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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industry life cycle theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Shahmarichatghieh, M. (Marzieh). "Product development sourcing strategies over technology life cycle in high-tech industry." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215273.

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Abstract The main objective of this study is to observe product development sourcing strategies over technology life-cycle stages, including assessing evaluation conditions and strategy formulating models. This dissertation approaches product development sourcing from the perspectives of 1) main concepts of product development and technology life-cycles, 2) mapping product development activities over technology life-cycles, 3) mapping product development sourcing over technology life-cycles, and 4) a decision making flowchart. The individual findings are further synthesised and a three dimensional view to analyse the strategic positioning of technology, product and market development as a core context of the organisation is presented. This as it is proposed that the product development sourcing strategies should be analysed and decided according to strategic positioning of the technologies, products and markets and based on the related life-cycle phases. Different product development sourcing strategies can increase the competitiveness of the company by effectively managing critical knowledge of the technology and product development resources. The dissertation is qualitative and inductive in nature and is based on both, reviewing the literature and interviewing experienced industrial managers. The empirical material is based on semi-structured interviews with R&D managers and meetings with R&D directors. The study was realised by investigating historical data on product development activities and sourcing strategies of one of the high-tech industry leaders over four technology generations. The technology evolution of all the generations are considered and the collected data is analysed to understand if there are any significant relationships with the literature based findings. The analysis consists of five individual publications and related synthesis in this compilation. The principal results of this study is a product development sourcing framework (PDSF) proposing how product development sourcing strategies could be managed according to technology maturity levels by considering the specific needs and motivations of each prevailing situation. This necessitates the understanding of the characteristics of different technology life-cycle stages, and evaluating product development activities. This study points out how different models can be utilised to support the evaluation. As a result, various factors can be used to support the product development sourcing decisions for each specific situation, whereas strategy formulating theories are also beneficial as a support for these decisions. The main implications include providing a structure, PDSF, to support managers in their decisions on product development activities and sourcing strategies. The created PDSF is an amalgam of seven technology life-cycles that enable cross-functional investigations over each technology with market penetration situation, manufacturing capabilities, product development factors, and sourcing capability factors of all technology products. Aside providing support for selecting suitable product development sourcing strategies, this study may also ease the considerations over killing unproductive projects and unprofitable product lines
Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioita teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinasegmenttien eri elinkaarivaiheissa. Väitöskirja lähestyy tuotekehityksen hankintaa seuraavista näkökulmista: 1) tuotekehityksen ja teknologioiden elinkaarien pääkonseptit, 2) tuotekehitystoiminnat teknologianelinkaarien vaiheissa, 3) tuotekehityksen hankinnat teknologianelinkaaren vaiheissa, ja 4) päätöksenteon vuokaavio. Yksittäiset löydökset on edelleen syntetisoitu ja kolmiulotteinen näkemys teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden kehittymiseen on esitetty keskeisenä kontekstina organisaatioille. Väitöstutkimus esittää että tuotekehityksen hankintastrategiat pitäisi analysoida ja päättää perustuen teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden strategiseen positioon elinkaarivaiheissa. Erilaiset tuotekehityksen hankintastrategiat voivat parantaa yritysten kilpailukykyä teknologioihin ja tuotekehitysresursseihin liittyvän kriittisen tiedon tehokkaan johtamisen ansiosta. Väitöskirja on luonteeltaan laadullista tutkimusta hyödyntäen induktiivista päättelylogiikkaa perustuen sekä aiemman kirjallisuuden tarkasteluun, että empiirisesti puolistrukturoituihin haastatteluihin kokeneiden tuotekehityspäälliköiden ja -johtajien kanssa. Tutkimus toteutettiin tarkastelemalla neljään eri teknologiasukupolveen liittyviä tuotekehityksen ja hankintastrategioiden historiatietoa ja aineistoa yhdessä johtavassa korkeanteknologian yrityksessä. Tarkasteltujen teknologiasukupolvien teknologiaevoluutiota on pohdittu ja kerättyä dataa on analysoitu mahdollisten merkittävien yhteyksien tunnistamiseksi ja ymmärtämiseksi suhteessa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin ja kirjallisuuteen. Suoritettu analyysi sisältää viisi erillistä osajulkaisua ja tässä kokoomaosassa esitetyn synteesin. Tämän tutkimuksen keskeinen tulos on kehitetty tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehys (PDSF) joka esittää tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioiden muodostamisen ja valitsemisen perustuen teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden kypsyysasteisiin, elinkaarivaiheisiin. Tämä edellyttää eri teknologiaelinkaarivaiheiden erityispiirteiden ymmärtämistä ja tuotekehitysaktiviteettien strategista arviointia. Tutkittuja strategisia tekijöitä voidaan hyödyntää tukemaan tuotekehityksen hankintamallin valitsemista ja päätöksiä. Tutkimuksen keskeiset implikaatiot sisältävät struktuurin luomisen, tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehyksen (PDSF) muodossa tukemaan tuotekehitysjohtajia heidän päätöksenteossaan liittyen tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioihin. Luotu tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehys mahdollistaa poikkiorganisaatiollisen tarkastelun tuotekehityksen strategisista hallintamalleista huomioiden teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinasegmenttien elinkaaret ja niiden vaikutukset strategiseen päätöksen tekoon. Lisäksi, tämä tutkimus voi myös osaltaan helpottaa tuottamattomien tuotteiden ja tuotelinjojen lakkauttamiseen liittyvää analyysia ja päätöksentekoa
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2

Handler, Rich. "A review of the theory and practice of life-cycle assessment in the car manufacturing industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10606.

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Bibliography: leaves 63-66.
This paper reports on a literature-based survey of the theory and practise of life-cycle assessment (LCA) in the car manufacturing industry. Three levels of investigation were conducted, ranging from a broad industry scan, to a focus on four exemplary practitioners of LCA: DaimlerChrysler, Volkswagen, Volvo and BMW who becomes the subject of a detailed scan. Only 4 of the 21 companies surveyed in the broad scan are practising LCA. A greater proportion of car manufacturers must practise LCA if the industry hopes to achieve the UNEP challenge of enhancing car life-cycle ecoefficieny.
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3

Karlsson, Charlie. "Innovation adoption and the product life cycle." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1988. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100373.

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4

Hein, Roger Alan. "Total life-cycle construction (TLC)." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020009/.

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5

Yigit, Cisem. "Life Cycle Assessment In Ferrous Foundry Industry." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615559/index.pdf.

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Foundries are most widely facilities all around the world, producing high amounts of castings. In this study, environmental impact of metal foundries was investigated toward a life cycle assessment (LCA) goal. Studies were conducted in two foundry plants in order to collect the inventory data. The difference between the plants regarding their processes was the application of secondary sand reclamation (SSR) in Plant 2. Application of SSR is indicated as a
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6

Yiu, W. Y., and 姚泳儀. "Life cycle assessment in the construction industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576039.

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Yiu, W. Y. "Life cycle assessment in the construction industry." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576039.

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8

Ssewanyana, Vincent. "Total life cycle cost in the construction industry." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8329.

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The purpose of this study is to develop the concept of total life cycle costing technique for project investment appraisal in the construction industry. This technique incorporates initial investment costs, future cost and other non quantifiable aspects in monetary terms of the project. A spreadsheet programme is used to analyse projects and by applying this technique a sensitivity analysis can be performed. Alternative bridge project types and alternative road options have been analysed using the the total life cycle costing technique. The results indicate that the concept of total life cycle costing together with sensitivity analysis facilitate an options an effective choice from a number of alternative options. The results of this study have demonstrated the usefulness of the concept as s decision-making tool and its application to projects in the construction industry.
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Burul, Dora. "Life Cycle Management as framework for successful Life Cycle Assessment implementation in the commercial vehicle industry." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231105.

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The transport industry is in the middle of a conceptual shift driven by delivering the targets set by the Paris Agreement. Proactive heavy-duty vehicle companies seek to further gather knowledge in a structured way on environmental impacts of its products and services. The method to be implemented is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). For implementation of LCA certain organisational and operational factors pre-requirements need to be addressed. The study takes key factors of Life Cycle Management (LCM) as a framework for assessing the readiness of Scania CV AB to implement LCA. Said key factors of LCM are analysed through company-based case study observations and literature review. The results indicate the company is in the process of introducing majority of the key factors of LCM. The case study tested the possibilities of the company for LCA, and attempted second phase of LCA, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). The greatest challenge to LCA is low availability and format of data for LCA. However, the case study deeply tested the data limits and offers good insight in actions to be taken.
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Dreger, Christian. "Strategisches Pharma-Management : konsequente Wertoptimierung des Total-Life-Cycle /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl. [u.a.], 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/314130764.pdf.

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11

Blankson, Charles. "Positioning and life cycle stages in the UK services industry." Thesis, Kingston University, 1999. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20626/.

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This study aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge within the domain of strategic marketing, and more specifically positioning of services. In particular this research stems from an attempt to overcome the limitations of existing positioning typologies and models and the fact that current research on the subject matter fails to reflect the sequential nature of considerations related to the management of the positioning process. Consequently, the basic aim of this research is the development of a comprehensive framework that incorporates the various decisions and activities associated with the management of positioning and the generation of managerial guidelines, for the UK services industry. Following an extensive literature review, a conceptual framework that represents a synthesis of existing positioning models is proposed. Following the development of generic positioning strategies, the model is applied in the UK plastic card sector. As a result, a number of propositions are tested and managerial recommendations are put forward. Overall, this research makes the following theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions to the theory and practice of positioning activities within the plastic card services domain. Theoretical Contributions: This thesis offers a comprehensive positioning framework which could form the basis of further investigation into the subject matter. More specifically, the following theoretical contributions to the study of positioning have been made: This thesis has attempted to examine the varying descriptions attributed to the concept and as a result has clarified the concept and suggested three main themes (i.e. perspectives, key issues and dimensions) underpinning the concept. This research has put forward an empirically supported comprehensive positioning model. Methodological Contributions: This research has developed and validated a generic, consumer derived typology of positioning strategies. Operationalisation of positioning aim(s), objective(s) and the determination of LCS have been offered. An analytical procedure suitable for determining congruence between successive phases of the proposed model has been developed. The operationalisation of LCS in the model has been expanded in terms of additional dimensions. Managerial Contributions: This research has provided a set of clearly defined, managerial guidelines that practitioners can use when attempting to apply the concept of positioning.
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Kundisch, Dennis. "New strategies for financial services firms : the life-cycle-solution approach /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2003. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=379080066X.

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McCormick, Lynn Eleanor. "A life-cycle model of manufacturing networks and Chicago's metalworking industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10564.

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Naneva, Natasa. "Marketing Strategies During the Product Life Cycle in the Pharmaceutical Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6073.

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Development and implementation of effective marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle in the pharmaceutical industry are critical to an organization's successful performance in the marketplace in the 21st century. Guided by the general systems theory developed by Bertalanffy and the evolutionary systems theory developed by Laszlo and Laszlo, the purpose of this single case study was to explore best practices among marketing managers within pharmaceutical companies related to marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle. Data were gathered via semistructured interviews with 3 purposefully selected managers who have successfully developed marketing strategies in a central Ohio pharmaceutical company in business for more than 10 years. A review of secondary data included company documents, such as annual reports, news releases, and websites, in addition to government databases. Member checking was conducted to ensure accuracy of the interpreted data and trustworthiness of the research findings. Yin's 5-step process and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Four themes emerged from data analysis: marketing function, product life cycle phases, factors influencing the decision-making process, and strategic activities in executing business strategies. Findings may have implications for positive social change such as assisting organizational leaders to understand the challenges and business practices in implementing marketing strategies to successfully deliver products that improve patients' health.
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Owen, Trefan. "Life Cycle: A Musical Composition in Four Movements." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1510.

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Life Cycle is a modern musical composition written for chamber orchestra. Life Cycle is scored for flute, clarinet, electric guitar, viola, cello, glockenspiel, vibraphone, marimba and drum kit. This composition is composed in four movements, each representing a different phase of the composer's musical life-journey. Life Cycle infuses elements and techniques from the Classical idiom with jazz, pop and rock idioms.
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Qin, Zhifeng, and 秦志锋. "RFID-enabled life-cycle traceability in pharmaceutical supply chain." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46975068.

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Caddy, Irene. "A platinum life cycle assessment : potential benefits to Anglo Platinum / I. Caddy." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6279.

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There has been an increased awareness of the inter-dependence between man and the environment since the 1960’s. Environmental awareness has evolved from representing fairly radical views opposing all development, to a current emphasis on sustainable development between development and the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is defined as the identification and quantification of the environmental impacts of a product, process or service during the entire life cycle being studied. The life cycle starts at the extraction of raw materials and the production of energy used to create the product through the use and final disposal of the product. LCA therefore considers the production, use and disposal of a product, which constitutes the life cycle of the product. LCA can be combined with methodologies that study other parameters such as costs in order to optimise the benefits from LCA. It is suggested that cost implications of processes to reduce environmental impacts should be included in a methodology used for a Platinum LCA. A comment that is consistently raised in the case studies is that the minerals industry regards LCA as an effective tool to determine the impacts of the industry, however extraction & beneficiation of minerals are often grouped together, with accurate data not being available, and databases either not available or not updated. The case studies indicated several benefits from the various LCA’s conducted. A Platinum LCA should clearly define and group the environmental impacts being studied into categories such as greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, acidification, and resource consumption. A Platinum LCA will be resource- and time intensive due to the large scale of the processes involved. It is suggested that a Platinum LCA firstly focuses on the production phase, i.e. cradle-to-gate, with potential future work done on the use and end-of-life stages. It is suggested that individual facility-based LCA’s for AMPLATS and other platinum producers are conducted in order to get a true reflection of the environmental burden of each company, and then selectively share technological improvements to reduce the environmental burden without disclosing sensitive information. The benefit of LCA in the case of platinum will be optimised if it can be used to make business decisions, together with consideration of financial and production benefits in addition to anticipated environmental benefits of alterations to processes. It is essential that LCA is seen as a business tool that will assist the company to make informed business decisions about process improvements, as well as new projects and design of new facilities. LCA on its own will not determine which product or process is the most cost effective or works best. The information developed in a LCA study should be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision making process assessing the trade-offs with cost and performance. The results from a LCA could be used to make informed decisions about optimisation between costs and reduced environmental impacts.
Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Labuschagne, Carin. "Sustainable project life cycle management : criteria for the South African process industry." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10112005-083255.

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曾伯裕 and Pak-yu Tsang. "Application of life cycle costing (LCC) technique in Hong Kong warehouse industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251626.

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Mead, Carl Dennis. "Methodologies to improve product life cycle decision making in the telecommunications industry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5426.

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As pressure from regulation and customers increases on telecommunications equipment manufacturers and service providers to reduce the hazardous material content of telecommunications products and generally improve environmental performance, new methods for Product Life Cycle Management are required. Supplier and component environmental evaluation are vital and fundamental elements of any Product Life Cycle Management programme, as is the capture of data from the supply base. The information that needs to be captured from the supply base to meet the requirements of customers of telecommunications equipment providers; to meet the requirements of legislation; and to provide data for improving ecodesign and facilitating product-focused continual improvement for ISO 14001 has been identified. A method for capturing data from the supply base has been developed and recommendations made for implementation. A hierarchical supplier and component eco-evaluation methodology has been developed and tested. This methodology incorporates supplier environmental management performance, component inherent human toxicity, ecotoxicity and resource depletion. It provides component qualifiers and purchasers with a method of supplier environmental performance comparison and enables this criterion to be integrated with existing criteria such as quality and cost in the component and supplier selection decision-making process. Recommendations are made regarding the implementation of an industry-wide system to enable the capture of detailed product material composition data from the supply chain and the implementation of the eco-evaluation methodology to identify the supplier that has superior environmental performance. The result will be enhanced decision making in product design and manufacture, improved transparency in communication to customers and more informed decision-making at the end-of-life stage of the product life cycle.
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Tsang, Pak-yu. "Application of life cycle costing (LCC) technique in Hong Kong warehouse industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949664.

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22

Isenhour, Linda C. "Marketing strategy in the service industry : a product life cycle case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14996.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY
Bibliography: leaves 92-96.
by Linda C. Isenhour.
M.S.
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Sjöqvist, Nils, and Aly Ibrahem. "Life Cycle Assessment in the Automotive Industry : Considerations for First-Tier Suppliers." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297562.

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Climate change is increasingly gaining the attention of governments, companies, and the general public. Many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have set their own milestones to achieve carbon neutrality, as early as 2039 (Daimler, 2018). This presents a competitive opportunity for first-tier suppliers to aid the OEMs with their targets. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is proposed as an approach that provides visibility into the potential life cycle impacts of a product. LCA methodology as defined and described by ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 is general. Therefore, methodological choices specific to the application need to be considered and defined. This thesis attempted to address this issue for first-tier suppliers in the automotive industry by compiling the current practice in industry and academia. A literature review was conducted, LCA reports from OEMs were studied, standards on LCA were consulted, and two OEMs and an organisation representing suppliers were interviewed. The findings from these methods were compiled and discussed. From the discussions, key recommendations were made on how a first-tier supplier might conduct an LCA study, following the methodology from ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006.
Klimatförändring får alltmer uppmärksamhet från regeringar, företag och allmänheten. Många biltillverkande företag har satt egna milstolpar för att uppnå neutralt koldioxidutsläpp, så tidigt som 2039 (Daimler, 2018). Detta presenterar konkurrensmöjligheter för förstahandsleverantörer till dessa stora företag att hjälpa dem uppnå deras milstolpar. Livscykelanalys (LCA) föreslås som ett tillvägagångssätt som tillhandahåller synlighet i den potentiella livscykelpåverkan av en produkt. Livscykelanalysens metodik som definieras och beskrivs i ISO 14040:2006 och ISO 14044:2006 är allmän. Därför behövs det definieras metodologiska val som är specifika till tillämpningen. Denna avhandling har försökt att adressera denna fråga för förstahandsleverantörer inom fordonsindustrin genom att sammanställa nuvarande praxis i industrin och forskning. En litteraturstudie genomfördes, LCA rapporter studerades, standarder för LCA konsulterades, och två biltillverkare samt en organisation som representerar leverantörer intervjuades. Resultaten från dessa metoder sammanställdes och diskuterades. Från diskussionerna drogs viktiga rekommendationer om hur en förstahandsleverantör skulle kunna utför en LCA studie, genom att följa metodiken från ISO 14040:2006 och ISO 14044:2006.
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Harrison, Lee-Anne Jayne. "A business model approach to design for recyclability in the automotive industry." Thesis, Coventry University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323518.

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Hedner, Erik. "Implementering av "Life Cycle Management" i svensk läkemedelsindustri." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5169.

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It generally takes 10 to 12 years for a new drug to hit the market. The pharmaceutical industry invests huge sums in these early stages of research and development. In spite of the rapidly rising research and development expenditures fewer and fewer blockbuster drugs are being developed. Longer lead times and aggressive generic post-patent competition have narrowed the timeframe for the pharmaceutical companies to profit on their investments.

In the face of these threats the pharmaceutical industry has developed a battery of strategies to prolong market exclusivity and to maximize return on investment. These emerging strategies are commonly known as Life cycle management (LCM), which actually is more of a concept than a method. A life cycle is a sequence that stretches all the way from early research and development, through marketing to finally end when the product is withdrawn from the market. By managing the product through these different stages the company can improve the commercial lifespan.

This thesis analyzes how Life cycle management is implemented in the Swedish pharmaceutical industry. The data is based on interviews from people who are active in the pharmaceutical business. Further, the thesis studies the strategies that AstraZeneca used for their gastrointestinal drugs Losec and Nexium.

Based on the collected data from the interviews a clear view of the role and involvement of LCM strategies appears. The value and importance of LCM have steadily increased during the last 10 years. LCM is heavily embedded in the decision processes of drugs today. Several strategies such as OTC switching and patent prolongation through pediatric indication application are common practice. The Swedish pharmaceutical industry has a prominent position in the advancement of LCM.


Idag lanseras mindre innovativa nya läkemedel än under 80- och 90-talet. Kostnaderna för att utveckla ett läkemedel har ökat och det tar dessutom längre tid från upptäckt till lansering. Läkemedel har endast en begränsad marknadsexklusivitet som styrs av patentskyddet. Vid patentutgång så utsätts läkemedlet för stenhård konkurrens från aggressiva generika tillverkare. De ställs hårdare krav på forskande farmaceutiska företag för att vara lönsamma i detta klimat.

Det finns en tydlig trend att läkemedelsföretag har blivit mer beroende av sina storsäljande läkemedel. Ett flertal offensiva strategier har utvecklats för att förlänga lönsamheten hos de mest framgångsrika läkemedlen, t.ex. genom att minska utvecklingstiden, utveckla nya formuleringar och expandera indikationerna. ”Life cycle management” (LCM) är ett samlingsbegrepp på dessa strategier, som används under en produkts livscykel för att förbättra den kommersiella livslängden. Försäljning och marknadsföring för innovativa läkemedel passerar distinkta faser och olika strategier krävs beroende på vilka fas en produkt befinner sig i.

I denna uppsats analyserar jag hur LCM är implementerat i den svenska läkemedelssektorn. Slutsatserna bygger på data från intervjuer av personer som är sysselsatta inom läkemedelsbranschen. Uppsatsen studerar dessutom de strategier som AstraZeneca har använt för sina två magtarmläkemedel Losec och Nexium.

Baserat på insamlad intervjudata så framkommer tydligt att LCM är starkt involverat i beslutsprocesserna runt ett läkemedel. Betydelsen av LCM har successivt ökat under de senaste 10 åren. Flera strategier för t.ex. patentförlängning är idag vanligt förekommande. Den svenska läkemedelsbranschen ligger relativt långt fram i denna utveckling.

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Olin, Lovisa. "Towards sustainable project management : A life cycle approach to evaluate the biopharmaceutical industry." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284348.

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Adopting sustainability practices in both planned and current operations is increasingly important to many organizations. Due to increased awareness various companies are adopting life cycle thinking. For example, life cycle considerations from raw material extraction to final disposal of products or services are requested in environmental management system standard ISO 14001:2015. Octapharma is a biopharmaceutical company producing various medical products for the treatment of haematology, immunotherapy and critical care. The desire to incorporate environmental life cycle thinking into investment projects led to the research question of how this can be achieved at Octapharma in Stockholm. The objectives included a qualitative investigation of current environmental management strategies practiced in investment projects today. Secondly, a case study investment project was used to explore how one of the most commonly practiced life cycle management (LCM) tools, life cycle assessment (LCA), can be applied for the comparison of two alternative process technologies. The results showed that Octapharma today considers environmental aspects in some investment projects, such as construction, but it may be improved in other types of investment projects. Therefore, specific suggestions and modifications of the project model, in relation to life cycle management literature was developed for important checkpoints in the project management model. Lastly the case project comparative LCA showed that one of the technologies had a significant larger environmental footprint.
Inkludering av ett hållbarhetsperspektiv i företags nuvarande och framtida verksamhet har fått ökande betydelse. På grund av större medvetenhet inkluderar flera organisationer ett livscykeltänk, dvs. utvärdering av miljöpåverkan från råvaruextraktion till avfallshantering av både produkter och tjänster. Bland annat ISO 14001:2015, en miljöledningsstandard, har infört krav på livscykeltänk i certifierade verksamheter. Octapharma är ett läkemedelsföretag som tillverkar produkter inom hematologi, immunterapi och intensivvård. På grund av ett intresse för livscykeltänk i investeringsprojekt på Octapharmas Stockholmsfabrik skapades ett behov av att undersöka hur detta skulle kunna åstadkommas. Delmålen i detta projekt innefattar en kvalitativ undersökning om nuvarande inkludering av miljöaspekter i investeringsprojekt med viktiga projektintressenter i verksamheten. En kvantitativ jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) av ett avslutat investeringsprojekt syftade till att genomföra en LCA av två olika processteknologier. Resultatet visar att Octapharma idag inkluderar miljöfrågor i vissa typer av projekt, framför allt byggprojekt, men implementeringen i andra projekt kan förbättras. Fortsättningsvis resulterade litteratursökningen och den kvalitativa undersökningen i ett antal förslag på förbättringar i projektmodellen på punkter där miljöfrågor är extra viktiga för slutresultatet. Den jämförande LCAn visade att den ena teknologin hade en betydligt större miljöpåverkan.
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27

Emblemsvåg, Jan. "Activity-based life-cycle assessments in design and management." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32855.

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28

Joshi, Surabhi. "Guidelines to integrate life cycle assessment in building design." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31791.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Augenbroe, Godfried; Committee Member: Bayer, Charlene; Committee Member: Gentry, Russell. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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29

Mattsson, Berit. "Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of agricultural food production /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5734-3.pdf.

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30

Culaba, Alvin B. "A methodology for the life cycle and sustainability analysis of manufacturing processes." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309571.

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31

Afzal, Muhammed Raheel. "Material flow analysis & life cycle assessment of critical alloys in the steel industry." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18912/.

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32

Alharbi, Ohud. "Developing a strategy to encourage the animation industry life cycle evolution in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/15265.

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This thesis examines the Saudi animation industry and investigates the barriers that are preventing the development of its life cycle. Although there has been a demand for animation content since the establishment of the Saudi TV in 1965, the Saudi animation industry remains in its Introduction stage. Therefore, the study undertakes an analysis of the factors that could enable the industry to move to its Growth stage. To achieve this, the study attempts to establish an understanding of how different countries succeeded in developing their animation industry life cycle. Therefore, the study selects three countries as a qualitative multiple case study. These countries are the UK, which represents a Mature animation industry; Egypt, which represents an established Growth industry; while the United Arab of Emirates represents an emerging Growth industry. This has involved an in-depth analysis of the animation industries in Saudi Arabia and two other Arabian countries – UAE and Egypt – as well as of the UK. There has been very limited historiography for Arabian animation and almost none on the Saudi Arabian industry previously. A consideration of which factors should be investigated, as the most effective in influencing the evolution of the industry, was undertaken. Reviewing the available literature on the animation industry development showed that four factors have been found to play a considerable role in developing the local animation industry: Higher III Education institutions, Networks, Government and Location. Thus, this study focuses on examining these four factors at different life cycle stages of the animation industry. The findings of this study demonstrate that their impact differs from stage to stage in developing the local animation industry; the significance of particular barriers also varies at different stages of the life cycle. Thus, this study developed a Theoretical Model that combines the most effective strategy that has been found within the studied countries. It also applied the model to the specific context of the Saudi Arabian industry and developed recommendations for a strategy to encourage its evolution. The model could also be applied to other developing animation industries.
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33

Lindahl, Mattias, Erik Sundin, and Johan Östlin. "Environmental issues with the remanufacturing industry." Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för konstruktions- och produktionsteknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-35502.

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Researchers often regard remanufacturing as an environmentally beneficial end-of-life option. There have been, however, few environmental measurements performed in the area. The aim of this paper is to identify general environmental pros and cons with remanufacturing. This is done through the analysis of practical examples in remanufacturing industries. Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been used for the environmental validations. The first conclusion, based on the industrial cases and the literature review, is that remanufacturing is preferable from a material resource perspective when compared with manufacturing of new products. The second conclusion is that remanufacturing is preferable from a more overarching perspective for some of the investigated cases, but it is not possible to draw any general conclusions since the companies studied are few and benefits from remanufacturing are highly context-related.
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34

Jung, Se Chang. "Scale and scope economies in the UK life assurance industry." Thesis, City University London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287646.

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35

Duncan, Scott Joseph. "Including severe uncertainty into environmentally benign life cycle design using information gap-decision theory." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22540.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Bras, Bert; Committee Member: Allen, Janet; Committee Member: Chameau, Jean-Lou; Committee Member: McGinnis, Leon; Committee Member: Paredis, Chris.
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36

Cleary, Julian. "Greenhouse gas emissions from peat extraction in Canada : a life cycle perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78340.

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This study uses life cycle analysis to examine the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the activities of the peat industry in Canada for the period 1990 to 2000. GHG accounting is undertaken for (1) land use change, (2) peat extraction and processing, (3) the transport of peat to market by truck, train and ship, and (4) the in situ decomposition of extracted peat. The emission estimates were based on results from GHG accounting models using data derived from scientific literature, government and industry statistics, and the responses to a questionnaire sent to Canada's peat establishments. The questionnaire, designed to obtain information on peat extraction methods, land and fuel use, as well as the transportation of peat, had a response rate representing 69% of Canada's total peat production in the year 2000. Results indicate that 540 600 tonnes of greenhouse gases were emitted in 1990 and 893 300 tonnes were emitted in the year 2000 (emission figures are measured in CO2 equivalents using a 100-year time horizon). Peat decomposition was by far the largest source of GHG emissions, averaging 70.6% of total emissions during the eleven-year period from 1990 to 2000. Greenhouse gases from land use change averaged 14.7%. An average of 10.4% of total emissions resulted from the transport of peat to market, while GHGs from extraction and processing averaged 4.3%. Predictions of the annual GHG emissions from the peat industry, assuming a "business as usual" context, were produced for the years 2001 to 2012. These figures were compared with those resulting from various greenhouse gas reduction scenarios.
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37

Taylor, Tracy A. "Optimal Control and Its Application to the Life-Cycle Savings Problem." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4288.

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Throughout the course of this thesis, we give an introduction to optimal control theory and its necessary conditions, prove Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, and present the life-cycle saving under uncertain lifetime optimal control problem. We present a very involved sensitivity analysis that determines how a change in the initial wealth, discount factor, or relative risk aversion coefficient may affect the model the terminal depletion of wealth time, optimal consumption path, and optimal accumulation of wealth path. Through simulation of the life-cycle saving under uncertain lifetime model, we are not only able to present the model dynamics through time, but also to demonstrate the feasibility of the model.
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38

Vorarat, Suparatchai. "Developing a model to suit whole life costing analysis and applications for assets in the oil and gas industry." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369839.

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39

Abbatelli, Daniele. "Material flows in the waterjet industry : an environmental perspective." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111003.

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Abrasive Waterjet cutting (AWJ) presents many advantages over competing machining techniques, but several issues are related to the high volume of materials (and in particular of abrasive) used in the process. In this study, the environmental impact of the material flows in the abrasive waterjet industry has been analyzed adopting a life cycle perspective in order to individuate which phases place the largest burden on the environment. Moreover, three alternative abrasives (crushed rock, recycled glass and synthetic abrasive) and three disposal practices (in-site recycling, off-site recycling and recycling as construction material) have been also evaluated to estimate the benefits that can be achieved if these could be used in place of garnet abrasives and landfilling. The transportation of the abrasive resulted to be the phase that has the largest influence in every case and thus should be reduced as much as possible. For what concerns the alternative options, the usage of recycled glass and the in-site recycling of the abrasive were the two alternatives with the best environmental performances. However, crushed rock could be the best option for what concerns the global warming potential if carbon sequestration due to carbonation of silicate rocks is taken into account. Off-site recycling and recycling as construction material are good options only if the transportation to the recycling site can be reduced. Synthetic abrasive are instead found to have a much larger impact compared to every other alternative examined.
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40

Shiels, Sean. "The use of life cycle assessment in decision processes : an example from the nuclear industry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2004. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1033/.

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41

Chuang, Ping-huang, and 莊秉煌. "A Study of Industry Life Cycle Using Fuzzy Theory -Strategic Industries in Taiwan as An Example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81802392196886982662.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
97
In this research, the fuzzy theory is applying to build business life cycle for yearly sales of a business and age of business and two main industries (two stars) in Taiwan are used as an example. However, the definition of digital content industry is not established precisely and biotechnology industry is too complicated to lack consistency. Therefore, semiconductor and monitor industry will be discussed. In business life cycle, there are four stages based on normal distribution. However, different environment and strategies will change type of distribution such as technology industry is a representation of right skewness and traditional industry is one of left skewness. Since the time of development of semiconductor is longer than monitor industry, its right skewness is clearer than another. Due to the distribution of organizational life of semiconductor industry is sound, there are four stages in its business life cycle as follow: establishing stage, growing stage, maturing stage, and declining stage. If an industry is transformed successfully, then it will enter a new circulating stage. For instance, when the forecasting of semiconductor in thirty-five to fifty years, it has chance from declining stage to go to growing stage. On the contrary, the distribution of organization of monitor industry is not complete, it only has establishing stage and growing stage.
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42

Lai, Chia-Hung, and 賴佳宏. "Study on the Technique Development of TFT-LCD industry-Base on Patent Analysis and Life Cycle Theory." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17513401815510439186.

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碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
91
This research use patent analysis and the life cycle theory for technique development tendency of TFT-LCD industry. This research use International Patent Classification for the patent analysis, and discusses by the expert. This research finally does take G02F1/13 as main patent analysis strategy for the TFT-LCD technology development tendency. This research use Patent accumulation quantity by the G02F1/13 for technology performance, and predict the TFT-LCD technology life cycle using logistic growth model. This research finds： Technology Embryonic stage:1976-1990 Technology Growth stage :1990-2007 Technology maturity stage:2007-2021 Technology Decline stage:2021- This research also finds that using technical leaders information when analyzing industry technology development tendency will promote forecast accuracy. This research completes in 2003, locates the technology growth stage. Therefore this research conclusion as follows: 1。Because the TFT-LCD industry will highly grow, the merchant may consider increases the investment 2。The production technology performance also will highly grow 3。The Taiwan merchant will face the patent war.
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43

Padayachy, Lunez Jude. "Competitiveness and strategic change : a longitudinal study of the interactions between tourism industry and air Seychelles 1970 to 2007." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4883.

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In studying organisational change in Air Seychelles, the context, content and process of change together with the interconnections of the airline and the tourism industry in Seychelles through time is explored. The literature review shows that the substantive issues of interest to this study, contextualism as a theory of methods in management research, requires a case based research in particular with regards to the following gaps in the literature: the integration of inner and outer perspectives on sustaining competitive advantage, and conceptual insights on how strategy links firms and their environment. The study adopted a contextual and processual framework to build a theoretical perspective of competitive advantage. The study contributes to the field of strategic management and tourism development in Seychelles in the following ways: firstly, the development of a contextual and processual framework to explain the transformation of firms over time; secondly, the development of an understanding of the historical context of the tourism industry and its interactions with other sectors of the Seychelles economy; thirdly, developing an understanding of how Air Seychelles developed its resources and capabilities to sustain competitive advantage; fourthly, linking change processes and action to performance and in a sense developing an understanding on strategy implementation of strategic management practice in Air Seychelles. The study sheds some light on strategy formation and implementation at the firm level, and the dynamics between the firm and the industry. The findings suggest that firms respond opportunistically to external discontinuities in a dynamic environment - the entrepreneurial leadership of a firm prepares and support managers to operate under conditions of great uncertainty and ambiguity and allows them to behave opportunistically.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
DBL
Thesis (D. B. L.)
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44

Zhi, Hao Qu, and 瞿志豪. "Endogenous Horizontal Mergers over the Industry Life Cycle." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50570624634993741554.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
95
Mergers played a pivotal role in shaping the business world under today’s global economy, yet few elements in the business world are as chaotic and seemingly unpredictable as mergers and acquisitions. According to the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of industrial organization, the strategic behaviors of firms in the market will be conditioned by the overall market structure. This implies that the strategic behaviors of firms may change as the market evolves from inception through high-growth to saturation. Specifically, corporate strategies such as investments, entries, exits and horizontal mergers are likely to be conditioned by the business environment governed by the stage of industry development. However, while there has been a considerable empirical academic work that on merger, there is surprisingly little analysis on how changes in the endogenous economic fundamentals affects merger. Specifically, no formal research work has been conducted to analyze the effect of endogenous horizontal mergers on industries with network externalities under the context of industry life cycle. Being able to analyze the position of an industry on its industry life cycle can help a firm to develop a strategic viewpoint and therefore a core competence in managing merger and acquisition activities. The intention of the thesis is to study the inter-relationships between industry life cycle and the strategic behavior of firms. This thesis presents a stylized model to reflect the complex dynamics of the competition and strategic behaviors of firms over the industry life cycle. A recently developed tool, evolutionary games, is employed to explore this dynamics of an industry along its development cycle. Under the research of this thesis, it is assumed that the growth strategy of firms is consisted of investment (organic growth) and mergers (external growth). Firms are also assumed to be myopic in choosing among those endogenous strategic options to maximize expected profits. It is found that no pure growth strategy is evolutionary stable throughout the industry life cycle. However, some strategies survive certain periods of industry development better than others. In a sense, each stages of industry development calls for a different growth strategy. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that in the industry life cycle, an adaptive strategy will actually perform better than other pure strategies. The results of this thesis can be used to derive a set of strategic implications for firms at different stages of the industry life cycle. Furthermore, the model developed by the thesis can potentially be used as a tool for firms to choose their growth strategies, to improve their strategic positions, as well as to facilitate the merger integration processes.
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45

Cho, Shu-Hui, and 卓淑惠. "Production Life Cycle Forecasting Model for Publishing Industry." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24927345547517926627.

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碩士
東海大學
工業工程學系
88
In general, there exists the problem of high reject rate in publishing industry in Taiwan. For distribution centers, the problem of high reject rate increases operation costs, inventory costs and delivery costs. This causes a heavy-load for publishing industry with low capital. Therefore, it is important to have an effective sales forecasting. There is a large of variety of books. Hence, in this research, we analyze publishing industry and classify books by marketing view. Then we find the factors for and the kinds of books with high reject rate. In the real world, there are many influence factors for book sales. They are either quantitative or qualitative. Most problems of sales forecasting are non- linear, and neural-networks provide a powerful tool for non-linear problems. In this research, we combine the expert’s experience and neural network for sales forecasting. The first phase establishes an effective forecasting system. The second phase allows influence factors to vary and influence to forecast sales. The first phase also is to forecast sales of the books by the same writer, and special factors are also included. Thus, The model of the first phase is characterized by the opportunity of the special factor occurrence and the influence on sales volume. The goal of the second phase is to consider similar kinds of books by different writers. Therefore, the models of the second phase can be classified into normal and special factor models. Through training, testing and verification stages, the neural network is capable of responding to influencing factor changes with appropriate sales forecasting changes.
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46

Qu, Zhi Hao. "Endogenous Horizontal Mergers over the Industry Life Cycle." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-1308200712190200.

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47

chin-chih, Cheng, and 鄭琹之. "Using organizational life cycle theory to explore the." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33983951379407251299.

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碩士
國立嘉義大學
幼兒教育學系研究所
96
The impacts of low birth rate, economic depression and the intense competition among kindergartens are raising the challenges and difficulties of conducting a preschool. However, the management situations and strategies are influenced by past experience and accumulated resources. Therefore this research had not only applied the concept of organizational life cycle, but also collected the information under circumstances and events of this case to deeply explore the management of the early childhood education institute. Moreover, focusing on the past experiences, recent problems and the possible changes in the future, there were three main purposes in this case: (1) to understand the characteristics and content of this case's life cycle development, (2) to realize factors influencing the development of this organizational life cycle, (3) to find out problems encountered in the management of this organization. The case subject was JoJo preSchool. Data were collected through observations, document collections and repeated interviews. Interviewees included the chairman, the president and three teachers from JoJo Nursery School. The data collecting started from December 2007 to April 2008. According to the data analysis, JoJo preschool was going through the birth phase (from Jul., 1986 to Jun., 1989), growth phase (from Jul., 1989 to Jul., 1994), maturity phase (from Aug., 1994 to Jul., 2000), decline phase (from Aug., 2000 to Jul., 2003), and now moving on to revival phase（from Aug., 2003 to May, 2008）. The findings of this research were: whichever phase of life cycle the organization was in, the following factors acted on the management and development of the institute: the president's educational philosophy and leading styles, the teachers' attitudes and qualifications, personnel structure changes, school conditions, community resources, marketing strategies and the value changes of parent’s school choice. Moreover, problems threatening JoJo preschool during its developing journey were properly handled. In the end, management suggestions for existing or potential early childhood educators were proposed based on the analysis and discussions of this research.
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Chen, Shi-Chou, and 陳世周. "Life Cycle and Industrial Analysis of Taiwan PV Industry." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22200573806110164282.

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碩士
中原大學
國際貿易研究所
98
Greenhouse gases resulted from human activities have been identified as one of the major sources of global warming. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method frequently used for analyzing the effect a product or technology may have on the environment over its life cycle. Based on the data collected at all stages of the product’s life cycle, one is able to calculate the energy consumed as well as the polluting gases emitted from production to abandon, which can be used in assisting product development and energy policy decision-making. Recently, LCA has been extended to make use of the input-output tables to take into account the inter-industry linkages observed in the economy. Integrating input-output information into LCA has another advantage over traditional process-based LCA. That is, it provides the opportunity of performing impact analysis resulting from a change in final demands. However, from the perspective of policy simulation, computable general equilibrium (CGE) model offers more possibilities than input-output analysis does. As such, this study utilizes all three approaches of LCA to conduct the LCA analysis for Taiwan’s PV industry. Comparison of the results obtained from different approaches is made, and industrial benefit analysis based partially on the results is also performed.
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Ruei-JyunHong and 洪瑞均. "Life Cycle Assessment for Petrochemical Raw Material Industry Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65142238786841259022.

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50

Wang, Chien-Pin, and 王建彬. "Industrial Innovation Policy Evaluation :Based on Industry Life Cycle." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11201389373248086395.

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博士
國立交通大學
科技管理研究所
93
Industries proceeding in different life cycles should have differentiated solutions when facing problems along with challenges. This paper conducts industrial innovation policy research which focuses four industries in Taiwan－the biotechnology, the semiconductor, the automobile and part components, as well as the textile industry. This research applies FMCDM methodology and multi-quantitative analyses, integrates the policy priority provided by the experts, and conducts surveys within the industry in order to find the best solutions for the government. The result shows that the industry being in the initial stage relies the most on government innovation policy, the second follows the recession stage, and the growth and mature stage the third and fourth respectively. Regarding the assistance and development policy, in the initial stage most experts agree the government should encourage innovation, strengthen control and regulation and provide preferential benefits; in the growth stage not only does the government encourage innovation but also provide staff training and preferential benefit. Promoting creativity, providing preferential benefits, and encouraging scientific development should be the focus in the growth stage. In the last stage, the government mainly supports innovation, staff training, and scientific and skill development. The degree industries stress in the initial stage is highly on scientific and skill development, especially the financial banking aspect; the growth stage emphasizes staff training; the mature and recession stage stress the overseas development and overseas market expanding. Based on what concludes in the paper, this research suggests the government take demand rank into consideration when allocating its resources. Industries in the initial stage are put in the top priority given the most expenditure; the recession, growth and mature stage follows accordingly. In addition, the government should assist market expansion, low-cost capital, R&D supports, along with management and marketing the talent in the initial stage. In the growth stage the government also assists advanced technology and product integration; consulting international marketing and incubating R&D staff cannot be overemphasized in this periods too. When comes the mature stage, the industries welcome taxation, preferential benefits from the government most so that they will be able to carry on more structural adjustment and more merge and acquisition for solving the insufficient scale problem. The government policy should then provide the industry being in the last stage cost-cutting solution and assistance of sub-generation product development.
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