Relevant bibliographies by topics / Industry wage differentials

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Industry wage differentials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

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Moll, Peter G. "Industry wage differentials and efficiency wages." Journal of Development Economics 41, no. 2 (August 1993): 213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90057-t.

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Neumark, David, and Michael L. Wachter. "Union Effects on Nonunion Wages: Evidence from Panel Data on Industries and Cities." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900102.

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The authors test for threat and crowding effects of unions on non-union wages at the industry and city levels, using panel data on the percent organized and nonunion industry and city wage differentials constructed from Current Population Surveys over the period 1973–89. At the industry level, increases in the percent organized were associated with decreases in the nonunion industry wage differential, suggesting that crowding effects were the predominant union effect on nonunion industry wage differentials. In contrast, at the city level increases in the percent organized were associated with increases in the nonunion city wage differential, suggesting that threat effects predominated. The authors also find evidence of negative cross-occupation union effects on nonunion industry wage differentials, supporting their hypothesis that the industry-level results were partly driven by complementarity between union and nonunion labor.
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Jaffry, Shabbar, Yaseen Ghulam, and Vyoma Shah. "Inter-industry Wage Differentials in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 925–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.925-946.

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The essential feature of a perfectly competitive labour market is that workers who accept jobs can expect to receive compensation equal to their opportunity cost. Firms pay a wage which is just sufficient enough, to attract workers of the quality they desire and no higher [Krueger and Summers (1988)]. Overall, the markets do not follow the law of one price, contradicting the competitive framework. This is where the problem of wage differentials across different industries needs to be assessed, and has also been the focus of many studies over the years, mainly in the industrialised countries, e.g. USA, European Countries. However, the issue of wage differentials has been addressed by very few studies in the developing countries [Arbache (2001) and Erdil, et al. (2001)]. Wage differentials analysis in developing countries should also have equal importance as in the industrialised countries, in order to gauge the effect of the corporate culture and centralisation/decentralisation on the different industries and labour market of those developing countries.
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KLETZER, LORI. "Industry Wage Differentials and Wait Unemployment." Industrial Relations 31, no. 2 (March 1992): 250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.1992.tb00308.x.

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Kline, Sheryl, and Yu-Chin Jerrie Hsieh. "Wage Differentials in the Lodging Industry." Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2007): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j171v06n01_04.

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Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900107.

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Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustry wage differentials of men and women and 15–19% by differences in the distribution of male and female workers across industries. Thus, the combined industry effects explain about one-third of the overall gender wage gap.
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Mounsey, Allister, and Tracy Polius. "Trinidad and Tobago: Inter-industry wage differentials." CEPAL Review 2011, no. 105 (December 31, 2011): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/14e6e601-en.

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Benito, Andrew. "Inter‐Industry Wage Differentials in Great Britain." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62, s1 (December 2000): 727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0620s1727.

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Gittleman, Maury, and Edward N. Wolff. "INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INTER-INDUSTRY WAGE DIFFERENTIALS." Review of Income and Wealth 39, no. 3 (September 1993): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00461.x.

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Sørensen, Anders. "Inter-industry Wage Differentials and Allocative Inefficiency." International Economic Journal 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168730601180994.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

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Barnard, G. A. (Geoffrey Alan). "Inter-industry wage differentials and the role of workers' concern for equity." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34696.

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This thesis seeks to add to the understanding of wage determination in Canada. Data from the Labour Market Activity Survey and the Survey of Displaced Workers are analysed to indicate the degree to which wages for workers of given observable characteristics vary across industries. Possible explanations for such differentials are considered, with market-clearing models argued to be unconvincing compared to the main alternative, efficiency-wage theory, which allows for a persistent distribution of labour rents across industries. In particular, the key mechanisms in versions of the efficiency-wage hypothesis appealing to workers' concern for fairness are found to be relatively free of persuasive objections, and to be supported by a substantial body of theoretical and empirical work in social psychology and sociology, as well as in economics. The extent to which the observed inter-industry wage differentials can be explained in terms of posited mechanisms for the operation of workers' concern for fairness is then examined. Some indications of the influence of the concern for equity on inter-industry wage differentials are found, although limitations in the data and multicollinearity among regressors restrict the ability to isolate different industry-specific effects. It is concluded that while there is both a theoretical and an empirical basis for the proposition that workers' concern for fairness plays a role in the determination of wages in Canada, more work on this question, ideally combined with the availability of comprehensive firm-level data, is needed to get a more precise idea of the extent of this influence.
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Li, Xiaoying. "Impact of firm characteristics on wages : Industry wage differentials and firm size-wage effects in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123299.

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Wage structure has shown to be crucial for firms and workers. However, there existwage dispersion for identical workers in labor markets. The paper measures the effectof industry and firm size on wages in Sweden. The results show that both industry andfirm size have significant effects on wages. Regarding the explanation factors, thefinding is that human capital factors can explain a portion of the industry wagedifferentials, but have less impact on wage differentials across firm size. However,compensating differentials and union organization are not the determinants of theindustry wage differentials and firm size-wage effects. In addition, unobservedindividual characteristics can partly explain firm size effect on wages, but cannotexplain industry wage differentials based on our samples.
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Shah, Vyoma. "Inter-industry wage differentials and returns to education in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2010. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/interindustry-wage-differentials-and-returns-to-education-in-pakistan(4896c426-fc38-4d56-a2bb-827966dffe7f).html.

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Few studies deal with the Pakistan labour market and most of them have paid little attention to wage structures and differentials. This study is concerned with the existence and determinants of wage differentials in Pakistan. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill a research gap and contribute to the empirical work on the Pakistan economy. Previous empirical studies have revealed that there are several theories and approaches, which have been used to explain wage determinants and wage differentials. This study involves identification of some of these theories and approaches, which are believed to be helpful in explaining the determinants of wage differentials in the developing economy. These include i) efficiency wage theory; ii) human capital theory; iii) the segmented labour market and iv) other factors that are theoretically relevant to the determinants of wage differentials. These theories are explained and tested by using different econometric techniques. To do so, this study investigates the wage differential at three different points; the wage differential within the industries, the wage differentials between the public and private sectors, and the role of education in explaining the wage differential. In light of these theories and approaches, the aim of this study is to provide theoretical and empirical analysis, focusing on the role of observable characteristics, which directly and indirectly influence wage determination and wage differentials in the study area. In order to accomplish the objective models are selected based on the above theories and evidence provided by previous empirical studies. The main estimations are based on the calculation of the wage equation with individual, household and job characteristics. To do this the study has employed nine different cross-sectional Labour Force Surveys for the time period between 1990-91 and 2006-07. Estimation suggests the existence of wage differentials across Pakistan, and these wage differentials have grown significantly over time. Results on inter-industry wage differentials shows that even after controlling for individual, household and job characteristics, substantial wage differentials do exist and none of these wage differentials are explained by employer or industry effects. The results on public and private wage differentials found that overall the public sector tends to pay higher wages compared to the private sector and these differentials have widened over the time. On average in 2006-07, private sector employees earned 35 percent less wages compared to their public sector counterparts. The analysis of sector selection models reveal that much of the educated population wish to get employment in the public sector. The same is true for most occupations and industries. Over time, the rate of return to education has increased but there is hardly any change in the return at low levels of education. In other words, a person having completed the primary or middle level of education earns only 3 to 5 percent more compared to the person having little or no education. An assessment of wage inequality based on the level of education also shows that wage inequality spread between people who have acquired higher levels of education are larger compared to the lower level of education across the wage distribution. Decomposition of the wage differential over time shows that much of the wage differentials are explained by observable characteristics. It explains almost 50 percent of the total wage inequality increase between 1990-91 and 2006-07 but when split in two time periods, the observable characteristics have actually helped to narrow down the wage inequality between 1999-00 and 2006-07. It also reveals that in the beginning years, 1990-91 to 1999-00, education has helped to narrow that gap. But still half of the wage differentials are due to unobserved abilities and characteristics. The results provided by the study should prove valuable in explaining the existing system of employment and wage differentials in Pakistan. In addition, it should be of considerable assistance in rationalising the labour market‟s wage policies and narrowing the wage gap across industries and public-private sector. The rate of return to education and wage inequality estimates should help in designing the education policy as much of the population of Pakistan still have little or no education. Overall, the results should prove of major importance to the Pakistan government, in assisting their Education Sector Reforms programme.
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Tojerow, Ilan. "Industry wage differentials, rent sharing and gender: three empirical essays." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210526.

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This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis.

The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K. and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe.

Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K. and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain.

In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country.

The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms.

The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Serafim, Jelson Francisco Quintino. "Wage differentials in the service and industry sector in Angola." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7670.

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Mestrado em Economia
O diferencial de salários tem sido uma questão muito importante na área de economia, com especial ênfase pelos economistas do trabalho, e tem sido objecto de estudo de muitas investigações em vários países. Esta dissertação investiga empiricamente a relação entre comércio internacional, investimento direto estrangeiro, investimento e o diferencial salarial entre dois sectores diferentes, o sector dos serviços e o sector da indústria mineira, em Angola. Examinamos o salário médio mensal a partir de Julho de 2003 a Dezembro de 2012. Os resultados sugerem que os salários médios cresceram a taxas decrescentes neste período e quando analisamos o salário de cada sector, o investimento direto estrangeiro e outros investimentos têm um efeito positivo sobre esses salários, bem como a importação tem um efeito negativo em Angola. Porém, quando analisamos o salário relativo entre os sectores, os resultados são o oposto, sendo que o investimento estrangeiro direto não tem qualquer efeito sobre o diferencial de salários.
The wage differential has been a very important issue in economics area, addressed in particular by labor economists, and has been the subject of many research studies in several countries. This dissertation investigates empirically the relationship between international trade, foreign direct investment/ FDI, investment and wage differentials of two different sectors in Angola, the service and the industrial sectors. We examine the average monthly wage from July 2003 to December 2012. The results suggest that in this period the average wages grew at decreasing rates, and that when we analyse the wage of each sector, foreign direct investment and investments have a positive effect on these wages, and imports have a negative effect in Angola. But when we examine the relative wage between the sectors, the results are the opposite, being that foreign direct investment has no effect on the wage differential.
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Barnard, G. A. "Inter-industry wage differentials and the role of workers' concern for equity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0005/NQ44357.pdf.

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Giri, Jeeten Krishna. "REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, INTRA-NATIONAL TRADE, AND INDUSTRY-LEVEL INTERNATIONAL TRADE, IN INDIA." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1590.

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This dissertation addresses specific issues on domestic and foreign trade in India. The three chapters of the dissertation are summarized as follows. In the first chapter, we analyze the existence of regional wage differences across Indian states, and how domestic trade affects those premiums. We follow a two-step estimation process used in the literature on Labor Economics. Our empirical results show that higher level of domestic imports tends to reduce the state premiums, and higher domestic exports increase those premiums, which is consistent with a specific factor Ricardo-Viner model. Thus, promoting domestic trade by with states specializing in certain industries may lead to higher welfare within the country. In addition, we find, state premiums depend negatively on state-level amenities measured by per-capita power availability, and does not depend on the richness of the State measured by per-capita Net State Domestic Product. In the second chapter, we look at the pattern and determinants of inter-state manufacturing trade in India. In the paper, we use information on 12 manufacturing industries categorized under 5 sectors from 2005 to 2013 with two-year intervals in between. We find that a 1\% decrease in income ratio between importing state net state domestic product and exporting state net domestic product has significantly varying effects on trade flows across the different sectors. For coal and minerals, the effect is 36.8%, for chemical it is 105%, for metals it is 31.5% and for cement, it is 36.8%. In all these case a decrease in income ratio increases exports. For machinery, a 1% decrease in income ratio lead to approximately 9.3% reduction in trade. This suggests that machineries which are capital goods are more imported by richer states, whereas the other goods which can be classified as intermediate inputs are more imported by poorer states. We also find that infrastructure promotes trade and on average infrastructure reduces the effect of contiguity by around 28.6% and promotes trade even between non-contiguous states. Therefore, infrastructure in the form of roadways, highways, and railways must be built and maintained to promote facilitate trade in India. In chapter three, we compare the effects of tariffs and non-tariff barriers on Indian exports. We use Indian HS-96 four-digit industry level export data from COMTRADE and tariff data from TRAINS database for the study. The overall result suggests that input tariffs have the largest effect on exports, followed by final tariff and foreign tariffs. A 1% reduction in input tariff leads to around 8.6% increase in exports. A similar reduction in final tariffs and foreign tariffs lead to 3.6% and 2.8% increase, respectively in exports. Thus, we conclude that the supply side effect of exports dominates the demand side effects. From a policy perspective, if countries try to improve trade balance by imposing high tariffs, it may lead to a negative effect on exports through the input tariff effects.
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Conceição, Pedro. "Growth, technology and inter-industry earnings inequality in manufacturing : evidence from a selection of OECD countries, 1970-1990 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004242.

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Munshi, Farzana. "Essays on globalization and occupational wages." Göteborg : Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/56139718X.pdf.

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Univ., Diss.--Göteborg, 2008.
Enth. 4 Beitr. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. Trade liberalization and wage inequality--empirical evidence from Bangladesh / by Dick Durevall and Farzana Munshi -- Does openness reduce wage inequality in developing countries? Panel data evidence from Bangladesh / by Farzana Munshi -- Globalization and inter-occupational inequality in a panel of countries, 1983-2003 / by Farzana Munshi -- Offshoring and occupational wages--some empirical evidence / by Arne Bigsten, Dick Durevall, and Farzana Munshi.
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LU, Ruosi. "Labor market segregation and the wage differential between resident and migrant workers in China." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2008. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/econ_etd/10.

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This thesis looks at the effect of industrial and occupational segregation on the wage differential between resident and migrant workers in China. It extends the work of Meng and Zhang (2001) by considering the possible employment segregation of resident and migrant workers by both industry and occupation. I contend that industry segregation is at least as important as occupational segregation for Chinese migrant workers, as most migrant workers in China have come from the countryside to fuel the booming labor-intensive manufacturing and construction industries in the cites. Due to the hukou policy (a household registration system) in China, migrant workers normally face more constraints in searching for jobs in other sectors. My empirical study confirms that the proportion of the resident-migrant worker wage differential that is explained by industrial segregation is much larger than that explained by occupational segregation. Taking both industrial and occupational segregation into account explains the substantial wage differential between resident and migrant workers, which indicates the influence of industrial and occupational barriers on the wage differential in China.
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Books on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

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Rotemberg, Julio. A theory of inter-industry wage differentials. Cambridge, Mass: Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.

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Neumark, David. Union threat effects and nonunion industry wage differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Patel, B. B. Structure of inter-district, inter-sectoral, and inter-industry wage differentials in Gujarat. Baroda: Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Arts, M.S. University of Baroda, 1985.

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Patel, B. B. Structure of inter-district, inter-sectoral, and inter-industry wage differentials in Gujarat. Baroda: Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Arts, M.S. University of Baroda, 1985.

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Leamer, Edward E. Efforts and wages: A new look at the inter-industry wage differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Sakellariou, Chris N. Human capital and industry wage structure in Guatemala. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Education and Social Policy Dept., 1995.

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Katz, Lawrence F. Can inter-industry wage differentials justify strategic trade policy? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.

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Gannon, Brenda. Inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap: Evidence from European countries. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Borland, Jeff. Inter-industry wage differentials: How much can human capital explain? Melbourne: University of Melbourne,Dept. of Economics, 1989.

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Bellmann, Lutz. Industry and firm size wage differentials and employment in Eastern Germany. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

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Gahlen, Bernhard, and Georg Licht. "The Efficiency Wage Theories and Inter-Industry Wage Differentials An Empirical Investigation for the Manufacturing Sector of the Federal Republic of Germany." In Economics of Wage Determination, 129–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84134-7_11.

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Börsch-Supan, Axel. "The Efficiency Wage Theories and Inter-Industry Wage Differentials An Empirical Investigation for the Manufacturing Sector of the Federal Republic of Germany." In Economics of Wage Determination, 151–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84134-7_12.

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Tachibanaki, Toshiaki, and Souichi Ohta. "Wage Differentials by Industry and the Size of Firm, and Labour Market in Japan." In Labour Market and Economic Performance, 56–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23612-1_3.

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Galal, Rami, and Mona Said. "The Evolution of Wage Formation and Inequality in Jordan, 2010–2016." In The Jordanian Labor Market, 79–100. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846079.003.0003.

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This chapter investigates wage formation and inequality in Jordan. It takes stock of the main distributional features of the Jordanian wage structure focusing on population subgroups by gender, sector, occupational skill-level, industry, geographic location, and level of education as well as low-wage earners. It explores mobility within the distribution and to provide some explanation for the evolution of inequality, it estimates the returns to education, as well as sector-based and gender-based wage differentials. The results show a rise in real wages and a decline in inequality. Wages across different subgroups display compression from both ends of the distribution, with fewer Jordanians falling below the low-wage earnings line, and wages for the highest-paid groups declining. Rises in median wages hold across the population, even among more disadvantaged groups, for example the illiterate. Declining incremental returns to education and narrowing sector-based and gender-based wage differentials are consistent with the overall decline in wage inequality.
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Cabus, Sofie J. "Do Nurses React to Inter-Industry Wage Differentials?" In Contemporary Economic Perspectives in Education, 99–122. Leuven University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt14jxsqg.9.

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Nezlek, George, and Gerald DeHondt. "Gender Wage Differentials in Information Systems." In Integrations of Technology Utilization and Social Dynamics in Organizations, 31–47. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1948-7.ch003.

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This paper investigates trends and changes in the gender earnings gap for individuals employed in clerical and professional level information systems positions in the U.S. labor market for the period of 1991 through 2008. It examines changes in the earnings gap for IS workers, specifically considering changes relative to the so-called “Internet bubble” observed primarily during the late 1990s. Quantitative analysis of changes in the wage gap, adjusted for key determinants, is based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Examination of these data suggests that the gender earnings gap is persistent despite frequent claims to the contrary from industry surveys and that the gap is narrower for professional level positions. Furthermore, the data suggest that female IS workers, particularly in professional level occupations, may have experienced a beneficial effect from the internet bubble, but it is unclear whether or not that beneficial effect may be fading in the post-bubble internet bust of the early 21st century.
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Rikkilä, Juha. "Agile, Lean, and Service-Oriented Development, Continuum, or Chasm." In Software Design and Development, 132–63. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4301-7.ch008.

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A fad, hype, and a paradigm shift are often the words that are used about the agile, lean, and now also about service-oriented development. What starts as a step in evolution, grows into a mass movement in Internet and social media, and results in an avalanche of books, training, and consultancy services. Each proponent tries to differentiate from others with extreme statements of own superiority and blames of others’ shortcomings. Only a next fad, hype, or paradigm shift seems to be able to override the previous. This chapter looks through the fad, hype, or paradigm shift statements and describes the principles of the agile and lean approaches to the software development. Then it introduces the service orientation that is expected to be the next major shift. If it will overshadow the agile and lean excitement in the software industry, is discussed at the end of the chapter. In addition, this chapter looks into the past in order to find a continuum between these topics till today and to the future. Further some chasms in this continuum are identified, where a new idea has made a major shift and consequently has become a major force in the field. The service orientation in the software development is in the early phase of its lifecycle. The question is: will it still go through some chasm until it settles for large use, or is it already through all of adaptations and ready to be the next wave of evolution, or the next fad, hype and paradigm shift in software industry? The last part of this chapter proposes one more adaptation that creates continuum from the agile and lean approaches but brings up also the revitalization of architecting and design methodologies.
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Rikkilä, Juha. "Agile, Lean, and Service-Oriented Development, Continuum, or Chasm." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 1–32. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2503-7.ch001.

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A fad, hype, and a paradigm shift are often the words that are used about the agile, lean, and now also about service-oriented development. What starts as a step in evolution, grows into a mass movement in Internet and social media, and results in an avalanche of books, training, and consultancy services. Each proponent tries to differentiate from others with extreme statements of own superiority and blames of others’ shortcomings. Only a next fad, hype, or paradigm shift seems to be able to override the previous. This chapter looks through the fad, hype, or paradigm shift statements and describes the principles of the agile and lean approaches to the software development. Then it introduces the service orientation that is expected to be the next major shift. If it will overshadow the agile and lean excitement in the software industry, is discussed at the end of the chapter. In addition, this chapter looks into the past in order to find a continuum between these topics till today and to the future. Further some chasms in this continuum are identified, where a new idea has made a major shift and consequently has become a major force in the field. The service orientation in the software development is in the early phase of its lifecycle. The question is: will it still go through some chasm until it settles for large use, or is it already through all of adaptations and ready to be the next wave of evolution, or the next fad, hype and paradigm shift in software industry? The last part of this chapter proposes one more adaptation that creates continuum from the agile and lean approaches but brings up also the revitalization of architecting and design methodologies.
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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Transmission and Analytical Electron Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 552–692. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0009.

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Transmission electron microscopy provides information on all aspects of the microstructure — structural, atomic, chemical, electronic, magnetic, etc. — at the highest spatial resolution in physical and biological materials, with applications ranging from fundamental studies to process metrology in the semiconductor industry. Developments in correcting electron-optical aberrations have improved TEM resolution to sub-Å levels. Coherent Bragg scattering (diffraction), incoherent Rutherford scattering (atomic mass), and interference (phase) are some contrast mechanisms in TEM. For phase contrast, optimum imaging is observed at the Scherzer defocus. Magnetic domains are imaged in Fresnel, Foucault, or differential phase contrast (DPC) modes. Off-axis electron holography measures phase shifts of the electron wave, and is affected by magnetic and electrostatic fields of the specimen. In scanning-transmission (STEM) mode, a focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen to sequentially form an image; a high-angle annular dark field detector gives Z-contrast images with elemental specificity and atomic resolution. Series of (S)TEM images, recorded every one or two degrees about a tilt axis, over as large a tilt-range as possible, are back-projected to reconstruct a 3D tomographic image. Inelastically scattered electrons, collected in the forward direction, form the energy-loss spectrum (EELS), and reveal the unoccupied local density of states, partitioned by site symmetry, nature of the chemical species, and the angular momentum of the final state. Energy-lost electrons are imaged by recording them, pixel-by-pixel, as a sequence of spectra (spectrum imaging), or by choosing electrons that have lost a specific energy (energy-filtered TEM). De-excitation processes (characteristic X-ray emission) are detected by energy dispersive methods, providing compositional microanalysis, including chemical maps. Overall, specimen preparation methods, even with many recent developments, including focused ion beam milling, truly limit applications of TEM.
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Conference papers on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

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Lv, Kang-yin, Wen-jing Wang, and Chun-ping Xiao. "Research on the evolvement mechanism of industry wage differential —empirical analysis based on sample investigation." In 2008 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2008.4669009.

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Jafri, Syed Muhammad Mohsin, and Phayak Takkabutr. "Dynamic Stresses in a Driven Pile During Installation-Classical Wave Equation Model Solution Using Partial Differential Equations." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24669.

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This paper derives and solves the governing dynamic wave equation of motion of a driven pile during the installation phase, when the driven pile is subjected to hammer blows. The pile is assumed as an elastic solid body. The equation of motion is a partial differential equation in space (axial coordinate) and time. The governing partial differential equation of motion is solved for installation boundary conditions, and simplified soil resistance models. The solution of the governing equation yields important design parameters, such as stress variation at any cross-section along the pile length with respect to time, and propagating wave speed. The resulting closed-form solution can be easily implemented using a standard spreadsheet or an engineering calculation program. This approach is compared with conventional wave equation analysis (WEAP) used in industry practice. The conventional wave equation analysis is based on discretization of the pile into mass-spring-damper elements (lumped parameter approach), rather than continuous modeling. The models and solutions from these two approaches are compared.
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Pfeifer, Uwe, and Dieter Warnack. "Simulation of Non-Steady and Non-Linear Flow Phenomena in Complex Piping Systems of Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38056.

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In order to get information on how pressure fluctuations in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine act on the gas piping system and adapters for measurement of pressure fluctuations, a one-dimensional, compressible, unsteady, anisentropic code is applied. This is done to obtain more detailed information about particular flow phenomena like wave propagation, superposition and the influence of heat transfer and damping. The model used was formed by using the one-dimensional equation laws of mass, momentum and energy to a hyperbolic differential equation system. This system was solved numerically by using the well proven PROMO code originating from the automotive industry as described in detail by Go¨rg [1]. The existing model was extended and adapted to be applicable to the problems described above.
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Karrech, Ali, Abdennour Seibi, Tasneem Pervez, and Karam Sab. "Dynamics of Submerged Expandable Tubes in Borehole Wells." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71688.

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Solid Expandable Tubular Technology (SETT) is a new development in the petroleum industry. It consists in accomplishing hydraulic expansion of a submerged tube by propelling a mandrel through it using a differential pressure. The progress of the mandrel deforms the tube beyond its elastic limit. Towards the end of the expansion process, the mandrel pops out of the tube resulting in displacement, stress and pressure waves. A mathematical model is developed to describe the dynamics of the tube-fluid system due to the pop-out phenomenon. The model takes into consideration the effects of the coupling between fluids and structure as well as the inherent system damping on the response. Through a specific field case, the model provides an analytical solution describing the wave propagating in the tube-fluid system and identifies the potential failure locations.
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Meliande, Patricia, Elson Antonio do Nascimento, and Rogerio Fernandes Lacerda. "Transient Evaluation for LPG and Oil Pipelines." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31323.

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Nowadays, anticipating and controlling transient response is a critical design activity for ensuring both safety and integrity of the operational subsea system. Predicting transient effect, commonly known as surge pressure, is of high importance for offshore industry. In order to determine the installation of protection equipments to avoid surge pressure effects, the operational teams have raised concerns, whether the system is adequately designed to protect the subsea system against possible surge pressures during the event of sudden closure of a valve. Researches, referred to transient effects, explain that is necessary to evaluate the system performance under current and desired operating conditions. The main goal of this paper is to predict the surge pressure during unforeseen closure valves at Refrigerated LPG and Gasoline (C5+) pipeline systems. In these systems the valves are located downstream the flowlines. Detailed computer modeling attempts to simulate the complex interactions between flowline and fluid, aiming at providing efficient flowline system integrity. These models are based on Transient Methodology which is defined for a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that relate fundamental variables with pressure head and flow velocity. The solution of differential equations has been carried out by Finite Difference Method that transforms these equations into characteristic equations. These can be accurately solved through high-speed digital computers. Flowmaster, Chicago, USA, was the software used to develop the analysis models. The software offers an advanced graphical interface to build networks and resultant graphics. The results from Flowmaster have been validated through a defined methodology that applies the Characteristics Method based on Wylie and Streeter assumptions. Simulations considering the fluid as gasoline have shown a sudden damping of pressure wave when the valve closure time was 10 seconds, leading to the restoration of the initial flow conditions. The analysis using the Method of Characteristics, however, does not exhibit this sudden damping, although a gradually reduction of fluctuations around the initial pressure are observed. The transient analysis through Flowmaster for Refrigerated LPG leads to a pressure envelope that shows a change of the flow direction triggering a cyclical process until the restoration of the initial operational conditions.
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Anderson, Keith, and Mark O’Connor. "The Evolution of Lazy-S Flexible Riser Configuration Design for Harsh Environments." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83404.

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Flexible riser configurations in harsh environments require riser buoyancy in order to decouple vessel induced motions from the seabed interface. This is achieved through either wave (distributed buoyancy) or S (subsea buoy) solutions. In the UK sector of the North Sea circa 30% of all floating production system field developments utilise subsea buoys in Lazy-S configurations. The majority of these fields have been in service for many years and designed prior to the widespread adoption of current industry standards, the analytical rigour available today, and better characterisation of the metocean environment. In many cases original system design has also been for 50yr return period conditions, compared to the specified 100yr return period events required in todays codes and standards, e.g. ISO 13628-2 [1]. Therefore, when replacement riser or life extension work is performed on existing structures or new developments are being designed there can be significant challenges in confirming the applicability of traditional system configuration designs. The principal challenges with these configurations is minimising sag bend compressions driven by differential buoy vs. vessel motions and maintaining the riser or umbilical minimum curvature and compression criteria at the seabed touch down. The latter point is a particular problem for umbilicals routed via Lazy-S configurations owing to their relatively low weight and stiffness, and constraining MBR criteria. This paper considers the applicability of Lazy-S configurations as a solution to modern harsh environment field developments and the evolution in Lazy-S system design to address the design challenges with particular emphasis on the TDP response.
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Ghoshal, Ritwik, Anurag Yenduri, Aziz Ahmed, Zhuo Chen, Wenping Wang, Anis Hussain, Rajeev K. Jaiman, and Xudong Qian. "Instability of Mooring Cables in Presence of Ice-Load." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54713.

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Station keeping system for arctic floaters such as mooring cables requires an innovative engineering design coupled with a detailed investigation on its resistance against the impact loading. The ice-induced vibration, together with the wave and current actions, imposes a strong demand on the mooring cable design. However, in present industry practice, the mathematical models/software used in designing the mooring cables for offshore structures use linear strain theory. In this paper, an analytical modal based procedure for underwater submerged cable considering its geometric nonlinearity is presented. Introducing geometric nonlinearity into the modal procedure enables coupling between different modes, which is not included in the standard the linear analysis of integrated mooring system. In the present analysis, the second in-plane and first two out-of-plane modes are considered to highlight the effect of geometric nonlinearity near the 2:1 internal resonance phenomena of underwater mooring cables. The differential equation for cable is solved using a modal decomposition method considering second-order terms of the finite strain tensor. A simply supported boundary condition is assumed at both ends of the cable. A unidirectional wave loading is considered and thereby, the floater will have two translational motions, i.e., surge and heave. The floater motions will cause a support excitation at the pinned connection between the floater and mooring. This phenomenon is modelled as a base excitation at the top support point of the mooring cable. The support excitation frequency is chosen to be close to the natural frequency of the second in-plane mode. Therefore, the in-plane mode is excited directly. Ice load is applied at the support from an out-of-plane direction as a pulse load which may come from the ice impact and/or breaking. So, the out-of-plane mode is excited parametrically. It is observed that the out-of-plane mode responses show instability under certain base excitation amplitude, i.e., the responses due to the pulse load from the ice impact never decay. This instability in the responses may lead to the fatigue failure of the mooring cables. It is observed that this instability in the responses arises from the modal interaction between the different modes, i.e., autoparametric excitation, which the linear analysis is unable to capture. Numerous simulations are carried out to determine the stability boundary of different out-of-plane modes for various amplitude and excitation frequency. The stability boundaries are also determined using the harmonic balance method to verify the results obtained from the modal analysis. It can be concluded from this analysis that the nonlinear coupling terms play a significant role, close to the 2:1 resonance region which can lead to an unstable response of the mooring cables in the presence of ice loads.
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Reports on the topic "Industry wage differentials"

1

Gibbons, Robert, and Lawrence Katz. Does Unmeasured Ability Explain Inter-Industry Wage Differentials? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3182.

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Neumark, David, and Michael Wachter. Union Threat Effects and Nonunion Industry Wage Differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4046.

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3

Katz, Lawrence, and Lawrence Summers. Can Inter-Industry Wage Differentials Justify Strategic Trade Policy? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2739.

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4

Leamer, Edward, and Christopher Thornberg. Efforts and Wages: A New Look at the Inter-Industry Wage Differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6626.

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Azzawi, Shireen, and Mona Said. Trade liberalization, inter-industry wage differentials and job quality in Egyptian manufacturing. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy15.1050.

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Azzawi, Shireen, and Mona Said. Trade liberalization, inter-industry wage differentials and job quality in Egyptian manufacturing [Arabic]. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy15.1051.

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