Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inégalité de genre'
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Lassel, Djaouida. "Les associations de femmes face aux inégalités de genre en Algérie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0292.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the action of two types of women's associations, presented in four rural and urban areas of Algeria: Algiers, Oran, and Tipaza, whose creation is between 1991 and 2002. Their history is closely linked to the dynamics of Algerian social and political movements during this period.This research is part of a feminist perspective and is distinguished by the mobilization of the concept of empowerment introduced by William Ninacks.Through the semi-directive interviews and additional information gathered during the participant observation, methodology used for the first time to study women's associations in Algeria, two types of associations were Examined. The first includes two associations for women victims of violence. They also exert pressure on the three powers : political, legislative, and legal, to change family laws and those relating to violence against women. The second type of association studied supports rural and artisanal women.Five associations have been observed. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of the many challenges they face in the establishment of practices and actions enabling rural and urban women in situations of violence, need, and exclusion to establish themselves as actresses to act together in order to change their social and economic status
Nziengui, Mamboundou Pierre. "Analyse de l'impact des réformes économiques sur les inégalités de genre et la pauvreté en Afrique : Application au Burkina Faso et au Sénégal." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH27.
Full textThe fight against gender inequalities and poverty is a central issue for policy makers in Burkina Faso and Senegal.Indeed, we observe high gender inequality level in both countries (in formal labour market and in household work) andhigh poverty level, which affects 40.1% of the population in Burkina Faso and 38% in Senegal (World Bank 2020). It iswhy economic development plan have drawn up based on specific reforms in each country. In Burkina Faso, thechallenge is to increase the public resources allocated to development, which leads to a reform of VAT and oil subsidies.We analyse the effects of these policies on gender inequalities, poverty and food security. In Senegal, the transformationof the economy has been already started, with a particular interest for agriculture sector. We are interested in the effectsof this transformation on gender inequalities and poverty. Using computable general equilibrium models, the results ofthis thesis show that the reforms envisaged in Burkina Faso have negative effects on gender and poverty. In Senegal, thetransformation of the agricultural sector leads to a decrease in gender inequalities and poverty
Nkale, Bougha Obouna Estelle. "Pauvreté, santé et genre au Gabon." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40021/document.
Full textGabon displays, paradoxically to his high level of GDP per capita, poor health indicators. Based on thedata of the Demographic and Health Survey of Gabon of 2000, the present study had as objective toexamine the relation between poverty and health. Firstly, the study shows that the level of childmortality is worrying, and that the non-monetary poverty in terms of assets is associated with thismortality. Secondly, the levels of child stunting and underweight are problems. In this respect, oneobserves that stunting represents the first nutritional problem. Moreover, the analyses reveal theexistence of a net relationship between non monetary poverty and malnutrition in terms of stunting.On the other hand; the impact of non monetary poverty on the malnutrition in terms of underweightdepends on the econometric model used. Thirdly, the chow test for mortality and malnutrition are notsignificant, showing that an econometric analysis of the relation between poverty and health by genderis not justified. In other words, households headed by a woman and those headed by a man not behavedifferently as regards health care. Fourthly, the study of the socioeconomic inequality of mortality andthose of malnutrition suggests some comments. First of all, this inequality is very strong. Then, whilethe inequality in mortality is stronger in rural area, the inequality in malnutrition is more pronouncedin cities. Lastly, the welfare disparities of the households have a secondary role as for the explanationof the level of this inequality
Ben, Yahmed Sarra. "Inégalité entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail, les rôles du commerce international et du secteur informel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1089/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on gender wage inequality. The two first chapters explore the impact of international trade on the gender wage gap, while the third chapter deals with the role of the informal sector in shaping the gender wage gap. By integrating the taste-based theory of discrimination and the oligopolistic trade literature, the first chapter shows that international trade can have two opposite effects on the gender wage gap through the channel of competition. The predictions of the models are confirmed by an empirical analysis of gender wage gaps in Uruguay following the Mercosur trade agreement. The second chapter investigates how international trade impacts the gender wage gap at different points of the skill distribution, by incorporating statistical discrimination into a model of trade with heterogeneous firms and workers. The model shows trade integration reduces the gender wage gap among high-skilled workers but reduces the gender wage gap among unskilled workers. The third chapter investigates whether the gender wage gap differs in the formal and the informal segments of the labour market in Brazil. It shows that the higher raw wage gap in the informal sector is an artificial effect of the different sorting of men and women into formal and informal jobs. First, the female advantage in observable productive characteristics is stronger among formal employees. Second, selection into work status differs between men and women. In the informal sector, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is reduced and not significant anymore. In the formal sector, however, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is large and highly significant
Ganault, Jeanne. "L'autonomie temporelle et ses usages : un révélateur des inégalités sociales devant le temps." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03898523.
Full textDifferences in how working people use their time depending on their social characteristics (namely, class and gender), are well documented. What remains unclear is how much autonomy they have to spend their time as they see fit, and how their autonomy might change their relationship to time. This work aims at redefining time autonomy in paid work as a multidimensional construct, and reintroducing it into time use analysis for the wage-earner population. Using both quantitative data from the French Time Use Survey and Working Conditions Surveys, and qualitative interviews, I look into how time autonomy shapes the way people spend their time, and the way they think about time. I define time autonomy as the range of freedoms workers get (or lack) in shaping their work time, and I identify eight types of temporal autonomy, from "'absolute' constraints" to "'absolute' autonomy", that reveal inequalities in terms of social class, gender and work context. These types of autonomy are associated with different paid and unpaid work schedules : more autonomous men are more likely to work and value long hours in paid work, and more autonomous women are more likely to dedicate more time to unpaid work. The gender-segregated nature of autonomous workers' schedules is in part explained by an anticipatory selection of (some) women in autonomous occupations. This selection is not available to everyone : workers who are more constrained in their daily schedules are also more likely to have had limited options throughout their life course, yet I find they are less likely to express any desire to change their situation in the present or in the future, as they attempt to "make autonomy of necessity"
Moguerou, Laure. "Vouloir et pouvoir scolariser ses enfants : pratiques éducatives à Dakar (Sénégal) sous le prisme des inégalités sociales, familiales et de genre." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0040.
Full textThe evolutions of primary schooling in Dakar between 1990 and 2000 show that access to school and schooling paths depend more and more of parents decisions. Because school is compulsory only "within the means of the State", it relies on parents to put and keep their children in school. Stagnation of primary schooling in Dakar could be the sign of a partial reject of school by families. But then, how interpret the catch up of girls schooling rate ? The schooling strategies show that most people have trouble engaging in long term schooling and that they develop different expectations towards school based on the believed or real benefits of school certification. The fact that the schooling rate of girls is catching up on the one of boys reflects the improvement of girls' paths as well as the partial avoidance of school by boys. Boys seem to be even more tempted to quit the school system that their vision of social roles follow tradition and that school does not keep its promises anymore. Girls are staying longer, yet it is in the impatient wait of marriage. Finally, the school system in Dakar is opening to girls, but mainly because it is not anymore the sacred way of social success for boys, and not because of a reject of traditional gender roles
Bauwin, Mathilde. "Microfinance and Gender Issues : reducing or Reproducing Inequalities ? Achievements and Challenges in the Tunisian Case." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED048/document.
Full textMicrofinance aims at facilitating access to financial services for vulnerable people excluded from the traditional banking system. In that regard, it appears as a key tool to reduce inequalities, especially between men and women, to access credit. However, on the basis of a case study about the main Tunisian microfinance institution, this research work shows that when considering the loan conditions granted, the objective of inequality reduction is not fully achieved. If the institution indeed favors women in terms of access to credit, and despite the lesser risk female clients represent for the institution, women still receive lower loan amounts than men all along their credit history. The most ambitious women are in particular the most rationed ones. Putting the analyses on microdata, experimental data and impact assessment of a training on loan officers into perspective suggests that gender inequalities existing in Tunisia and among clients contribute to create gender-based stereotypes among loan officers. Since current granting procedures leave some room for subjectivity, some inequalities are reproduced instead of reduced
Etesse, Manuel. "Transitions postscolaires et inégalité sociale à Lima : poursuite éducative et insertion professionnelle des jeunes de la génération «Ochentas»." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB029.
Full textSince the 1990s, Peru has enjoyed sustained economic and social stability, which is the backdrop for a generation born during one of the worst crises in the country's history. This "Ochentas" generation (1980s) grew up during the neoliberal revival, under which the expansion of private education was dazzling and employment grew strongly but also more flexible. In addition, the patriarchal family model tends to evolve into new forms, including the erosion of gender roles and parental authority. In this context, where historical social inequalities persist, young people of the generation studied have gone out of college and faced the first decisive choices for their future, choices framed by specific possibilities and meanings depending on the social milieu they are from. The thesis deals with post-school transitions at the level of education (in higher education) and work trajectories in the city of Lima. It offers an in-depth look at the chronological dimension and the social mechanisms that influence it. On the one hand, it examines the social heterogeneity of transitions, in particular the influence of the family context in the pursuit of studies and professional integration, taking into account its educational, socio-economic, demographic and migratory characteristics. On the other hand, it identifies specificities of the male and female routes at the end of secondary education. Finally, she analyzes the specific influence of access to higher education in the environment of the young person, in the household and the neighborhood of residence. To trace the trajectories and socialization of the Ochentas generation, the work articulates an unprecedented quantitative approach (descriptive and multivariate analyzes) of the 2007 census data with a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2017. The results show considerable differences in educational and vocational transitions after high school, particularly in terms of inequalities of access to higher education and through the type of study pathways. If several factors are decisive, the parental cultural capital is of first order, which is only marginally studied in the literature concerning the social dynamics in Peru. Similarly, gender relations give shape to these transitions, in particular concerning occupational integration. In addition, the research shows that social segregation in the metropolis, observed at the neighborhood level, is associated with post-school transitions leading to lesser autonomy and independence. Finally, the results obtained show the potential for census data -despite their limitation- compared to survey data
Desde la década de 1990, el Perú tiene una estabilidad económica y social que caracteriza el contexto en el que ha crecido una generación nacida durante una de las peores crisis de su historia. La generación "Ochentas" ha crecido en el contexto de reformas neoliberales, en la cual la expansión de la educación privada ha sido explosiva y el mercado de trabajo se ha expandido y flexibilizado. Por otra parte, el modelo familiar patriarcal ha tendido a evolucionar hacia nuevas formas, en particular con la erosión de los roles tradicionales de género y de la autoridad parental. En ese contexto, en el que perduran desigualdades históricas, los jóvenes de la generación estudiada han vivido su salida de la secundaria, y hacen frente a sus primeras decisiones importantes para su futuro. Estas se ven enmarcadas según las posibilidades y significados específicos según el origen social de cada joven. La tesis trata de las transiciones postescolares en las trayectorias educativa y laboral en Lima, ofreciendo una mirada minuciosa sobre las cronologías y los mecanismos sociales que las influencian. Por un lado, examina la heterogeneidad social de las transiciones, especialmente en cuanto a la influencia del contexto familiar en la continuidad educativa y en la inserción profesional, tomando en cuenta sus características educativas, socioeconómicas, demográficas y migratorias. Por otra parte, identifica las particularidades de las trayectorias y la socialización de los jóvenes de la generación. Finalmente, el trabajo analiza la influencia especifica del acceso a la educación superior en el entorno del joven, a nivel del hogar y del barrio. Para identificar patrones en las transiciones, la investigación articula análisis multivariado con datos del censo 2007, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en 2017. Los resultados muestran importantes distancias en las transiciones educativas y profesionales a la salida del colegio, especialmente por la desigualdad de acceso a estudios superiores y el tipo de estudios realizados. Si se han identificado asociaciones particulares, el capital cultural de los padres es uno de primer orden, dimensión poco estudiada en la dinámica social contemporánea en el Perú. Asimismo, el género da forma a las trayectorias de los jóvenes, en particular en la dimensión laboral. Por otra parte, el trabajo muestra que la segregación social en la ciudad, observada a nivel barrial, está asociada con transiciones que ofrecen menor autonomía e independencia individual. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos ilustran el potencial del análisis de datos censales ¿a pesar de sus limitaciones¿ con respecto a datos de encuestas
Jean, Louis Katia. "Genre et musique populaire en Haïti : vers une compréhension sociologique de la réception du rabòday par des femmes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66899.
Full textThis master’s thesis deals with the reception of rabòday music - a popular musical style known for its obscenity and sexism - by Haitian women. Drawing from a theoretical framework combining Cultural Studies and intersectional feminism, the analysis highlights the ways in which gender and social class shape the reception of this musical style by its female fans. Following Janice Radway’s (2000 [1984]) method, the thesis presents, on the one hand, a content analysis of ten rabòday songs and, on the other hand, a discourse analysis carried out from a series of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 21 women from the lower working-class neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince. The results show that stereotypes, violence and gender inequalities are at the heart of rabòday music. However, rabòday music describes a social reality to which young women from lower social classes identify. Although they are aware of the sexist and even misogynistic character of rabòday music, the participants in the study believe that rabòday gives visibility to people who, like them, live in precarious conditions. The reception of rabòday music by these Haitian women is thus understood as a “negotiated position” (Hall, 1994 [1973]).
Iskandar, Jouli. "Le rôle des femmes dans le développement économique et social des pays en développement." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT4002.
Full textIn this thesis, we develop a reflection on the contribution of the women to economic and social development, in particular in the developing countries. We focus on the one hand on the difficulties that the women face and which prevent their active participation in economy, on the other hand on the importance of the policies of insertion of the women in the saleable output for the development. In spite of the fast increase in the level of education of the women and their rate of participation at the job market, most between them remain victims of professional discriminations. The wages of the women are still lower than for men for the same work. The entry of the women on the job market has consequences on all the aspects of the economic and social life. The paid work of the women accelerates the growth and supports the exit of the poverty. There are two parts in this thesis. The first part presents the inequalities between women and men concerning education, wages, work and unemployment. It focuses primarily on the role of women’s paid work in the development of the developing countries. The second part will supplement the first part by two statistical tests. The first test measures the principal factors of women’s difficulties and the relation between the level of development of a country and the degree of equality between men and women. The second test measures the relations between women’s economic activities and the economic growth. It appears that the improvements of the economic activity due to participation of women are more important during the emergence of the economies than they are in industrialized economies. The opening of the economic world and social to th
Zhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison sociohistorique des évolutions en Russie et en France." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869392.
Full textCousteaux, Anne-Sophie. "Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Full textWilpert, Marie-Dominique. "L'objet maternel dans le champ des institutions de la petite enfance : une lutte de représentations autour de la place de la mère." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100190/document.
Full textThe aim of this research is to bring to light a struggle of representations concerning the place of the mother in the infancy professional sector. The first representation stands for a completely devoted mother, who then assumes the exclusive responsibility for her baby. The second representation figures both a hard-worker-citizen mother who shares her educational responsibility with the father and a social third party. The author pays particular attention to display this struggle as not being only present among professionals but also filling, between the lines, some speeches legitimated in the sector as a “knowledge”. As well as it underlies health centers plans of action for families in trouble. Nowadays, the second representation seems coherent with the social reality of work and with a democratic project, speaking in terms of sexual equality, of qualitative care of youngsters in our society and fight against social disparities. Nonetheless, it can’t be said today that this representation gained a real political legitimity nor theorical references which could hang enough together the two elements at stake: democratic equality between men and women as citizens and psychic health of the infants and their family. The author aims at going beyond some theorical and ideological theories in order to build up a political theory of infant education that could contribute to contest the legitimity of a social order which considers the female citizen as sole responsible for infants. Moreover, this insidious assignment reinforces, depending on social origin, some flagrant disparities in the way of parenting and exercising their citizenship
Rouaix, Agathe. "Voluntary contributions to a public good and endowments redistribution : An experimental study." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10017/document.
Full textDo income inequalities affect the provision of public goods? Warr established in 1983 a theorem of neutrality : under some conditions, a marginal redistribution of endowments among agents does not affect the amount of public good provided by their voluntary contributions. Generalizations of this result by Bergstrom et al. (1986), helped to better understand this phenomenon: neutral redistributions are those of "low" amplitude, so that agents whose income decreases can maintain their consumption of private goods, and adjustments of individual contributions leave unchanged the aggregate contribution to the public good. Itaya et al. (1997) have focused on the consequences of a non-neutral redistribution on welfare. In the first two chapters of this thesis we test these predictions in the laboratory using a public good game with quadratic utility functions. The first chapter considers a redistribution of a "low" amplitude that should not modify the amount of public good supplied. However in Chapter 2, we run a redistribution of a "high" magnitude so that it affects the amount of public good provided and the social welfare. Although some theoretical predictions are found in the laboratory, such as the modification or not of the amount of public good and of the welfare, predictions on individual behaviors and payoffs are rarely verified. In particular, we note that following a modification of their endowment, some subjects decrease or increase their contribution less than theory predicts and that poor agents over-contribute. It further appears that the emergence of inequalities does not affect behaviors in the same way than when these inequalities preexist and thus that the direction of the redistribution, depending on whether it creates or decreases inequalities, matters. In Chapter 3 we study more precisely a redistribution that creates inequalities in a linear public good game and we test wether men and women respond similarly to the modification of their endowment and what are the consequences on the supply of the public good. We show that when women become rich, the quantity of public good provided decreases. It also appears that behaviors are modified when the rich gender is common knowledge
Legleye, Stéphane. "Inégalités de genre et inégalités sociales dans les usages de drogues en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716697.
Full textYassine, Zeina. "Géométrie systolique extrémale sur les surfaces." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1074/document.
Full textIn 1949, C. Loewner proved in an unpublished work that the two-torus T satisfies an optimal systolic inequality relating the area of the torus to the square of its systole. By a systole here we mean the smallest length of a noncontractible loop in T. Furthermore, the equality is attained if and only if the torus is flat hexagonal. This result led to whatwas called later systolic geometry. In this thesis, we study several systolic-like inequalities. These inequalities involve the minimal length of various curves and not merely the systole.First we obtain three optimal conformal geometric inequalities on Riemannian Klein bottles relating the area to the product of the lengths of the shortest noncontractible loops in different free homotopy classes. We describe the extremal metrics in each conformal class.Then we prove optimal systolic inequalities on Finsler Mobius bands relating the systoleand the height of the Mobius band to its Holmes-Thompson volume. We also establish an optimalsystolic inequality for Finsler Klein bottles with symmetries. We describe extremal metric families in both cases.Finally, we prove a critical systolic inequality on genus two surface. More precisely, it is known that the genus two surface admits a piecewise flat metric with conical singularities which is extremal for the systolic inequality among all nonpositively curved Riemannian metrics. We show that this piecewise flat metric is also critical for slow metric variations, this time without curvature restrictions, for another type of systolic inequality involving the lengths of the shortest noncontractible loops in different free homotopy classes. The free homotopy classes considered correspond to those of the systolic loops and the second-systolic loops of the extremal surface
Perronnet, Clémence. "La culture scientifique des enfants en milieux populaires : étude de cas sur la construction sociale du goût, des pratiques et des représentations des sciences." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN076/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the way working class children’s practices and representations of science areconstructed. It aims to renew the approach of persistent inequalities in access to science pathwaysand careers, in which women and people from the working class and/or ethno-racial minoritiesremain largely underrepresented. In order to question power relationships underlying access toscience in a new way, this research considers science not only as a body of knowledge and aprofessional eld, but also as a culture. Evidence for this study comes from longitudinal interviewsconducted with about 50 children (two interviews, in the 4th and 6th grade) and with parents,teachers, and science mediators. The analysis also relies on the detailed ethnographic study (4years of observation in classrooms) of an educational project aimed at promoting equality inscience which involved part of our sample, thus questioning the effects of this type of program.The thesis establishes that the social construct of gendered, classed and racialised patterns ofattitudes to science is the result of science-related cultural practices developed during childhood.On the one hand, several instances of cultural socialization (family, siblings, peers, school)combine to favor or hinder the development of children’s science hobbies. On the other hand, thescientific culture that children from the working class consume and practice leads them to constructrepresentations of science as other, and devoid of identificatory possibilities. This discourages girlsand boys from formulating science aspirations
Zhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison socio historique des évolutions en Russie et en France." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40020/document.
Full textThis thesis discusses the gender order of two national cases studies – Russia and France. The current situations with regards to gender order are specific to each country and have evolved from differing contexts. However, this thesis proposes that the development of gender order has passed through similar stages, both in Russia and France, despite different historical backgrounds and political systems. In addition, it is proposed that resemblances in the development of gender order are primarily affected by public policy in both countries which supports an order of gender equality. This politically-influenced gender inequality is reflected by the political structure which forms a pyramid structure. The gender order model provides a heuristic theoretical framework in which to analyse gender-relations in the contemporary societies and institutions of each country; along with the opportunity to examine gender-relations from an historical perspective. The aim of this research is to investigate the different facets of the development of gender-relations within a political context in Russia and France. The research methodology incorporates a consideration of the theoretical background to gender-relations, the impact of each country’s development on gender order from an historical viewpoint, and reviews of contemporary case studies. Importantly, a comparative study of this kind allows the idea of national identity to be appraised from an objective viewpoint
Benkouider, Khadidja. "L'attractivité du territoire de la ville nouvelle de Boughezoul au prisme des théories d'Amartya Sen et de l'analyse des relations sociales entre les femmes et les hommes (gender studies)." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC061.
Full textThe Amartya Sen's capabilities approach, coupled with the gender approach, offer new opportunities to participate in the success of territorial development redefined in a new framework and territorial attractiveness in particular. This question is studied for the territory of the New Town in Algeria, she is the focus of the thesis. In this context, the author attempts to show how these two approaches, which open interpretations in many areas, and also help to address other, the relationship of territorial development with human resources and their articulation when caught Overall, in the light of the prism of globalization and in particular to sit this vision on the use of methodologies and instruments adapted for development of the attractiveness of the territories. This test is operated in the territory of the City of New Boughzoul. Thus the research that is conducted on the new town of Boughzoul is to concretely articulate individual, environmental and societal factors to analyze real possibilities, not just format, individuals and territories in their promotion objectives individual or collective development while stressing that institutional or organizational factors of public policies, sectoral or regional, carried out in Algeria are a powerful tool and asset for the development of capabilities to engage in the construction of the region's attractiveness, the New Town Boughzoul, as a pilot project, which can be extended to other territories of Algeria
Schieber, Anne-Cécile. "Étude de la relation patient-médecin généraliste : quel éclairage sur les inégalités sociales de santé ? : analyse des données épidémiologiques et des productions interdisciplinaires issues du projet INTERMEDE." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2418/.
Full textThe work produced in this dissertation aims to understand mechanisms' communication at play during the interaction between a patient and his - or her - general practitioner (GP) which could contribute to social inequalities in health. It uses the qualitative and quantitative data of the project INTERMEDE. The epidemiological analysis reveal the influence of the gender concordance/discordance between patients and GPs on their disagreement on the advice given during the consultation, and the role played by a social distance perceived by the physician on their disagreement on patients' perceived health status. The interdisciplinary analysis have been conducted within an innovate methodology inspired from the Delphi technique. It led to a core of shared knowledge, revealing the convergence of different disciplinary approaches
Ly, Son Thierry. "Contextes éducatifs et inégalités scolaires." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0016/document.
Full textEducational inequalities result not only from individual but also environmental factors.School institutions themselves create a large diversity of contexts, whose causes and effects have raised a deep interest in social sciences. In contrast to family factors, schooling conditions (schools, classes, tracks and majors, teachers, etc.) stem from administrative rules that are controlled by public authorities. As such, understanding their role in students' outcomes may help designing efficient policy levers for mitigating school inequalities. Using very unique datasets, I implement natural experiment approaches to shed new light on debates regarding the role of educational contexts on students' achievement and school inequalities, and to formulate insightful policy recommendations. Three independent research papers are contained in this thesis. The first paper investigates the link between how male-dominated a field is, and gender bias against women in this field. Contrary to expectations, I show that evaluation is biased in favor of females in more male-dominated subjects (e.g. math, philosophy) and in favor of males in more female-dominated subjects (e.g. literature, biology). The second paper examines the effect of classmates' characteristics on students' achievement in high school, and reveals the importance of keeping some peers during school transitions. The last paper evaluates the effects of new public school openings and emphasizes the role of public school proximity in the choice between the private and the public sector, a major driving force behind the large inequalities of schooling conditions
Schütte, Stefanie. "Social Position, Psychosocial Exposures at Work and Health in Europe." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T080.
Full textPsychosocial work exposures remain a public health issue in Europe. There is a need of studying the role of these exposures in the association with health outcomes exploring differences according to gender, social position and country at the same time. The role of these exposures in the explanation of social inequalities in well-being is almost unexplored. To date emergent concepts of psychosocial work exposures have been often neglected. Using European data coming from the European Quality of Life Survey 2007 (17005 workers) and the European Working Conditions Survey 2010 (33443 employees), the results showed that social inequalities in self-reported health (SRH) and well-being remain in Europe. The magnitude of these inequalities differed according to gender and was higher in countries that are not in the European Union. High psychological demands, low reward and work-life imbalance were risk factors for poor SRH in the full-adjusted model. A number and variety of psychosocial work factors showed significant associations with poor well-being. Almost no differences according to gender, occupation and country were found in the associations with both health outcomes. Psychosocial work factors reduced social inequalities in well-being by 97% and more according to gender and occupation studied. Factors related to influence and development at work played a substantial role.Gender, social position and a variety of psychosocial work factors should be considered more comprehensively in future research and policies. Findings of this thesis could be used as a fundamental element in implementing health prevention policies at a European level
Marchand, Hélène. "Violence, inégalités de genre et vulnérabilité des femmes au VIH/Sida en Haïti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28299/28299.pdf.
Full textSaint-Pol, Thibaut de. "Corpulence et genre en Europe : le poids des inégalités d'apparence et de santé." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0023.
Full textThis sociology thesis apprehends the body through weight, and more precisely, through the body mass index (BMI), which allows to appreciate the complexity of the connection between the weight of individuals and the social characteristics which distinguish them. The study of weight and body shape, which are socially determined, is a way of shedding light on the stakes that the body incarnates and conceals. This is done by making use of data from nine major quantitative surveys. This research shows the importance of gender in the apprehension of weight differences. Differences between social classes are stronger for women. The relation of women to their bodies and to thinness is more constrained than that of men, body shape reflecting mainly beauty for women and force for men. For the latter, under-weight, devalued, plays a symmetrical role to overweight for women. The study of the French situation within a European framework shows its singularity. The increasing prevalence of obesity is associated with an increase in social inequalities which particularly affects women. Besides, the link between obesity and poverty, in France, is stronger among them. But whatever their sex, obese people suffer from the consequences of their weight both in terms of health, work integration and self-perception. Women are more sensitive to the aesthetic dimension and men to the medical dimension, but these two aspects mix. Health inequalities are associated with inequalities in appearance and are both produced by and producing economic and social inequalities
Flores, Pierre. "Inégalités liées au genre et à l’origine sociale en contexte scolaire : études intersectionnelles." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2024.
Full textThis thesis follows an intersectional approach in the analysis of the two main biases encountered in academic success and in the educational and vocational guidance of students: gender and social origin. It demonstrates the value of an intersectional approach in education and allows us to identify intersectional profiles. For this purpose, three studies were carried out with 8,797, 657 and 262 participants respectively. Study I examines the factors that may explain success during the 1st year of university. The intersection of gender and social origin makes it possible to compare additive and intersectional approaches. Study II examines representations of occupations according to gender and social prestige and develops the material for Study III. The latter discusses the differences in judgments about vocational guidance according to the intersection of social origin and gender. This work reveals that social origin reduces the chances of success of the 1st year of university for less advantaged girls, whereas this finding is not observed for boys. However, Study II reveals a gap between male occupations with high and low levels of prestige. This result is not found for female occupations. Finally, disadvantaged students are more harshly criticized if they are boys rather than girls, while such discrimination is not observed among socially advantaged students. These three studies demonstrate the value of the intersectional approach for re-examining priority issues in education. The intersection of gender and social origin suggests that these two variables should always be treated together to account for their effects
Ferrant, Gaëlle. "Inégalités de genre dans les pays en voie de développement et dans l'utilisation du temps." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010028.
Full textBecquet, Valentine. "Des inégalités de genre à la sélection sexuelle prénatale : la masculinité des naissances au Viêt Nam." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB174.
Full textFrom Albania to China, several countries in the world experience unbalanced Sex Ratio at Birth. In Vietnam, the phenomenon is very recent (2006), but rapidly increasing. Currently, the national sex ratio at birth is 112 boys for 100 girls, and exceeds 120 in several provinces. The rising proportion of male births is directly linked to prenatal sex selection, that is abortion of female fetuses. It results from the combination of three factors (Guilmoto, 2009): expanding access to ultrasonography and abortion in both urban and rural areas (supply factor), low fertility level increasing the risk of remaining « sonless » (squeeze factor) and preference for sons (demand factor). However, important regional disparities exist, partly associated with differences in fertility and prosperity levels. But discrepancies in son preference appear to be the main factor. Northern Vietnam presents a very strong preference for sons, linked to a patriarchal descent system, where the birth of a son legitimizes women's status within their family and the society. However, mixed offspring is privileged in the South, since cultural mixing of bilateral Khmer and matrilineal Cham people, with Kinh population traditionally patrilineal, developed through centuries. Moreover, the Doi Moi economic reforms in the 80's lead the State to withdraw from collective social structures and yielded a resurgence of ritual and familial traditions, which reinforced the patriarcal aspect of society; however the split of the country for several decades during the 20th century makes it less noticeable in the South. This thesis combines statistical analysis of the 2009 census data and the 2014 intercensal survey, and a sociological study of different gender roles within couples and families, based on three qualitatives surveys conducted in Northern and Southern Vietnam. It describes regional variations of gender preference, and compares the distinct effects of several characteristics (including rural/urban areas, level of education, socio-economic status, ethnicity, sex composition of offspring) on fertility behaviors
Boni-Le, Goff Isabel. "Le sexe de l'expert : régimes de genre et dynamique des inégalités dans l'espace du conseil en management." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877764.
Full textRoss, Marie-Ève. "C'est une fille! : inégalités de genre et stratégies d'adaptation des femmes d'un quartier du Nord de New Delhi." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27184.
Full textThis thesis is about the representation of women in New Delhi and their perceptions of themselves, as women and girls in Indian society. More specifically, the women interviewed talk about the image of "woman" in India, their positions and their roles in the family, as daughters, as wives and as mothers, but also studying the relations with others (women and men). With the aim to illuminate the phenomenon of sexual selection of the unborn child and discrimination based on gender, gender relations that can be affected by the practices and customs were analyzed. Specifically, it is through their discourse and their experiences that have enabled us to illustrate that women are agents of change and have the power to act on their lives.
Sylla, Ndongo Samba. "Les inégalités de genre sur les marchés du travail des pays en développement : le cas du Sénégal (1992-2002)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS036S.
Full textThis research focuses on gender inequality in Senegalese labour market during the 90’s (1992-2002). By this expression, we mean inequality between men and women (i) in access to paid employment; (ii) employment opportunities (employment segregation); (iii) working conditions and (iv) earnings. Taking into account the specificities of the labour markets of the underdeveloped countries is a precondition for all study on economic inequality between men and women. This proposition is our starting hypothesis. Actually, compared to developed countries labour markets, those of developing countries are characterized by the greater heterogeneity of their employment relations. The unequal distribution of men and women across different statuses and institutional sectors is one of the most important facet of gender inequality in this type of context. It implies a segmentation of employment and earnings based on gender. Due to the discriminations they face, their lower access to factors of production and education, Senegalese women still have a low economic status compared to men : they have less access to paid employment; their employment opportunities tend to be limited to a reduced number of sectors and professions; in terms of working conditions, they face a great precariousness as shown by their overexposure to jobs provided by the informal economy; in terms of earnings, they are less paid than men even in the circumstances where their level of education is more important. In order to promote economic equality between sexes, this study advocates a renewed investment on female education and a greater statistical effort on gender issues
Moumen, Wided. "Inégalités et dynamiques de genre dans l'agriculture irriguée : cas des six périmètres publics irrigués de Nadhour (governorat de Zaghouan-Tunisie)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20145.
Full textPolicies concerning the irrigated perimeters in Tunisia developed gardually from a model privileging centralized management, first and foremost centered on the increase in the offer of water, to a more decentralized and participative model, based on a better control of famer's use of water. The thesis aims to analyze the changes observed in the irrigated perimeters of the Nadour region in the northern Tunisia resulting from new governance and in the context of the of a more feminized agriculture. The thesis also aims to highlight the impact within irrigant organizations and farms, on dynamics on the inequalities between actors of irrigated systems and particularly between men and women. The main observation and stemming from the research carried out at a national and local scale within the framework of a multi – disciplinary approach are as followThe process of decentralization in the management of the perimeters seems incompleted and not mastered by the irrigants organizations who weren't ask to participate to the definition of the perimeters' governance. In parallel, State run supervision institutions remain powerful.There are growing inequalities among famers in the irrigated perimeters. A minority of owners having stonger capacities has offensive strategies and manages to benefit from the opportunities offered by the irrigated systems. A majority of small and average farm owners has difficulties of coping with the requirement of these same systems. Thus some of them consider giving up irrigated agriculture. Indeed the difficulties of smal and average farms are partly due of the maladjustment of the productivist agricultural policies carried out since independance as well as to the dysfunction of the irrigated perimeters' governance.Although, women play a growing role in the irrigated role in the agricultural production, in the men-run irrigant organizations they are excluded from the decision making process. Womens' experience and know-how in irrigated agriculture are taken little into account in this typical patriarchal milieu. Thus women's low involvement weakens the capacities of the irrigant organizations taking part in the governance of the irrigated perimeters. However, due to higher participation in agricultural production et extra-agricultural incomes, women's economical support to their family living expenses in increasing. By joining informal women organizations they acquire new competences and claim regular access to water and the possibility to take part in the irrigant organizations'decision-making process
Tsafack, Temah Chrystelle. "Le rôle des inégalités de revenu et de genre dans l'évolution de l'épidémie du VIH/Sida en Afrique sub-saharienne." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281162.
Full textAelenei, Maria-Cristina. "Inégalités de genre dans le système éducatif : une hypothèse de décalage culturel sur deux dimensions, la désirabilité sociale et l’utilité sociale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20008.
Full textThe aim of the present research program is to propose an explicative integrative model in order to concomitantly address the girls’ superiority in school as well as their less successful career in higher education.We propose that the educative system, as a social system, has its own culture to which the students have to adapt and in which they have to succeed. We hypothesize that the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in school is framed in terms of self-transcendence values (i.e., indulgence, cooperation, helping), creating a cultural mismatch for boys, whereas the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in higher education is based on self – enhancement values (i.e., ambition, competitiveness, dominance), creating a cultural mismatch for girls. This positive evaluation is considered on two underlying dimensions: social desirability (i.e., perceived likability) and social utility (i.e., perceived chances of succeeding in a social system).Study 1 demonstrates that teachers consider the self – transcendence values as being both useful and desirable in school, whereas they assign to self – enhancement values high social utility in the society context. Study 2 and 3 corroborate that the values associated with the school - context are more self – transcendence values and less self – enhancement values. Moreover, they suggest that boys experiment less identity coherence in transitioning from home to school. Finally, study 4 documents a positive relation between self – transcendence values endorsement and school achievement, specifically for boys.Study 5 illustrates that students consider self – transcendence values as underlying a positive evaluation in higher education in terms of social desirability, but negative in terms of perceived chances of succeeding (i.e., social utility). Similarly, they assign a positive evaluation to self – enhancement values in terms of social utility, but a negative one in terms of social desirability. Study 6 reveals that women are more likely than men to endorse self-transcendence values, whereas men are more likely than women to endorse self-enhancement values thereby implying a misfit for women in terms of social utility. Finally, studies 7 and 8 provide evidence that depicting self-enhancement values (versus self-transcendence values) as useful for succeeding (i.e., social utility) undermine female students’, but not male students’ expected sense of belonging, anticipated self-efficacy, and ultimately the academic choices
Fauveau, Aurélia. "L'intégration des inégalités de genre dans la politique des ONG humanitaires et des organisations internationales : étude de cas de deux ONG." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0039.
Full textFighting the gender gap is one of the biggest international goals to eradicate poverty and attain development. Indeed, economical literature found significant links between the gender gap on the one hand, and growth and development goals on the other hand. Furthermore the UN made an international frame to promote women: gender equality became one of its first priorities. All this explains that International Organisations, and first of all the World Bank, redefine their international politics toward women since the mid nineties. Humanitarian NGOs which cannot be ignored on the international scene, participate in fighting poverty and inequalities too. Because they are especially efficient in their action, we question ourselves about their position in fighting the gender gap : -Did NGOs understand the impact of the gender gap on poverty and the importance of integrating women into development?-Do NGOs integrate the gender dimension into their actions in order to reduce the gender gap and then offer additional tools to development and growth?
Dijoux, Elisabeth. "Accès des femmes au foncier et changement des comportements de procréation dans le Sud-Bénin." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0017.
Full textLisi, Laura de. "Les déterminants du travail des enfants en Côte d'Ivoire de 1985 à 2002 : exploitation, pauvreté, ou déséquilibres institutionnels ? : des formes multiples de dépendance." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0037.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to deepen the analysis of child labor determinants in Ivory Coast (1985-2002), from various theoretical and methodological points of view. The dissertation is structured in four parts. The first part shows the difficulty of defining child labor. Using statistical data, I describe the labor conditions to which children are exposed in plantations. The second part explores familial determinants of child labor. I examine interactions between child labor and adult labor and I find a very strong complementarity between economic activity of the child and his mother’s work in rural areas. The third part further investigates the nature of the connections between women and children's destiny, through the contribution of anthropological data. The last part examines how institutions impact on the children well-being. This dissertation leads to the conclusion that neither the households’ economic poverty nor the systematic exploitation of the children workforce suffice to explain child labor in Ivory Coast. While the responsibility of poverty is indisputable, multiple dimensions have to be considered (economic, social, access to fundamental rights. . . ). Institutional arrangements are also crucial (coordination failure due to legal pluralism, adult labor markets segmentation…), and can, sometimes indirectly, affect the children well-being
Verniers, Catherine. "Étude d'un stéréotype de genre de réussite scolaire dans une perspective de justification du système social." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20018.
Full textIn spite of continuous academic improvement, female students are still underrepresented in the fields of science and research. Our aim is to explore this contemporary paradox from a system justification perspective (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Specifically, we suggest that a gender stereotype on academic achievement exists, and that its content serves to justify and maintain unfavourable academic paths for women. We test this general assumption in eight studies organized into three lines of research. The first line is intended to document the content of a gender stereotype on academic achievement. The second one focuses on the role of the gender stereotype on academic achievement in the perpetuation of gender inequalities in academic paths. The third one is devoted to testing the justifying function of the gender stereotype on academic achievement, when the gender system is threatened. Taken together, results show that students are aware of the shared belief that girls who succeed in school are less assertive, but more compliant, intelligent and hardworking than boys who succeed in school. Girls' intelligence is nevertheless described as less malleable than boys' intelligence. Results indicate that the caracteristics deemed to predict success in the most prestigious fields of education are ascribed to male students more than to female students, confirming that the gender stereotype on academic achievement could serve to rationalize and perpetuate the gender gap in higher education. Finally, we emphasize that future research should articulate individual, situational, positional and ideological levels of explanation to fully account for the processes underlying the maintenance of the gender hierarchy in the academic domain
Suarez, Robles Pablo. "Gender disparities in Africa’s labour markets : An analysis of survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0057/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to contribute to our better understanding of the main factors behind large and persistent gender disparities in Africa's labour markets. This work looks at three key dimensions of labour market gender inequality in Africa: (i) the gender wage gap, (ii) gender inequalities in allocating time to market and household work, and (iii) the gender-differentiated income effect of informality. Chapter 2 shows that, in Ethiopia, progress towards gender equity in education is important to improve women's wages but not enough to close most of the gender wage differential. Other interventions would be needed as, for instance, information campaigns and other awareness-raising efforts in support of the anti-discriminatory provisions of Ethiopia's own constitution and legislation, to compensate for the adverse impact of unobservable factors (discriminatory practices, social and cultural norms…), that directly contribute to the gender wage gap and indirectly, through job selection. Chapter 3 highlights the coexistence of two phenomena in Ethiopia, a strong gender-based division of labour and a double work burden on women. The country would benefit from pursuing and intensifying its efforts to ensure better access to education at all levels for women, and from providing better information and enforcement of the law in support of women's economic and social well-being, as it would help changing mentalities and attitudes that impede women to take full advantage of their abilities and that keep them subordinated to men. Finally, in Chapter 4 we observe that, in Tanzania, women face a significantly higher informal employment wage penalty than men. To explain this result, we conjecture that the exclusion hypothesis, according to which individuals are denied access to formal jobs due to the disproportionate constraints they face (burden of household responsibilities, lack of adequate infrastructure…), is more acute among women.JEL classification : J16, J22, J24, J31, J42, J71
Dimri, Aditi. "Essays on gender inequalities and poverty measurement with application to India." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E026.
Full textThis PhD dissertation contributes to the literature on household economics and the measurement of poverty & sex-selective abortion. When social norms and preferences favour males over females, outcomes can reflect gender inequalities across various dimensions. I study the norm of patrilocality in the first chapter and ask how the household structure of four adult members affects the daughter-in-law's decision-making-say and autonomy outcomes. Using household level panel data from India, I estimate a difference-in-difference model comparing groups between 2005 and 2012 that experience a death of the father-in-law or mother-in-law and those that do not. I find that the status of the daughter-in-law improves after death as power is redistributed among the members. However, the findings are not consistent with the conventional channel of the mother-in-law being the sole and strongest authority over the daughter-in-law. The second chapter studies the measurement of female sex-selective abortion and asks if there are repeated abortions between two consecutive births. As this question cannot be answered using existing methods, the paper proposes novel tests and methodology to estimate the fractions of the populations undergoing sex-selective abortions. Applying our methods to Indian data we find first quantitative evidence of repeated abortions. The third chapter proposes a new approach of absolute income poverty measurement that takes preference into account when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. This is done in two ways, first by suggesting a way to use individualised reference prices, and second by defining group/region specific poverty lines.Comparing our approach with conventional ones, for India, we find that the different approaches lead to different poverty conclusions. Not taking preferences into account overestimates the share of Old-Rural and Young-Rural in the poor population
Moulin, Stéphane. "Réexamen des inégalités entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail : des philosophies politiques aux évaluations empiriques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00095542.
Full textNous soutenons qu'il n'est pas possible de donner une définition non ambiguë de la discrimination sur le marché du travail sans rentrer dans des questions de philosophie politique de la justice. Chaque philosophie politique implique une conception différente de la discrimination et impose des contraintes sur la méthodologie empirique de mesure des inégalités. Une conception pluraliste de la discrimination conduit ainsi à critiquer la conception consensuelle de l'égalité des chances, la théorie marginale de la juste distribution ainsi que la « bonne » pratique de mesure de la discrimination.
Nous présentons d'abord une grille d'analyse pluraliste de la discrimination entre les sexes articulant philosophies politiques de la justice sexuée, théories économiques de la discrimination, et méthodologies statistiques de mesure de l'inégalité de traitement sur le marché du travail. Nous proposons ensuite des mesures économétriques des barrières discriminatoires à l'accès à l'emploi, au temps plein et aux responsabilités hiérarchiques. Ces mesures nous permettent enfin de revenir sur l'identification et l'évaluation de la ségrégation verticale, de la discrimination salariale, et de la discrimination positive dans les politiques de l'emploi.
Faure, Emmanuelle. "Entre effets de genre et effets de lieux : géographies du dépistage du cancer colorectal à Boulogne-Billancourt et Gennevilliers (92)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100164/document.
Full textTo which extent does the concept of gender can be a strategic concept to understand links between health and territorial dynamics? The following study aims to investigate this topic by analyzing the attendance at colorectal cancer screening sessions and its promotion in the Hauts-de-Seine (Paris region). We draw a comparison between the towns of Boulogne-Billancourt and Gennevilliers, and two of their popular districts, based on quantitative (attendance rates to screening sessions) and qualitative data (observations, semi-directive interviews). Among the findings, it appears that spatial and gendered disparities regarding colorectal cancer screening vary depending on the places studied and do not reflect the unequal distribution of social classes. The analysis of health-seeking behaviors to a general practitioner – a key actor of this screening program – highlights spatial representations and practices which are specific to the contexts in Boulogne-Billancourt and in Gennevilliers, as well as to women and men. The study of the promotion of colorectal cancer screening also enables us to better understand the ways these towns and districts are developed and organized (type and network of political, professional and associative stakeholders). In addition, the study stresses on the necessity to take gender into account when it comes to the analysis of local implementations of a national public health policy. Lastly, professional backgrounds, dominant social norms and spatial dynamics are an integral part of general practitioner’s representations and practices
Wayack, Pambè Madeleine. "Genre, sexe du chef de ménage et scolarisation des enfants à Ouagadougou." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100186.
Full textThis thesis examines the mediating role of gender in the demand for child education in Ouagadougou. It specifically addresses the influence of women in the modification of educational inequalities within households. The research utilizes census data from 2006, data from a quantitative study on the involvement of fathers and mothers in education, and semi-structures interviews with female heads of household conducted in 2009, to elaborate on results often observed in sub-Saharan Africa that children are often better educated in female-headed households. The analysis deals primarily with sociological priorities of the status of the “female head of household” and examines the element that legitimizes them as a distinct category from male heads of household, creating a cohesive group. The study focuses then on the relationship between demand for schooling and the sex of the head of household as well as, the sex of children in relation to family status. The results demonstrate that regardless the status of the head of household, particular family configurations with structures headed by women provide a conducive environment for the education of children, especially for boys. A complex and ambiguous finding also emerged in regards to the schools of these households, which proved to be more harmful to the education of some girls as a result of unequal gender relations in society exacerbated by the need for domestic labor in urban families. This thesis sheds light on the potential for census data to provide a gender-based approach to family education strategies in urban Burkina Faso
Mathieu, Elizabete. "Violences et grèves dans les plantations de São Paulo dans la période post-abolition (1888-1930)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL050.
Full textThis doctoral thesis examines the strikes and the violence between the rural workers and the coffee plantation owners in São Paulo, Brazil, during the post-slavery period (1888-1930). Based on the social history and a wide range of historical sources, the aim being to demonstrate that these rural workers were not in fact passive and submissive historical subjects. On the contrary, although the creation of trade unions was forbidden by the plantation owners, the workers managed to create tactics of resistance as well as individual, familial and collective kinds of struggles. Women played a major role as workers and active participants, fighting against many kinds of exploitations to which they were submitted to in the plantations. It was a way for the workers to contest the strategies of exploitation and domination implemented by the plantation owners, through rigid and coercive control mechanisms and excessive disciplinary measures, in order to confine them into an idealised worker model. The violent repression of the strikes by both the plantation owners and the policy along with physical aggressions between workers and plantation owners, reveal that violence in rural labour relations in Brazil was quite common, demystifying the myth about the pacifism and submission of Brazilian rural workers
Prelipceanu, Raluca. "A gendered approach to labour mobility : migration and social norms. Evidence from Romania." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739076.
Full textFoughali, Hana. "L'éclatement du plafond de verre ? Entre maquillage politique et gender patchworking identitaire : visions du monde et vie professionnelle de femmes cadres supérieures et dirigeantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7075.
Full textThis thesis examines the persistence of a professional malaise, symptomatic of a "symbolic glass ceiling", over and above the (hierarchical) "glass ceiling", through the worldviews of female senior managers and executives. Through the potential decoupling between the heteronomous experiences of these women and the managerial practices of the three companies observed, this work also analyses the latent reasons for this persistence, as well as the way in which protest against or adaptation to these situations of malaise, experienced by these women, may manifest themselves within the institutions. This thesis examins three hypotheses: bodily experience, cultural dimension, and self-ceiling (self-restraint). Using a phenomenological approach, sometimes with features resembling a praxeological approach, this research combines several types of material and theoretical approaches cultivated by different disciplines. Notwithstanding the egalitarian enthusiasm put forward by the companies analysed, the results show that the companies seem to focus more on improving their public image than to bring about substantial change. The structure has not really changed "political make-up". In fact, it is the women who have adapted, by adhering to the mobilisation of their subjectivity and accepting a mould of "masculine neutrality". Hierarchically they have appropriated power, but symbolically they continue to be subjected to these standards, notably through a process of "empowerment by proxy". Fuelled by a variety of factors, the persistence of a professional malaise traps female senior managers and executives in a double contingency; a capitalist "steel cage" and a patriarchal "invisible corset". In this professional situation, full of constraints and 'patriarchal shaming' as well as authorisations for sexist behaviour, granted by a "misogynist pass", these women find themselves trapped in a firmly established lifestyle, which they have consciously created, and which conforms to the instrumental reason they so desired. They have no choice but to conform, by resorting to "gender patchworking identity". Four worldviews emerge from this adaptation: Caméléon, Ladyboss, Olympe and Cosette
Questa tesi di dottorato esamina la persistenza di un malessere professionale, sintomatico di un "soffitto di vetro simbolico", al di là del "soffitto di vetro" (gerarchico), attraverso le visioni del mondo delle donne senior manager e dirigenti. Attraverso il potenziale disaccoppiamento tra le esperienze eteronome di queste donne e le pratiche manageriali delle tre aziende osservate, questo lavoro analizza anche le ragioni latenti di questa persistenza, nonché il modo in cui la protesta o l'adattamento a queste situazioni di malessere, vissute da queste donne, possono manifestarsi all'interno delle aziende. Tre ipotesi guidano la spiegazione: l'esperienza corporea, la dimensione culturale e l'autosoffitto (l'auto-limitazione). I risultati mostrano che, nonostante l'entusiasmo egualitario introdotto dalle aziende analizzate, questo sembra servire più a migliorare la loro immagine pubblica che a produrre un cambiamento sostanziale. La struttura non ha realmente cambiato "trucco politico", sono le donne che si sono adattate aderendo alla mobilitazione della loro e accettando uno stampo di "neutralità maschile". Si sono appropriate del potere gerarchico, ma simbolicamente continuano a subirlo, attraverso un processo di "empowerment per procura". Alimentata da una serie di fattori, la persistenza di un malessere professionale intrappola le donne dirigenti e manager in una doppia contingenza: la "gabbia d'acciaio" capitalista e il "corsetto invisibile" patriarcale in questa situazione professionale, piena di vincoli e di "shaming patriarcale" e di autorizzazioni a comportamenti sessisti, concessi dalla struttura attraverso un "pass misogino", queste donne si trovano intrappolate in uno stile di vita saldamente stabilito, che hanno consapevolmente creato e che si conforma alla ragione strumentale che hanno desiderato, non hanno altra scelta che adattarsi, ricorrendo al "gender patchworking d'identità". Da questo adattamento emergono quattro visioni del mondo: Caméléon, Ladyboss, Olympe e Cosette
Sapet-Malozon, Sandrine. "Les professeurs principaux de 3ème, acteurs majeurs de l'orientation scolaire et producteurs d'inégalités." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG025/document.
Full textOn the basis of an original field survey conducted over a school year, with 6 colleges in Bas-Rhin, we chose to place the Head teachers of the 4th year of high school (french 3eme) at the central point of our research. Head teachers are key actors in Educational guidance. They are the ones that will have continuous interactions with the Student and are undoubtedly the best prepared professionals to understand the Student in all its complexity and in its entirety. Head teachers will be the only referent to guide students and continuously forge close and privileged contacts with families. Moreover, they are also the spokesperson for the whole educational team, participate and lead various class councils and can therefore impact or influence on policy decisions. However, let us make no mistake, the role of head teachers is more difficult to hold than it seems. They are subject to a sum of constraints and to diverse aspects of pressure: formal and informal, explicit or implicit, conscious or unconscious. Given these facts, we can ask ourselves on the role of the head teacher as the main actor of Educational guidance and producer of inequalities
Fondimare, Elsa. "L'impossible indifférenciation : le principe d'égalité dans ses rapports à la différence des sexes." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100070.
Full textMany political and legal discourses express today the fear that the equality principle would threaten the difference of sexes. Reforms such as the opening of marriage to same-sex couples, the fight against gender stereotypes or the facilitation of the sex reassignment procedure, generated strong reactions that offer vigorous resistance in order to maintain the difference of sexes in law. It is true that the equality principle has been constructed, throughout the 20thcentury, as an exigence of neutrality between the sexes, particularly through the statement of the non-discrimination principle. Therefore, the link between the equality principle and the difference of sexes has been built as a relation of opposition. However, such a political project comes up against the impossibility for the law to put an end to the difference of sexes. In fact, the law cannot depart from gender, for two main reasons: firstly, the law takes into account the difference of sexes in order to tackle inequalities; secondly, the law itself produces the difference of sexes, through the rules dealing with civil status and filiation. The relations between the equality principle and the difference of sexes appear here contradictory: on the one hand, the evolution of the conception of equality leads to admit the difference of sexes in order to deal with gender inequalities (relation of admission) whereas, on the other hand, the difference of sexes is excluded from an analysis in terms of equality, reinforcing the basis of gender inequalities (relation of exclusion)
Verjus, Anne. "La citoyenneté politique au prisme du genre. Droits et représentation des individus entre famille et classe de sexe (XVIIIème-XXIème siècles)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998659.
Full textDeleigne, Marie-Christine. "Un siècle d'école dans l'Androy (XXe-début XXIe siècle) : logiques politiques, sociales et familiales de la scolarisation dans une région de Madagascar." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB129.
Full textLocated at the extreme South of Madagascar, the Androy Region has several specific characteristics compared to the rest of the country when it comes to schooling: enrollment and literacy indicators there are the lowest of the island, and school attendance is particularly higher among girls than among boys at the primary level. Seeking to understand these particularities, this research aims to study, over the long term (from the emergence of schools to today), school attendance or lack thereof in the region. With the goal of understanding school dynamics and school enrollment practices in the Androy Region, the research attempts to reveal the evolution of logics and stakes that play out in the inter-relations between education policy, school supply, and social and family demands regarding school attendance. More specifically, the aim is to understand the academic "lag" and describe school enrollment trends in the Androy Region; and reveal the plurality of social and family practices regarding schooling and their underlying logics. At the crossroads of sociology, demography, history and anthropology, this research mobilizes several quantitative and qualitative sources that are compared and criticized in light of their production conditions: discourse and statistics (both administrative and school-related) drawn from colonial period archives, the statistics and educational policy announcements by the Ministry of Education, the 1993 population census, the 2008-09 demographic and health survey, and socio-anthropological study conducted in Tsihombe district. Contrary to the frequently touted argument that school is "rejected" by the population of the region, which has long been seen as "archaïc", "backwards" and refusing "progress", this research suggests the complexity of factors explaining the "school lag" in the Androy Region. These factors include the low interest of the successive (colonial and post-colonial) powers in the development of the region, whether in regard to schools or in general; the refusal to "submit" to the central authorities and the mistrust towards the administration and the State (fanjakana) and the institution that trained its agents; local power stakes in the quest for knowledge and school culture, which vary over time and depend on individuals' and groups' positions within the social arena; and finally, the ability of school itself to enable real acquisition of academic knowledge, which varies over time and by location. Taking a multidimensional and relative vision of poverty, this research also places the importance of economic capital in families' school enrollment practices into perspective. School enrollments does not appear to be dialectically linked to the monetary and financial dimension of families' assets, but rather more intimately linked to their social capital -in the Bourdieusian sense- and the ability of educational capital to produce symbolic capital. Continuing on from this line of reasoning, while school attendance has been higher among girls than among boys since the mid-1980s, this was the case initially "by default" until a true preference for girls' enrollment emerged more recently. This recent phenomenon seems to relate to the broadening of possibilities for women in society while a focus on school attendance among girls and women's empowerment is taking stronger hold among the public authorities and even more within the international organizations actions in the region. Even though shool attendance had grown during these last fifteen years, the issue of inequalities in schooling remains : less than one out of two children accesses school in the area, and only one out of three boys, the gender gap widening and leaving boys behind, at least in statistics point of view at the regional level
Melki, Sandrine. "Être femme à Beyrouth : perspectives spatiales dans quatre quartiers de la ville." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL154.
Full textIn our research, we study a specific entry of disparities and social evolutions - one related to gender - in its effect on urban spatial dynamics in Lebanon. Our work is based on a case study of four different neighborhoods in Greater Beirut (Hamra, Sassine, Bourj Hammoud, Zalqa), while focusing on the role of women as users or producers in their experience of space and their implication in urban matter. Currently, radical changes in urban and social gender roles have affected space, in face of a previously stagnant reality. Despite these changes, inhabitants continue to live in an inherited model of urban planning, adapted to the old roles, but also in a social structure largely dominated by patriarchy. The approach of such subject is relatively new on a world scale, but especially for an Arab country like Lebanon