Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industries des Mines'

In 1945, the Ruhr pits faced enormous gaps in the workforce as a result of wartime losses and pre-war difficulties in recruiting young labour. Regenerating the workforce was the key to reviving Ruhr coal production and thus to German and Western European economic recovery. Between 1945 and the onset of the coal crisis in 1958, the Ruhr mines were to hire over a million men. Using archival materials, private papers, contemporary printed sources and interviews, the thesis analyses the measures undertaken to win new labour for the Ruhr and the attempts to turn the newcomers into productive and settled miners. After an introductory section, the study looks at the degree to which workforce regeneration was achieved in the pre-currency reform era. The underlying theme is that the pre-1948 economy proved in many ways to be an uncontrolled economy. Despite the enormous priority given to the task, the British initially failed to rebuild the workforce. With US help, they achieved a breakthrough in 1946-47, but the enterprise remained extremely costly and inefficient. These problems resulted from weaknesses inherent in any controlled economy but also from tensions and contradictions in British and later Bipartite rule. The second half of the thesis considers the policies of the 1948-58 period and argues that they were just as unsuccessful in regenerating the mining workforce. Neither a stable nor a compliant workforce was created and in desperation the industry began to turn to foreign labour. One reason for failure was the Federal Government's slowness in responding to the mines' need for housing investment. Another reason was that the established management style in the Ruhr mines alienated many newcomers. The employers' attitudes to management, integration and the labour market were stuck in a pre-war mould. This study contributes to our understanding of a number of different features of the reconstruction, notably the origins and limitations of the 'economic miracle', the impact of and response to the enormous population mobility after the war and the hopes and fears with which Germany's bourgeoisie entered the post-war era. Ultimately, however, the theme running through the study is the enormous and unique challenge that faced any organisation trying to create a stable and productive workforce in the mines.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a country possessing abundant resources of gold, oil, copper, timber, and fish stocks. It is hampered in its development and management of these resources, however, by serious problems of governance and corruption. These problems are evident throughout the economy and also in the management of the environment. The level of environmental damage caused by the mining industry in PNG is now such that it will require extensive rehabilitation, if the areas affected can, indeed, ever be fully rehabilitated. The mining companies which precipitated this damage were licensed and encouraged by the PNG Government in the initiation and exercise of the mining operations. The resulting environmental impact has affected the lives of thousands of New Guineans to their detriment. The degradation caused remains unredressed. Compounding the problem, there is a growing reliance by Papua New Guinea on mineral exploitation for foreign direct investment, government revenues, and foreign exchange. Gold exports accounted for the biggest share of export revenues in 2002 representing 37.5% of the total. In light of this growing dependency on mining activities, there is a correspondingly urgent requirement to address the deficiencies in the administrative, monitoring, and policing aspects of the protection of its environment. Despite the public evidence of the damage to the environment and the ensuing affect on the people of Papua New Guinea by mining activities; and despite universal condemnation of these activities and the companies responsible; the companies continue to conduct these activities without official hindrance and with little apparent concern for the long-term ramifications of their actions. This thesis will examine the degradation resulting from the mining activities of companies in Papua New Guinea over the last three decades - particularly those of Placer Dome's Porgera gold mine, BHP's Ok Tedi gold and copper mine (the waste from both of which is dumped into the Ok Tedi and Strickland rivers which are tributaries of the Fly River and form part of the Fly River system) and Lihir Gold Limited's gold mine on Lihir Island. It will examine the extent to which the Government of Papua New Guinea may have wittingly (in the sense of a prescience as to the possible or probable likelihood of deleterious impact) or unwittingly contributed to that degradation as a result of its actions or omissions. Studies of available literature suggest that there has been little attention paid to the subject of culpability on the part of successive PNG governments in matters of environmental damage. This research will contribute to reducing this gap in the literature by focusing on possible motives of the PNG government and its actors which precipitated those decisions and which resulted in environmental degradation. The discussion will examine the likely motivation of the PNG government in its deliberations and decisions and the extent to which corruption and incompetence may have played a role.

This thesis draws on over eighteen months of multi-sited fieldwork carried out in London and Dhaka, among geologists, lawyers, fund managers, engineers, and private sector development consultants intent on securing profitable extractive opportunities in new ‘frontier' markets, and among public intellectuals and politicians in Dhaka who oppose the development of Bangladesh's energy resources by foreign corporations. The thesis contributes to a recently revitalized anthropological political economy and engages critically with the actor–network theory-inspired ‘social studies of finance'. By tracing ethnographically the production of extractive industry capitalism, I show that capital is not merely free–flowing or reproduced by its own inevitable logic. Rather, the movement and accumulation of capital is facilitated by distinct forms of knowledge production, such as political risk analysis and the emergent field of Corporate Diplomacy, and by historically constituted legal norms, most notably those of investor–state arbitration. Equally, I show that the calculative capacities exercised by financial analysts and fund managers have material consequences far beyond those normally considered by scholars in the social studies of finance, who tend to confine their analyses to the ‘bounded fieldsites' provided by bank dealing rooms or stock exchange trading floors. Methodologically, this thesis defends the notion that ethnographically tracing the generation of extractive industry capitalism demands a rejection of the recent ‘post–critical' turn in the ethnography of experts and elite groups. Ultimately, I argue that what allows extractive industry capitalism to be generated is the subordination of the sovereignty of ‘frontier' states to the sovereignty of transnational extractive corporations. This subordination is supported by the norms of international arbitration, and is the source of the perceived ‘investment climate' stability that ultimately allows extractive industry capitalists to attract speculative investment for resource exploration in new ‘frontiers'.

Les travaux presentes dans ce manuscrit portent sur l'utilisation de la vision par ordinateur pour l'automatisation de l'abattage selectif par machines a attaque ponctuelle. Un etat de l'art en robotique miniere est presente. Le contexte de l'etude ainsi que le materiel et la mine servant de site pilote a l'experimentation sont decrits. La vision est utilisee dans l'etude comme un moyen de perception de l'environnement, afin de produire une carte 3d de la paroi destinee a guider le module charge de generer la trajectoire de l'outil d'abattage. La constitution de cette carte passe par deux etapes: (i) il faut identifier les minerais presents sur une image pour constituer une carte geologique du front de taille, (ii) il faut traduire cette carte en termes de coordonnees 3d exprimees dans un repere lie a la machine d'abattage. Le premier point est resolu en utilisant conjointement les informations de couleur et de texture dans un processus de classification par apprentissage utilisant les caracteristiques statistiques des differents minerais. Le deuxieme point est resolu par: (i) la definition d'un modele de camera (du deuxieme ordre pour prendre en compte le phenomene de distorsion geometrique induit par l'utilisation d'objectifs de faible longueur focale), (ii) le calibrage des parametres de la camera destine a relier l'information 2d contenue dans une image a l'information 3d correspondante. La construction de la carte 3d est obtenue naturellement a partir des resultats du calibrage et des connaissances a priori sur la forme de la paroi. Enfin, une methode est proposee pour concatener plusieurs images de maniere a reconstruire une vue unique du front de taille complet a partir de plusieurs vues partielles de celui-ci, et ce afin de pallier l'impossibilite d'embrasser un champ de vue trop vaste avec une unique camera

En esta tesis se buscó desarrollar una metodología para la remediación a escala real de los suelos afectados históricamente por las emisiones de la Fundición de cobre CODELCO Ventanas (ubicada entre las comunas de Puchuncaví y Quintero, región de Valparaíso). Las emisiones históricas generaron altas concentraciones de Cu y en menor medida de otros metales, en los suelos de la zona aledaña a la Fundición, así como un pH ácido. Estas condiciones han deteriorado los ecosistemas y representan actualmente un riesgo a la salud de la población y a la biota. Para lograr el objetivo de remediar los suelos, se seleccionó la técnica de fitoextracción, por ser ambientalmente amigable y ser una técnica de bajo costo. La técnica se basa en la extracción de metales por parte de plantas acumuladoras y su posterior cosecha, lo que, después de una cantidad variable de ciclos de cultivo, permite disminuir las concentraciones de metal a un nivel target (usualmente un valor que no cause riesgo a la salud o biota o un valor cercano al background). Se estableció que un período de una década es aceptable para un proceso de remediación a gran escala. Como base para desarrollar la metodología de fitoextracción se seleccionaron tres especies nativas identificadas anteriormente en el área: Baccharis linearis, Argemone subfusiformis y Oenothera picensis. Las altas concentraciones de Cu halladas en la biomasa aérea de estas especies en un muestreo exploratorio (promedio 391 y 314 y 600 mg/kg, respectivamente), su adaptación a la zona, y su alta producción de biomasa las definieron como especies con potencial para la fitoextracción. Sin embargo, ensayos iniciales determinaron que se requieren estrategias que mejoren su potencial extractor pues, en condiciones naturales, la proyección del número de ciclos de cultivo que se requeriría para remediar un suelo contaminado por Cu es muy elevado (cientos a miles de años), lo que lo hace inviable en condiciones reales. Para mejorar la capacidad extractora de cobre de las especies seleccionadas se probaron 4 estrategias: la aplicación de enmiendas agrícolas; la definición del momento ideal de cosecha; el mejoramiento genético mediante selección fenotípica y la aplicación de un quelante biodegradable. Las estrategias se probaron en forma separada y luego se seleccionaron, para cada especie, aquellas estrategias que arrojaban resultados positivos sobre la extracción, probándose luego en conjunto en un ensayo final. En el ensayo final se seleccionaron la o las estrategias combinadas más eficientes para cada especie. En base a la mejora de la extracción se calculó nuevamente, para cada especie el número de ciclos de cultivo necesarios para remediar una superficie de suelo contaminado una vez aplicadas las estrategias de mejoramiento. Si el número de ciclos necesarios para remediar un suelo hubiese sido menor a 10 años en duración en alguna de las especies, se consideraría a la técnica como apta para ser aplicable a escala real y se desarrollaría una metodología de fitoextracción, considerando las implicancias técnicas y económicas. Los ensayos se realizaron entre el año 2008 y 2011. Los resultados obtenidos descartaron en un inicio a la especie Argemone subfusiformis, debido a su dificultad de propagación y a una baja tasa de supervivencia en los primeros. En cuanto a cada estrategia de mejoramiento: • El mejoramiento genético (probado en O. picensis ya que A. subfusiformis se descartó y B. linearis es una especie dioica) no fue exitoso ya que luego de la autopolinización, las semillas obtenidas sufrieron de decaimiento endogámico muriendo los individuos al poco tiempo de crecimiento. • En cuanto a la determinación del momento ideal de cosecha, para O. picensis se determinó que el estado fenológico ideal de cosecha era el período reproductivo (floración) ya que en este momento se concentra la mayor cantidad de Cu en la biomasa aérea. Para B. linearis no se detectó un estado fenológico en que la extracción de Cu fuese significativamente mayor a otro. • En cuanto a la adición de un quelante biodegradable, probada en condiciones controladas para O. Picensis, la adición de MGDA (Ácido Metil Glicin Diacético) tuvo un efecto positivo significativo en la extracción. Una dosis de 6-10 mmol/planta aumento en 5 veces la extracción, comprobándose además que no causaba lixiviación de metales o nutrientes a capas más profundas de suelo. Si bien en B. linearis no se probó la adición de quelantes en condiciones controladas debido a restricciones operativas, se decidió probar para esta especie esta estrategia de mejoramiento en el ensayo final. • En cuanto a las enmiendas agrícolas, se determinó que la aplicación de materia orgánica (7%) podría aumentar significativamente la extracción en O. Picensis. Si bien en B. linearis no se obtuvieron resultados claros debido a pérdida de individuos (ramoneo), se decidió probar esta estrategia en el ensayo final. En el ensayo final, se probó la adición de 6 mmol/planta de MGDA en conjunto con la adición de compost hasta llegar a un 7% de materia orgánica. Los resultados y su análisis posterior arrojaron que la aplicación de quelante aumentó significativamente el Cu intercambiable en el suelo y por lo tanto generó una extracción 6,6 veces la del control. Por otro lado la aplicación de materia orgánica sola y en conjunto con quelante disminuyó significativamente la disponibilidad de Cu en relación al control, y por lo tanto disminuyó la extracción. Esto se atribuye a que el compost adquirido tenía un pH levemente alcalino (circunstancia no prevista ya que la muestra inicial testeada tenía pH neutro). Para B. linearis los tratamientos no tuvieron efectos, dependiendo la extracción solo de la concentración de Cu total entre 15-30 cm de profundidad (profundidad donde se concentran las raíces de la planta). Considerando al tratamiento de quelantes como el más exitoso, se calculó nuevamente el número de ciclos necesarios para remediar un suelo contaminado por Cu, utilizando los valores máximos, mínimos y promedio obtenidos en este tratamiento. Si bien los resultados arrojaron una disminución de un 15% del número de ciclos necesarios en relación a la condición sin mejoras; aún el número de ciclos ascendía al orden de siglos, lo que la hace inviable en condiciones reales. Para B. linearis, dado que los mejoramientos no tuvieron efecto, no se calculó nuevamente el número de ciclos. Se concluyó entonces que la hipótesis de investigación fue rechazada ya que no se logró disminuir el número de ciclos necesarios para remediar un suelo contaminado por Cu, a un valor menor a 10 ciclos, para ninguna de las especies, utilizando los mejoramientos evaluados. El análisis en profundidad de los resultados permitió proyectar que las dificultades metodológicas probablemente afectaron significativamente los resultados. El aseguramiento del uso de un compost neutro habría evitado la baja del Cu intercambiable, mejorando con ello los resultados del ensayo final. Por otro lado, los ensayos controlados con quelantes evidenciaron que la planta no se veía afectada por la toxicidad del quelante ni por la toxicidad metálica, y que la lixiviación hacia capas profundas era muy reducida. Por ende es probable que se pudiesen aplicar mayores dosis de quelante, mejorando con ellos los resultados de la extracción. El análisis también sugirió que factores externos como la escasez de precipitaciones influyeron significativamente sobre los resultados. El año 2008, en que se realizaron los primeros ensayos (cultivo en condiciones naturales y ensayo de aplicación de enmiendas) las precipitaciones fueron aproximadamente el doble que en los siguientes años de experimentación, afectando la sobrevivencia y desarrollo, principalmente de O. affinis por se especie herbácea. Se presume que ante un escenario de lluvias normales los resultados de esta tesis podrían haber mejorado significativamente al menos para esta especie. La escasez hídrica aumentó también el ataque de especies roedoras, que consumieron los individuos de B. linearis en el primer ensayo, aunque luego de esto se tomaron precauciones para evitar este problema. Si bien no se logró el objetivo, el desarrollo de la tesis permitió conocer las limitantes que presentaría un proceso de fitoextracción a escala real en el ecosistema propio del área de estudio, más allá de las limitantes propias de la técnica. La aplicación de riego y la protección contra el ataque de roedores deben ser consideradas al momento de aplicar la técnica a gran escala en esta área si se desean obtener resultados eficientes. Asimismo lo es el uso de materiales (enmiendas o incluso el agua de riego) que no neutralicen la acidez. Como proyecciones para nuevas investigaciones, se sugiere prospectar nuevas especies acumuladoras, pero esta vez en vetas de mineral, ya que en estos sitios las especies han estado expuestas a la presión de selección por miles de años en comparación a las décadas a las que han estado expuestas en sitios contaminados antrópicamente. También se sugiere el probar cultivos energéticos en reemplazo de especies acumuladoras (por ejemplo, la tuna, Opuntia ficus-indica Mill., que es una especie que aún crece en el área de estudio). Además existen otras estrategias de mejoramientos que es posible probar como la adición de micorrizas, que ha tenido efectos positivos según otros autores nacionales. Considerando lo anterior, y el hecho de que la fitoextracción, hasta la fecha de realización de esta tesis, no había sido investigada en condiciones reales, esta tesis se considera un aporte inicial relevante en la búsqueda de estrategias eficientes para la descontaminación de sitos contaminados por metales en Chile y más aún para el área de estudio de Puchuncaví y Quintero.
The aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology for full-scale remediation of soils that are historically affected by emissions from CODELCO's Ventanas copper smelter. The plant is located between the communities of Puchuncaví and Quintero, Valparaíso Region. Historical emissions inserted high concentrations of Cu, and to lesser extent other metals, into the soils around the smelter. Consequently, the surrounding population and biota are exposed to high health risks. To achieve the objective of remedying soil, the phytoextraction technique was selected for its environmental friendliness and cost efficiency. Roughly, the technique extracts metals using accumulating plants and their subsequent harvest. This way, after a variable number of growing cycles, concentrations of metal could fall below a specific threshold that does not involve risks to health or biota, or that is close to a background value. It was established that a period of a decade is acceptable for such a large-scale remediation process. Three species, native to the study area, were deemed fit to serve in the endeavor: Baccharis linearis, Argemone subfusiformis and Oenothera picensis. High concentrations of Cu (average 391, 314 and 600 mg/kg, respectively) discovered in the aerial biomass of these species in an exploratory sampling, their adaptation to the area and high biomass production, strengthen these species’ high potential for phytoextraction. However, initial tests determined the need to follow certain strategies to improve their extracting potential, because under natural conditions the projected number of growing cycles required to remedy soil contaminated by Cu stretches into hundreds of years, rendering the process unviable under real-world conditions. The four strategies to improve the copper extracting capacity of the selected species are: i) application of agricultural amendments; ii) definition of ideal harvest time; iii) genetic improvement by phenotypic selection; and iv) application of a biodegradable chelator. The strategies were tested separately and then selected according to species. Strategies that yielded positive results regarding extraction were tested together in a final test, which produced the most efficient or combined strategies for each species. Based on extraction improvement, for each species the number of growing cycles necessary to remedy a contaminated surface culture was calculated again after soil improvement strategies were implemented. If the number of required cycles turned out less than 10 years for any of the species, the technique was considered suitable to be applied at real-world scale, and a phytoextraction methodology would be developed, considering technical and economic implications. The trials were carried out between 2008 and 2011. The results obtained initially discarded the species Argemone subfusiformis, due to its difficulty of propagation and low survival rate in the firsts years of experimentation of this thesis. Regarding each improvement strategy: • Genetic improvement (tested on O. picensis since A. subfusiformis was discarded and B. linearis is a dioecious species) was not successful, because after self-pollination, the seeds obtained suffered endogamic decay and the individuals were dying after a brief period of growth. • Regarding the determination of harvest time, it emerged that the ideal phenological state of harvest for O. picensis is the reproductive period (bloom), since this moment concentrates the greatest amount of Cu in the aerial biomass. For B. linearis, no phenological state in which the removal of Cu significantly increased compared to other states arose. • Concerning the adding of biodegradable chelating, tested in controlled conditions for O. Picensis, the addition of MGDA (Methyl Glycine Diacetic Acid) had a significant positive effect on extraction. A dose of 6-10 mmol / plant increased extraction five-fold, after assurance that no leaching of metals or nutrients into deeper soil layers occurred. Even though in B. linearis the addition of chelating agents under controlled conditions could not obtain due to operational constraints, it was decided to try this improvement strategy in the final trial nonetheless. • Regarding agricultural amendments, it was determined that the application of organic matter (7%) could significantly increase extraction in O. Picensis. Although in B. linearis clear results did not emerge due to loss of individuals, it was decided to test this strategy nonetheless in the final trial. In that trial, the addition of 6 mmol/plant of MGDA was tested in conjunction with adding compost until 7% of organic matter was reached. Results and their further analysis revealed that the application of chelator significantly increased the exchangeable Cu in the soil, and therefore generated an extraction 6.6 times higher than that in the controlled conditions. On the other hand, the application of organic matter alone, and in conjunction with chelating, significantly decreased Cu availability in relation to the controlled conditions, and therefore decreased the extraction. This may derive from the compost´s slightly alkaline pH-value, which was not envisaged since the initial sample tested had neutral pH. For B. linearis treatments had no effect. Extraction depended solely on the total Cu concentration at depths of 15-30 cm, where the roots of the plant concentrate. Considering the treatment of chelating as more successful, the number of cycles needed to remedy Cu-contaminated soil was calculated again, using the maximum, minimum and average values obtained in the treatment. Even though the results showed a decrease of 15% in the number of necessary cycles in relation to the condition without improvements, it still reached the order of centuries, making it unfeasible under real-world conditions. For B. linearis, given the improvements had no effect, the number of cycles had not been calculated again. Consequently, the research hypothesis was rejected in conclusion, since decreasing the number of cycles necessary to remedy a soil contaminated by Cu to a value lower than 10 cycles was not achieved for any of the species, using the improvements evaluated. The in-depth analysis of the results allowed projecting that the methodological difficulties probably significantly affected the results. Ensuring the use of neutral compost could have prevented lowering interchangeable Cu, thus also improving the final test results. On the other hand, controlled chelating trials demonstrated that neither the toxicity of the chelation nor the metal affected the plant, and that leaching into deep layers was very low. Thus, it is likely that higher doses of chelation could improve extraction results. Analysis also suggested that external factors such as precipitation scarcity significantly influenced the results. When in 2008 the first trials (in natural conditions and testing the application of amendments) were conducted, precipitation reached approximately double that of subsequent years of experimentation, affecting the survival and development mainly of O. affines for it being an herbaceous species. It is presumed that in a scenario of normal rainfall the results of this thesis could have significantly improved, at least for the aforementioned species. Water scarcity also increased attacks of rodent species that consumed the B. linearis individuals in the first trial, although precautions taken after the first cycle solved this problem for later trials. While the objective was not achieved, the development of the thesis allowed determining the technical constraints that a process of phytoextraction would present at real scale in the ecosystem of the study area. To obtain efficient results, the application of irrigation and protection against rodent attacks must take precedence when applying the technique on a large scale in this area, as should the use of materials (amendments or even irrigation water) that do not neutralize acidity. As projections for new research, it is suggested to prospect new accumulating species, but in veins of ore. In such areas, species have been exposed to the pressure of selection during thousands of years in comparison to only decades at anthropically contaminated sites. It is also suggested to test energy crops instead of accumulating species (for example, prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica Mill., which still grows in the study area). Additionally, more potential improvement strategies exist; for example the addition of mycorrhiza that has had positive effects according to other Chilean researchers. Considering the above, and the fact that phytoextraction -as of thesis completion - had not been investigated in real-world conditions, this thesis makes an important initial contribution in the pursuit of efficient decontamination strategies of sites in Chile, and specifically for the area of Puchuncaví and Quintero.

Thesis (MAud)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In developing countries, like Namibia, there is limited data pertaining to the number of individuals with hearing loss and its associated factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of potential hearing loss in Namibian Class A mines and to describe the extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with hearing loss. A cross-sectional design was utilised and data were collected from 132 respondents (mining employees) from five different Class A mines throughout the country. A questionnaire and a retrospective review of respondents’ medical records were utilised to determine the risk factors. The most recent audiogram found in the respondents’ records was used to determine the presence of potential hearing loss. Three definitions of potential hearing loss were used in this study and included all major frequency hearing loss (AFHL), high frequency hearing loss (HFHL) and low frequency hearing loss (LFHL). Potential hearing loss was identified when the pure tone average (PTA) of 0.5, 1, 2, & 4kHz, 0.5, 1 & 2kHz and 4 & 8kHz respectively was greater than 25dBHL in either one or both ears. Chi-square measurements or, where necessary, Fisher’s exact tests, as well as Odds Ratios were used for the analysis of data. In general a significance level of 5% was applied for all analyses. Results indicated the prevalence of potential hearing loss in Namibian mining employees to be 27% and that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors were associated with hearing loss. The extrinsic factors significantly associated with potential hearing loss were both occupational and medical. The occupational factors found to be significant were the number of years employed in whole life >10 years (p=0.012; OR=3.1, 95% CI=1.3-7.9), the number of years employed in current job > 10 years (p=0.01; OR=3.9, 95% CI1.7-8.8) and the non-availability of formal training in prevention of hearing loss (p=0.022; OR=0.3, 95% CI (0.1-0.9). Diabetes was the sole significant extrinsic medical factor (p=0.035, OR=5, 95% CI 1.1-22.1). The only intrinsic factor which was found to be significantly associated with hearing loss was Age, specifically being older than 40 years (p=0.002; OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.8) and 50 years (p=0.001, OR=5.5, 95% CI1.9-15.8). A multiple logistic regression model of all significant factors found that only no formal training of prevention of hearing loss was found to be significant in the presence of all other factors (p=0.036, OR=0.036, 95% 0.1-0.92). Findings from this study suggest that multiple factors may be associated with potential hearing loss and not just the exposure to hazardous occupational conditions. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice should, therefore, include thorough investigations into the aetiology of hearing loss. As this study focused on Class A mines, it is recommended that future research be conducted in other mines that are not categorised as Class A mines. Keywords: prevalence, extrinsic factors, intrinsic factors, extrinsic occupational factors, extrinsic social factors, extrinsic medical factors, potential hearing loss, mining industry, Class A mine, Namibia.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ontwikkelende lande, soos Namibië, is daar beperkte data met betrekking tot die aantal individue met gehoorverlies en sy verwante faktore. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die voorkoms van gehoorverlies in Namibiese Klas A myne te bepaal en die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke faktore wat verband hou met potensiale gehoorverlies te beskryf. 'n Deursnee-ontwerp is gebruik en data is ingesamel uit 132 respondente (mynbou werknemers), uit vyf verskillende Klas A myne regdeur die land. 'n Vraelys en 'n retrospektiewe oorsig van die respondente se mediese rekords is gebruik om die risiko faktore te bepaal. Die mees onlangse oudiogram wat in die respondente se rekords gevind is, is gebruik om die teenwoordigheid van potensiale gehoorverlies te bepaal. Drie definisies van potensiale gehoorverlies is gebruik in hierdie studie, ingesluit al die groot frekwensie gehoorverliese (AFHL), hoë frekwensie gehoorverlies (HFHL) en 'n lae frekwensie gehoorverlies (LFHL). ‘n Gehoorverlies was teenwoordig wanneer die suiwer toon gemiddelde (PTA van 0.5 , 1 , 2, & 4kHz , 0.5, 1 & 2kHz en 4 & 8kHz onderskeidelik , groter was as 25dBHL in een of albei ore. Chi -square metings of, waar nodig, Fisher se presiese toetse, asook kans verhoudings is gebruik vir die ontleding van data. In die algemeen is 'n beduidendeidsvlak van 5% gebruik en toegepas vir al die ontledings. Resultate het aangedui die voorkoms van gehoorverlies in Namibiese mynbouwerknemers tot 27 % was en dat beide ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke faktore ‘n verband toon met potensiaal gehoorverlies. Die ekstrinsieke faktore wat ‘n beduidende verband getoon het met gehoorverlies was albei beroeps- en mediese faktore. Die beroepsfaktore wat betekenisvol was, was die aantal jare diens in hele lewe > 10 jaar ( p = 0,012 ; OR = 3.1 , 95 % CI = 1.3-7.9) , die aantal jare in huidige pos> 10 jaar diens (p = 0,01 ; OF = 3.9 , 95 % CI1.7-8.8 ) en die onbeskikbaarheid van formele opleiding in die voorkoming van potensiaal gehoorverlies (p = 0,022 ; OF = 0,3 , 95 % CI ( 0,1-0,9 ). Diabetes was die enigste beduidende ekstrinsieke mediese faktor (p = 0,035 , OR = 5 , 95 % CI 1,1-22,1 ). Die enigste intrinsieke faktor watbeduidend was en verband hou met gehoorverlies was ouderdom, spesifiek om ouer as 40 jaar ( p = 0,002 ; OF = 3.5 , 95 % CI 1,6-7,8 ) en 50 jaar ( p = 0.001 , OR = 5.5 , 95 % CI1.9-15.8 ) te wees. 'n Veelvuldige regressie model van alle beduidende faktore het bevind dat slegs geen formele opleiding in die voorkoming van gerhoor verlies beduidende was in die teenwoordigheid van al die ander faktore ( p = 0,036 , OR = 0,036 , 95 % 0,1-0,92 ) . Bevindinge van hierdie studie dui daarop dat verskeie faktore geassosieer kan word met gehoorverlies en nie net die blootstelling aan gevaarlike beroepstoestande nie. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing en kliniese praktyk moet dus 'n grondige ondersoek na die etiologie van gehoorverlies uitvoer. Aangesien hierdie studie gefokus het op die Klas A- myne , word dit aanbeveel dat toekomstige navorsing gedoen word in ander myne wat nie gekategoriseer is as Klas A myne nie. Sleutelwoorde: Voorkoms, ekstrinsieke faktore, instrinsieke faktore, ekstrinsieke beroepsfaktore, ekstrinsieke sosiale faktore, ekstrinsieke mediese faktore, potensiale gehoorverlies, Klas A myn, Namibië.

Thesis (MTech (Human Resource Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The mining sector has been the backbone of the Namibian economy since Namibia attained its independence. However, the disruptive nature of the numerous strikes that are experienced in the mining sector has prompted this study that explores the perceptions held by different stakeholders on the impact of strikes on the productivity of three selected mines in Namibia. The selected mines are Langer Heinrich mine, Navachab Gold mine and Skorpion Zinc mine. Labour disputes in Namibia’s mining sector have a long history dating back to the colonial era. A myriad of factors that include, amongst others, poor remuneration, unfair labour practices, poor social and housing amenities, perceived discrimination and harsh working conditions are major triggers for mining sector strikes. Strikes are mostly conducted by employees when they fail to amicably resolve a labour dispute with their employers. Employees are normally perceived as the backbone of any organisation. Conflicts, however, are part of human nature and can only be avoided, in most cases, if people are conscious of the consequences of their actions and reactions, hence, the need to explore the perceptions of stakeholders on the impact of strikes on the productivity of the selected mines. Human perceptions are dynamic in nature. Irrespective of this fact, in this research questionnaires were administered to obtain the perceptions of mine management, miners and trade union members on the effects of strikes on the productivity of the three selected mines. A different questionnaire was designed to gather the views of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW) officials since in most cases they are involved in conciliating the disputing parties. Generally, strikes have negative impacts not only on the organisation concerned, but also on the Namibian economy at large. The mines selected for this research are situated in the Khomas, Erongo and Karas regions of Namibia. Most mining companies in Namibia are located in Erongo and Karas, whereas Windhoek, which is in the Khomas region, mainly houses some of these mines headquarters. A five-point Likert scale was used to gather data in the survey. Specialised software called Statistical Program for Social Scientists (SPSS) was then used to analyse the data. Although the results indicate that in most cases the striking parties are aware of the adverse effects of strikes on productivity of the mines, they still opt to use strikes as a bargaining weapon. Since conflicts are always bound to arise where two or more parties interact, this study recommends that there should always be a conciliator who tries to amicably resolve disputes by sensitising each party on the consequences of strikes. The study also recommends a model which emphasises the need to thoroughly inform the mineworkers and the mine management on the ripple effects of strikes and on the need to achieve a win-win situation for all the parties that are involved in a conflict. The model emphasises that although the employees and the employers can individually and separately approach the official, which is the MLSW, such official should always provide open feedback to the feuding parties through a tripartite negotiation forum, otherwise any other type of covert feedback may be misinterpreted as bias by one of the feuding parties. The model further explains that at all times direct negotiations between employees and their employers must be kept open, as it is possible that agreements that can reduce strike action may be reached without necessarily engaging a third party.

This treatise will focus on the review of labour arbitration awards provided for under the oversight of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA), bargaining councils, statutory councils, accredited private agencies and approved private arbitration tribunals. The general grounds of review applicable to the arbitration awards of the different bodies are set out. Thereafter the case of Carephone (Pty) Limited v Marcus NO & others (1998) 19 ILJ 1452 (LAC) is analysed and the core principles pertaining to the justifiability test are clarified for the first time in the forum of the Labour Appeal Court. The judicial rationale for the relevance and applicability of the test to CCMA arbitration proceedings and criticisms of the test are examined. The justifiability tests are only applicable to review proceedings in CCMA matters and not available to private arbitration review matters. There are however three approaches which are being suggested for the application of the justifiability tests to private arbitration review. Firstly, it is suggested that the Arbitration Act could be interpreted to include the justifiability test under the statutory review grounds. Secondly, the arbitration agreements could be interpreted to include an implied term that the arbitrator is under a duty to give justifiable awards. Finally, it can be submitted that the law should be developed by reading into all arbitration agreements the ability to arbitrators to give justifiable awards. Since the judgment of Sidumo v Rustenburg Platinum Mines [2007] 12 BLLR 1097 (CC) various critical questions arose in relation to the interpretation and application for the purpose of dealing with subsequent review applications. Firstly, this research paper will seek to establish whether the courts in subsequent matters to the Sidumo judgment have interpreted reasonableness as a test or ground for review. Secondly the research paper will scrutinise case law whether the reviewing court is entitled to rely on and consider reasons other than those provided for by the commissioner in his award to determine inter alia, the reasonableness of his decision arrived at. The Constitutional Court in the Sidumo case rejected the so-called employer’s test, stating that ultimately the commissioner’s sense of fairness is what must prevail and not the employer’s view. Consequently an impartial determination whether or not a dismissal was fair is likely to promote labour peace amongst the labour force. The test arrived at by the Constitutional Court in the Sidumo case for determining whether a decision or arbitration award of a CCMA commissioner is reasonable, is a stringent test that will ensure that such awards are not easily interfered with. The question to be asked in determining whether there has been compliance with the standard is whether the decision of the commissioner is one which a reasonable decision maker could have reached. This approach will underpin the primary objectives of the Labour Relations Act which is the effective resolution of disputes. This finding will be apparent from important cases decided and discussed after the Sidumo landmark ruling.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the relationship between the state and mining capital in South Africa since the beginning of gold mining. It provides a historical analysis centered around the notion that neither state nor capital have been able to dominate each other wholly but retained their respective relative strength and independence. By applying a qualitative approach, this thesis seeks to determine whether this notion still holds true today, how the relationship between the state and mining capital has evolved over time and by what factors was it determined. I suggest that structurally the nature of the state-capital relationship continues to endure fifteen years after apartheid. Accordingly the thesis is organized in terms of two critical junctures, one in the 1920s and one in the long 1970s when the balance of power between the state and mining capital experienced a number of shifts. Recent developments in post-apartheid South Africa seem, as of now at least, to represent more of a continuation of the shift that materialized in the long 1970s rather than a new conjuncture of its own or one in the making. Contrasting these findings with the adamant calls of the ANCYL for a nationalization of mines indicates that nationalization as the ANCYL foresees it does not seem to be informed by a historical understanding of the mining capital-state relations and that it is ceteris paribus unlikely to materialize.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis ondersoek die verhouding tussen die staat en mynbou kapitaal in Suid-Afrika sedert die begin van die goudwedloop. Op grond van ’n historiese oorsig word daar aan die hand gedoen dat nòg die staat nóg mynbou kapitaal mekaar oorheers het en dat hierdie tendens vyftien jaar na apartheid steeds voortduur. Die magsbalans tussen die staat en kapitaal word egter gekenmerk deur twee uiteenlopende periodes, naamlik die Twintiger jare en die langdurige Sewentigs. Verwikkelinge in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika suggereer ’n voortsetting van die dinamika van die Sewentigs. Volgens onlangse uitlatings deur die ANC Jeugliga blyk dit asof die beweging nie bewus is van die kompleksiteit van hierdie historiese verhouding nie en dat dit dus hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat nasionalisering in terme van ANC Jeugliga beleid die lig sal sien.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Small-scale mining entrepreneurs are confronted with a variety of challenges during both the start-up and growth phase of their businesses not only in South Africa, but all over the world. Most small-scale mining entrepreneurs are not able to take advantage of the opportunities that are available to them. This retards the growth of their businesses. The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges and prospects for small-scale mining entrepreneurs in South Africa, the support structures available to them as well as the factors that could make them successful. The research problem in this study is that the mining sector is biased towards more established companies and against small-scale mining entrepreneurial operations, which marginalises small-scale mining entrepreneurs. Despite being a significant source of revenue for South Africa, the mining sector does not directly benefit the historically disadvantaged people. Notwithstanding government interventions, small-scale mining entrepreneurs face numerous challenges during both the business start-up and growth phase of their businesses with very few prospects of succeeding. This is a qualitative study that uses a series of face-to-face interviews with mining entrepreneurs in South Africa to generate data. Given that small-scale mining entrepreneurs are in most cases part of the informal sector and difficult to locate, a database of small-scale mining entrepreneurs was obtained from Mintek. Initially, 21 small-scale mining entrepreneurs were randomly selected to participate in this study. However, it soon became apparent that ten of them were no longer in business. This meant that the sample was reduced to eleven mining entrepreneurs, located in four provinces: Free State, KZN, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. The findings of this research reveal that small-scale mining entrepreneurs are handicapped by a lack of financial and technical resources, and therefore cannot purchase capital items. It seems that there are good prospects for small-scale mining, particularly in open markets. However, they are unable to exploit these prospects because they lack the necessary finance. Although there are support structures to assist them, they find it difficult to meet the criteria for loans or overdraft facilities from financial institutions. Although these mining entrepreneurs have benefited from the support they have received thus far, they need equipment and commitment to their businesses to remain successful. A series of recommendations are made to guide small-scale mining entrepreneurs already in business, prospective small-scale mining entrepreneurs and other stakeholder’s interested in transforming the industry.
Zandisile Holdings (Pty) Ltd National Research Foundation Mauerberger Foundation

Thesis (LLM) -- University of Limpopo, 2012
The study focuses on rehabilitation, since absence of proper rehabilitation process result in indelible damage to the environment. South Africa, like many other countries, is faced with many environmental problems caused by mining. These problems are particularly caused by, inter alia, abandoned mining areas without rehabilitation, inadequate environmental impact assessment after closure, inadequate financial provision for rehabilitation, and lack of monitoring and aftercare system after post mine closure. The study found that many Companies ignore laws governing prospecting, extraction and rehabilitation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate and recommend guidelines in the rehabilitation process so as to instil respect for the environment. The study therefore recommended strict legislation relating to environmental protection against mining.

Cette étude a consisté en une analyse technologique et socio-économique de quatre régions riches en ressources salifères continentales (Franche-Comté et Moldavie roumaine) et marines (Bretagne sud et marais poitevin). Ces productions de sel s'échelonnent depuis le début du néolithique à la fin du chalcolithique en Europe, soit entre le vie et le IIIe millénaire. En s'interrogeant sur le type et la nature des ressources salifères, sur la diversité des témoins archéologiques et des formes d'exploitation, puis des modes de production et de contrôle, l'auteur a tenté de comprendre et de caractériser les premières formes de production de sel en rendant compte de leurs dimensions socio-économiques. Pour cela, il a utilisé de multiples approches méthodologiques (technologie, archéometrie, ethnographie, paléogéographie et spatiale) et propose de les tester sur d'autres régions européennes. Loin d'être homogène, la production de sel, ou plutôt de pains de sel, a pu s'intégrer plus largement dans des processus d'intensification des relations sociales et des systèmes d'échange ou le contrôle des ressources salifères, celui de la production et de la diffusion des pains de sel, a pu devenir un enjeu de taille.

Elinor Ostrom (2005: 238) assumes that in understanding the make up and behaviour of institutional systems governing natural resources: “Resource users are explicitly thought of as rational egoists who plunder local resources so as to maximise their own short-term benefits. Government officials are implicitly depicted, on the other hand, as seeking, the more general public interest, having the relevant information at hand and the capability of designing optimal policies.” This thesis examines the validity of this assumption through an historical analysis of the deep-level gold mining industry of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. The main focus of the assessment is on the institutions of ownership – that is, the development of mining rights and title legislation between 1886 and 2008. The study looks at the legislations’ transformation and implementation from the perspective of the gold mining industry – made up of the mining finance houses and the Chamber of Mines of South Africa – and that of the state. The transformation of the mining industry’s institutional framework was both a choice by government as well as that of the firms in the mining industry. The theoretical framework is constructed from four areas of economic thought. These include: the neoclassical and Keynesian schools of macroeconomic thought; industrial organisation and its relevance to the relationship between firms and the market; institutional and new institutional economics; and finally property rights. The determinants of policy design and the impact of such design on firms and industry is examined. The development, implementation and use of the aforementioned legislation is examined from two perspectives, namely, that of preserver or exploiter. Throughout the history of this prominent South African industry, the motivation for action from the industry or government has oscillated between the two extremes of preserver or exploiter over the time period examined. The conclusion is drawn on an overall and broad focus of actions – with a strong focus on the most recent developments in mining legislation – post-1992.

Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
The strategic focus in many organisations is on innovation. This is driven by the need to grow and sustain shareholder value. Innovation takes the form of business process innovation, technological innovation and social innovation through acts of organisational restructuring. Innovation strategies have become a priority for the mineral resource sector. This is due to the constraints imposed on business growth by the finite nature of the mineral resources. The need for innovation brings two organisational aspects into focus. These are the organisational system constituted of structure, process, culture and people and the business system constituted of strategy, throughput activities, resource configurations, and product or service offerings. The two systems are in constant interaction. Innovation is therefore an emergent phenomenon dependent upon interaction of such systems. A Systems approach is required to analyse the complex interactions that take place between the two systems in organisations. The Jwaneng Mine Production Interface (JMPI) consists of several inter-dependent subsystems and it is therefore appropriate to analyse it as an intersystem. The research focuses on the factors that impact the business system and the organisation system. Innovation requires the development of competencies and capability in people constituting the organisation. The way people interact with technology can be a determining factor for innovation. Theories of technology and social systems provide an important insight on how social and technological systems can be organised for innovation. The developmental paths of an organisation are influenced by its culture and structure. Theoretical insights are used to gain deeper understanding of how innovation can be derived from organisational systems and business systems. To gauge the status of innovation activities in the JMPI, specially selected case studies are used for detailed analysis. In addition, appropriate benchmarks in similar and dissimilar industries are also utilised. The critical success factors to mining production innovation are found to be social, structural and technological in nature. Innovation is shown to cover the whole life cycle of the business product or service offering. The design for innovation therefore requires a holistic approach that incorporates strategy, organisational structures, technology, business processes, leadership and people.

Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
The continent of Africa is often recognised more for its problems and conflicts than for its successes. Blessed with an abundance of natural resources, the continent has also suffered from the ‘resource curse’ with many of its troubles directly linked to resource conflicts. Project-finance provides a unique opportunity for unlocking the continent’s resources by structuring arrangements which can allay investor concerns. This report contributes to the discourse on Africa’s development by unpacking some of the key issues which will enable and fast-track future investment on the continent. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate how subjective risk analysis and decision making affect risk-based lending. Tied to this was the examination of five risk categories and how these influence the decisions of project-finance loan officers. The particular focus of this study was in the mining sector. This study reviewed a comprehensive body of the literature which found that corruption and political risk were of great influence on lenders’ perception of risk. This study also reviewed the cognitive psychology literature in order to understand how decision makers process information cues. A quantitative method was then employed in order to understand how project-finance lenders respond to project-finance risk information cues. The results of the study were that, when considering mining projects in Africa, political and market risk have significant influence on the decisions of lenders. This finding confirms that there remain key issues which must be recognised and addressed if the continent is to generate and sustain long-term wealth.

'The development of urbanism' has been one of the most important topics since V. G Childe's seminal works. This paper will discuss the impact of the development of urbanism III the Southern Levant on pastoral nomads using archaeological data from the Jafr Basin, Southern Jordan. The Jafr Basin is one of the best flint sources in the Southern Levant and yields high quality Eocene flint. In the Early Bronze Age when a number of fortified urban settlements appeared in the Southern Levant, pastoral nomads in the Jafr Basin started intensive flint mining and stone tool production of tabular scrapers. Tabular scrapers were distributed from the basin in large quantities to urban settlements and farming villages. Pastoral nomads in the Negev and Sinai also started utilizing desert resources for urban settelements. It is likely that in the Early Bronze Age the arid areas were economically integrated with the moister zones to a greater degree than before. The development of urbanism had the effect of making pastoral nomads more to\\l1 and market-oriented. In the Early Bronze Age, a variety of desert products were distributed to sedentary settlements by pastoral nomads. Meanwhile, Early Bronze Age pastoral nomads probably became more dependent for living necessities and luxuries such as cereals, foods, vegetables and clothes on markets in urban communities.

Ce travail de thèse, le premier pour la Sardaigne consacré entièrement à la production sur silex, offre un regard nouveau sur les assemblages en pierre taillée du Néolithique, mettant en lumière la manière dont les différentes phases de la production lithique sont mises en place, depuis l'acquisition de la matière première jusqu'à l'obtention de produits finis. Cela sur la durée et sur une aire géographique vaste. D’autre part, il permet de reconstruire le comportement des néolithiques par rapport à ce matériel et, par rapport aux autres ressources lithiques exploités durant l’arc chronologique analysé, l’obsidienne en particulier
In Sardinia the use of siliceous raw materials for the production of chipped stone artifacts is frequent in prehistory, although to varying degrees in relation to the areas and periods analyzed. These lithotypes, characterized by different qualities, have a great variability and a wide spread over the entire region. This work presented a summary of the diachronic variations in lithic flint production during the Neolithic, focusing on the one side, to describe their typological and technological features and, on the other side, to illustrate the variations in the raw material selection behaviors occurred in this period

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998.
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1998), School of Employment Relations, University of Western Sydney, Nepean. Bibliography : p. 232-257.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation aims to discuss the innovation policies for mining in Brazil (excluding oil and gas), particularly the national innovation policy for the sector. The aim is to understand the role of each agent (university, company and State) in the formulation and execution of the policy, and to identify if such agents recognize the presence of an innovation policy in the sector as well as what importance they place on such a policy. The research has an exploratory nature and a comparative method. It is comparative because the research uses the Swedish experience of innovation policies for the mineral sector as a benchmark in the discussion and it is exploratory since it creates hypotheses that explains the reality of innovation in mining in Brazil. Interviews were conducted in Brazil and Sweden with agents from the three spheres (university, company and State) responsible for the innovation sector. Sweden is today Europe's largest iron ore producer and its government has long been offering incentives for innovation in the industry and has stimulated cooperative action between companies and universities, with significant results in increasing productivity. The research shows that when the innovation policy of mining for the two countries are compared, Brazil puts higher emphasis on issues related to business competitiveness and industrial policy. Compared to Sweden, collaboration among the agents for innovation in the mining sector of Brazil is weak; and there is low priority for environmental concerns or social issues
O presente trabalho procura discutir políticas de inovação para a mineração no Brasil (exclusive petróleo e gás). A partir da caracterização da política nacional de inovação para o setor no Brasil, a pesquisa busca compreender qual é o papel de cada agente (universidade, empresa e Estado) na formulação e execução da política; além de, complementarmente, tentar identificar se tais agentes reconhecem a presença de uma política no setor e, no caso, qual importância os agentes atribuem à existência de tal política. A pesquisa tem natureza exploratória e seu método é comparativo. É comparativo porque a pesquisa se utiliza do padrão dado pelo benchmark da experiência sueca na discussão da presença de políticas de inovação para o setor mineral e é exploratória na medida em que se dispõe a construir hipóteses na tentativa de compreender a realidade da inovação na mineração no Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas no Brasil e na Suécia, com agentes das três esferas responsáveis pela inovação do setor. A Suécia é hoje o maior produtor de minério de ferro da Europa e seu governo vem há muito tempo oferecendo incentivos à inovação no setor e estimulando a atuação cooperada entre empresas e universidades, com resultados significativos no aumento da produtividade. A pesquisa, no entanto, nos mostra que ao comparar a política de inovação dos dois países para o setor, o Brasil dá ênfase aos temas relacionados à competitividade empresarial e à política industrial. Ainda se mostra fraca a colaboração entre os agentes para a inovação no setor mineral no Brasil, há pouca prioridade à temática ambiental e ausência de preocupação à temática social, ao contrário do que se verifica no caso sueco

La Haute-Durance a été le théâtre d’une importante activité minière au Moyen Age central. Les mineurs ont recherché et extrait des minerais de plomb argentifère depuis le bas des versants jusque dans les terroirs agropastoraux d’altitude (2000-2200 m. D’alt. ). Le recours à l’abattage par le feu pour attaquer des roches encaissantes dures a généré des stratégies d’exploitation qui ont conditionné la forme des ouvrages, l’organisation des aires de travail, la composition des remblais, le traitement des matériaux et l’exploitation de la fôret. La localisation de l’aire d’approvisionnement en altitude répond à une gestion raisonnée des disponibilités forestières pour satisfaire les besoins des activités minières et agropastorales. L’étude croisée des vestiges miniers et de leur chronologie, des biofacts ligneux, des témoignages écrits, du mode opératoire de l’abattage par le feu grâce à l’expérimentation sérielle, apporte des éléments nouveaux pour dépeindre le travail à la mine, les usages et les techniques du bois associés.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the 20th century, many employees in the South African mining industry were involved in occupational accidents which either resulted in personal injury or had fatal consequences. Despite the introduction of numerous industrial safety programmes to prevent fatal incidents and minor injuries, the South African mining industry death toll remains consistently high, at approximately 200 employees per annum. The trend of employee injury and death continues unabated into the new millennium. This safety performance has been met with growing dissatisfaction in the ranks of government, worker unions, employees and business stakeholders. This dissatisfaction is directed at chief executives who are being blamed for the occupational accidents on their mines. There is now growing focus on the leadership of mining companies and how it contributes to shaping an organisational culture for improved safety performance. The researcher examines whether leadership is a key component in creating a safety conscious organisational culture, and uses literature studies and the Anglo American mining company as a practical case study to support the investigation. Anglo American, listed on the Johannesburg and London stock exchanges is the largest mining company in South Africa and also one in which many fatal injuries have occurred; providing an abundance of safety information. The researcher reviews previous literature studies and explains the journey Anglo American undertook to improve its safety performance since listing on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. The concepts of organisational culture, safety culture, leadership and organisational performance, are discussed from a theoretical and practical perspective using literature studies. These are then examined with the ultimate view of understanding their practical impact on organisational safety as espoused in the literature. The literature provides a broad framework on which to assess Anglo American's safety journey from 1999 to the end of 2007. This journey details the safety programmes and efforts employed by Anglo American to eliminate fatalities and injuries and also highlights the impact of the organisation's leadership on the safety performance of the company. It is concluded that the contribution of leadership is pivotal to establishing a safety-conscious organisational culture and that specific behaviours from executives, senior managers, middle managers, supervisors and workers are needed to develop an organisations safety culture for improved safety performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die 20ste eeu was baie werkers in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbedryf betrokke in beroepsverwante ongelukke wat tot persoonlike beserings of lewensverlies gelei het. Ten spyte van die instelling van veelvuldige beroeps-veiligheidsprogramme om noodlottige insidente en ander minder ernstige beserings te voorkom, bly die dodetal in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbedryf konstant hoog, teen ongeveer 200 werkers per jaar. Hierdie tendens van dood en beserings onder werkers gaan ongetem voort tot in die nuwe millennium. Hierdie veiligheidsrekord word met toenemende ontevredenheid deur die regering, werkers-vakbonde, werkers en bedryfsinsethouers beskou. Hierdie ontevredenheid word gemik op uitvoerende bestuur, wie blameer word vir beroepsverwante ongelukke in hul myne. Daar word dus toenemend gefokus op die leierskap van mynmaatskappye en hoe dit bydra tot die skepping van 'n organisasiekultuur van verbeterde veiligheidsuitslae. Die navorser ondersoek die vraag of leierskap 'n kern komponent is in die daarstelling van 'n veiligheids-bewuste organisasiekultuur, en maak gebruik van literatuurstudies sowel as Anglo American mynmaatskappy as 'n praktiese gevallestudie om sy ondersoek te ondersteun. Anglo American is die grootste mynmaatskappy in Suid-Afrika en ook die een waar baie noodlottige ongelukke voorgekom het, en dus 'n groot bron van veiligheidsinligting kan voorsien. Die navorser hersien teoretiese literatuurstudies en verduidelik dan die optrede van Anglo American om sy veiligheidsrekords te verbeter sedert sy noteering op die Londonse Effektebeurs in 1999. Die konsep van organisasiekultuur, veiligheidskultuur, leierskap en organisasieprestasie, word bespreek vanuit 'n teoretiese en praktiese perspektief met behulp van literatuurstudies en hierdie word bestudeer met die uiteindelike doel om die praktiese impak daarvan in industrie te verstaan soos uiteengesit in die literatuur. Die literatuur voorsien 'n breë raamwerk waarteen Anglo American se veiligheidstog gemeet kan word vanaf 1999 tot einde 2007. Hierdie tog verskaf detail van hoe Anglo American veiligheidsprogramme gebruik het om noodlottigge ongelukke en beserings uit te skakel en beklemtoon ook die impak van die organisasie se leierskap op die veiligheidsrekord van die maatskappy. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die bydrae van leierskap kern is tot die daarstelling van 'n veiligheidsbewuste kultuur en dat spesifieke optredes van hoofbestuurders, seniorbestuurders, middelvlakbestuurders, opsieners en werkers nodig is om 'n veiligheidskultuur te bewerkstellig om veiligheid in maatskappye te verbeter.

Le problème qui a motivé ce travail est l'évaluation d'un projet minier et en particulier la sélection de la meilleure option de développement incluant la possibilité d'obtenir des sondages d'exploration supplémentaires. Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation des reserves d'une mine d'or à ciel ouvert en utilisant des simulations conditionnelles et en particulier une approche bayésienne, et sur l'évaluation financière du projet en utilisant les options réelles. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la combinaison des simulations conditionnelles géostatistiques avec les options réelles. Tout comme la volatilité dans les modèles traditionnels des options réelles, la séléctivité de la distribution des teneurs ajoute de la valeur au projet. L'approche bayésienne a été utilisée pour incorporer l'incertitude de modélisation dans les analyses d'erreurs. Ce qui permet de laisser de l'incertitude sur les paramètres du modèle. L'option d'obtenir des sondages supplémentaires s'est avérée une source majeure de valeur pour le projet. L'investissement nécessaire pour obtenir de nouvelles informations est une alternative importante, tant pour décider d'un développement immediat, que pour attendre de meilleures conditions de marché. Cette thèse combine des méthodes géostatistiques et des outils de la finance pour evaluer un projet minier. Il est important d'utiliser un modèle qui prenne en consideration à la fois les incertitudes techniques et celles du marché pour l'évaluation de projets relatifs à des ressources naturelles
In natural resource projects such as mines and oil fields, there are at least two important sources of uncertainties, market uncertainty represented mainly by the price of the commodity, and technical or private uncertainty represented by the reserves. Traditional methods of evaluating projects such as discounted cash flow analysis are based on fixed values of all the parameters and a fixed development scenario. They assume that firms are passive to changing conditions. Real options is an approach that has been designed to incorporate managerial flexibility and uncertainty on commodity prices, but little work has been done on incorporating uncertainty on technical parameters. For this we thought of combining real options with geostatistical conditional simulations, and in particular a Bayesian approach, to value a gold mining project and define the best development strategy. This thesis addresses the question of how to evaluate additional drilling. The investment in additional information is an important alternative for both the early development and the waiting for better market conditions

One of the greatest challenges facing the world today is integrating industrial activities such as mining with environmental integrity and social concerns. Monitoring is fundamental to environmental management, both to assess the adherence to standards and to allow environmental managers to learn from practical experiences. However, a problem arises when the regulatory authorities cannot keep up with their mandate of enforcement and compliance monitoring. This research examined how the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) implements the concept of sustainable development in the mining sector of the Eastern Cape (EC) and, more specifically, the extent to which the Mine Environmental Management (MEM) section is able to effectively monitor compliance of mining operations with environmental legislation. This was the first systematic compilation of statistical data for the DME, and presents the first study in the EC regional office in terms of environmental sustainability. Results indicate that there has been a sustained increase in mining activity over the past three years, possibly as a result of the boom in the construction industry and the accelerated road maintenance and improvement programmes in the Eastern Cape. Mining applications received by the DME have increased by 47% from 2006 to 2007 (January-May) and by a further 100% from 2007 to 2008. In addition to the increasing number of mining concerns being established, 98 mining concerns will need to apply for the conversion of their old order rights to new order rights by the 1st May 2009. Mining in the province is predominantly small scale with mining permits (mined areas less than 1.5Ha) making up 52.3% of all applications, with larger mining concerns contributing 29.3% and prospecting contributing the remaining 18.4%. In terms of compliance inspections, the EC regional office is required to conduct 120 environmental compliance inspections annually in terms of contributing to sustainable development. The MEM section exceeded this target since 2003. However, when the number of operational mines is considered, 120 inspections per year equates to one mine being visited, on average once every four years (based on 2008 data). Based on projected figures (number of compliance audits and number of operational mines) for 2009, the DME’s target of 150 inspections for 2009/10 combined with the limited staff D. Watkins – MBA Dissertation 2008 capacity will, at best, mean that mines would be inspected once in seven years. However, the target of 150 inspections will not actually even cover the expected number of EMP evaluation inspections. This has serious implications in terms of regulating the compliance of the mining concerns with their EMPR’s. The low level of compliance monitoring can be directly related to staff capacity and logistics problems at the regional office as well as provincial targets being based on staff capacity rather than the number of operational mines. Thus, considering potential environmental damage associated with mining operations and the capacity constraints of the MEM to conduct frequent compliance audits, it is likely that mining operations will have negative implications for sustainable development in the region. Currently there are many challenges facing the DME in terms of contributing positively to sustainability in the mining sector and there is a need to base future actions on the idea of continuous improvement and ultimately progress.

This research project examined the diffusion of change within one Victorian TAPE Institute by engaging action research to facilitate implementation of e-mail technology. The theoretical framework involving the concepts of technology innovation and action research was enhanced with the aid of Rogers's (1983) model of the diffusion of the innovation process. Political and cultural factors made up the initiation phase of innovation, enabling the research to concentrate on the implementation phase of e-mail Roger's (1983) model also provided adopter categories that related to the findings of a Computer Attitude Survey that was conducted at The School of Mines and Industries Ballarat (SMB), now the University of Ballarat—TAPE Division since amalgamation on 1st January 1998. Despite management rhetoric about the need to utilise e-mail, Institute teaching staff lacked individual computers in their work areas and most were waiting to become connected to the Internet as late as 1997. According to the action research reports, many staff were resistant to the new e-mail facilities despite having access to personal computers whose numbers doubled annually. The action research project became focussed when action researchers realised that e-mail workshop training was ineffective and that staff required improved access. Improvement to processes within education through collaborative action research had earlier been achieved (McTaggart 1994), and this project actively engaged practitioners to facilitate decentralised e-mail training in the workplace through the action research spiral of planning, acting, observing and reflecting, before replanning. The action researchers * task was to find ways to improve the diffusion of e-mail throughout the Institute and to develop theoretical constructs. My research task was to determine whether action research could successfully facilitate e-mail throughout the Institute. A rich literature existed about technology use in education, technology teaching, gender issues, less about computerphobia, and none about 'e-mailphobia \ It seemed appropriate to pursue the issue of e-mailphobia since it was marginalised, or ignored in the literature. The major political and cultural influences on the technologising of SMB and e-mail introduction were complex, making it impossible to ascertain the relative degrees of influence held by Federal and State Governments, SMB's leadership or the local community, Nonetheless, with the implementation of e-mail, traditional ways were challenged as SMB's culture changed. E-mail training was identified as a staff professional development activity that had been largely unsuccessful. Action research is critical collaborative inquiry by reflective practitioners who are accountable for making the results of their inquiry public and who are self-evaluating of their practice while engaging participative problem-solving and continuing professional development (Zuber-Skerritt 1992, 1993). Action research was the methodology employed in researching e-mail implementation into SMB because it involved collaborative inquiry with colleagues as reflective practitioners. Thoughtful questions could best be explored using deconstructivist philosophy, in asking about the noise of silence, which issues were not addressed, what were the contradictions and who was being marginalised with e-mail usage within SMB. Reviewing literature on action research was complicated by its broad definition and by the variability of research (King & Lonnquist 1992), and yet action research as a research methodology was well represented in educational research literature, and provided a systematic and recognisable way for practitioners to conduct their research. On the basis of this study, it could be stated that action research facilitated the diffusion of e-mail technology into one TAPE Institute, despite the process being disappointingly slow. While the process in establishing the action research group was problematic, action researchers showed that a window of opportunity existed for decentralised diffusion of e-mail training,in preference to bureaucratically motivated 'workshops. Eight major findings, grouped under two broad headings were identified: the process of diffusion (planning, nature of the process, culture, politics) and outcomes of diffusion (categorising, e-mailphobia, the survey device and technology in education). The findings indicated that staff had little experience with e-mail and appeared not to recognise its benefits. While 54.1% did not agree that electronic means could be the preferred way to receive Institute memost some 13.7% admitted to problems with using the voice answering service on telephones. Some 43.3% thought e-mail would not improve their connectedness (how they related) to the Institute. A small percentage of staff had trouble with telephone voice-mail and a number of these were anxious computer users. Individualised tuition and peer support proved helpful to individual staff whom action researchers believed to be 'at risk', as determined from the results of a Computer Attitude Survey. An instructional strategy that fostered the development of self-regulation and peer support was valuable, but there was no measure of the effects of this action research program, other than in qualitative terms. Nevertheless, action research gave space to reflect on the nature of the underlying processes in adopting e-mail. Challenges faced by TAPE action researchers are integrally affected by the values within TAPE, which change constantly and have recently been extensive enough to be considered as a 'new paradigm'. The influence of competition policy, the training reform agenda and technologisation of training have challenged traditional TAPE values. Action research reported that many staff had little immediate professional reason to use e-mail Theoretical answers were submerged beneath practical professional concerns, which related back to how much time teachers had and whether they could benefit from e-mail. A need for the development of principles for the sound educational uses of e-mail increases with the internationalisation of education and an increasing awareness of cultural differences. The implications for conducting action research in TAPE are addressed under the two broad issues of power and pedagogy. Issues of power included gaining access, management's inability to overcome staff resistance to technology, changing TAPE values and using technology for conducting action research. Pedagogical issues included the recognition of educational above technological issues and training staff in action research. Finally, seventeen steps are suggested to overcome power and pedagogical impediments to the conduct of action research within TAPE. This action research project has provided greater insight into the difficulties of successfully introducing one culture-specific technology into one TAPE Institute. TAPE Institutes need to encourage more action research into their operations, and it is only then that -we can expect to answer the unanswered questions raised in this research project.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful organisations keep a well-balanced fit between their strategy, structure, processes, reward system and culture. Any significant change in any of the elements requires management to rethink and probably redesign the rest of the elements. Tshikondeni Coal Mine went through various changes the last few years. These changes were brought about by, amongst other things, a re-engineering project, production expansion and the appointment of new management A significant portion of the employees was newly appointed. Some of the older employees were appointed in other positions, or were required to do different work. Tshikondeni had to make sure that employees were equipped with the needed competency to do their job to the required standard and in a safe manner. The process started by ensuring that employees' medical profile fit that required by their jobs. They were also trained in identifying the hazards associated with their jobs and how to minimise exposure to risks. The gap between the competencies required for each job and that possessed by the job incumbent was identified. Training was designed to fill the identified gaps. Iscor management's annual salary increase is performance driven. The process of designing post profiles, competency documents and personal performance contracts is described. The link between the personal performance contract, the annual salary increase and the personal development plan is discussed. There is still no clear link between the annual salary increase of operational employees and their performance. Plans are in place to eventually reward all employees on a performance driven basis. The training section on Tshikondeni Mine was designed to support business objectives. It is also aligned with the trends experienced in modern training. The section, amongst other things, caters (through the use of an interactive multi media system) for the bulk of mining employees who can't read or write. All training information is kept on a central database. Employees must not only be able to do their job, but also willing or motivated to do it. Management created a work and home environment conducive towards motivated employees. A psychosocial study was done to. determine how employees and their families felt towards their environment. The results helped management to focus energy where problems were identified. Problems and pitfalls encountered during the process to ensure competency are discussed. The process followed by the mine is elucidated with modern trends, statements, remarks and suggestions found in literature.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë prestasie organisasies se strategië, strukture, prosesse, vergoedingstelsels en kultuur is in balans met dit wat sukses voorskryf. Enige wesenlike verandering in enige van die elemente kan veroorsaak dat die res van die elemente herbesoek en moontlik herontwerp moet word. Tshikondeni Steenkoolmyn het groot veranderinge oor die afgelope aantal jare beleef. Hierdie veranderinge was onder andere veroorsaak deur en proses herontwerp, produksie uitbreiding en die aanstelling van nuwe bestuur. en Beduidende hoeveelheid van wernemers was nuut aangestel. Van die ouer werknemers was aangestel in nuwe poste of was verwag om nuwe take te verrig. Tshikondeni moes verseker dat werknemers toegerus was met die nodige bevoegdheid om die werk te kan doen volgens die verlangde standaard en op en veilige manier. Die proses was begin deur te verseker dat werknemers se persoonlike mediese profiel pas by die profiel benodig deur hulle poste. Hulle was opgelei in die identifisering van gevaar in hulle werksomgewing en hoe om die risiko van blootstelling aan die gevaar te minimeer. Die gaping tussen werknemers se bevoegdhede en dié verlang deur hulle poste was geïdentifiseer. Opleiding was ontwikkel om die gapings aan te spreek. Iscor Bestuur ontvang jaarliks enprestasie gebasseerde salaris verhoging. Die proses wat gevolg is met die ontwerp van pos profiele, bevoegdheidsdokumente en persoonlike prestasiekontrakte word beskryf. me verhouding tussen die persoonlike prestasie kontrak, die jaarlikse salaris aanpassing en die persoonlike ontwikkelingsplan word bespreek. Daar is tans nie en duidelike ooreenkoms tussen die jaarlikse salaris aanpassing wat bedryfspersoneel ontvang en hulle prestasievlakke nie. Iscor het wel planne in plek om uiteindelik aan alle werknemers In prestasie gebasseerde vergoeding te betaal. Die opleidingseksie op Tshikondeni is ontwerp om besigheidsdoelwitte te ondersteun. Dit is ook belyn met moderne neigings met betrekking tot opleiding. Die seksie bedien, onder andere die grootste gedeelte van mynbou werknemers wat nie kan lees en skryf nie (met behulp van In interaktiewe multi media stelsel). Alle opleidings inligting word gestoor op In sentrale databasis. Werknemers moet nie net in staat wees om hul werk te kan doen nie, maar moet ook gemotiveerd wees om die werk te wil doen. Bestuur streef daarna om In werk- en huis omgewing te skep wat werknemers motiveer. In Psigososiale studie is gedoen om te bepaal hoe dat wememers en hulle gesinne voel ten opsigte van hulle omgewing. Die resultate het gehelp om bestuur se aandag en energie te fokus om probleme op te los. Probleme en slaggate ondervind tydens die bevoegdheidsproses word bespreek. Die proses gevolg word toegelig met moderne neigings, stellings, opmerkings en voorstelle soos wat gevind word in die literatuur.

"Célèbre pour ses mines d'argent depuis la conquête espagnole, la région de Zacatecas se caractérise au dix-huitième siècle par un renouveau de ses activités économiques. Or, une dynamique sociale originale accompagne cette reprise minière : celle de l'hidalgo espagnol, venu de la péninsule, qui s'enrichit dans les mines, devient ensuite un grand propriétaire terrien et va jusqu'à acquérir un titre de noblesse. Ainsi se trouve réalisée de manière inattendue la convergence des intérêts de ces puissants particuliers avec ceux de la couronne d’Espagne. L'intérêt de cette évolution réside par ailleurs dans la dualité de ces personnages : ils sont modernes du point de vue économique ce sont des "entrepreneurs" qui inaugurent de véritables stratégies économiques, plus particulièrement dans le dernier tiers du dix-huitième siècle, avec la création de compagnies minières. En revanche, ils se caractérisent sur le plan social par un ensemble de mentalités et de comportements que l'on peut qualifier de seigneuriaux (liens personnels très développés, système de clientèle, réseaux familiaux très denses) qui s'apparentent fort aux systèmes de valeurs en usage dans le moyen-âge européen. Ces traits spécifiques servent cependant les intérêts économiques des intéressés. L'efficacité de ces modèles de comportement est attestée par la longévité du type social ainsi crée dans cette société d'ancien régime : on le trouve non seulement pendant la période considérée, mais également, avec des nuances, tout au long du dix-neuvième siècle mexicain"

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The retention of the right skills in any organisation or industry is always a challenge. There are many causes of the skills shortage and it is also difficult to retain skilled people once they have been found. The literature suggests that retention of skills should ideally be considered from the design and expectation of the requirements of the job through to the recruitment process; and not only once the employee has started working. The literature also explores the different retention strategies that can be applied, such as succession planning, employee engagement, work – life balance, remuneration structuring and career advancement path. This research is limited to Tshikondeni coal mine and attempts to establish which of the following are the biggest contributing factors that cause people to leave and resign from the mine: • Known life of the mine left is till 2014; • Remote location away from essential services; • Leadership; and • Remuneration. From the research that was done, it became clear that the limited life of the mine was the biggest contributing factor that would make employees want to leave Tshikondeni coal mine. Further study is recommended for organisations that operate with finite resources, and mostly in remote areas, to develop further specific retention strategies – over and above those challenges that face all other industries and organisations. This should be done so that the reality of finite resources can be addressed in order to keep employees motivated and energised until the last ton is extracted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is altyd ‘n uitdaging in enige organisasie of industrie om die regte vaardighede te behou. Daar is baie redes vir die tekort aan vaardighede en dit is moeilik om bekwame mense te behou wanneer hulle wel gevind word. Die literatuur raai aan dat die retensie van vaardighede reeds in die ontwerp van en vereistes vir ‘n betrekking in ag geneem moet word, sowel as tydens die werwingsproses en nie eers na indiensneming van die werknemer nie. Die literatuur ondersoek ook retensie strategië wat toegepas kan word, soos bv. opvolgbeplanning, werknemerbetrokkenheid, balans tussen werk en vrye tyd, vergoedingstrukture en moontlikhede vir bevordering. Hierdie navorsing is beperk tot Tshikondeni steenkoolmyn en poog om vas te stel watter van die volgende die grootste bydraende faktore is waarom mense bedank en weggaan by die myn: • Lewensduur van die myn slegs tot 2014; • Afgesonderde ligging weg van essensële dienste; • Leierskap; en • Vergoeding. Uit die navorsing wat gedoen is, het dit duidelik geword dat die beperkte lewensduur van die myn die grootste bydraende faktor was waarom werknemers wou weggaan van Tshikondeni steenkoolmyn. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel vir organisasies wat met beperkte hulpbronne, en hoofsaaklik in afgeleë gebiede, werk om verdere spesifieke retensie strategieë te ontwikkel – bo en behalwe dié wat vir ander industrieë en organisasies geld. Hierdeur kan die realiteit van beperkte hulpbronne aangespreek word om sodoende die motivering en aansporing van werknemers te verseker totdat die laaste ton verwerk is.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle eksplorasieprojekte en die daaropvolgende mynboubedrywighede kan as die stimulus dien vir ekonomiese groei in Suider Afrika deur middel van werkskepping, beter lewensomstandighede, en uiteindelik ekonomiese en polilieke stabilileit. Mynbou het die vermoe om dit te bewerkstellig. Die doel is om uiteindelik 'n langtermyn, veilige, vredevolle en vooruitstrewende oplossing vir die streek te vind, wat volgehoue groei gebaseer op 'n ekonomiese opbloei veroorsaak deur die implementering van suksesvolle mynbouprojekte en vooruitstrrewendheid tot gevolg het. Om dit reg te kry, is 'n deeglike en volledige studie betreffende alle moontlike risiko's, polities, ekonomies en sosiaal, wat sulke bedrywighede kan beinvloed, noodsaaklik. Ongelukkig ly die streek aan 'n gebrek aan buitelandse vaste investering as gevolg van burokrasie, politieke onstabiliteit en 'n onsekere veiligheidsituasie. Die hoof doel van hierdie studie is om 'n model daar te stel wat gebruik kan word om 'n voorlopige ontleding van 'n land se risikofaklore aangaande die algemene besigheids- en beleggingsklimaat te doen, soos gesien uit die oogpunt van beleggers in eksplorasie en mynbouprojekte. Angola en Zimbabwe, waar mynbou 'n groot rol kan speel, is geidentifiseer op die basis van die kwalitiet van hul mineraalafsettings en mynboupotensiaal. Deur gebruik te maak van die model wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is waar gradering berus op 'Politieke', 'Finansiele', 'Sosiale Risiko', asook 'Eienaarsrisiko' onderskeidelik, gradeer Angola as 'n CBCB land met 'n matig stabiele omgewing om eksplorasie en mynbouprojekte van stapel te stuur. Dit is 'n land met uitgebreide minerale moontlikhede en alhoewel die infrastruktuur op hierdie stadium te kort skiet, het die land drie groot hawens. Geen groot bedreigings of destabiliserende faktore bestaan op die kort- tot medium termyn nie. Dit het die vermoe om tot 'n BBCB status oor die medium- tot lang termyn te beweeg. Zimbabwe verwerf 'n gradering van DDC+C, wat dui op 'n hoogs riskante omgewing om eksplorasie en mynbouprojekle van stapel te stuur. Niemand is seker wat die huidige verkiesing en die toekomstige politieke bedeling sal voortbring nie. Die huidige situasie kan amper net verbeter vir die land en sy mense met die moontlikheid van 'n regering van nasionale eenheid. Alhoewel die land dalk nog nie sy onderste draaipunt bereik het nie, kan 'n gradering van CC+C+C+ 'n moontlikheid oor die medium termyn wees, en selfs beter op die langtermyn. In 'n land met enorme minerale moontlikhede het die tyd aangebreek om te begin soek na geskikte gebiede vir eksplorasie doeleindes. Zimbabwe het die potensiaal om weer Afrika se kosmandjie te word met ondersteuning van die mynboukant. 'n Regverdige demokratiesverkose regering en baie harde werk, toewyding en deursettingsvermoe is nodig om uiteidelik te seevier. Laastens, die belangrikste deel van die risikobepaling van 'n land kom in die vorm van politieke risiko, en meer spesifiek, "leiersrisiko". Ongelukkig is die grootste struikelblok in langtermyn-vooruitskatting die feit dat die status quo vir die volgende dekade geldig kan bly, of amper oornag omvergegooi kan word. Dit kan weer lei tot 'n kettingreaksie reg deur al die sfere van die politieke en sosioekonomiese orde, binne en soms selfs buite die land in die vorm van binnelandse oproerigheid en buitelandse sanksies of ondersteuning. 'n Gevoel van dringendheid om te verander tot voordeel van almal, moet egter nog posvat. Die son wag nie vir Afrika nie.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful exploration projects and subsequent mining ventures can provide the stimulus for economic growth in Southern Africa through job creation, improved living conditions, and eventually economic and political stability. The aim is to ultimately ensure a long- term, safe, peaceful and prosperous solution for the region consisting of continuous growth and prosperity based upon an economic kickoff sparked by the implementation of successful mining projects. To achieve this, a thorough and comprehensive study of all possible risks, political, economic and social affecting such ventures is of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, the region suffers from a lack of foreign direct investment to make this happen largely as a result of bureaucracy, political instability and an uncertain security situation. The main aim of this study is to create a model for an initial risk analysis by analysing a country's risk factors relevant to the overall business and investment climate as perceived by investors in exploration and mining projects. Two countries, Angola and Zimbabwe, where mining can play a large role have been identified based on the quality of their mineral deposits and mining potential. Using the model developed in this research study where grading is based on 'Political', 'Financial (Transfer)', 'Social', and 'Ownership Risk' respectively, Angola rates a CBCB country with a moderately stable environment in which to launch exploration and mining ventures. It is a country with a vast mineral potential and although the support infrastructure is lacking at this stage, have three major ports. No major threats or destabilising factors exist in the near to medium terms. It has the ability to change to a BBCB status over the medium to long term. Zimbabwe receives a rating of DDC+C with a highly risky environment to launch exploration and mining ventures. No one is sure what the last election and the future political framework will bring. The current status can almost only improve for the country and its people with the possibility of a government of national unity. Although the country might not have reached the bottom turning point yet, a CC+C+C+ rating could be a possibility over the medium term and even better over the long term. In a country with enormous mineral potential, it is time to start scouting for promising regions for exploration purposes. Zimbabwe has the potential to again become the bread basket of Africa with backup from the mining industry. A proper democratically elected government and much hard work, commitment and dedication are necessary to be successful eventually. Finally, the most important/crucial part of measuring the risk associated with a country comes in the form of political risk and more precisely, sovereign risk. Unfortunately, and this is the main stumbling block in long-term forecasting, the status quo can continue for the next decade, or be turned upside down almost overnight. This in turn can lead to a chain reaction throughout all spheres of the political and socioeconomic standing, inside and outside the country in the form of domestic upheaval and foreign sanctions or support. A sense of urgency to change for the better still has to emerge though. The sun doesn't wait for Africa.

Evalúa los aceros de perforación método mecanizado y convencional, en Minera Bateas S.A.C. perteneciente al grupo Fortuna Silver Mines (FSM), con sede en Vancouver; realizando el estudio comparativo de rendimientos y costos de los aceros de perforación de los proveedores. Minera Bateas SAC., es una empresa que pertenece al sector minero y se encuentra clasificada como mediana minería, siendo sus actividades la exploración, explotación y tratamiento de minerales con contenido de plata, oro, plomo y zinc. Asimismo, se dedica a la comercialización de los concentrados de minerales obtenidos en este proceso. Desde el año 2006 hasta la fecha viene operando de manera continua en las instalaciones que anteriormente pertenecían a Compañía Minera Ares ubicada en el distrito y provincia de Caylloma, departamento de Arequipa. El método de explotación subterránea, es utilizado cuando las zonas mineralizadas (vetas o cuerpos de mineral económico) son angostas y profundas, por lo que según las evaluaciones técnicas y económicas justifica la perforación de túneles y socavones para posibilitar su extracción.
Tesis

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia
Desde los albores de la actividad productiva de la industria minera en Potrerillos, las cuantiosas toneladas de mineral explotado y procesado en las plantas, la ingente cantidad de insumos hídricos, energéticos y reactivos fueron los elementos imprescindibles para elaborar las preciadas barras de cobre. Pero la ecuación no estaría completa si no consideramos a los trabajadores, que en definitiva, son los actores que hicieron de la producción un hecho histórico desde un punto de vista laboral, social y cultural, además de lo económico. Si se tiene la posibilidad de pisar Potrerillos, el espectador podrá observar los antiguos recintos industriales llenos de chatarra industrial y algunos vestigios de la maquinaria utilizada. Asimismo, en el Campamento aún están las antiguas casas obreras, de empleados y las viviendas norteamericanas. También es posible apreciar algunos de sus clubes sociales más antiguos, las escuelas, el retén de carabineros, la Oficina General, la pulpería y la panadería. Sin embargo, con mucho pesar, las antiguas edificaciones del comercio fueron convertidas en ruinas sin alguna explicación verosímil. Por supuesto, muchas de estas estructuras donde habitó gente están abandonas, enmohecidas y corroídas por dióxido de azufre del humo, que sigue siendo parte del paisaje industrial de Potrerillos.

La fabrication de la chaux, principalement dans des fours alimentes au charbon, est une activite caracteristique des marges armoricaines francaises (maine-et-loire, mayenne, sarthe armoricaine) au xixe s. Il s'agit de mettre a profit les carrieres locales de pierre calcaire et souvent les mines regionales de charbon. La production dominante est la chaux d'amendement pour l'agriculture ; elle atteint son apogee vers 1860. Pour mieux saisir l'evolution sur la longue duree, on a opte pour une analyse debutant vers 1775 et se poursuivant jusqu'en 1939. L'etude qui s'insere dans une conception large de l'histoire des techniques, concerne les transformations des techniques, des sites, des paysages, des entreprises, des conditions sociales et des strategies economiques. La premiere partie est consacree a l'analyse de la dissemination d'une technique, la chaufournerie au charbon, au cours de la periode 1775-fin des annees 1830. Ce savoir- faire deja constitue sur les rives de la basse-loire angevine se diffuse et cette fabrication dispersee prend des aspects proto-industriels. La deuxieme partie met en evidence des tendances a la production de masse et a la concentration du debut des annees 1840 a la fin des annees 1870, en insistant sur l'implication de certaines societes minieres locales dans la production de chaux. La troisieme partie montre, pour la periode 1880-1939, a la fois les declins de certaines formes traditionnelles de production et l'existence de poles de resistance animes par des familles ou des societes. Le probleme de la reconversion des sites et des hommes est pris en compte
Lime making, mainly in limekilns supplied with coal, is a caracteristic activity on the armorican fringes in france (maine-et-loire, mayenne, western sarthe) during the 19th century. This know-how is turning to good account the local limestone quarries and often the regional coal mines. The dominant production is lime for agricultural enrichment ; it reaches its peak about 1860. To better understand the evolution on a long-lasting period, we have opted for an analysis beginning 1775 and going to 1939. The study which is inserted in a large conception of technical history, concerns the transformations of technics, sites, landscapes, enterprises, social conditions and economic strategies. The first part is dedicated to the analysis of the dissemination of a technic, the coal limeburning, during the period 1775-1839. A know-how, already made up on the banks of the angevin basse-loire, spread around and this scattered making takes proto- industrial aspects. The second part underscores trends toward mass production and concentration from the beginning of the 1840's to the end of the 1870's, insisting on the implication of some local mining societies in the lime production. The third part shows at ounce, from 1880 to 1939, the declines of some traditional production forms and the existence of resistance poles, led by families or societies. It takes into consideration the problem of reconversion of sites and people

The impact of a mandatory Part 48 training program on the health and safety knowledge level of newly employed inexperienced miners in Texas was studied. Part 48 training was defined by compliance with Mine Safety and Health Administration's (MSHA) mandatory health and safety training requirements. A two-group pretest, posttest research design was utilized. Group one individuals were newly employed inexperienced persons who received mandatory Part 48 training in accordance with MSHA guidelines. Group two subjects were newly employed inexperienced persons who worked for companies that were exempt from conducting a Part 48 training program. MSHA's health and safety knowledge inventory was utilized. A significant difference was found in the health and safety training program when compared with individuals who did not receive the training . A significant difference was also found in the posttest scores for eight of the ten subject areas of the MSHA health and safety knowledge inventory for persons who completed a Part 48 training program when compared to persons who did not receive the training . Analysis of gain scores resulted in significant differences in the same subject areas indicated by posttest scores. It was concluded that MSHA Part 48 did have a significant impact on the health and safety knowledge level of newly employed inexperienced miners. Additional implications noted relate to the impact of a Part 48 training program on accidents, productivity, absenteeism, turnover, job satisfaction and management styles; role of MSHA in miner training; development of new training materials; methods of training; and the evaluation of health and safety training programs.

Cette thèse étudie les transformations économiques, sociales et environnementales liées à l’insertion des industries extractives dans leurs territoires d’accueil au Sénégal. Notre hypothèse part du principe que les réformes néolibérales notées dans le secteur minier en Afrique depuis les années 1980 se traduisent par la construction d’enclaves extractives très faiblement intégrées dans le système économique local. Or, les projets d’exploitation minière sont la source importante d’attentes de développement des populations riveraines. En effet, les modalités d’insertion minière s’accompagnent d’une part, d’effets irréversibles sur l’environnement et sur la population (expropriation des moyens de subsistances locaux, pollutions, déplacement des populations). D’autre part, les impacts induits par l’exploitation minière se manifestent sous différentes formes de compensations collectives et individuelles de la part des compagnies minières. Pour analyser ces effets contradictoires des activités extractives nous avons une démarche comparative et s’appuyant sur deux exploitations de natures différentes (or et phosphate) et d’âges différents situées dans des régions distinctes (ouest et sud-est) opposées par de profondes disparités économiques, sociales et démographiques. L’analyse des transformations locales liées à l’exploitation de l’or et du phosphate s’appuie sur des données de terrain accueillies par des enquêtes qualitatives dans les villages affectés par l’extraction minière et des concepts en vogue dans le secteur extractif (arène locale, frontière minière, enclave archipel). Ainsi, cette thèse s’articule autour de trois parties. La première partie décrit les enjeux de développement associés aux industries extractives dans les régions étudiées. La seconde aborde les effets des mines sur l’économie locale et la compétition pour l’appropriation des ressources qui en résulte. La troisième partie s’intéresse aux jeux de pouvoir entre les différents acteurs du secteur minier à l’échelle locale notamment dans un contexte de décentralisation. Les résultats de cette analyse pourraient favoriser une meilleure prise en charge des effets des projets miniers sur les conditions de vie des riverains de la part de l’État du Sénégal, mais aussi améliorer les cadres de concertation autour des sites miniers
This thesis focuses on the economic, social, environmental changes sparked by extractive factories in their home territories at Senegal. Our hypothesis assumes that neoliberal reforms noted in the mining sector in Africa since the 1980s tend to favor the constrcution of extractive enclaves that maintain weak ties with the economy at the local level. Yet, the mining projects arouse expectations of development of local residents. Indeed, the inclusion methods of mining are characterized on the one hand, by irreversible impacts on the environment and on the people (the expropriation of local ressources polution, population displacement). On the other hand, the iimpacts induced by mining resulting in various forms of collective and individual compensation from the mining companies. To analyse these contradictory impacts of extractive activities we chose a comparative approach based on two exploitations of different types (gold and phosphate) and located in different areas (west and south-east), opposed by deep economic, social and demographic inequalities. The analysis of local changes related to the exploitation of gold and phosphate is based on field date collected through qualitative surveys conducted in the villages affected by mining activities and key concepts (local arena, mining frontier, mining enclave, Archipelago) This thesis is thus structured into three parts. The first part describes the development challenges associated with extractive companies in the area of investigation. The second focuses on the local implications of mining activities in terms of competition for the appropriation of resources. The third part deals with the power relationships between the various stakeholders in the mining sector at the local level in the decentralization context. The results of this analysis could promote better management of the effects of mining enhance consultation frameworks on mining sites

Nous analysons la coordination des firmes au sein de la filière de production du zinc métallique. Nousidentifions cinq critères déterminant le comportement de production des firmes. Une variable de coordinationest nécessaire pour trouver un équilibre entre ces cinq critères. Cette variable de coordination est la TreatmentCharge (TC) qui correspond à une déduction du prix du minerai au titre des frais de transformation en métal.Nous proposons deux hypothèses quant à la nature de la TC : variable de prix et variable technique d’équilibrede la filière. Nous concluons que sur le long terme la TC a un comportement proche d’un prix. Cependant, àcourt et moyen terme elle se rapproche d’une variable de coordination technique garantissant les débouchés, lesapprovisionnements et un revenu minimum aux firmes. Nous concluons que la TC est un indicateur avancé dela stabilité de la filière : l’évolution de celle-ci témoignerait du changement de l’organisation de la filière. Lafilière est stable lorsque la TC évolue au sein de bandes de fluctuation, dans la logique d’un « serpent dans letunnel » : sortie de ces limites, la TC indique une instabilité voire une dissolution probable de la coordination.Nous anticipons une évolution de la TC vers plus de flexibilité du fait des clivages grandissants entre ancienset nouveaux acteurs de la filière. Nous nous prononçons pour cette évolution du fait de la complexification dela filière qui la rend nécessaire, notamment du développement des contrats de court terme. Nous identifionscependant un risque pour les approvisionnements en zinc si la TC venait à disparaitre complètement. Noussuggérons que le maintien de la nécessaire coordination de la filière passe par un partage des investissementsdans une logique similaire au partage des profits afin de surmonter les défis posés par l’environnement productif
We analyse firms coordination within the zinc metal production industry. We first identify 5 criteriadetermining the production pattern of the firms. We stress how a coordination variable is needed to strikea balance between these constraints, this variable being the Treatment Charge (TC). The TC is a deductionfrom the price of zinc metal to pay for its transformation from concentrate to metal. We offer two hypotheseson the nature of the TC: either a standard price variable, or a coordination variable based ont he technicalequilibrium of the industry. We conclude that the TC behaves as a price in the long run, but very much likea coordination tool in the short run. It also plays a role in distributing profits between firms, hence grantingstability to the balance of market power in the industry. Therefore, the TC is an advanced warming indicatorfor the stability of the market organisation of the zinc industry. The industry organisation is stable when theTC fluctuates within the limits of values (like a "snake in the tunnel"). If the TC hits one of the limits, thebalance is offset and the industry moves towards competition. We expect such an evolution in the mediumterm, with the TC becoming more flexible as a result. Nonetheless, should the TC be scraped altogether andreplaced by a market price, the stability of the industry supply chain might be at risk. We conclude with someadvice for the industry, sketching a first best scenario where firms of the industry would not only share profitsbut also investment plans. This would be the best way to resist the external pressures currently threatening totear out the industry to reorganise it for the sole purpose of short-run financial gains

L'objet de cette recherche de géographie économique, industrielle et régionale est d'analyser la conversion (économique, sociale et spatiale) du bassin industriel Le Creusot - Montceau-les-Mines, les ressorts de cette mutation dans la douloureuse transition du "vieux bassin industriel" a un bassin moderne, sous les chocs répétés de crises sectorielles emboitées. C'est donc le bassin industriel en dysfonctionnement qui est l'objet sous-jacent de la recherche : comment il s'est historiquement forme; ce qu'il est et ce vers quoi il évolue dans ce contexte de crise de conversion générales. Mais bien au-delà de l'étude des ruptures entre un territoire et ses industries dominantes, cette recherche éclaire le rapport nouveau qui s'est établi, à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1970, entre redéploiement industriel, développement économique, développement social et organisation de l'espace elle doit ainsi se lire comme l'appréhension et la compréhension, à partir de l'étude d'un bassin industriel particulier, les interrelations complexes , entre des industries territorialement dominantes et leur espace géographique. Ce travail se veut donc une contribution à l'effort général de réflexion mène depuis quelques années autour des problèmes de crise industrielle, de politiques de conversion et des nouvelles données du développement régional et local. La problématique qu'elle développe s'articule autour de deux points :. Examiner, sous le double aspect d'un espace socio-économique spécifique en crise (le bassin industriel Le Creusot Montceau-les-Mines) et d'un dispositif institutionnel l(le pôle de conversion), les conditions et les modalités du passage de l'état de conversion à celui de développement ;. Analyser et comprendre les facteurs contribuant à la définition et à la mise en œuvre de nouvelles conditions de développement, qui rendent possible ce passage de l'état de crise puis en conversion, à celui de "développement". .
The object of this study, based on economic, industrial and regional geography, is to analyse :. The economic, social and geographical implications of the conversion of the industrial basin of le creusot- montceau -les-mines, and. The mainspring of this transformation in its transition from an "old industrial basin" to a modern one subject to the repeat shocks of interlocked sectoral crises. The subjacent object is the dysfunction, due to the loss of its bearings, of an industrial basin, its historical formation and the orientation of its evolution in the context of crises and general conversions. However, far lore than merely analysing the ruptures between a territory and its principal industries, this study explains the new relationship established from the second half of the 1970's between industrial redeployment, economic and social development and geographical organisation. The intention of this work is to contribute to the general effort of reflection undertaken since the past few years on the problems raised by the industrial crisis, conversion policies and the new data on regional and local development. Its approach is based on two points :. A two-sided examination of the conditions and modalities of the passage from the state of conversion to that of development based on a specific socio-economic locality in crisis (the le creusot-montceau-les-mines industrial bain) and an institutional mechanism (pole of conversion). . The analysis and understanding of the factors contribution to the definition and implementation of new development donditions which facilitate the passage, successively, from the state of crisis and conversion to that of global "development"

Ce mémoire vise à documenter et analyser les impacts sociaux de la mine Raglan, en opération depuis 1998, sur les communautés inuit de Salluit et de Kangiqsujuaq afin de mieux saisir les conséquences de tels projets sur les populations inuit du Nunavik. L’ouverture et la mise en opération de projets miniers de cet ampleur n’est certes pas sans conséquences pour les populations locales particulièrement en contexte nordique. De fait, les redevances minières versées aux communautés, le système de fly-in, fly-out bien souvent mis en place, les emplois créés ou même l’utilisation du territoire qui diffère de par la présence d’un complexe minier apporte son lot de changement. Cependant, nous en savons peu sur les impacts sociaux des projets miniers réalisés au Nunavik. En étudiant et en comparant les impacts sociaux de Raglan sur les communautés de Salluit et Kangiqsujuaq, cette recherche vise à combler ces lacunes et apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l'impact de l'exploitation minière au Nunavik. MOTS CLÉS : Impacts sociaux, exploitation minière, Nunavik, Salluit, Kangiqsujuaq, Inuit, mine Raglan, Entente Raglan, ententes sur les répercussions et avantages (ERA).
This research is an attempt to document and analyze the social impacts of the Raglan Mine on the communities of Salluit and Kangiqsujuaq in order to further understand the consequences of such projects on the inuit populations of Nunavik. Nunavik is facing an unprecedented mining boom. Extractive companies are attracted by its considerable mineral resources. Following the promotion of mining development by the Quebec Government, the level of exploration and exploitation is unprecedented North of the 49th parallel. However, the large-scale development of the mining industry is not without consequences for the Inuit people of Nunavik that will be the first to feel the impacts of these mining projects. However, we know little about the social impacts of mining projects taking place in Nunavik. By studying and comparing the social impacts of Raglan on the communities of Salluit and Kangiqsujuaq, this research aims to help bridge these gaps and bring on new light to the impact of mining development in Nunavik. KEYWORDS: social impacts, mining development, Nunavik, Salluit, Kangiqsujuaq, Inuit, Raglan mine, Raglan Agreement, Impacts and benefits agreements (IBA).

Thesis (M.B.A. (Rhodes Investec Business School)) - Rhodes University, 2009.
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)

The underground hard rock mining industry in South Africa is faced with the challenge of simultaneously delivering both safety and productivity excellence. Frontline supervisors need to manage the inherent trade-off between safety and productivity to achieve excellence in both. Previous research suggests that supervisors with a transformational leadership style have delivered safety and productivity in separate studies. This study examined the relationship between the transformational leadership style of underground mining supervisors at Impala and the simultaneous delivery of both safety and productivity. It also investigated the mediating effect of group safety climate on the relationship between transformational leadership and injury rate, and the mediating effect of group cohesiveness on the relationship between transformational leadership and productivity. The relationship between transformational leadership and the perception of leader effectiveness was also investigated in the study context. The research design was a case study using mixed methods in the form of a sequential explanatory design. In the first quantitative main phase of the study, survey questionnaires were completed by respondents to determine the leadership style of the mine overseers who were the unit of analysis. Data was also collected using survey questionnaires for group safety climate and group cohesiveness. The injury rate and productivity data for the mine overseer sections was recorded for a one year period prior to the survey. In the second qualitative phase of the study selected mine overseers were interviewed and a focus group of mine overseers was conducted. Also, underground observations were carried out and documents were scrutinised. The focus of the qualitative research was to interpret and explain the results that were obtained in the quantitative first phase of the study. The results indicate that transformational leadership is related to the perception of supervisors’ effectiveness. This relationship is partially mediated by group safety climate and group cohesiveness. The relationship between transformational leadership and the objective measures of injury vi rate and productivity were not supported in the quantitative results. This may indicate that these measures were too narrow to determine supervisors’ leadership effectiveness, and/or were contaminated by confounding variables as was suggested in the qualitative phase of the study. The qualitative findings indicated that supervisors’ perception was that transformational leadership style is effective in delivering safety and productivity excellence. The overall conclusion of this study is that in the context of Impala or similar operations, that the effective supervisor should employ the full range of leadership. This behaviour includes maintaining discipline and using contingent reward to motivate the achievement of goals. The effective supervisor also uses the transformational leadership style giving meaning to work and creating a feeling of team membership. Transformational leadership inspires the diverse workforce to deliver safety and productivity excellence in the difficult and risky mining conditions. Furthermore, supervisors’ behaviour is greatly influenced by management’s priorities.
Business Management
D. B. L.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 513-563). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29493

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Environmental Studies.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-262). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNR11556