Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inégalité sociale – Martinique (France)'
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Legrand-Picard, Dominique. "Pauvreté et mal-développement. Une géographie sociale de la Martinique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA019.
Full textThere exist blatant socio-economic imbalances between the French overseas departments and metropolitan France. In Martinique more particularly, poverty is more intense and more diffuse than at the national level; it strongly hits both people excluded from the labor market and wage-earning laborers. Unemployment, both a structural and an endemic phenomenon, mainly affects young women and non-graduates. Since the social movement of 2009 and the political and institutional instability that followed, social tensions have remained high, revealing the people’s frustration as to persistent inequalities. How can one account for these inequalities? The increasing impoverishment of a large part of the population stems from a particularly unfavorable economic environment. The region is characterized by its low development, its degraded and deteriorating labor market, and its peculiar economy, relying on government subsidies. The geographic analysis provided by this dissertation highlights the distinctive features of poverty: the profiles of affected families, as well as the characteristics of the impoverished populations in terms of access to employment, skills and training, and health. The territorial dimensions of the dynamics of poverty will also be studied, thus emphasizing the link between social space and geographic space, as poverty, insecurity and exclusion will be analyzed at the level of spontaneous settlement areas (shantytowns / squatter homes). Indeed, poverty and segregation are primarily found in these spontaneous settlements – which are still very numerous in the French overseas departments – in both urban and rural environments
Cidalise-Montaise, Marie-Dominique. "Communication dans le système éducatif martiniquais et exclusion sociale." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0850/document.
Full textSchool failure, delinquency, violence, exclusion, are the scourge of modern society.In 1950s Martinique a number of devices were put in place to try and stop or at least reduce the magnitude of the phenomenon. Juvenile institutions, health and social systems were put in place. Nowadays additional options are available such as specialized classes and other special educational structures. These systems unfortunately have resulted in the further marginalization and exclusion of entire generations of children, putting them under a negative light, against the core principal of the very programs that were meant to help them. At the heart of the problem is the belief that things can change. Our goal is not to portray social actors as if they could change the world at will, but rather to try and understand the interaction between the different actors. There are dynamics at play within the educational interactions and available support systems, which lead to certain representations of some of the students. The individual is inhabited by its cultural back-ground or layer. It is part of the biological being, brain and nervous system, part of his or her entire body, interfering with a number of perception patterns and actions. The cultural layer of any individual is actually the least detachable of all layers. The individual gets his or her sense of uniqueness, identity and everything that allows him or her to interact with the world and others from this cultural layer.When getting into further analysis we notice that the individual can become aware of his or her cultural heritage, of his or her representations or habits. The self-image that results from this awareness makes for a richer representation of the cultural layer which can trigger either high or low self-esteem. Our idea of our image usually clashes with the image received from others. Each and every one of us has in some way or the other been judged by his or her respective family, by teachers or other students in the classroom. Everyone feels judged because of his or her own actions, his or her appearance, or what he or she appears to know. Nobody can fully protect him or her-self from judgements passed from third parties, and in some circumstances one might attempt to use these judgements to their advantages, especially when they could lead to more empathy or acknowledgement from a third party.This is the fundamental issue of the educational relationship that would, by allowing struggling students to increase their ambitions by the way of higher self-esteem, allow for better success.In the past, some students were condemned by the system and led to leave the school system early. The way the teacher would perceive the student and poorer children in general did not allow the said student to go beyond elementary school and he or she would very soon join the workforce. Nowadays, despite mandatory education through age sixteen, the representation we have of each student can still affect academic performance and lead to exclusion. This is what we will attempt to explain through an experiment conducted with the different actors in the education field and the tools at their disposal.Perception, performance, success, failure are the different axes of a problem that leads to the predetermined judgment of teachers and the consequences of said perception on the fate of some of the students, keeping in mind that an educator’s main task is to do everything in their power to pass all students
Sméralda, Juliette. "Étude analytique de l'identité sociale des Indo-Martiniquais et étude comparative des relations intergroupes en Martinique." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA070100.
Full textThis research wants to encircle the psycho-social identity of indian people of Martinique, comparing to the one of the black colour people and to the one of the Bekes (descents of the white colonists). The consideration that it exists between indians and black colour people conflictive relations has been the reason why we made an historic reconstitution of the conditions how these two groups got contact, and also the contact between indians and bekes who introduced the indians in Martinique. It was tried, in this work, to encircle the origine of the negative perception and representations about indians in Martinique and an historic reconstitution of their development has been made. It has been also tried to reconsider the classic post-plantocratic analysis which is normally used in the approach of the intergroups relations in Martinique and also tried to make an up-date by considering these relations not only in comparing the black mulattoes white behaviour, but also comparing the presence of the indians as social actors. Some psychosocial theories based on the intergroups relations pattern are reviewed in the purpose to serve for the formulation of the hypothesis which leads the empirical works of this study
Chardon-Isch, Nicole. "Apprentissage linguistique et intégration sociale d'écoliers étrangers à la Martinique." Antilles-Guyane, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AGUY0084.
Full textThis thesis inscribes in the wide field of didactic of languages in Martinique. How do caribean stranger children learn french, how do they live? When they arrive with one or two languages (one official and the other creole), how do they learn a third language in martinican school which hasn't resolved itself the question of bilingualism? Speaking several speeches in a country causes peculiar problems, so I shall deal of maternal tongue, of sociology and immigration, of socio lingualism, of relation with the old norms, of new standard, of linguistical problems linked with oral, of psychological problems due to child development in uneasy situations, of didactical problems of teacher's formation. All these topics are interdependent. It was necessary to take the census of population of strangers, to study what martinican think about them, and to study school official structures. We've got a moderate establishment: there is not enough welcome structures in martinican school, teachers are isolated and insufficiently prepared, there is o lack of information and evaluation about the natives languages and countries of stranger children. Some isolated initiatives and a pedagogy of linguistical variation have been tried successfully. Insertion of caribean stranger children interpellates us by it critical situation
Ribal-Rilos, Myrtô. "De la campagne à la ville, de la ville à la campagne, les lakou marine et fruit à pain, étapes foyalaises d'un itinéraire social : approche anthropo-historique du rapport au végétal dans une société créole." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0195.
Full textMobility is particular in the beginning of XX century in Martinique. This mobility is in relation with the social's représentations. The research is an observation of the relationship with people and plants when they lives first in the countryside, next in Lakou which is a place around the city, after they lives in the city , in the suburbs,and in the countryside
Morel, Sylvie. "L'urgence à plusieurs « vitesses » : fracture territoriale et inégalité sociale dans l'accès aux soins d'urgence." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3036.
Full textBefore his election in 2012, President François Holland promised to "garantee that each french person could access emergency care in less than 30 minutes". By focusing on temporality, this formula overlooks the nature and treatment of the emergency. Proposals from hospitals and the medical world in response to this programme appear especially simplistic in light of the results of the sociological investigation presented here. Eschewing political discourses underlining the excellence of teh supposed "best emergency system in the world", this research shows that the concept of medicalization dear to the french model not only fails when put into practice, but prevents any alternative (paramedical)approaches to the problem. Lastly, this sociological analysis reveals that even if selection practices theretically unthinkable when it comes to emergencies, medical interests and the interests of healthcare establishments lead to social inequalties in access to emergencies, medical interests and the interests of healthcare establisments lead to social inequaliites in access to emergency care. After 10 years of research, a sociological panorama of responses to emeergencies asks if the french emergency system is not ailing because of its doctors
Perrier, Lenita. "Couleur de peau et reconnaissance sociale : représentations et vécus des Afro-brésiliens émigrés à Paris." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0541.
Full textDrawing from the life experience of non-white Brazilians emigrants to Paris, this thesis aimed at examining the intercultural dynamic within the transnational European context. Through fieldwork and semi-directive interviews carried out with this population, we tried to observe the relational processes these emigrants were able to establish in the context of their life experience in france and analyze what these processes would reveal about their socio-racial relations. Particular emphasis was given to the subjective and inter-subjective cognitive processes underpinning the actions and the objective choices of this population in their daily life in Paris. The study of the representations that the non-white Brazilians emigrants give to their life experioences was orientated by a certain number of questions: is the Brazilian model of society preserved or is it transformed by the migration experience? Is the cross-comparisaon between Brazilian society and French society an operational factor for social recognition? Or, does it hinder all possible transformation that would allow a cross-cultural mixing? Is there a space where the "afro-Brazilian", "Black" and "afro" identities would be able to evolve without being stigmatized or stereotyped? In order to answer these questions the present research tried to highlight the elements generated by the processes of identification which are paradoxically "fluid" and "marked" at the same time, revealing a combination that emphasize the constructed feature of the socio-racial identities both in Brazil and in France
Purwanto, Alloysius Joko. "Dynamique des inégalités entre les Franciliens face aux transports." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/purwanto_aj.
Full textLarue, Jean-Paul. "Démocratisation et distinction : démocratisation de l'accès aux baccalauréats et réaction des catégories sociales favorisées." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05H005.
Full textIn France, between 1985 and 1995, the proportion of "baccalauréats" owners has doubled and six out often young people obtain this diplomas. The investigation FQP 1993 and the study of students 1980 and 1989 allows to explain the movement towards democratization through a unique perspective : the accessibility of the "baccalauréats". Logistical method allows a better understanding of the genesis of social inequalities in academic success. Many studies show a global movement towards democratization, in terms of accessibility to the "baccalauréats", which is a detriment to the divesification that facilitates the possibilities of differentiation. A section by section analysis shows segregation within the movement of democratization. Children with a socially privileged background reinforce their presence in first-rate fields. This distinction allows socially privileged students to conserve, and even reinforce, their position academically and, consequently, scially as well
Melchior, Maria. "Health inequalities in France : findings from the gazel cohort study." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA11TO06.
Full textMonotuka, Dominique. "La notion de spécificité juridique et le droit d'outre-mer : l'exemple de la Martinique à travers le droit de la protection sociale." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT3002.
Full textHeritage, Zoë. "La contribution des liens sociaux aux inégalités de santé en France." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100181/document.
Full textHealth inequalities, linked to differences in income or other social status indicators have been identified in France as has occurred for most developed countries. Generally a health gradient is observed. Close social relationships have been associated with good health both at individual and area levels.Investigations using a cross-sectional general population survey complimented by an ecological study at the French departmental level found evidence of social health inequalities. Less than good self-rated health was more likely to be reported people in the lower income, education and professional groups compared to those higher up the social gradient. Departmental mortality was associated to the proportion of manual workers living in the department. People with less social ties reported poorer health after adjusting for age and socioeconomic status. This effect appeared to be slightly more important for men. There was some evidence that social ties may be more important for the health of people on a low income compared to their wealthier counterparts
Weitzenblum, Thomas. "Interactions entre hétérogénéité et fluctuations individuelles non assurables : applications aux inégalités de richesse et au risque de chômage." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010068.
Full textBryere, Joséphine. "Etude de l'influence de l'environnement socioéconomique sur l'incidence des cancers en France." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN3149.
Full textCancer is in France, the cause of death that explains the most the social inequalities in health. One of the the priorities announced in the cancer plan 2014-2019, is to study the geographical and socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence and survival according deprivation indices. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the influence of socioeconomic environment on cancer incidence in the general population in France and to study methodological limitations related to this type of study. This work aimed to determine the cancer sites whose incidence is related to social status, and to evaluate in France the proportion of cancer cases attibutable to social deprivation using an aggregate approach and the french version of an ecological index for measuring social deprivation. The analysis included 189,144 cancer cases recorded in member registries of the frech network of cancer registries between 2006 and 2009. The estimate of the proportion of cases of excess cancers found that for the most affedted cancer sites, social deprivation could lead to 30% more cases among disadvantaged individuals related of favored individuals. This work also explored certain limits and constraints related to aggregate assessment of the socioeconomic environment as misclassification bias induced by residential mobility and ecological bias caused by measurement of social status at the aggregate level. These results suggest the implementation of targeted prevention actions on the most vulnerable populations
Waṭfaẗ, ʿAlī. "L'inégalité sociale dans l'enseignement supérieur : des idées à l'approche théorique : l'Université de Caen comparée à la France." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN1041.
Full textÉchevin, Damien. "Hétérogénéité individuelle des agents et comportements des ménages : consommation, revenu et emploi." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010017.
Full textJusot, Florence. "Revenu et mortalité : analyse économique des inégalités sociales de santé en France." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0114.
Full textThis thesis proposes an empirical analysis of the impact of income and income inequalities on mortality in France. In order to introduce income in the fields of mortality analysis in France, this analysis is based on a case-control study constructed with two fiscal databases, the Wealth at Death Survey" and the "Taxable Income Survey". The determinants of the probability of dying in 1988 to the characteristics of people surviving in 1990. A first analysis, based on age at death distribution, shows that the survival function increases with income. The results of the case-control study show a continous impact of income on mortality, controlled for occupation. The results suggest a specific risk related to poverty and a strong protective effect of higher incomes. A multilevel analysis shows that the intra-regional level of household income inequality is positively correlated to the probability of dying, after control for regional health care supply. This thesis suggests that both individual socioeconomic status and socioeconomic environment are essential determinants of mortality in France
Grossetête, Matthieu. "La sécurité routière au radar des inégalités sociales : codage et décodages d'un problème public." Toulouse 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU10046.
Full textThere are not official data in France that enables to link social positions with death on the road. Yet, related road mortality doesn't occur randomly. Powerless and poorer people appear to be over represented among those dying on the road. Crash reports statistics' analysis establishes a social fact surprisingly under documented : social groups are unequal in front of mortal road crashes. With a remarkable stability, working class drivers are over-represented among those who die on the road while upper classes are under-represented. Moreover the latter are those who mainly beneficiated from the 2002-2005 decrease in road mortality
Riegert, Arnaud. "Inégalités scolaires, ségrégation et effets de pairs." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0078.
Full textThis thesis examines three issues in relation with diversity in the educational system. The first issue focuses on equal opportunities: how may we promote diversity in higher education when secondary education is segregated? We implemented a random experiment in order to evaluate the impact of a tutoring program that aims at encouraging underprivileged high school students to enroll into the most selective tracks of higher education. We show that such programs may face difficulties, especially when dealing with mid-level students, which ma\ lead to a risk of increased inequality in underprivileged high schools. The second issue is the influence of the peer group: may modifications in the social environmen of high school students have an effect on their subsequent education? We exploit a natural experiment occuring in France whereby a small fraction of 10th grade students are randomly allocated to their classes. We find that the most fragile students who end up in classes where they meet very few former classmates from 9th grade are more enclined to repeat the grade and have a lower probability of graduating high school. The third issue is segregation: to what extent to students experience different social environments in their classes or schools depending on their individual characteristics? We provide a detailed statistical analysis which allows us to measure quantitatively the extent of social and academic segregation between schools and between the classes within those schools
Warren, Michel. "La territorialisation de la scolarisation des enfants de deux ans en France : enjeux et réalités de la scolarisation des tout-petits selon les territoires : vers un processus de déconcentralisation ?" Paris 8, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA082285.
Full textThe territorialization perceptible in French educational policies is clearly visble in their approach to schooling for two-year-olds. A look at the statistics involved reveals large discrepancies between regions. This situation begs a close study of the processes at work, of the reasoning behind the choices and actions of all the political, institutional and social instances behind the schooling of two-year-olds. An analysis of local policies in the departments of Eure and Seine-Saint-Denis and two of their towns, Vernon and Saint-Denis, shows that schooling for two-year-olds is seen in terms of territorialization. This flows from a double political will on the part of the State: to redistribute political powers from the national to the local levels and to fight against social inequalities which affect success at school by means of the choice, based on the notion of positive discrimination, of opening classes for two-year-olds in socially deprived areas. This policy is a stake in the new process of " deconcentralization " (dispersion of decisional powers and decentralization) defined as the political area in modern French society where room is given for communication, negotiation, contradiction and confrontation
Lemes, Lila Maria. "Le rôle des thêmata dans la structuration des ensembles représentationnels : étude des couples justice-injustice et égalité-inégalité dans deux populations (Brésil-France)." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05H080.
Full textThis work presents the role of themata in the dynamics of social representations, as studied in the relationships between "justice/injustice" and "equality/inequality. " The first two studies demonstrate that the relationship between two opposing social representations contribute to the organization of four social representations: injustice, inequality, equality and justice. Thelast two studies are intended to demonstrate that the interactions between these four objects of social thinking work as a framework to interpret situations. To uncover any historical and cultural reasons for the organization, we systematically compared, in all of the studies, the findings from Brazil and France. The results demonstrate that the relationships of opposing social representations are organized into groups composed of distinct social representations. When we compared them, they demonstrated symmetries and asymmetries. These groups of social representations generate a framework in which to interpret reality, and they seem to be independent of any sociohistorical roots
Piquée, Céline. "Gérer les inégalités de réussite à l'école primaire : public, modes de fonctionnement et efficacité pédagogique des dispositifs d'accompagnement scolaire." Dijon, 2001. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f9550ee-ce7e-453d-b888-2e8446849604.
Full textGoupille-Lebret, Jonathan. "Essays on the dynamics of bequests and inequalities in France." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0100.
Full textThis thesis is organized around three complementary perspectives on the dynamics of bequests and inequalities in France. The first part analyses the impact of inheritance tax on wealth accumulation. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the redistributive pattern of the French tax system. The third part studies the dynamic of income and wealth inequality. We exploit quasi-experimental variations to investigate the impact of inheritance taxation on wealth accumulation (chapter 1). Using bunching and difference-in-differences methods, we directly estimate several behavioral responses during lifetime. The small responses to inheritance tax estimated could be explained by psychological factors such as myopia or denial of death. We then develop microsimulation models to investigate the distributive impact of inheritance tax reforms (chapter 2) and changes to the redistributive pattern of the entire French tax system from 1997 to 2012 (chapter 3). These two chapters include also a technical discussion on how to simulate the different aspects of the French redistributive system as well as a structural diagnosis of the French tax system. Finally, we study the long-term dynamic of income (chapter 4) and wealth (chapter 5) inequality in France. We find a large decline of the top 10% wealth and capital income shares from the 1910s to the 1980s. Since the 1980s-90s, we observe a moderate rise of wealth and income concentration. We develop a simple simulation model highlighting how the combination of unequal saving rates, rates of return and labor earnings leads to large multiplicative effects and high steady-state wealth concentration. Small changes in the key parameters appear to matter a lot for long run inequality
Hoibian, Sandra. "La cohésion sociale à l'épreuve de l'individualisme au cours des 40 dernières années en France : du modèle de la compétition à celui de la coopération." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0089.
Full textThe present research studies the tensions between the individualization process, which places the individual as the supreme value of society, and social cohesion. Basing our research on the sociological literature and the study of the representations and behaviors of the french population for the past forty years (collected in the CREDOC Living Conditions Aspirations survey). Our study shows that indeed, the quest for oneself is more and more present in a person's life. Whether it is the search for adequacy between body and self-identity, the construction of self-story on social networks, the growing appreciation of the “entrepreneur” figure, with its supposed freedom and personal fulfillment, or the social cohesion representation that is shaped by everyone behavior. Held in these representations, support for social policies, which remains strong in France, is having trouble with finding its place. Faced with the legitimacy crisis, and funding issues, certain public policies are becoming more targeted, thereby further weakening their legitimacy among the population.More than the individualization process, we find it is the collective competition imagination paired with a social "meritocratic" model that weakens the « vivre ensemble ». This belief of competition, taken from economic liberalism, creates anomie. Is unification between competitors possible? Our work indicates that over the past forty years, several areas of life (housing, digital) have indeed become a way of differentiation and competition. The felt inequalities are increasing in many areas (perceived financial situation, heritage, employment, social ties, housing, health perceived state, feeling of security), creating uncertainty about the future and weakening the "vivre ensemble".We therefore propose three approaches to renew social cohesion, based on the opinions and values collected in the CREDOC Living Conditions and Aspirations survey. The first is to increase openness and recognition of specificities in a French society long thought of as "blind to differences" in order to be fair and unifying. The younger generations in particular place greater importance on the values of respect for others, tolerance and the fight against discrimination. The second approach lies in public authorities and social protection philosophy change towards social investment. This supportive approach seeks to "empower" individuals, going beyond the role of safetyness and reparation. The last one lies in a change in mindset going from individualization now thought of as a mode of competition, to what we have called "cooperative individualization". The respondents, asked to describe the ideal society, evoqued values such as equality, solidarity, sharing, and work, all being dimensions at the heart of cooperation, where everyone takes part in a common society project. The rise of so-called "collaborative" initiatives and theoretical research taking in particular from the theory of the commons of Elinor Ostrom allow us to hope for a concretization of this change in model
Schorlé, Carole. "Les lycéens et les études supérieures, propriétés sociales et rapports différenciés : (enquêtes Alsace)." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR20031.
Full textFor the great majority of the high-school pupils, the youth will begin with a period of study. This thesis treats, in Alsace, the relationships of these many individuals to the space of the higher education. At the same time, it analyzes their means and their expectations, i. E. Their ideals as regards the studies, and their wish of the studies they would choose. The statistical result of a regional inquiry by questionnaires and the collected qualitative data in repeated interviews with a small group of pupils, show that the origin of each one, in particular in its cultural an sexual dimensions, continues to strongly condition the perceptions and the practices in terms of higher studies, although the school system knew some evolutions, a priori likely to reduce the social inequalities. The exceptions being able to appear on the individual level are too seldom modifying the social domination relationships. Globally, the social reproduction remains
Le, Neindre Charlène. "Une approche systémique et multiéchelle des disparités spatiales de santé au prisme de la notion de contexte." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070043.
Full textThis research aims to provide a better understanding of spatial health disparities in France. First, we present a multiscale and systemic approach to the links between health status and other characteristics of space (socioeconomic conditions, air quality, healthcare services. . . ) developed with the notions of vertical, horizontal and internal contexts. Then we propose a methodology to explore these links which are tested using correlation analyses and multiple regression models. This work is carried out at different geographical fevels (from the local to the regional) and in various types of spaces (from the city center to the isolated rural areas; in the large, the mid-sized and the small urban areas) located in the North and in the West of France. Three types of links are identified, from the most general to the most specific. General links appear identically ail over the space, while particular links crop up only in some peculiar areas. Finally, the effects are sometimes context-dependant, ranging from positive to negative correlations. We refer to these situations as discordant links. We hope that this theoretical and methodological framework could generate prospects for further studies
Pierre-Louis, Jessica. "Les Libres de couleur face au préjugé : franchir la barrière à la Martinique aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0847/document.
Full textIn Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space
Dherbécourt, Clément. "La fortune des héritiers : essais sur la transmission du capital en France du Second Empire à la Seconde Guerre mondiale." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0121.
Full textThis work of economic history tackles the issue of wealth inequality in an empirical and quantitative way. Lt is composed of four chapters. Each can be read independently from the others. The two first chapters are based on the exploitation of an original data set of 800 individuals of Paris top 1. 5% wealth holders deceased between 1862 and 1882 and their inheritors. I show in particular that the rich inheritors accumulate very little wealth on their own by differentiating two dimensions of wealth increase: capital gains and savings. The second chapter investigates the effect of sibship size on individual and familial reproduction of wealth. The two other chapters tackle the interaction between familial structures, wealth and social mobility in a more general perspective. The data on Parisian estates show a large variability of familial structures according to wealth until the 1950s. The high rates of childlessness at death forces us to understand capital transfers through the lens of the "inheritance networks" of the individuals. The variation of inheritance networks has consequences on the inequality of wealth that are studied thanks to a simulation model of extended families. This notion also enables us to shade a new light on the way the progressivity of inheritance taxation was built in four different countries (here: France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States), which is done in the fourth chapter
Nakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? : le cas de l'entrée dans l"enseignement supérieur." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL028.
Full textThe object of this study is to analyze differences in aspirations and choice of course of study at the outset of higher education. More particularly it aims to determine if the "individual" choices, which have an impact on the construction of educational inequalities, depend on school environment. Since the diversified character of school environment is an established fact in France, the first part of this work, based on a review of the sociology of education literature, draws attention to contextual dimensions as possible factors influencing educational and vocational aspirations. This question, which has remained unexplored at this level of the educational system in France, is dealt with empirically in the second part of the study. Based on a quantitative analyse of the data of a Panel of pupils in secondary education and on an original survey, the study shows that school environment is a significant predictor of the educational aspirations of high-school pupils (probability of applying for course of study of higher education and desired length of studies). School environment significantly explains the choice of courses of study of pupils with comparable school attainment and social background. The origin of this contextual effect is twofold: the social composition of the high school and the local supply of higher education (mainly the local presence of preparatory programmes for the elite sector of grandes écoles (‘higher schools’)). In many cases, the effect of school context is at least as important as the effect of social background. The “individual” preferences, located in unequal contexts, are thus tinged with the organization of the educational system
Cousteaux, Anne-Sophie. "Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Full textDiallo, Alexandre. "Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina, Gérard et les Français : les rémunérations des stars au prisme de la justice sociale." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH096.
Full textDrawing on the sociology of inequality, the star system economy and social justice, this PhD dissertation aims to examine whether French people, who live in an “equality-obsessed country“ (Forsé et al. 2013), accept high earnings.The “star”, which has already been used in the debate between Rawls (1971; 2001) and Nozick (1974) through the example of the well-known NBA star-player Wilt Chamberlain, enables us to answer one key and contemporary question: do people believe that high earnings are socially fair? To investigate this issue, I used both qualitative and quantitative methods, working with a total sample of 59 interviewees and conducting 55 semi-structured interviews, each two-hours long on average. The quantitative part of my research consists of a statistical analysis using multiple data sources (INSEE, WID, annual pundit surveys…), in order to provide an account of the evolution of movie and football stars’ earnings, in relation to the general evolution of incomes and incomes in the top percentiles (top 1%, top 0.1%, top 0.01%, and top 0.001%). Regression linear analyses allow us to determine the impact of the stars’ individual characteristics.The aim of the first part of this dissertation is to find how the top paid football players and actors (dubbed as football stars and movie stars by the press) are ranked in France’s income distribution. The second part seeks to provide a subjective definition of the star’s status and to identify, according to the interviewees, how their earnings are garnered. The analysis of the factors explaining the earnings of management executives by the interviewees helps us to insist on the specificity of the stars’ earnings. The third part examines French opinion on stars’ earnings. Using a PISJ-inspired list (Forsé et Galland, 2011) of 10 jobs or statuses belonging to the 10% (or top 1% or top 0.1%) (movie star, football-star, blogger, model, TV host, doctor, university teacher, management executive), I tried to investigate empirically the interviewees’ attitude towards not only stars’ earnings but high earnings in general.Finally, my research shows that interviewees accept the position of Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina Jolie and Gérard Depardieu among top earners, and agree with their earnings exceeding millions of euros. The joint use of the two principles (on the one hand, the stratification principle, based on the acceptance of an economics-based logic, and on the other hand, the corrective principle of social utility) leads to a reasoned acceptance of the earnings of movie stars and football stars. I therefore show that the acceptance of the level of movie stars’ and football stars’ earnings differs from the libertarian approach of Robert Nozick (1974) and from the rejection of individual merit (Rawls, 1971 and 2001). The analysis of the interviewees’ answers in relation to sociodemographic variables indicates that there is a link between the interviewees’ political beliefs and their attitude toward high earnings. The more left-wing they declared themselves, the more critical they were of the perceived hierarchy in earnings and of the very high ones. The acceptance of high earnings can be seen as a ménage-à-trois between an economics-based logic (individual contribution leads to individual earning), a corrective principle (social utility) and the valuation of equality (political belief)
Kudjawu, Yao Cyril. "Délais d’accès au traitement des patients atteints de cancers en France et impact des inégalités sociales de santé : étude à partir des bases de données médico-administratives." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS023/document.
Full textBackground: timeliness of cancer treatment is an important aspect of health quality. Care centers are expected to treat a growing number of patients with cancer. Our objectives were to examine treatment times from diagnosis to first-course therapy for patients with colon (CC), rectum-anus (RC), and lung (LC) cancers and assess factors associated with time to-treatment and the impact of deprivation index.Methods: using the international classification of diseases and medical procedures codes, from national hospital discharge database which has been crossed with long term illness data and French deprivation Index information, we selected patients newly diagnosed for CC, RC or LC in 2009-2010 who had undergone treatment.Results: We included 15,694, 6,623 and 14,596 patients diagnosed and treated for CC, RC and LC respectively. Median times from endoscopy to: 1) surgery in patients with a surgical treatment pathway for CC, RC, and LC were 22 (Q25 = 14; Q75 = 34), 97 (Q25 = 34; Q75 = 141), and 44 (Q25 = 26; Q75 = 82) days, respectively; 2) to chemotherapy for patients with a non-surgical treatment pathway, for CC, RC, and LC were 36 (Q25 = 21; Q75 = 59), 40 (Q25 = 27; Q75 = 59), and 33 (Q25 = 22; Q75 = 49) days respectively; 3) to radiotherapy in RC and LC patients were 53 (Q25 = 39; Q75 = 78) and 88 (Q25 = 46; Q75 = 162) days respectively; 4) to first treatment, irrespective of pathway and treatment combination for CC, RC and LC were 23 (Q25 = 14; Q75 = 35), 43 (Q25 = 27; Q75 = 74), and 34 (Q25 = 22; Q75 = 50) days respectively.Time to first treatment vary across regions. It was longer in most northern regions and in overseas districts and shorter in Île-de-France, southern, eastern and sometimes in western regions for the three cancers. In multilevel analysis, Age and status of the first care center were significantly associated to time to first treatment in CC patients. Similar factors, including Deprivation index, were significantly associated to time to first treatment in RC and LC patients. The time to first treatment increased with age. It was higher in public hospitals compared to private hospitals and low in patients with low deprivation index compared to patients with high deprivation index. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study based on medico-administrative database describing time to first treatment after endoscopy in patients suffering from cancers in France. The results, which will complement those from cancer registry data and regional networks of cancerology, could inform decision-making policies on the implementation of guidelines on timeframes for cancer treatment access
Landais, Camille. "Essais en économie publique : fiscalité, hauts revenus, familles." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0022.
Full textThese essays focus on the impact of taxation on income inequalities, the provision of public goods, and family behaviors. First show that income inequalities have increased in France in the past years, due to a surge in top wages. L then estimate the taxable income elasticity in France, and show that it is modest, even among top income (. 15), which suggests that deadweight loss of top income taxation is weaker than previously thought. Part Il proposes estimates of the elasticity of charitable giving with respect to tax incentives, and shows that the overall response is modest and below the level that would make the French tax system optimal. Finally, part III microsimulates the French family policy and with long-run tax data estimates the elasticity of fertility with respect to french tax incentives (Quotient Familial)
Wang, Lijuan. "La politique chinoise des minzu (minorités) en question : intégration et cohésion sociales par l'école entre prescriptions institutionnelles et expérience des acteurs dans la préfecture des Yi de Liangshan au Sichuan (Chine)." Paris 7, 2014. https://eu02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/33PUDB_IEP/openurl?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&portfolio_pid=5364117200004675&Force_direct=true.
Full textThe rapid development of the Chinese economy had real shocks in all the domains of the Chinese society. With this change of national context, the Chinese sociologists specialized in the field of the ethnicity, from last decade, began to consider the aptness of the minzu (group ethnic) policy. Attention was put notably in the recovery of the social inequality by measures of affirmative action based on ethnic criterion, which consists in the essentialisation of the ethnic groups (minzu), historically built by the policy impulsed by Mao. At the same time, the question of the social cohesion also becomes a concern, for the reason that this policy of essentialist nature could have an impact on the identical consciousness of individuals. How to reassemble the Chinese citizens "accommodated" in 56 groups minzu to reach a better social cohesion after having them differentiated? By enrolling in this issue, we focus on the Yi minzu of Liangshan Prefecture in order to bring some lights on this important subject. In doing this, we led investigations in the form of questionnaire and of interview with Han and Yi (pupils, teachers, parents), which are completed by numerous statistical data. These data allow us to estimate the degree of inequality existing in social economy and in school education between the minority Yi and the majority Han, as well as inside one minzu, whether it is Han or Yi, in this Prefecture. These data also allow us to include the causes of this inequality, and to evaluate measures put in place to tackle it. Besides, we studied the social cohesion between minzu through the exam of the «formal curriculum " (textbook of history) and of the understanding about this assignment of identity by Han / Yi pupils. Then, through the analysis of the perception of more intimate identical markers such as the torch festival (symbol of the identity Yi), the friendship and the interethnic marfiage, we dread, even very partially, the intensity of the interethnic relations between Han and Yi in the Liangshan Prefecture. Throughout this thesis, we attempted to estimate the effect of context by referring to the social and ethnie coeducation, which allowed us to distance ourselves from the essentialist approach of the CCP on the homogenization of minzu groups
Windle, Joel Austin. "Ethnicity and educational inequality : an investigation of school experience in Australia and France." Phd thesis, Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOL007.
Full textThis thesis examines the contribution of ‘ethnic’ background to the school experiences of educationally and socially disadvantaged students in the senior years of high school (n=927). To investigate the role both of ethnic identification and its interplay with institutional factors, a comparative analysis of secondary student experiences in two national settings was undertaken. The case of Turkish-background students in Australia and France suggests that the influences of ethnic identity are thoroughly transformed from one setting to the other by distinctive pedagogical structures. Streaming and severe academic judgement in France lower academic self-esteem, while creating resentment and social distance between students and teachers. By contrast, the deferral of selection and judgement in Australia allows, temporarily, for a more convivial classroom atmosphere, but fails just as surely to successfully navigate students through the curriculum and achieve academic success. The accommodations of both systems to students in ‘peripheral’ locations constitute logics of marginal integration which enable and legitimise ‘exclusion from within’. Student efforts to make meaning of school life through peer cultures which share many similarities across institutional and national boundaries emerge as what I have called strategies of marginal integration. Ethnic-minority students appear to be particularly susceptible to those logics and strategies, which reinforce their position within the system as marginal. This study therefore identifies the difficulties facing both systems as emerging from common overarching structural qualities
Fack, Gabrielle. "Formation des inégalités, politiques du logement et ségrégation résidentielle." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0085.
Full textThis thesis on housing inequalities is organized in two main parts. The first part analyses the efficiency of housing policies that aim at providing low income households with affordable housing. We propose an evaluation of the incidence of housing benefits on rents by exploiting a reform that extended the benefits in the 1990's. Our estimations show that they have led to an increase in rents. The second part studies how housing markets contribute to create educational inequalities. We first analyse theoretically the effect of strict school zoning on residential stratification and educational inequalities. We then estimate empirically the impact of public schools' performance on housing prices. We find a modest but significant effect of middle school performance on housing prices in Paris. We also show that the presence of private schools in the neighbourhood tends to attenuate the impact of public schools
Safi, Mirna. "Le devenir des immigrés en France : barrières et inégalités." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257581.
Full textGodillon, Sylvanie. "La rénovation urbaine, une opportunité de réduire les inégalités socio-spatiales d'être impliqué dans un accident dans les espaces publics." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010619.
Full textMcAvay, Haley. "Immigrants’ spatial incorporation in France : patterns and determinants of neighborhood and housing attainment." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0036/document.
Full textMy dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the neighborhood and housing outcomes of immigrants and natives in France. I draw on two large data sets, L’échantillon démographique permanent (INSEE) and Trajectoires et origines (INED/INSEE), which provide rare information about first and second generation immigrants, combine individual and contextual-level variables, and span several dates of observation (1990-2008). Drawing on classical theoretical approaches to immigrants’ spatial incorporation (spatial assimilation, place stratification), as well as insights from the social stratification and neighborhood effects literature, the analysis is rooted in a multidimensional, longitudinal and intergenerational approach to residential inequalities. First, I use a variety of indicators of the composition of neighborhoods (i.e. share of immigrants, co-ethnics, low-income households, the unemployment rate) in addition to housing tenure to explore associations between various dimensions of residential outcomes. Second, using longitudinal data and panel modelling techniques, the analysis captures patterns and determinants of residential mobility, transitions in neighborhoods, access to homeownership and moves in and out of the public housing sector. Finally, contributing to recent empirical work on the intergenerational reproduction of context, I seek to assess the extent to which residential situations are transmitted between parents and their children. The analysis seeks throughout to document the effects of individual factors (nativity, immigrant origin, socioeconomic status) and contextual factors (municipality and departmental characteristics) on shaping residential inequalities
Suchaut, Bruno. "Regards croisés sur l'école primaire française : éléments d'évaluation macro et micro." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00199857.
Full textBillaud, Solène. "Partager avant l'héritage, financer l'hébergement en institution : enjeux économiques et mobilisations familiales autour de personnes âgées des classes populaires." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0064.
Full textLocated at the intersection of a sociology of kinship ties, of a sociology of aging and of a sociology of lower classes, this dissertation aims to uncover the various economics questions emerging when an elderly person with modest revenues and patrimony enters a nursing home. Based on a set of family cases (reconstituted through interviews) combined with statistical and institutional data, the dissertation focuses on the mobilization of the kin at this very specific moment. In particular, it zooms in on the debates about the former housing of the elderly, just as on their personal belongings. The analysis shows that, following the institutionalization, these goods are first of all "placed on hold" a, long as possible in order to conceal the new situation. Ln the middle run the remaking of the former place leads to the creation of a quasi inheritance" adapting some of the inheritance laws. When insufficient to fund the stay in the institution the income of the elderly person can be supplemented by resorting to her patrimony as well as through negotiated financial contributions from the members of the family. The control over the rights the documentation and the money of the nursing home resident arc consequently granted to family managing caregivers” whose mandate is to both preserve the autonomous funding of the resident's new life, and limit the contribution of the family. Ta capture these questions, the dissertation pays a special attention to the various and interlocking effects of kin status, gender, and interfamilial social inequalities to demonstrate the specificity of the transition to institution for elderly people from the lower classes
Cayouette-Remblière, Joanie. "Le marquage scolaire : une analyse "statistique ethnographique" des trajectoires des enfants de classes populaires à l'Ecole." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0060.
Full textMass education has changed the role school plays in life cycles since the 1980's. However, students from low socio-economic backgrounds are still more likely to drop out from school than students from privileged milieus, and less likely to get the most prestigious credentials. This dissertation thus explores: (1) why and how lower-class students fail or succeed at school in the age of mass education, and (2) what a new and prolonged socialization period at school me ans for these students -in terms of schemes of perception, but also of social dispositions. This thesis draws on original and rich materials (notably individual school files), and on a new analytical method, which relies on what 1 cali "ethnographical statistics". Namely, 1 use school records to get a fine-grained perspective on the school and professional careers oftwo cohorts of students, and 1 systematically confront the results to those of parallel ethnographical investigations. This method will be presented in a preliminary chapter. The thesis is then divided into three parts. The first part sets the social and geographical stage of the study. The second part offers a new perspective on the development of inequalities within the collège unique. The third part analyses the social and institutional mechanisms which drive selection processes at the end of middle school, throughout high schools, and within vocational education
Legendre, Berangère. "Essai sur les retraites : pauvreté, inégalités et équité." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0504.
Full textWe provide a large picture of the inequalities and the poverty among the French and the European pensioners, from the late twentieth century to today. The public pension systems support strong economic and demographic constraints, which could involve a higher risk of poverty and/or risk of inequality during the retirement. We focus on the role of the public policies in reducing these inequalities. To do this, we identify the poor populations and shed light on the inequality and poverty factors. Through the chapters, we define the inequality, the poverty of the retirees in developed countries, the inter- and intergenerational inequalities. We put into perspective the efficient mechanisms to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among the pensioners. In the first chapter, we propose a general equilibrium model to explore the impact of parametric reforms and the impact of a demographic shock on the inequality level. Then, we address the question of the social protection impact on the poverty and the inequality level among the European retirees at the end of the last century. To finish, the last chapter focus on the relationship between the architecture of the redistribution in France, including the socialbenefits and taxes, and the inequalities. We distinguish in this last chapter the inequality level among pensioners and among workers from the inequalities between pensioners and workers. We conclude that the pension systems and the redistribution architecture, in France and in Europe, permitted to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among pensioners. The retirees' and the workers' households have now the same living standard. Our findings suggest that the future pension reforms should take into consideration the bad economic and demographic environments, but also the efficiency of the actual redistributive architecture
Le, Corre Thibault. "Paris à tous prix : analyse des inégalités par une géographie de l'investissement sur le marché immobilier résidentiel en Île-de-France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H073.
Full textIn recent years, property ownership emerged as a central feature for asset accumulation and increasing social inequalities in advanced capitalist economics, especially in metropolitan areas. The Greater Paris is one emblematic case of these processes which contribute to the increase of socio-spatial differentiation. However, neither the role of the real estate market in the production of inequalities nor the spatiality of this phenomenon has been thoroughly studied. This thesis seeks to evaluate the modalities and channels through which the housing market produces inequalities. For this purpose, it introduces the concept of market regimes, both for categorizing homogeneous products of real estate investments and foregrounding an empirical geography of the market. Furthermore, the thesis suggests a theoretical framework for understanding how these inequalities are inherent to the functioning of the market. Real estate transactions for the Greater Paris metropolitan area, recorded between 1996 and 2012 and sourced from a notarial database, constitute the main material of investigation. Spatial analysis, multivariate statistics and mapping reveal how the geography of the housing market unfolds through different market regimes that have their own logic of price formation. Results highlight three forms of inequality produced by the market. The first one is spatial and understood as the production of unequal areas of accumulation, which depend on the logics of real estate investment and rent capture. The second form is social : unequal spatial accumulation contributes to the reproduction and reinforcement of social stratification. The third one is socio-spatial : the housing market strengthens the social division of space and, in some cases, encourages the spatial exclusion of working-class groups. Building on its theoretical framework and borrowing from the field of economic sociology, the thesis suggests some explanatory hypotheses based on the notion of qualification. This notion enables to interpret investment dynamics under the lenses of the strategies and practices of intermediate actors, who aim at matching supply with demand. This matching, which operates through the categorization of assets, sellers and buyers, defines ahead of the actual transaction, investment products. This process of qualification is based on the filtering and stratification of buyers by the credit system, and on performative, professional judgments and opinions structured on the internal differentiations of the metropolitan area
Vigoureux, Solène. "Evolution de l’activité professionnelle des femmes pendant la grossesse en France : Enquêtes nationales périnatales de 1972 à 2016." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS185/document.
Full textBackground and objectives: The occupational activity rate of women is steadily increasing since the 1970s, and women are more and more often in employment when they are in childbearing age. The main purpose of this work is to describe and understand the links between occupational activity and pregnancy. First, by comparing employment rates according to whether women are pregnant or belong to the female general population. In a second step, by observing how their occupational group and status is linked to the timing of prenatal leave. Finally, the third part analyzes the impact of the social position, defined by the employment status of women and taking into account their couple status and the employment of the partner, on the antenatal care and perinatal outcomes.Methods and population: The data were extracted from the French National Perinatal Surveys of 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010 and 2016 and the Census. A comparison of the employment rate of pregnant women and the general population of women in continental France, by age and level of education, was carried out. A modelization of the employment rate of women during pregnancy was realized according to the socio-demographic characteristics, the survey period from 1972 to 2016, and the birth generation. An analysis of women working during pregnancy in 2010 and 2016 was conducted to determine the time of prenatal leave, according to the medical situation and the social position of women, focused on early leave, before 24 weeks of gestation (WG), and late leave, after 36 WG. For the period 1995 to 2016, prenatal care and perinatal outcomes were analyzed according to the employment status of women, taking into account their couple situation and partner’s employment.Results: As in the general population, rate of occupational activity of pregnant women shown a steadily increasing, between 1972 and 2016, from 53% to 74%. In 2016, 32% of women working during pregnancy leave their job before 24 WG, and 2% after 37 WG. Social inequalities exists around maternity leave: women with the most unfavorable social situations stop early, while self-employed women and those with more favorable social and occupational situations leave late, even after stratification for the medical situation. From 1995 to 2016, the differences in antenatal care and perinatal outcomes according to the social position of pregnant women are always observed despite a reduction.Conclusion: The major changes in the relationship to women's occupational activity in recent decades may change the practices of caregivers for pregnant women. A majority of pregnant women had a paid job and the date of prenatal leave should be discussed in relation to the medical situation but also considering the social and occupational status. Special attention should be given to the most disadvantaged women, either unemployed or without a legal job, or having a precarious occupational situation, since these women have a later initiation of care and more unfavorable perinatal outcomes
Delon, Margot. "Les incidences biographiques de la ségrégation : trajectoires et mémoires des enfants des bidonvilles et cités de transit de l’après-guerre en France." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0012.
Full textWhat has become of children living in slums in Post-War France? Drawing from an investigation based on interviews, observations, archive work and statistics, I analyze in this dissertation the experiences and trajectories of individuals of Algerian, Moroccan and Portuguese descent who grew up in slums in Nanterre and Champigny-sur-Marne slums (Île-de-France region). I explain what it may have meant to live all these years in such a deprived, segregated and stigmatized form of housing and I insist on the diversity of residential experiences and of socialization effects. Indeed, previous slum children have known various trajectories and they don’t interpret this episode in the same way. Four profiles are analyzed: the reproduction of inequalities, the moderate mobilities, the reproduction of isolation, the upward trajectories. Two series of factor explain these differences. First, these families have first been targeted by national and local policies of housing and migration. By categorizing and treating differently slums depending on their inhabitants’ origins and on their location, these public policies have had very important short, mean and long time effects. Second, the trajectories have also been formed by their parents’ pre-migration resources and dispositions and by the relational contexts they evolved in while being in slums
Tubeuf, Sandy. "Une contribution à l'étude des inégalités de santé en France à travers des indicateurs de santé auto-évalués." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00288887.
Full textUn premier chapitre considère les indicateurs de santé couramment utilisés dans les travaux empiriques et revient sur le débat de l'utilisation de la santé auto-évaluée. Il souligne la pertinence des raffinements méthodologiques de la mesure de la santé proposés dans la littérature internationale jusqu'ici non appliqués à la France.
Un second chapitre propose une méthodologie originale de mesure de la santé. La construction s'appuie sur une donnée d'état de santé individuel jugée moins subjective, à savoir le nombre de maladies et leur degré de sévérité et considère des variables collectées classiquement dans les enquêtes sur la santé.
Un troisième chapitre décrit les outils de la dominance stochastique et les indices couramment utilisés dans l'analyse des inégalités dans un cadre appliqué à la santé.
Le quatrième chapitre procède à l'analyse des inégalités sociales de santé en France en 2004, puis au cours de la période 1998-2004. Il met en évidence des inégalités sociales de santé en faveur des groupes sociaux les plus élevés. Ces inégalités ont cependant diminué entre 1998 et 2004, du fait d'une plus faible élasticité de la santé avec le revenu et d'une diminution de l'inégale répartition du revenu au sein des groupes sociaux. De plus, l'analyse menée sur différentes mesures de santé met en évidence une influence sur l'amplitude des inégalités, du nombre de catégories de la variable discrète de santé et de la distribution de santé choisie pour la cardinaliser.
Le cinquième chapitre s'intéresse à l'influence sur l'état de santé à l'âge adulte, du milieu social d'origine et de la longévité relative des parents par rapport à leur cohorte de naissance en empruntant trois approches. La première approche met en évidence le fait que les distributions d'état de santé des personnes nées d'un père ou d'une mère appartenant aux catégories sociales supérieures dominent significativement celles des personnes ayant des parents issus de catégories sociales inférieures. L'approche paramétrique confirme un effet de la profession de chacun des parents sur l'état de santé à l'âge adulte. Elle montre, de plus, que l'état de santé dépend significativement de la longévité de chacun des parents. Enfin, l'approche par indices de concentration met en évidence une inégalité des chances de santé en faveur des individus dont les parents ont connu une forte longévité puis une inégalité de santé en faveur des individus issus de milieux plus favorisés. Le chapitre conclut alors qu'il existe des inégalités des chances en santé, en France..
Legendre, Anne-Laure. "Explorer ce qui fait bien-être dans son cadre de vie : une recherche ancrée dans le vécu des habitants de quartiers défavorisés en France. Expérimentation d’une évaluation des impacts sur la santé comme vecteur d’un apprentissage collectif des liens entre santé, développement durable et urbanisme Évaluation des impacts sur la santé : d’une évaluation de l’évaluation à l’ouverture d’une discussion sur les impensés de la démarche Comprendre avant d'améliorer les conditions de vie de quartiers défavorisés:quels apports des approches ethnographiques? Penser le bien-être de son cadre de vie:ce que nous apporte l'étude de l'expérience vécue des habitants de différents quartiers défavorisés en France." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASU004.
Full textRegardless of our culture or way of life, we have to “live” somewhere, and for more than half of the world’s population, their life takes place in a city. Urban areas are attractive for many reasons, but they also concentrate many problems of pollution, poor health conditions and social challenges. Above all, it is clear that people do not benefit equally of good living conditions, and the distribution of urban quality reveals significant disparities. How then could we define what is a good living environment in favor of people’s wellbeing? Wellbeing is an ambiguous concept for which no unique and absolute indicator can ever be found, but the question of its assessment remains. Urban planning that designs and shapes the places we live in, public health with its definition of health as complete well-being, or philosophy that, since Aristote described what makes a life a “good life”, we have access to many ways of considering the concept of wellbeing. For epistemological and ethical reasons, we have chosen to study urban wellbeing starting from the people in their living environment. Our work focuses on the French designated “priority” neighborhoods, because of the spatial and social inequalities observed on those territories. This thesis is based on several participatory action-researches conducted with municipalities near Paris and La Rochelle about urban public actions and urban renovation programs. Our work is particularly underpinned by the realization of Health Impact Assessments (HIA) of two urban projects, for which we chose to experiment an open approach with the implication of municipal agents and local actors. The objective was also to research the conditions of collective learning about the links between health, wellbeing and urbanism. This work relies on literature data, but also on people’s experience of their living environment that we collected through ethnographical types of field survey. The stories that we gathered draw the attention to the relation between people and their neighborhood, and what really matters to them. They also enable us to understand the fact of living in a place as a total human experience, far from analytical approaches that tend to be compartmentalized into different predefined parameters. Inspired by relational sociology, we sought for regularities, forces and tensions in those different individual stories, and we argue that this enables us to overcome some of the difficulties that usually arise in concertation processes. It also enables to clarify the issues that the territory is facing, and to drive the discussions in the process of project assessment on the real experience of people in their neighborhoods. Finally, we have developed a heuristic framework to approach expressions of place attachment, that we considered as a proxy for wellbeing in this research. The categories that we found in the surveys (familiarity, integration, safety and comfort, control of one’s life, injustice, fulfillment) work together as a system and they differ completely from functionalist and utilitarian approaches that are still fully present in urban programs, public health or urban ecology. Studying the conditions of possibilities of place attachment and of the empowerment of people in their living environment opens very interesting perspectives to design and develop local policies, especially in the urban realm. Feelings of injustice are very present in the survey, and considering the real experience of people is the only way to understand where inequalities are experienced as unjust, an approach that we consider relevant to overcome the limits of a static analysis of inequalities based on statistics
Vieira, Gildas. "La promotion de la santé pour les populations d'Afrique subsaharienne en France." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2034/document.
Full textWe wanted to accompany sub-Saharan African population in France, on a community health approach, to act on health inequalities. This work allows to measure the effects and consequences of health behavior promotion from an inter-cultural relations angle. This approach is based on an exploratory methodology made up of both psychological research tools, protocols for intervention in public health with the psycho-social problematic of inter-culturality. Behavioral changes in favor of health promotion actions are significantly related to this approach, which will combine group focus and the application of planned behavior theory (PBT). Such an approach allows a reflection on the social inequalities in health of the migrant communities, and the accompaniment towards care, favouring relations between inhabitants and health professionals on an intercultural approach. The objectives of the study were (i) to better understand the intention of African migrants to adopt a personal approach to community health problems and (ii) to assess the influence of developing members’ awareness and skills of the community on their health promotion behavior
Cintract, Aurélien. "L'inégalité devant la mort : Approche socio-anthropologique de la mortalité différentielle en France." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1004/document.
Full textIf we look through sociology, anthropology, demography and history, one may notice that death, being abiological phenomenon, a natural fact, is also a cultural fact in front of which men are not equal. For, despitethe progress made throughout history regarding life expectancy, death does not strike everyone the same way.After having thoroughly analysed mortality statistics according to different variables (gender, employment,education, marriage settlement, housing), we insist on living conditions-mainly on working conditions-whichmay have consequences on a person's physical and psychological state. We show how way of life, housing, theenvironment or even affiliations can affect life expectancy. Disadvantaged backgrounds, made vulnerablebecause of their living conditions, since they cannot avoid some factors of risk, are even more subject to causesthat may lead to a pathology, sooner or later. In that respect, we can talk about a social inequality againstmorbidity, that is to say an inequality against all the various factors which may lead to disease, then to death.Thanks to our research, we learn that unequal death is a result of unequal social conditions. Mortality statisticsdepict the sum of the inequalities, lived and integrated. Eventually, the highest death rates of the dominatedclasses could be read as a product of domination. Indeed, the socio-anthropological approach tries to make alink between a social issue, emphasizing on phenomena of domination through social relationships, andbiological effectors of behaviours, giving an overall vision, in a proper anthropological way of the phenomenonstudied. Finally, death is culturally established