Szufa, Andrzej Obraniak, Piotr Piersa, Łukasz Adrian, Remigiusz Modrzewski, Katarzyna Ławińska, Krzysztof Siczek, and Tomasz P. Olejnik. "Industrial Verification and Research Development of Lime–Gypsum Fertilizer Granulation Method." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020119.
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This work concerns non-pressure granulation of mineral materials used for the production of agricultural fertilizers for soil deacidification. In order to expand the product range of Nordkalk Poland sp. z o. o. located in Poland, the granulation conditions of the gypsum–lime mix were examined with the use of various granulation methods. The processed mixture was Jurassic lime flour mined in the Sławno mine (Poland) and waste gypsum (sulfogypsum) obtained from the largest coal-fired power plant in the EU, Bełchatów Power Plant (Poland). This paper presents the results of the optimization of the gypsum–lime fertilizer granulation process. The results of the study of granulation of gypsum–lime mixture realized in one-stage technology in a disc granulator were compared with the effects of two-stage agglomeration. During the research, a mixture (in a 1:1 ratio) of waste sulfogypsum and lime flour was used. Such a weight ratio provides maximum use of the sulfogypsum waste while maintaining good mechanical properties of the granulate. The granulated bed was moistened with a lignosulfonate solution. The process was carried out periodically. After the experiment, the grain composition of the granulate obtained was determined and tests were performed to determine the strength of the product. The test results were compared with analogous ones obtained during granulation with the use of molasses (waste from sugar production). The results obtained were verified during a trial carried out on an industrial scale.
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Imaekhai, Lawrence. "Design and Fabrication of a Plastic Film Granulating Machine." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v1i2.27.
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Plastic film granulating machine is an industrial machine used for reducing plastic materials, mostly for grinding plastic into granules of uniform sizes for further processing either into new plastic shapes or recycled back to its parental source. This paper presents the use of locally sourced materials for realising the same machine; reducing its size and cost, while maintaining high efficiency, as well as decrease in vibration and increased shear efficiency with uniform size of granules. The machine consists of the hopper, the grinding chamber in which contains the shaft and cutting blades with a discharge unit. The plastic film granulator has a capacity of granulating 1kg of recycled plastic in 1h at 75% efficiency, a working revolution of 3000rpm, and power rating of 5.5hp engine. The machine works by principle of shearing, power is transferred from the motor to the granulating shaft with the aid of a transmission coupler that connects them. The inlet plastics are granulated until the desired size is achieved, small enough to pass through the discharge screen.
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Barannikov, Mikhail V., and Yuri M. Bazarov. "INFLUENCE OF METHODS OF PREPARING POLYAMIDE-6 TO PROCESSES OF TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF FINISHED PRODUCT." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 4-5 (April 17, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186104-05.5669.
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When preparing the polyamide-6 granulate for treatment proceses, its properties such as the content of low-molecular compounds (caprolactam and oligomers, LMC) and relative viscosity are normalized. Two alternative methods of preparing the polyamide-6 granulate for proceesing are used: 1) currently, the industry uses a method consisting of stages of aqueous extraction of low-molecular compounds from PA-6 granules, followed by drying of the latter and separation of LMC from extraction solutions by evaporation; 2) an alternative process is being developed, which consists in simultaneously carrying out the drying and demonomerization of polyamide-6 granulate. Through of these methods samples of granulate of polyamide-6 of 2 kinds were prepared: 1) equilibrium matted granulate of industrial production; 2) granules after solid-phase dopolyamination in a superheated steam environment. These samples were conversed by the re-melting method, which consists in melting the polyamide-6 granulate at T = 270 °C. The properties of these samples were determined before and after the conversion using the following methods: the content of low molecular weight compounds is determined by their extraction from granules. The content of caprolactam is determined by its sublimation from granules; the value of the relative viscosity is determined by viscometry. It is shown that during the process of conversion of the polyamide-6 granulate, the polymer acquires practically the same properties, regardless of the preparation method. Thus, it is proved that the process of combined drying-demonomerization is more advantageous in terms of energy and material costs than the process of extraction of low-molecular compounds from the polyamide-6 granulate.Forcitation:Barannikov M.V., Bazarov Yu.M. Influence of methods of preparing polyamide-6 to processes of treatment on properties of finished product. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 4-5. P. 72-75
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Ubaskina, Yulia A., and Marina B. Alekhina. "Laboratory methods for producing of effective adsorbents on the basis of diatomite for purification of water from impurities of well-soluble organic compounds." Butlerov Communications 64, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-64-10-74.
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Today there is the problem of fine water purification during its consumption and disposal in industry from impurities of water-soluble organic compounds that enter it with pharmaceutical, cosmetic preparations, food waste, waste from the textile and chemical industries. Diatomite is a good raw material for the production of these adsorbents. It is found that diatomite is the mesoporous sorbent. The permeability of diatomite can be increased by granulating of the rock. It is found that heat treatment is necessary to obtain more durable granules from diatomite: when the increasing in the temperature of heat treatment of granules the compressive strength of granules increases too. At the same time, when the temperature of the heat treatment is increasing, the equilibrium adsorption of methylene blue on diatomite granules is decreasing. The optimum temperature for the heat treatment of granules is 550 °C. It is found that the heat treatment and granulation of diatomite do not have a significant impact on the adsorptive-structural properties of the rock: up to 70 % of the pore volume of granules is the volume of mesopores. The powdered adsorbent from diatomite which can be obtained by the developed laboratory method can be used in industrial water purification schemes where static adsorption is used for fine water purification. Using the developed laboratory method for producing granular adsorbent from diatomite, it is possible to produce an adsorbent for water purification under dynamic adsorption conditions, where a high value of the sorbent permeability is important.
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Nugroho, R., H. Takanashi, M. Hirata, and T. Hano. "Denitrification of industrial wastewater with sulfur and limestone packed column." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0723.
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An autotrophic denitrification system was developed for nitrate contaminated industrial wastewater whose C/N ratio was very low. The microbes containing Thiobacillus denitrificans as a dominant species were attached on the surface of granular elemental sulfur packed in a column. Elemental sulfur was used as an electron donor for autotrophic denitrification. The granules of limestone were mixed with the granular sulfur to moderate the decrease of alkalinity during autotrophic denitrification. The stoichiometry and basic kinetics of denitrification were studied in column runs. The effects of minerals such as phosphorus on treatment performance were clarified. The wastewater from steel production plants was treated by the present biofilm process. Low extent of nitrogen removal was caused by the lack of minerals.
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Rantuch, Peter, Jozef Martinka, Tomáš Štefko, and Igor Wachter. "Initiation Parameters of Granulated Synthetic Polymers." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 29, no. 48 (June 1, 2021): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2021-0012.
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Abstract Polymeric materials, which are currently very often used in various industries, are often transported and stored in the form of granules before processing. This method has several advantages, but in most studies the test samples are modified to different shapes and dimensions. This paper is therefore focused on the initiation of selected granular plastics. Samples of five polymeric materials were exposed to an external heat flux from 20 kW.m−2 to 40 kW.m−2. A spark initiator was used to ignite the released gaseous products of thermal decomposition of the polymer sample. FTP (flow-time product) method was applied to the obtained parameter - time to ignition, from which other initiation parameters were determined. The critical heat flux was determined in the range of 5.0 kW.m−2 - 11.8 kW.m−2. Despite the relatively small thickness (4 mm), the samples behaved as thermally thick. During the measurement, thin surface layer melted, and the rest of the polymer remained in its original granulated form. Ignition temperatures were calculated according to the Stefan-Boltzmann’s law between 273 °C - 402 °C.
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Kamińska, J., and J. Dańko. "Preliminary Research on Granulation Process of Dust Waste from Reclamation Process of Moulding Sands with Furan Resin." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0081-2.
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Abstract The results of investigations of the granulation process of foundry dusts generated in the dry mechanical reclamation process of used sands, where furan resins were binders are presented in the paper. Investigations concerned producing of granules of the determined dimensions and strength parameters. Granules were formed from the dusts mixture consisting in 50 mass% of dusts obtained after the reclamation of the furane sands and in 50 mass % of dusts from sands with bentonite. Dusts from the bentonite sands with water were used as a binder allowing the granulation of after reclamation dusts from the furane sands. The following parameters of the ready final product were determined: moisture content (W), shatter test of granules (Wz) performed directly after the granulation process and after 1, 3, 5, 10 days and nights of seasoning, water-resistance of granules after 24 hours of being immersed in water, surface porosity ep and volumetric porosity ev. In addition the shatter test and water-resistance of granulate dried at a temperature of 105°C were determined. Investigations were performed at the bowl angle of inclination 45°, for three rotational speeds of the bowl being: 10, 15, 20 rpm. For the speed of 10 rpm the granulation tests of dusts mixture after the preliminary mixing in the roller mixer and with the addition of water-glass in the amount of 2% in relation to the amount of dust were carried out. The obtained results indicate that the granulator allows to obtain granules from dusts originated from the reclamations of moulding sands with the furane resin with an addition of dusts from the bentonite sands processing plants.
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Mat Saad, Azlina, Farrah Aini Dahalan, Naimah Ibrahim, Sara Yasina Yusuf, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, and Khalilah Abdul Khalil. "Settling properties of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM)." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402022.
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Aerobic granulation technology is applied to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. The Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivated has strong properties that appears to be denser and compact in physiological structure compared to the conventional activated sludge. It offers rapid settling for solid:liquid separation in wastewater treatment. Aerobic granules were developed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with intermittent aerobic – anaerobic mode with 8 cycles in 24 hr. This study examined the settling velocity performance of cultivated aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM). The elemental composition in both AGS and AGSM were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that AGSM has higher settling velocity 30.5 m/h compared to AGS.
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Howgrave-Graham, Alan R., Helen A. Isherwood, and F. Mike Wallis. "Evaluation of Two Upflow Anaerobic Digesters Purifying Industrial Wastewaters High in Organic Matter." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0485.
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Two full-scale anaerobic digesters, one a clarigester purifying a maize processing wastewater and the other with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) configuration treating brewery effluent, contained well settling, granular sludges efficient in pollutant removal. Due to differences in both digester design and feed composition, the sludges differed in activity and microbial population. The clarigester granules contained a diverse population with a multiformity of hydrolytic, acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria while the predominant methanogens, in order of significance, were Methanothrix and Methanosarcina. These granules did not reconstitute on re-start up following digester shutdown and possible reasons for this are discussed. The UASB granules contained a more uniform population with three major microbial morphotypes, the predominant methanogens being Methanothrix and, possibly, Methanobacterium. In this paper the differences in digester design, feed composition, sludge microbiology and process performance are discussed.
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Liu, Wei, and Zhipeng Xie. "Spray freeze granulation of submicron alumina and its sintering behavior via spark plasma sintering." Science of Sintering 47, no. 3 (2015): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1503279l.
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Spray freeze granulation is an improved method based on spray granulation, solving many limitations of spray granulation. In this work, spray freeze granulation of submicron alumina is performed to explore the possibility of industrial-scale production of dense alumina via spark plasma sintering. Powder pretreatment such as sedimentation and the selection of granules with the appropriate size are employed for the maximum use of the high qualified as-prepared granules and granule sliding, which would provide a guidance for the industrial-scale production. Debound granules were densified via SPS and the corresponding sintering behaviors such as the recorded shrinkage and shrinkage rate were discussed. The comparison of sintering behaviors between granulated and as-received powder are conducted to identify the role of spray freeze granulation in sinterability for dense alumina. The Vickers hardness (Hv) and the fracture toughness (KIC) of the freeze granulated body are higher than the corresponding properties of the as-received body due to the more homogenous microstructure with little agglomeration in the particle packing after freeze granulation.
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Li, Z. H., and X. C. Wang. "Effects of salinity on the morphological characteristics of aerobic granules." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.838.
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Saline wastewater is ubiquitous in industries. The present study reports the effects of salinity on the morphological properties of aerobic granules. Within a wide range of salinity from 1% to 5%, good aerobic granules were successively cultured in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). It was found by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis that the granular surface turned to be smoother and more regular with increase of salinity, and under lower salinity (1%) the microbe was cocci-dominated, while under higher salinity (5%) the microbe was filaments-dominated. As a result of size distribution analysis, the granules were found to grow faster, larger and with a wider size spectrum under higher salinity. However, the porosities of the granules under the salinity of 1%, 2.5% and 5% were 0.90, 0.89 and 0.82, respectively, indicating that higher salinity may result in more compact granules. It can be concluded from this study that formation of large and compact granules is possible under salinity as high as 5% and filamentous microorganisms did not necessary lead to sludge bulking and granule breakage.
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Finkelstein, Arkady, Dmitry Husnullin, and Konstantin Borodianskiy. "Design and Fabrication of Highly Porous Replicated Aluminum Foam Using Double-Granular Space Holder." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071619.
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Porous materials are widely employed in a wide variety of industrial applications due to their advanced functional performance. Porous aluminum is among the most attractive metallic materials. It can be produced using repeatable methods involving a replicated Al foam that also provides porosity control. In this work, a highly porous replicated Al foam was fabricated. First, the model of multifunctional packing density was used and corrected to select the appropriate space holders. Then, Al foam was produced using a double-granular sodium chloride space holder. The obtained results showed a maximum porosity of 65% that was achieved using a mix of coarse, irregular granules with spherical granules of intermediate size.
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A. Bezdeneznych, L., O. V. Kharlamova, and V. M. Shmandiy. "Composite Granulated Adsorbents Based on Chitosan and Agricultural Processing Waste for Sewage Treatment." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19825.
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To minimize the impact of industrial enterprises on water objects, a wide variety of adsorbents (based on activated carbon, natural materials, nanomaterials, vegetable waste of agro-industrial complex, etc.) is used. Recently, chitin and chitosan have attracted the attention of scientists due to a number of unique physico-chemical and biological properties (adsorption, antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulating, lamina-forming). We have improved the method of obtaining powdered chitosan and established the basic physical and chemical parameters (bulk density, humidity). The method of obtaining chitosan granules and composite materials based on chitosan and modified sunflower husks (MSH) has been further developed by the "drip method". The adsorption properties of powder chitosan, chitosan granules and MSH were studied. It is set that a granular adsorbent has a high adsorbtivity in comparing to the original chitosan. Efficiency of wastewater treatment with the use of chitosan granules and MSH is equally high (up to 98%). The optimum amount of adsorbent for effective cleaning of contaminated water is 1% of its volume. The use of the results of the conducted research allows us to obtain an effective adsorbent for the treatment of industrial waste water.
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Pasmar, Dasyri, Noor Endah Mochtar, and Ali Altway. "The effect of lime Ca(OH)2 to the constant of granulation rate (k) of Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) and its grain size distribution." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605010.
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Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) is very hot and sticky mud-like substance produced by eruption of Kujung, Kalibeng, and Pucangan formations caused by well exploration for gas in Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. LuSi submerged villages, industrial areas, and rice fields in Porong. The eruption is still taking place so that it needs more area and higher dike surrounded to retain the mud. Therefore, it is very urgent to use LuSi in huge volumes such as for borrowed materials. LuSi grain size and its strength, however, do not meet the borrowed materials requirement. Therefore, the grain size was improved using granulator drum and lime Ca(OH)2 was used to increase its strength. The grain size produced by granulator was affected by length, diameter, and rotation rate of granulator drum, and also by constant of granulation rate ‘k’ that was function of other parameters, inclination angle of granulator drum (S), moisture content (W), and water temperature (T). The results show that lime needed for stabilization is 10% of LuSi dry weight. The “k” is affected by lime where parameters (S) and (W) become smaller and (T) is higher. Lime also produces dryer granular, higher water resistance, and shorter granulation process. Besides, higher water temperature during granulation process is needed to develop bigger grain size for granular stabilized-LuSi.
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Rincón Carlés, A. M., E. E. Pérez Sira, Z. M. González Parada, and P. J. Rodríguez González. "Cambios microestructurales del almidón de Canavalia ensiformis modificado por métodos térmicos / Microstructural changes of Canavalia ensiformis starch modified by thermal methods." Food Science and Technology International 5, no. 1 (February 1999): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329900500103.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural changes of Canavalia ensiformis starch, which was gelatinized in limited and excess water model systems and modified by dry heat, extrusion-cooking and pregelatinization, as well as to relate the changes caused by extrusion cooking and pregelatinization with some functional properties of this starch. The microscopical observation performed in the model systems showed granular swelling, solubility and lixiviation of intragranular material, while dry heat did not affect the starch microstructure. The extrusion-cooking partially changed the starch mor phology, with some granules affected, while others remained intact; the pregelatinization totally al tered the granular structure and the starch granules showed a coarse and flaky appearance. These changes could be associated with the functional properties of canavalia starch, although the most evident variations were produced by the pregelatinization process.
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Jeison, D., A. Del Rio, and J. B. Van Lier. "Impact of high saline wastewaters on anaerobic granular sludge functionalities." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.098.
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Three UASB reactors were operated at different salinity levels in order to assess the effects on the granular sludge properties. High levels of activity inhibition were observed at sodium concentrations over 7 g Na+/L, which resulted in low applicable organic loading rates and VFA accumulation in reactor effluents. However, either sludge adaptation or selection for saline resistant microorganisms occurred, which could be concluded from the observed increase in the 50% activity inhibitory concentrations of sodium during continuous flow experiments. Changes in Na+ susceptibility in time are likely to be expected when treating saline wastewaters. The latter was evidenced by the high sodium tolerance of granular methanogenic sludge coming from a full-scale industrial reactor treating such wastewater. High salinity conditions resulted in a reduced granule strength, predicting process instabilities during long term reactor operation. Batch tests showed that high sodium concentrations seemed to displace the calcium from the granular sludge, a factor known to affect anaerobic granules formation.
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Torres, Keisy, Francisco Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, and Paula Marzal. "Start-Up of Chitosan-Assisted Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactors Treating Light Oxygenated Solvents under Intermittent Operation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 4986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094986.
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Quality of the granular sludge developed during the start-up of anaerobic up-flow sludge bed reactors is of crucial importance to ensure the process feasibility of treating industrial wastewater such as those containing solvents. In this study, the microbial granule formation from suspended-growth biomass was investigated in two chitosan-assisted reactors. These reactors operated mimicking industrial sites working with night closures treating a mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol. Each reactor operated under different hydrodynamic regimes typical from UASB (R1: <0.15 m h−1) and EGSB (R2: 3 m h−1). High soluble COD removal efficiencies (>90%) accompanied by rapid formation of robust anaerobic granules were achieved at both up-flow velocity levels. After three weeks from the start-up, mean size diameters of 475 µm and 354 µm were achieved for R1 and R2, respectively. The performance of the process was found to be stable for the whole operational period of 106 days treating intermittent OLR up to 13 kg COD m−3 d−1. A memory dose of chitosan at day 42 was beneficial to guarantee good quality of the granules by offsetting the negative impact of intermittent water supply on the granular size. Methanocorpusculum was identified as the dominant archaea at both up-flow velocities. Acetobacterium, Geobacter and Desulfovibrio bacteria were also abundant, demonstrating its role on the degradation of light-oxygenated solvents.
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Farberova, Еlena A., Elena A. Tingaeva, Anna D. Chuchalina, Asiya R. Kobeleva, and Andrei S. Maximov. "OBTAINING GRANULATED ACTIVE CARBON FROM WASTES OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186103.5612.
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In the processes of agricultural products production a sufficiently large amount of solid wastes which contain high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as lignin, cellulose, etc. is accumulated. However, such wastes are rarely used to produce active carbons, and only technologies with their use for obtaining crushed or powdered sorption materials are known. In the industrial production of granular activated carbon the fossil coals are mainly used. In this work, research was conducted on the development of methods for producing granulated active carbon of spherical form. And the characteristics of their porous structure were studied. The process of granulation of the spherical shape of sorbents was carried out by liquid dispersing composition containing pulverized wastes of vegetable origin and a binder. As plant materials we used walnut shells and peanuts, apricot seed, buckwheat husk, and for comparison, the dust caking coal of SSOM brand. As a binder a phenol formaldehyde resin was used. To remove volatile substances of plant the raw material was subjected to preliminary heat treatment without access of air in a muffle furnace at optimum temperature which was determined by thermogravimetry. Crushed carbon material was mixed with a binder component in a weight ratio of 1:5 and was sprayed into a solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 30-35% for the curing of the pellets. The obtained pellets were soaked in acid solution for 24-30 h, were separated from the liquid, were washed with distilled water to pH = 5-6, and were dried first in air and were subjected to heat treatment. The result of the research shows the possibility of regulation of characteristics of the porous structure of the spherical granular activated carbon depending on the plant material. The resulting spherical granules of activated carbon have developed system of micro - and mesopores. Depending on the type of plant waste the received active carbon has a radius of micropores in the range of (0.527-0.635) nm and maximum sorption volume varied from 0.46 to 0.71 cm3/g.Forcitation:Farberova E.A., Tingaeva E.A., Chuchalina A.D., Kobeleva A.R., Maximov A.S. Obtaining granulated active carbon from wastes of vegetable raw materials. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 51-57
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Tagaev, Ilkhom, Manzura Muratova, Lyudmila Andriyko, and Mohigul Yusuf Kizi Boykhonova. "CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW PROMISING BENTONITE COAL SORBENTS MODIFIED BY DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS." Science and Innovation 17, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine17.03.087.
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Introduction. Bentonite clays are traditional inexpensive and effective adsorbents that have a high potential for removing heavy metals from wastewater due to their abundance, chemical and mechanical stability, high exchange ability, and unique structural properties.Problem Statement. To obtain activated carbon, high-temperature muffle furnaces are used with the consumption of a large amount of electricity, which is economically unprofitable. In addition, the resulting sorbents must be in the form of granules or tablets, have high strength and the ability to be repeatedly used in technological processes.Purpose. Development of a method for the production of low-cost granular sorbents based on bentonite as amineral component, activated carbon, as well as natural production waste (sunflower husk, straw, sawdust, etc. as modifiers), which can be removed from the activation process to increase porosity of these materials.Materials and Methods. Angren brown coal; bentonite of the Navbakhor deposit was used as a sorbent and a basic substance for the granules formation; modifiers were sodium chloride, potassium, chopped straw, sawdust. Methods of thermal decarbonization and activation of the obtained granules under the optimal conditions (950 °С, 45 min) were applied; the bulk density, the specific surface area, pore types and their total volume was determined by optical microscopy and nitrogen adsorption methods.Results. Inexpensive hybrid bentonite-carbon sorbents in the form of high-strength granules were synthesized.The optimal ratio of the main components is Bentonite:Coal = 1 : 2, size (2.5 mm) and strength of granules (83—99%), total pore volume 0.863—1.01 cm3/g, confirmed the presence of macro-, meso- and micropores. The most promising sample has a specific surface area (Langmuir) 184 m2/g.Conclusions. The method for obtaining new effective granular carbon sorbents of low cost, having high sorption capacity relative to organic and inorganic pollutants for purification of industrial process waters has been proposed.
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Filho, Natalino Perovano, Ismarley Lage Horta Morais, Lívia Carneiro Fidélis Silva, Claudio Mudadu Silva, João Carlos Teixeira Dias, Cynthia Canedo da Silva, and Sérgio Oliveira de Paula. "Production of extracellular polymeric substances by isolate consortia obtained from mesophilic aerobic granules from the treatment of paper mill effluent." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 5845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.5845-5861.
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Aerobic granules are large, compact microbial aggregates when compared to flocculent sludge, and they can be used in wastewater treatment. The application of aerobic granular sludge in bioreactors for the treatment of industrial effluents is still considered innovative and has been the subject of several recent studies. In the present study, 19 microbial isolates from mesophilic aerobic granules, obtained from a previous study, were evaluated in co-aggregation tests. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and humic acids, were determined. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between the amount of EPS produced and the contribution of each isolate in the granulation process. The results of EPS production were used to analyze the polysaccharide / protein (PS / PN) ratio. The consortia with an absence of isolates 4, 8, 11, 14, 19, and 25 presented a PS / PN ratio <0.5. These isolates, identified as belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Agrobacterium, Enterobacter, and Rhodococcus, were considered effective for the production and stability of the mesophilic aerobic granules.
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Culubret, E. N., M. Luz, R. Amils, and J. L. Sanz. "Biodegradation of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane under methanogenic conditions." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0195.
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Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are widely used as solvents and as intermediates in chemical synthesis, so they can be found in industrial wastewaters and released to the environment where they became a serious health risk due to their toxic properties and high chemical stability. Most of these compounds are xenobiotic and recalcitrant to biodegradation. In this article we report the effect of different co-substrates in the 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-TeCA) degradation by anaerobic granular sludge, and its degradative pathway. Our results show that this compound is easy and rapidly biodegradable under methanogenic conditions, even in the absence of external electron donors. 1,1,1,2-TeCA is equimolecularly degraded to 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) by reductive dichloroelimination. 1,1-DCE is only completely biodegraded in the presence of lactic acid as co-substrate. Although 1,1,1,2-TeCA can be apparently removed by autoclaved granular sludge, the compound is not transformed but retained inside the granules. The primary biodegradation of 1,1,1,2-TeCE to 1,1-DCE is a biotic process mediated by anaerobic bacteria.
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Vu, Kim Long, Vitaly N. Klushin, Alexey V. Nistratov, Hoang Thi Tho, and Tran Thi Bich Ngoc. "Improving the properties of activated carbons based on organoplastics by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH)." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-99.
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The possibility of processing wastes based on organoplastics generated at aviation enterprises into activated carbons by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide has been investigated. Powdered and granular activated carbons with a porous structure, characterized by the predominance of micropores or mesopores, are obtained that are superior in many respects to both adsorbents based on organoplastics and most industrial active carbons. The specific surface area of micropores of the obtained granular activated carbons is 1716 m2/g, the absorption capacity is 365 mg/g for methylene blue and 1180 mg/g for iodine. The obtained granular activated carbons are characterized by a stable adsorption value of n-butanol (about 400 mg/g) during three successive adsorption-regeneration cycles. Desorption at 120±5 °C provides an almost complete restoration of the activity of this absorber, fundamentally allowing its multiple use in this technology. It is shown in the work that granular activated carbons of very high quality can be obtained by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide based on organoplastics wastes, the only drawback of which is, in essence, the relatively low (at 60%) abrasion resistance. The possibility of improving the quality properties of granular activated carbons by adding a small amount of carbon fiber (1% of the mass) as a reinforcing component in the process of granulation to raw paste was investigated. The specified method can significantly increase the strength of the granules in compression (about 3 times), while the adsorption properties of activated carbon are practically unchanged. The properties described above allow us to conclude that the obtained granular activated carbon is effective and highly competitive.
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Chertes, Konstantin L., and Nikolay I. Shestakov. "Modern biopositive technologies of waste processing in the utilities and construction industries." Vestnik MGSU, no. 8 (August 2020): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.8.1135-1146.
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Introduction. In this article the analysis of certain biopositive technologies applied to processing or recycling of construction waste, municipal sewage, and paste-like slurries of organo-mineral nature is performed. The relevance of this research is confirmed by the steadily growing number of publications and currently implemented government programmes aimed at solving such problems. The paper summarizes the results of research into the treatment of wastes having different origin.
Materials and methods. The analysis of the research literature and patents for inventions, as well as publicly available technologies used in waste processing and recycling is performed. Selection of biopositive technologies based on the chemical nature of materials and their groups is described. Biopositive technologies, most effectively applied to construction materials, are identified for the purpose of converting engineering structures into secondary raw components. The co-authors demonstrate the application of a biopositive technology to sludge decontaminated at municipal waste water treatment plants and to hot waste generated by the hydrolysis industry, as well as technologies used to process special thermal insulation and waterproofing materials.
Results. The use of water-organic emulsions as active components in effective regeneration of asphalt granulated concrete mixtures is considered. Сompositions, concentrations and sedimentation stability of such emulsions have been identified. The results of the study of physical, mechanical and hydro-physical properties of the asphalt-concrete granulate treated with water-organic emulsions are described. This regeneration technology helps bitumen to restore binding properties on the surface of the asphalt-concrete granulate and makes this composite applicable as a material designated for the bottom layers of the road pavement.
Conclusions. These biopositive technologies make it possible to efficiently and rationally process or recycle a wide range of municipal and construction waste into structures and products having various applications. Recycling, composting and plasma technologies are considered in this case.
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Zach, Jiri, Vítězslav Novák, and Jitka Peterková. "Utilisation of Polyurethane (PUR) Granulate in Development of New Insulating Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.133.
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At present we can often see a development of new perspective materials using waste raw materials and not only in building industries. Still growing industrial waste amount together with not utilizable substances whose recycling is quite energy and finance demanding are the reasons. In addition it also brings a notable stress for the environment which further influences human health. The paper deals with a development of insulating materials based on waste PUR granulate generated as waste during PUR foam panel shaping. The aim was to develop insulating materials with good thermal insulation and eventually acoustic properties as suitable alternatives to present commonly used insulation materials in the market. Cement and subsequently PUR foams were selected as binders for waste granulate. Utilization of secondary raw materials in order to get new insulating materials with high added value is contribution of such a development.
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Wrona, Piotr, Wojciech Panna, Stanisław Lipiński, and Maciej Woźniak. "Bentonite granulates as a seals for mobile flood barriers." Science, Technology and Innovation 11, no. 4 (January 31, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7529.
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Bentonites and other smectite raw materials are widely used in many industries. The authors of the study analyzed the suitability of swelling granulates for their use as a seals in mobile flood barriers. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the swelling and granulation parameters of three samples available on the market was performed. This results was compared with a macroscopic swelling test, which was realized on the specially prepared test stand. The carried out research shows that not only the content of the swelling minerals – mainly smectite – affect on the sealing of the system, but also they are determine by granules size distribution and the type of smectite.
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Prihtanto, Fransisca Nugraheni Putri, Irham Irham, and Any Suryantini. "ANALISIS INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA GULA SEMUT UNTUK EKSPOR DI KABUPATEN KULON PROGO DAN PURWOREJO." Agro Ekonomi 26, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.18033.
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This study aims to: 1) measure the feasibility of granular brown sugar household industry for export in Kulon Progo and Purworejo districts, 2) determine the value added of the granular brown sugar, 3) determine differences in income, profits, and value added of both industries, 4) determine the factors that affect value added of granular brown sugar, ·5) analyze the sensitivity of the breakeven point with input, output, and exchange rate. The results indicatesthat the granular brown sugar household industries are feasible to develop and provide benefits for business owners. However the household industry of granular brown sugar in Kulon Progo made of brown sugar based on 1C/C ratioshow that the industry is not feasible to develop. The study also shows that the value added of the granular brown sugar made of brown sugar and that made of coconut sap in Kulon Progo are Rp 1.427 and Rp 793. While, the valueadded of granular brown sugar in Purworejo is Rp 644. The results of one way ANOVA show that there is no income or profits difference among respondents groups of the granular brown sugar household industry, but there is a differenceof value added among respondents groups of the granular brown sugar household industry. Factors that significantly influence the value added are: the production capacity, the output price, and the amount of labor. Household industry of granular brown sugar in the third group of business are very sensitive to input and output price reductions and decline in the exchange rate up to 30% still give the profit to the exporter.
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Butkevych, T. A., М. L. Syatynya, and V. P. Popovych. "TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TABLETS CREATION BASED ON FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES BIOMASS DRY POWDER." Фармацевтичний часопис, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2018.4.9690.
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The aim of the work. To study the pharmaco-technological properties of granulate and tablets based on Flammulina velutipes biomass dry powder, to develop the composition and technology of the medication.
Materials and Methods. Research of granules and tablets pharmaco-technological properties (sieve analysis, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, flowability of tablet mass, average weight, resistance to crushing, friability and disintegration of tablets) was carried out in accordance to the requirements of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2nd edition.
Results and Discussion. The determined pharmaco-technological parameters of the granulate indicate good values of the bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio and flowability. An intermediate product undergoes a tabletting process to produce a qualitative finished product of satisfactory appearance (plain, cylindrical tablets with a facet, yellowish-white color with brown inclusions, with a height of 4 mm, and diameter of 10 mm), a constant average mass (1.0 g), and strength (68 N).
Conclusions. The pharmaco-technological properties of tablet mass (granulate) and Flammulina velutipes biomass dry powder tablets (sieve analysis, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, flowability, average weight, resistance to crushing, friability and disintegration) were studied. The composition and technology of Flammulina velutipes biomass dry powder tablets have been developed, pharmaco-technological parameters of their quality have been studied, technological block diagram of industrial production has been developed.
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Adilson de Castro, Jose, Giulio Antunes de Medeiros, Elizabeth Mendes de Oliveira, Marcos Flavio de Campos, and Hiroshi Nogami. "The Mini Blast Furnace Process: An Efficient Reactor for Green Pig Iron Production Using Charcoal and Hydrogen-Rich Gas: A Study of Cases." Metals 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111501.
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The mini blast furnace process is an efficient route to produce pig iron based on the burden with granulated charcoal. New, improved technologies have recently been introduced in the mini blast furnace process, such as pulverized charcoal and gas injections, new burden materials, and peripheral devices that improve the overall process efficiency. In this paper, we revise the new injection possibilities and discuss new aspects for further developments. The analysis is carried out with a comprehensive multiphase multicomponent mathematical model using mass, momentum, and energy conservation principles coupled with the rate equations for chemical reactions, multiphase momentum, and heat exchanges. We analyze new technological possibilities for the enhancement of this process as follows: (i) a base case of pulverized charcoal injection with industrial data comparison; (ii) a set of scenarios with raceway injections, combining pulverized charcoal with hydrogen-rich fuel gas, replacing granular charcoal in the burden; (iii) a set of scenarios with hydrogen-rich gas injection at the shaft level, replacing reducing gas in the granular zone of the reactor; and the possible combination of both methodologies. The simulated scenarios showed that a considerable decrease in granular charcoal consumption in the burden materials could be replaced by combining a pulverized charcoal injection of 150 kg/tHM and increasing rich gas injections and oxygen enrichment values, decreasing the specific blast injection and granular charcoal. The productivity of the mini blast furnace process was increased for all scenarios compared with the reference case. We review the aspects of these operational conditions and present an outlook for improvements on the process efficiency.
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Bridle, I., and S. R. Woodhead. "Particle degradation in pneumatic conveyors: Use of data from a pilot-sized test facility to predict degradation in an industrial conveyor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 216, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440802760075779.
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Degradation of bulk solid product during pneumatic conveying is of concern in a range of process industries. However, prediction of product degradation levels at the conveyor design stage has proved challenging. This paper presents a proposed prediction technique, based on the use of a pilot-sized test facility to provide relevant empirical data. The results of experiments undertaken using malted barley, basmati rice, and granulated sugar are reported. For each bulk solid material, a wide range of conveying conditions have been examined, consistent with common industrial practice. Correlations between predictions and experimental data obtained in an industrial-scale conveyor are presented and discussed.
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MacGregor, S. A., L. B. Newnes, M. Li, J. N. Staniforth, M. J. Tobyn, G. R. Kay, M. D. Horrill, et al. "A preliminary study of size reduction of powders in a single-vessel pharmaceutical processor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 214, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405001517630.
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The size reduction performance of a pneumatically driven single-vessel pharmaceutical processor is described. Two materials were considered, namely commercially available granular lactose (CAGL) and high-speed mixer granulator lactose (HSMGL). In both cases there is an initial phase in which the particle diameter is reduced rapidly. The rate at which the size reduction decreases is reduced with time. The final particle diameter was found to be dependent on the material being processed. In the case of CAGL, the minimum size achieved was 150 μm, while in the case of the HSMGL the final particle diameter was 100 μm.
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Le, Duyen Thi, Thao Phuong Thi Le, Hai Thi Do, Hanh Thi Vo, Nam Thi Pham, Thom Thi Nguyen, Hong Thi Cao, et al. "Fabrication of Porous Hydroxyapatite Granules as an Effective Adsorbent for the Removal of Aqueous Pb(II) Ions." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (February 21, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8620181.
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Porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) granules have been successfully fabricated from a HAp powder precursor and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) additive by a simple sintering process. The composition and microstructures of the HAp were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The effects of sintering temperature and PVA/HAp mass ratios on color, water stability, morphology, and chemical composition of HAp are discussed. Optimum conditions for the fabrication of HAp granules were found to be a PVA/HAp mass ratio of 3/20 and a sintering temperature of 600°C for 4 h. Accordingly, the obtained HAp is white in color, is in the granular form with a size of about 2 × 10 mm, and has a specific surface area of 70.6 m2/g. The adsorption of Pb2+ onto the as-prepared HAp granules was carried out in aqueous solution by varying the pH, the adsorbent dose, the initial concentration of Pb2+, and the contact time. The results of adsorption stoichiometry of Pb2+ on the HAp granule adsorbent were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2 = 0.99). The adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the HAp granule adsorbent for Pb2+ under optimal conditions were found to be 7.99 mg/g and 95.92%, respectively. The adsorption process obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2∼1. The porous HAp granules studied in this work showed potential for the removal of Pb2+ from industrial wastewater.
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Austermann-Haun, U., H. Meyer, C. F. Seyfried, and K. H. Rosenwinkel. "Full scale experiences with anaerobic/aerobic treatment plants in the food and beverage industry." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0061.
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In Germany, there are currently 125 full-scale anaerobic treatment plants treating industrial wastewater. This paper describes the operational experiences of several industries (beet sugar, starch, pectin brewery, distillery, vegetable, potato processing) which undertake anaerobic wastewater treatment, with particular emphasis on specific wastewater problems and their solutions. Also presented are experiences with the handling of high nitrate concentrations, with the treatment of mixtures of industrial wastewater from different origins, with the chance to prevent the emergence of lime, magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) or aluminium precipitation. This paper deals as well with the first EGSB reactor (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) at a German potato processing factory as well as the first municipal wastewater treatment plant combined with a separate anaerobic stage to treat a wastewater mixture from several small factories.
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Feldman, H., X. Flores-Alsina, P. Ramin, K. Kjellberg, U. Jeppsson, D. J. Batstone, and K. V. Gernaey. "Assessing the effects of intra-granule precipitation in a full-scale industrial anaerobic digester." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.129.
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Abstract In this paper, a multi-scale model is used to assess the multiple mineral precipitation potential in a full-scale anaerobic granular sludge system. Reactor behaviour is analysed under different operational conditions (addition/no addition of reject water from dewatering of lime-stabilized biomass) and periods of time (short/long term). Model predictions suggest that a higher contribution of reject water promotes the risk of intra-granule CaCO3 formation as a result of the increased quantity of calcium arriving with that stream combined with strong pH gradients within the biofilm. The distribution of these precipitates depends on: (i) reactor height; and (ii) granule size. The study also exposes the potential undesirable effects of the long-term addition of reject water (a decrease in energy recovery of 20% over a 100-day period), caused by loss in biomass activity (due to microbial displacement), and the reduced buffer capacity. This demonstrates how both short-term and long-term operational conditions may affect the formation of precipitates within anaerobic granules, and how it may influence methane production and consequently energy recovery.
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Brightson, P., M. Premanand, and M. S. Ravikumar. "Flexural Behavior of Beams Incorporating GGBS as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.698.
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Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is obtained as waste product from the Iron industries, Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Investigations were carried out to explore the possibility of using GGBS as a replacement of sand in concrete mixtures. This paper presents the results of study undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using GGBS as fine aggregate in concrete. The effects of replacing fine aggregates by GGBS on the compressive strength of cubes, split tensile strength of cylinders and flexural strength of beams are evaluated in this study. Five test groups were constituted with the replacement percentages of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% .The results showed the effect of GGBS on RCC concrete elements has a considerable amount of increase in the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength characteristics. Leaching studies revealed that GGBS does not leach heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Mo etc and also indicates that the leaching of heavy metals was well below the toxicity limits even under aggressive conditions.
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Korinchuk, D. M. "Mathematical modeling of moisture removal from granules." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 4(49) (January 23, 2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.4.2020.2.
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With modern world trends in the growth of consumption of products of various industries and the environmental situation, the problem of rational use of energy and raw materials in industrial production in order to obtain the maximum amount of finished product of a given quality. An important step in solving this problem is to create an adequate mathematical model of the process. A simplified model of the process of dehydration of the aqueous solution film on the surface of a single granule in the production of multilayer composites in a granulator dryer has been developed.
Simulation of pellet dehydration includes analysis of heat distribution in a spherical material and in a film of liquid (heat exchange) covering the sphere, and the process of evaporation of the mixture film (mass transfer), which take place simultaneously.
The results can be applied at the stages of design and testing of the granulator.
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Pronk, Mario, Andreas Giesen, Andrew Thompson, Struan Robertson, and Mark van Loosdrecht. "Aerobic granular biomass technology: advancements in design, applications and further developments." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.101.
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Abstract Aerobic granular sludge is seen as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Through a Dutch research and development program, a full-scale aerobic granular biomass technology has been developed – the Nereda® technology – which has been implemented to treat municipal and industrial wastewater. The Nereda® system is considered to be the first aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full-scale and more than 40 municipal and industrial plants are now in operation or under construction worldwide. Further plants are in the planning and design phase, including plants with capacities exceeding 1 million PE. Data from operational plants confirm the system's advantages with regard to treatment performance, energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, a new possibility for extracting alginate-like exopolysaccharides (ALE) from aerobic granular sludge has emerged which could provide sustainable reuse opportunities. The case is therefore made for a shift away from the ‘activated sludge approach’ towards an ‘aerobic granular approach’, which would assist in addressing the challenges facing the wastewater treatment industry in Asia and beyond.
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Berber, Hakan, Kadriann Tamm, Mari-Liis Leinus, Rein Kuusik, Kaia Tõnsuaadu, Peeter Paaver, and Mai Uibu. "Accelerated carbonation technology granulation of industrial waste: Effects of mixture composition on product properties." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19886646.
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The use of accelerated carbonation technology in combination with a granulation process was employed to produce aggregates from a variety of industrial wastes, which included municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and air pollution control residue, oil shale ash, cement kiln dust, and quarry fines that have been produced in Estonia. Focusing mainly on the effects produced by the content of municipal solid waste incineration ash in the admixtures, the granule compositions were varied in order to tailor granule properties on the basis of CO2 uptake, strength development, leaching behaviour, microstructure, and morphology. All the steps involved in the accelerated carbonation technology granulation process, from mixing with additives to granulation and carbonation treatment, were carried out in the same apparatus – an Eirich EL1 intensive mixer/granulator. The amount of CO2 that was bound ranged from 23 to 108 kg per tonne of waste. The granules that included the optimised mixture of municipal solid waste incineration air pollution control residue, oil shale ash, cement kiln dust, and ordinary Portland cement were characterised by the highest compressive strength (4.03 MPa) and water durability for the size range of 4–10 mm. In addition, the process was found to be effective in reducing alkalinity (pH < 11.5) and immobilising heavy metals (especially zinc) and chloride. The composition and properties of the respective waste materials and mechanisms associated with the characteristics of the resulting granules were also addressed.
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Hsiau, S. S., J. Smid, S. A. Tsai, C. C. Tzeng, and Y. J. Yu. "Flow of filter granules in moving granular beds with louvers and sublouvers." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 47, no. 12 (November 2008): 2084–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.10.019.
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Mandal, Sandip, Maxime Nicolas, and Olivier Pouliquen. "Insights into the rheology of cohesive granular media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (April 2, 2020): 8366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921778117.
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Characterization and prediction of the “flowability” of powders are of paramount importance in many industries. However, our understanding of the flow of powders like cement or flour is sparse compared to the flow of coarse, granular media like sand. The main difficulty arises because of the presence of adhesive forces between the grains, preventing smooth and continuous flows. Several tests are used in industrial contexts to probe and quantify the “flowability” of powders. However, they remain empirical and would benefit from a detailed study of the physics controlling flow dynamics. Here, we attempt to fill the gap by performing intensive discrete numerical simulations of cohesive grains flowing down an inclined plane. We show that, contrary to what is commonly perceived, the cohesive nature of the flow is not entirely controlled by the interparticle adhesion, but that stiffness and inelasticity of the grains also play a significant role. For the same adhesion, stiffer and less dissipative grains yield a less cohesive flow. This observation is rationalized by introducing the concept of a dynamic, “effective” adhesive force, a single parameter, which combines the effects of adhesion, elasticity, and dissipation. Based on this concept, a rheological description of the flow is proposed for the cohesive grains. Our results elucidate the physics controlling the flow of cohesive granular materials, which may help in designing new approaches to characterize the “flowability” of powders.
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Mikhailov, G. G., A. G. Morozova, and T. M. Lonzinger. "Research of Surface Phase Formation in Interaction of Granular Composite Sorbent with Technological Multicomponent Saline Solutions." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.845.
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The article describes the difficulties in the rehabilitation of water and soil contaminated by industries such as open mining, whereby the existing methods of recovery often only transfer the pollutants from one object to another. The work in question is aimed at using nature-like technologies to reduce the environmental hazard level associated with the synthesis of new materials. The presented technology offers a new composite material capable of irreversible immobilization of heavy metals cations in various concentrations. The ability of the granular composite sorbent to make up stable insoluble aggregates and hence efficiently remove pollutants from water and soil is proven using samples taken in the Karabash industrial area before and after their interaction with the sorbent presented.
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Cante, J., C. Dávalos, J. A. Hernández, J. Oliver, P. Jonsén, G. Gustafsson, and H. Å. Häggblad. "PFEM-based modeling of industrial granular flows." Computational Particle Mechanics 1, no. 1 (April 8, 2014): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40571-014-0004-9.
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Chen, Lan, Chun Hua Lin, Yun Hui Xie, and Song Du. "Drying Kinetics of Granules in a Fluidized Bed Dryer." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.459.
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Drying is one of the most important methods for industrial processing since moisture content is an extremely relevant parameter affecting the crucial properties of final products. Nowadays, fluidized bed drying technology is widely employed in various industries. Comparing to other drying methods, fluidized beds generate high efficient thermal conditions. In the current study, drying kinetics of cornstarch granules was investigated in a fluidized bed dryer. The drying experiments were performed at different temperatures and velocities of the inlet drying air and in different granule sizes. The results showed that air temperature had the most significant effect on the drying rate among the three variables. Five drying empirical models were fitted to the experimental moisture data and were evaluated using the determination coefficient and chi-square. Four of the models were found to be suitable for describing the drying behavior of cornstarch granules. Therefore, it is possible for them to be applied to estimate the drying end-point of cornstarch granules as well as to design and scale up of the drying process for the similar products in the fluidized bed dryer.
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Giesen, A., L. M. M. de Bruin, R. P. Niermans, and H. F. van der Roest. "Advancements in the application of aerobic granular biomass technology for sustainable treatment of wastewater." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.007.
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Aerobic granular sludge technology can be regarded as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. As a consequence, a growing number of institutes and universities focus their scientific research on this new technology. Recently, after extensive Dutch research and development effort, an aerobic granular biomass technology has become available to the market. Full scale installations for both industrial and municipal applications are already on stream, under construction or in design. The technology is distinguished by the name ‘Nereda®’ and based on the specific characteristics of aerobic granular sludge. It can be considered as the first mature aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full scale. It improves on traditional activated sludge systems by a significantly lower use of energy and chemicals, its compactness and its favorable capital and operational costs.
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Krzywy, Edward, Ewa Możdżer, and Żenisgul Bakenowa. "Effect of granular fertilisers produced from industrial and municipal wastes on the crop yield and their content of macroelements." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0022.
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Abstract Four granular fertilisers were produced from industrial waste products, such as CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O and FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O, coniferous and deciduous sawdust mixture and municipal sewage sludge with addition of mineral fertilisers. Based on the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and heavy metals, these granular fertilisers can be included into the group of organic-mineral fertilisers. In order to determine their manurial value, a vegetation experiment was carried out with these granular fertilisers in which spring rape and spring triticale were the test plants. The study results show that granular fertilisers increased signifi cantly the yields of test plants and their content of macroelements. The granular fertilisers containing FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O increased signifi cantly the yields of test plants and the contents of macroelements when compared to those with CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O. As affected by the granular fertilisers containing CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O, there was more phosphorus, calcium and sulphur in the test plants. The granular fertilisers composed of the waste products mentioned above can be a cheap source of organic matter and nutrients for plants and may reduce possibility of environmental contamination.
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Ricciardi, Paola, Elisa Belloni, Francesca Merli, and Cinzia Buratti. "Sustainable Panels Made with Industrial and Agricultural Waste: Thermal and Environmental Critical Analysis of the Experimental Results." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020494.
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Recycled waste materials obtained from industrial and agricultural processes are becoming promising thermal and acoustic insulating solutions in building applications; their use can play an important role in the environmental impact reduction. The aim of the present paper is the evaluation of the thermal performance of recycled waste panels consisting of cork scraps, rice husk, coffee chaff, and end-life granulated tires, glued in different weight ratios and pressed. Six panels obtained from the mixing of these waste materials were fabricated and analyzed. In particular, the scope is the selection of the best compromise solutions from the thermal and environmental points of view. To this aim, thermal resistances were measured in laboratory and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was carried out for each panel; a cross-comparative examination was performed in order to optimize their properties and find the best panels solutions to be assembled in the future. Life Cycle Analysis was carried out in terms of primary Embodied Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, considering a ‘‘cradle-to-gate” approach. The obtained thermal conductivities varied in the 0.055 to 0.135 W/mK range, in the same order of magnitude of many traditional systems. The best thermal results were obtained for the panels made of granulated cork, rice husk, and coffee chaff in this order. The rubber granulate showed higher values of the thermal conductivity (about 0.15 W/mK); a very interesting combined solution was the panel composed of cork (60%), rice husk (20%), and coffee chaff (20%), with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/mK and a Global Warming Potential of only 2.6 kg CO2eq/m2. Considering the Embodied Energy (CED), the best solution is a panel composed of 56% of cork and 44% of coffee chaff (minimum CED and thermal conductivity).
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Ignatkina, Daria O., E. V. Moskvicheva, and A. A. Voytyuk. "Composite Sorbent Filter Material on the Basis of Man-Caused and Minerals." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.983.
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It is about problems in purification of industrial wastewater and utilization of solid wastes as raw materials resources which are needed a scientific way of studying. The way of generation composite granular sorbent filter material on the basis of man-caused and minerals, using which is allowed to increase ecological safety food industry enterprise because of using waste conversion technique, as well modern methods of sorption purification , is offered and described here. A detailed chemical composition, which consists of tobacco dust and natural component as bentonitic clay, using for getting granular sorbent filter material, is studied. They studied real industrial wastewater to make researches for the detection residual impurity in the filtrate using composite granular sorbent filter material.