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Books on the topic 'Ineffective evidence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Chong, Alberto, Dean Karlan, Jeremy Shapiro, and Jonathan Zinman. (Ineffective) Messages to Encourage Recycling: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Peru. The World Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6548.

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2

Terblanche, Marius, and Damon C. Scales. Evidence-based practice in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0023.

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Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise to make decisions about the care of individual patients. This chapter explains how EBP can benefit patients by introducing new treatments, reducing the harm associated with necessary treatments, and questioning the continued use of ineffective or harmful therapies. To practice EBP, clinicians should become acquainted with techniques, and stay up-to-date with current and new publications, and research findings. When high quality evidence is unavailable to answer specific clinical questions, p

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3

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. An introduction to evidence-based medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0002.

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Clinicians have historically used ‘evidence’ from their individual clinical experiences to inform decisions about health care. However, with the emergence of novel technologies, treatments, and epidemiological methods in the latter half of the twentieth century, some questioned whether more harm than good was being done in attempts to ‘cure’ disease. In 1971, Archie Cochrane suggested clinicians were overly devoted to their patients, overtreating in an effort to do everything possible to ‘cure’. He argued the systematic application of medical research, in particular evidence from randomized co

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4

Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, et al. Summary and conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0016.

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Among the 47 options reviewed in this book, most show some evidence of effectiveness in at least one country, but the evidence is less than definitive for many others, either because the interventions are ineffective, or the research is inadequate. Unfortunately, policies that have shown little or no evidence of effectiveness continue to be the preferred options of many countries and international organizations. The evidence reviewed in this book supports two overarching conclusions. First, an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the publi

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5

Anderson, Kym. Food Price and Trade Policy Biases. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.009.

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This article demonstrates how governments have distorted food markets in high-income countries, primarily through ineffective trade policies. It begins by reviewing theories on agriculture’s perceived role in development. It then considers a recent World Bank study, which presents evidence of price-distorting policies in both high-income and developing countries. Next, it discusses the contribution of agriculture to the current global welfare cost of distortions to farm and nonfarm goods markets, and the impact of those distortionary policies on income inequality and poverty. The article concl

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6

Stegenga, Jacob. Medical Nihilism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0011.

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This chapter presents the master argument for medical nihilism. In addition to drawing on the arguments from previous chapters, it introduces three widespread empirical phenomena to support the master argument. First, the ubiquity of medical interventions that have been rejected because they came to be seen as ineffective or harmful. Second, for many of our most widely used medical interventions, the best evidence available indicates that such interventions are barely effective, if at all. Third, the ubiquity of discordance: for many medical interventions, some evidence suggests that they are

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7

Lusardi, Theresa A., and Detlev Boison. Ketogenic Diet, Adenosine, Epigenetics, and Antiepileptogenesis. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0023.

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Epilepsy is common, affecting about 1% of the population. Conventional treatments are ineffective in about one third of patients, and current therapies do not prevent epilepsy or its progression. For individuals with drug-refractory epilepsy the ketogenic diet (KD) can provide seizure relief in approximately fifty percent of patients, with complete and permanent remission in some cases, suggesting possible antiepileptogenic effects of the diet. Whereas mechanisms underlying antiseizure effects of KD have been identified, mechanistic links between KD therapy and antiepileptogenesis constitute a

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8

Bowling, Allen C. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0027.

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Many patients with multiple sclerosis use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, health professionals may have limited knowledge about CAM therapies and may not know which CAM therapies are being used by patients who are under their care. These CAM therapies may be beneficial or harmful and may interact with conventional multiple sclerosis medications. Therefore, quality of care may be improved if clinicians have the skills and knowledge to provide unbiased, evidence-based CAM information to patients and, when appropriate, to guide patients away from harmful or ineffective ther

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9

Nelson, Stephen C. International Financial Institutions and Market Liberalization in the Developing World. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.20.

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This article examines the role played by the two most important international financial institutions (IFIs), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in the developing countries’ transition towards market liberalization and openness. More specifically, it considers whether IFIs are powerful “globalizers” of the developing world or ineffective organizations whose grand plans are forever thwarted by savvy governments promising sweeping reforms that never materialize. Drawing on the findings from thirty-one recent empirical studies, it concludes that there is no clear evidence th

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10

Thomas, Bejoy C., and Rebecca L. Malhi. Challenges in communicating with ethnically diverse populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0041.

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Effective cancer communication is crucial for both clinicians and patients, yet is often suboptimal. Health literacy—the ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate health information—is a latent factor that may contribute to ineffective medical interactions. Limited health literacy has been associated with significant negative health outcomes and higher medical costs. Given the compelling evidence that ethnically diverse populations are particularly vulnerable, we use a narrative case example—a hypothetical clinical meeting between an oncologist and a newly-diagnosed patient—to h

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11

Meyer, Jaimie P., and Frederick L. Altice. Transition to the community. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0047.

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Re-incarceration of former prisoners is commonly associated with relapse to drug and alcohol use because of ineffective treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) after release. High entry rates of people who use drugs (PWUDs) into prisons or jails results in the criminal justice system (CJS) bearing a disproportionate burden of the epidemic of people with SUDs. In contrast to 8% of U.S. adults in the general population, up to 65% of prisoners meet DSM-IV criteria for having a SUD and, depending on geographical location, 70% of HIV-infected prisoners meet criteria for opioid dependence. Thoug

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12

King, Robert A. Psychodynamic Perspectives on OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0007.

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A psychodynamic perspective attempts to understand the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in terms of excessive, maladaptive efforts to cope with perceived dangers posed by aggressive or sexual impulses and in terms of distorted information processing and rigid cognitive styles that are intolerant of ambiguity. The psychodynamic perspective also sees OC phenomena against the backdrop of normal childhood development and the vicissitudes of conscience formation, as well as culturally defined notions of ordered boundaries/transgres

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13

Haynes, Richard, Martin J. Landray, William G. Herrington, and Colin Baigent. Clinical trials. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0019.

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Randomized trials are the best method for identifying and quantifying the benefits and risks of interventions in clinical practice. Nephrology lags behind most specialties in medicine in its evidence base. Many commonly used therapies are untested and may be ineffective or even cause harm. For trials to provide reliable answers to important clinical questions they must first avoid two sources of error. Firstly, systematic error (or bias) can only be removed by proper randomization. Secondly, random error (the play of chance) can only be removed by the randomization of large numbers of patients

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14

Gao, Qin. From Welfare to Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 reviews a series of welfare-to-work initiatives and evaluates their impacts. The chapter reveals various barriers for Dibao recipients to move from welfare to work, leading many of them to be unwillingly labeled welfare dependents. These include limited employability due to poor health, low level of education, lack of skills, middle age, long history of unemployment, lack of financial or social capital, family care responsibilities, lack of childcare and senior care services in the community, stigma from neighbors and local officials, and a series of policy design factors that deter

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15

Henter, Ioline D., and Rodrigo Machado-Vieira. Novel therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0030.

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The long-term course of bipolar disorder (BD) comprises recurrent depressive episodes and persistent residual symptoms for which standard therapeutic options are scarce and often ineffective. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and glutamate and its cognate receptors have consistently been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and in the development of novel therapeutics for these disorders. Since the rapid and robust antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine were first observed in 2000, other NMDA

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16

de Melo-Martín, Inmaculada, and Kristen Intemann. The Fight Against Doubt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869229.001.0001.

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Current debates about climate change or vaccine safety provide an alarming illustration of the potential impacts of dissent about scientific claims. False beliefs about evidence and the conclusions that can be drawn from it are commonplace, as is corrosive doubt about the existence of widespread scientific consensus. Deployed aggressively and to political ends, ill-founded dissent can intimidate scientists, stymie research, and lead both the public and policymakers to oppose important policies firmly rooted in science. To criticize dissent is, however, a fraught exercise. Skepticism and fearle

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17

Fantl, Jeremy. The Limitations of the Open Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.001.0001.

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When should you engage with difficult arguments against your cherished controversial beliefs? The primary conclusion of this book is that your obligations to engage with counterarguments are more limited than is often thought. In some standard situations, you shouldn’t engage with difficult counterarguments and, if you do, you shouldn’t engage with them open-mindedly. This conclusion runs counter to aspects of the Millian political tradition and political liberalism, as well as some of the informal logic literature on argumentation. Not all misleading arguments wear their flaws on their sleeve

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18

Oyserman, Daphna. Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195341461.001.0001.

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Everyone can imagine their future self, even very young children, and this future self is usually positive and education-linked. To make progress toward an aspired future or away from a feared future requires people to plan and take action. Unfortunately, most people often start too late and commit minimal effort to ineffective strategies that lead their attention elsewhere. As a result, their high hopes and earnest resolutions often fall short. In Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation Daphna Oyserman focuses on situational constraints and affordances that trigger or impede tak

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19

Szmukler, George. Some troubling observations about involuntary treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0002.

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The huge variations in the rates of the use of detention and involuntary treatment between similar countries, as well as between regions in a country, and even between mental health services within a region, are deeply troubling. Large changes in rates over time, perhaps in different directions at the same time in different places, and between ethnic groups in some societies have also been evident. These findings suggest a significant degree of arbitrariness in the use of compulsion. History offers many examples of abuses and misuses of psychiatric treatment, without consent, sometimes to cont

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20

Gray, Allison, and Ronald Hinch, eds. A Handbook of Food Crime. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336013.001.0001.

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This book contextualises, evaluates, and problematises the (lack of) legal and regulatory organisation involved in the many processes of food production, distribution, and consumption. Turning a criminological gaze on the conditions under which food is (un)regulated, this book encompasses a range of discussions on the problematic conditions under which food (dis)connects with humanity and its consequences on public health and well-being, nonhuman animals, and the environment, often simultaneously. Influenced by critical criminology, social harm approach, green criminology, corporate criminolog

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